intercultural+communication+new
跨文化交流简介(Intercultural Communication)
•
•
1. Intercultural communication as a human activity
•
The history of communication between people of different cultural backgrounds is almost as long as human history itself. Can you list any kinds of communication between people with different cultural backgrounds?
What is intercultural communication?
•
In the most general sense, intercultural communication occurs when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture. More precisely, intercultural communication is communication between people whose perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.（From Communication Between Cultures by Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter & Lisa A. Stefani)
3. Founders of the Field of ICC
最新新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理Unit1-3讲课稿
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures1.The need for intercultural communication:New technology; Innovative communication system; Globalization of the economy; Changes in immigration patterns 2.Three major socio-cultural elements influence communication are: cultural values; worldview(religion); social organization(family and state).3.Nonverbal behavior: gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch(Chinese people are reluctant to express their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face.)4. Six stumbling blocks in Intercultural communication(1)Assumption of similarities(2)Language differences(3)Nonverbal misinterpretations(4)Preconception and stereotypes先入之见刻板印象(5)Tendency to evaluate(6)High anxietyUnit 2 Culture and Communication1.Characteristics of Culture: Culture is learned; Culture is a setof shared interpretations; Culture involves Beliefs, Values, and Norms(规范，准则); Culture Affects Behaviors; Culture involves Large Groups of people2.Cultural identity文化身份refers to one’s sense of belongingto a particular culture or ethnic group. People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.3.Characteristics of Cultural Identity：Cultural identity iscentral to a person’s sense of self. Cultural identity is dynamic （动态的）. Cultural identity is also multifaceted（多方面的）components of one’s self-concept.4.I ntercultural communication defined: Interculturalcommunication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.5.Elements of communication: Context; Participants; Message;Channels; Noise; FeedbackUnit 3 Cultural Diversity1.Define worldview and religionWorldview: deals with a culture’s most fundamental beliefs about the place in the cosmos（宇宙）, beliefs about God, andbeliefs about the nature of humanity and nature.Religion:refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and a governor of the universe.Three major religions :a. Christian Religions Groups （基督教的）b. Islam （伊斯兰教）c. Buddhism （佛教）2.Human nature: (1) is evil but perfectible(2) is a mixture of good and evil(3) good but corruptible(易腐化的)3.Relationship of Man to Nature: (1) subjugation to nature(2) harmony with nature(3) mastery with nature4.Social Relationship：Hierarchy; Group; Individual5.Cultual Dimensions: Hofstede identity 5 dimensionsindividualism vs collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance; masculinity vs femininity; long-term vs short-term orientation6. High-Context and Low-context CulturesA high-context(HC)—high-context cultures(Native Americans, Latin Americans, Japanese, Korean and Chinese): information isoften provided through gesture, the use of the space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status(age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliations) and through an individu al’s informal friends and associates.A low-context(LC)—low-context cultures(German, Swiss as well as American) For example, the Asian mode of communication is often indirect and implicit, whereas Western communication tends to be direct and explicit—that is, everything needs to be stated.For example, members of low-context cultures expect messages to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite.The high-context people are apt to become impatient and irritated when low-context people insist on giving them information they don’t need.。
Intercultural Communication
Chapter 6 Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural communication occurs when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture. The academic study of intercultural communication seek to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them.At any moment that we’re dealing with people from different cultures, what we should learn to develop is a positive intercultural communication mindset. It’s the mindse t to appreciate appropriately intercultural situations (similarity or diversity) with insight and tolerance, and it eliminates many of the risks in miscommunication.People from different cultures encode and decode messages differently, increasing the chances of communication breakdown or misunderstanding. Many rights are assumed, values are implied, and needs are unspoken. Stereotyping can aggravate these problems and prevent people from realizing that there is another way to interpret a situation. People may also misinterpret each other’s motives. Clarifying the purpose of the interaction is essential to eliminating confusion, particularly if vested interests are involved. If time is not a factor and those interacting approaches their meetings with good will and patience, effective communication is more likely. Besides, emotions may colour the exchange of messages.To avoid breakdowns in intercultural communication, please keep in your mind these guidelines:1. Learn from generalizations about other culture s, but don’t use those generalization to stereotype, or oversimplify your ideas about another person.2. Don’t assume that there is one right way to communicate.3. Don’t assume that breakdowns in communication occur because other people are on the wrong track.4. Listen actively and empathetically.5. Respect others’ choices about whether to engage in communication with you.Intercultural Conflict ManagementI. The Nature of ConflictConflict permeates relationship development. It refers to a disagreement between or among persons in an interdependent relationship in which they try to meet each other’s social needs while, in many cases, pursuing some instrumental goals, resources, decision-making, and behaviors.Conflicts usually engender negative feelings in the warring parties.Americans feel more challenged in a conflict situation, while the Chinese tend to feel more monly, differences in cultural beliefs and values can lead to misinterpretation of another’s intention or behavior that usually increases the potential for conflict among persons.II. Cultural Influence on Conflict Management1. Thinking PatternsThinking patterns refer to forms of reasoning and approaches to problem solution. Thinking patterns differ from culture to culture. A logical, reasonable argument in one culture may be considered as illogical and undemonstrated in another culture. Thinking patterns affect not only the way we communicate in our culture but also the way we interact with people from different cultures.The differences of thinking patterns are reflected in five different language systems: 1) The thinking pattern of English speakers is predominantly linear in the language sequence. The linear pattern can take either inductive or deductive reasoning; 2) The thinking patterns of the Semitic languages (including Arabic) are characterized by a more intuitive and affective reasoning process. The positive and negative parallel constructions in the Semitic language show a great degree of flexibility; 3) Oriental thinking patterns (esp. Chinese and Korean) are marked by an approach of “indirection”. The writing style of Oriental languages is characterized by creating the subject with a variety of tangential view points, and creating a cyclical movement in which the subject is never mentioned directly; 4) Romance languages (eg. French and Spanish) show greater freedom for digression or introduction of extraneous materials into the conversation; 5) The reasoning pattern behind the Russian language is similar to the method of deduction. Patience and perseverance become critical in dealing with Russian arguments.2. Language BarriersLanguage is the most important vehicle we use to encode messages. In addition to problems derived from differences in liguistic symbols, phonemic structures, and rules that govern the language, we experience another major language barrier: verbal communication styles. People from low-context cultures may use direct verbal communication style, whereas those from high-context cultures tend to use indirect verbal communication styles.Four features characterize the direct verbal communication style: 1) The situational context is not emphasized; 2) Important information usually occurs in explicit verbal messages; 3)Self-expression, verbal fluency, and eloquent speech are valued; 4) People are likely to express directly their options and intentions in persuading others to accept their viewpoints.Indirect verbal communication styles also have four features: 1) Explicit verbal message are not emphasized; 2) Important information is usually carried in contextual cues (e.g. place, time, situation, and relationship); 3) Harmony is highly valued, with a tendency to use ambiguous language and keep silent in interactions; 4) People tend to talk around the point, and to avoid saying “no” directly to others.3. Cultural ContextLow-context cultures display several characteristics in a conflict situation: 1) Individuals perceive the causes of conflict as instrumental; 2) Conflicts occur when a person’s normative expectations of the situation are violated; 3) Individuals assume confrontational, direct attitude toward conflicts; 4) The persons tend to use factual-inductive or axiomatic-deductive styles of conflict management.In contrast, in high-context cultures: 1) Individuals perceive the causes of conflict as expressive; 2) Conflicts occur when collective or cultural normative expectations of the situation are violated; 3) Individuals assume a non-confrontational, indirect attitude toward conflicts; 4) They use an affective-intuitive style of conflict management.III. Five-step Method of Managing Conflicts across CulturesFirst, it is necessary to describe the conflict in a way understood in both cultures. Second, it is necessary to analyze the conflict from both cultural perspectives. Third, it is necessary to identify the basisi for the conflict from two cultural viewpoints. Fourth, it is necessary to solve conflict through synergistic strategies. Fifth, it is necessary to determine if the solution works interculturally.Here are seven suggestions for people from individualistic cultures to enable them to deal with conflict effectively in a collectivistic culture: 1) Understand the opponent’s face-maintenance assumptions in order to keep a balance between humility and pride and between shame and honor in interactions; 2) Save the opponent’s face by carefully using go-between or informal consultation to deal with low-grade conflicts before they fall irrecocably into face-losing situations; 3) Give face to opponents by not pushing them into a corner with no leeway for recovering face; 4) Avoid using too much verbal expression, and learn how to manage conflicts by effectively reading implicit and nonverbal messages; 5) Be empathic by listening attentively and respecting theopponent’s needs; 6) Put aside the effective communication skills practiced in the West and learn to use the indirect communication style; 7) Tolerate the opponent’s tendency to avoid facing the conflict by being patient, thereby maintaining a harmonious atmosphere and mutual dignity.Seven suggestions for people of collectivistic cultures to enable them to effectively manage conflicts with people from individualistic cultures are as follows: 1) Understand the conflict assumptions of low-context culture by learning to distinguish the task dimension of conflicts from socioemotional dimension; 2) Learn to accept the individualistic style of managing conflict in which opinions are openly and directly express and substantive issues of the conflict are focused; 3) Practice an assertive style of conflict behavior by defending one’s own and the partner’s right of speaking up on the issue and by learning how to reason systematically and logically; 4) Develop the sense of individual responsibility and us “I” statements to express one’s feelings in the process of conflict management; 5) Develop the ability of verbal feedback and listening skills in order to clarify both parties’ points of view; 6) Avoid the occurrence of too many silent moments in interactions by cl early and directly expressing one’s concern about the issues; 7) Show a commitment to mutually and collaboratively work out conflict through responsible and constructive dialogues.IV. Culture ShockCulture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all your familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. It can be considered as the troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.1. Aspects of Culture ShockSome of the physical symptoms of culture shock include: too much sleep or too little sleep, eating too much or having no appetite, frequent minor illness, upset stomachaches or headaches, and a general feeling of uneasiness.Some of the phychological symptoms of culture shock include: loneliness or boredom, homesickness, idealizing home, feeling helpless and dependent, irritability and even hostility, social withdrawal, excessive concern for health or security, rebellion agains rules and authority, feeling like you have no control over your life, feeling unimportant and being a foreigner, crying, negative stereotyping of people in the host country.2. Stages of Culture Shock1) The Honeymoon Phase: People in this stage will demonstrate an eagerness to please people around, a spirit of cooperation, and an active interest in listening to people speaking. The excitment of life in a new culture seems to be endless. In reality, the new arrivals are delightful to get along with, but due to their enthusiasm to please, they frequently nod or smile to indicate understanding when in fact they don’t understand at all. When misunderstadings mount up, they are likely to experience the second stage of cultural adjustment.2) The Hostility Phase (Culture Shock)In general, this stage is characterized by frustration, anger, anxiety, and sometimes depression. The initial excitement is taken place by frustration with the daily bureaucracy and the weariness of speaking and listening to another language everyday. The new arrivals will be at a difficult, painful stage. They can be difficult to work with. They will try everyone’s patience, and quite possibly give up, if they do not share their feelings with someone and realizes what is happening to them.3) The Recovery PhaseGaining some understanding of the new culture, a new feeling of pleasure and sense of humor may be experienced. At this stage, the new arrivals start feeling more positive, and they try to develop comprehension of everything that they do not understand. The whole situation starts to become more favorable.4) The Adjustment PhaseIn this stage, people gradually realize that the new culture has good and bad things to offer. They have reached a point where they actually feel good because they have learned enough to understand the new culture. The things that initially made them feel uncomfortable or strange are now things that they understand. This acquisition of understanding alleviates much of the stress.5) The Biculturality Phase (Breaking Through)At this stage, people have become comfortable in both old and new culture. They achieve biculturality to some extent. Biculturality is viewed by some as the healthy and even ideal stage of adaptation in which one’s original cu ltural world view remains intact as alternative cultural frames are acquired.V. Intercultural AdaptationIntercultural adaptation refers to the process of acclimatizing to the demands of a new cultural environment. It address the needs of travelers or new immigrants to cope with the distress caused by incongruity between the host culture and one’s native culture.1.Hierarchy of Intercultural Adaptation1) Survival Issues: These include such things as safty and comfort in the new place; for example, having a place to sleep, enough to eat, and feeling secure. Until these basic and fundamental needs are satisfied, people aren’t going to be able to give much time or energy to anything else.2) Personal Identity: The next level is concerned with re-establishing yourself as a person in the new culture. At home, you had an identity and a set of expected behaviors associated with that identity. Whether or not you seek to re-establish yourself exactly as you were at home, you have to be somebody in the new culture. Initially, as we’ve seen, you don’t know how to do some very basic things, and you may not even know how to ask. So until you’ve re-established yourself as someone who’s competent and someone you can feel good about you’re unlikely to be very interested in anything else.3) Group Connections: Next, you need to find and connect to other people in your new environment. All of us derive part of our identity, our life, and our satisfaction from people of other groups with whom, on one level or another, we inter act. Once you’ve re-established yourself as a person, you’ll want to find compatible groups and get involved with them. This will complete the process of re-establishing your social and personal identity.4) Mastering the Basics: At this point you’re ready to operate in the new environment. You may have been a highly skilled person at home, but you need to learn how to apply your skills in the present context. Until you can do this, you will still be someone off balance and anxious.5) Personal and Professional Effectiveness: Once you’re comfortable with your surroundings survival assured, your sense of self intact, group membership in hand, and knowledge of how things work here you can concentrate on both enjoying yourself fully and being as good as you can be.2. Stages of Intercultural AdaptationStage One: Excitement about the New SituationStage Two: Confusion When Faced with the Hidden Aspects of CultureStage Three: Frustration When Old Ways of Dealing with Situations Fail to WorkStage Four: Effectiveness as New Skills Are AcquiredStage Five: Appreciation as New Skills and Attitudes Enable the Person to Live More Fully in the New SituationStage Six: More Challenging Intercultural ExperiencesVI. Intercultural competenceIntercultural competence is the ability of successful communication with people of other cultures.A person who is interculturally competent captures and understands, in interaction with people from foreign cultures, their specific concepts in perception, thinking, feeling and acting. Earlier experiences are considered, free from prejudices; there is an interest and motivation to continue learning.Cross-cultural competence (3C), another term for inter-cultural competence, has generated its own share of contradictory and confusing definitions, due to the wide variety of academic approaches and professional fields attempting to achieve it for their own ends. Cross-cultural competence refers to the knowledge, skills, and affect/motivation that enable individuals to adapt effectively in cross-cultural environments. Cross-cultural competence is defined here as an individual capability that contributes to intercultural effectiveness regardless of the particular intersection of cultures. Although some aspects of cognition, behavior, or affect may be particularly relevant in a specific country or region, evidence suggests that a core set of competencies enables adaptation to any culture.Cross-cultural competence is not an end in itself, but is a set of variables that contribute to intercultural effectiveness. Whereas previous models have tended to emphasize subjective outcomes, by focusing primarily on adjustment, outcomes of interest here include both subjective and objective outcomes. Objective outcomes, such as job performance, have been addressed in previous research, but to a lesser degree than the subjective outcomes. Research indicates that the outcomes are linked, with personal and interpersonal adjustment linked to work adjustment, which has in turn been linked with job performance. However, these relationships are small, and some research has demonstrated that subjective outcomes can diverge from objective outcomes, with expatriates sometimes showing relatively poor adjustment but high effectiveness in their organizational role.The development of intercultural competence is mostly based on experiences one comes across while communicating with different cultures.While interacting with people from other cultures they face certain obstacles which are caused due to differences in the cultural understanding between the two people in question. Such experiences motivate people to work on skills that can help them put forward their point of view in front of an audience belonging to acompletely different cultural ethnicity and background.An issue that comes forward, especially for people who live in countries which is not their country of origin is that of which culture they should follow. Should they try to fit in and adapt to the culture surrounding them, or should they hold on to their culture and try to avoid interacting with the culture surrounding them? This issue is one faced by most people today. Globalization has caused the immigration rates to sky rocket for most of the developed and developing countries, and hence people come to these countries in order to find employment and settle down in such countries where they are constantly surrounded by a culture which does not belong to them. International students are another part of the population that faces this dilemma. They have to make a choice about whether they are willing to modify their cultural boundaries in order to adapt to the culture around them or whether they hold on to their culture and surround themselves by people from their own country. The people who decide to live by the latter rule are the students which face most problems in their university life and face constant culture shocks, while the students who live by the former rule face less problems and interact more with the domestic students. They end up increasing their knowledge about the culture which is followed by the domestic students and modify their own culture to inculcate certain aspects from the culture surrounding them in order to help them blend successfully in the society.。
新编跨文化交际英语教程 复习总结
Unit 11.The definition of INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1.1“Inter-" comes from the Latin word for "between",and dictionaries define communication as exchanging information.Inter-"来自拉丁语，意思是"在之间"，字典把交流定义为交换信息。
Intercultural Communication refers to the exchange of information between people from different cultures.跨文化交际是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。
As the very phrase suggests, Intercultural Communication emphasizes cross-cultural competence rather than language only.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。
1.2 what makes IC a common phenomenon: new technology, innovative communication system,globalization of the economy , changes in immigration patterns 新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化2.The definition of globalizationGlobalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation,and trade between nations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。
Intercultural Communication-跨文化沟通
Intercultural Communication: High- and Low-Context CulturesAnthropologist Edward Hall founded the field of intercultural communication in 1959 with his book The Silent Language. The book was originally intended for the general public, but it sparked academic research in intercultural communication and fueled interest in subjects like nonverbal communication, according to Keio Communication Review.Hall defines intercultural communication as a form of communication that shares information across different cultures and social groups. One framework for approaching intercultural communication is with high-context and low-context cultures, which refer to the value cultures place on indirect and direct communication.High-Context CulturesA high-context culture relies on implicit communication and nonverbal cues. In high-context communication, a message cannot be understood without a great deal of background information. Asian, African, Arab, central European and Latin American cultures are generally considered to be high-context cultures.High-context cultures often di splay the following tendencies, according to C.B. Halverson’s book Cultural Context Inventory.Association: Relationships build slowly and depend on trust. Productivity depends on relationships and the group process. An individual’s identity is rooted in groups (family, culture, work). Social structure and authority are centralized.Interaction: Nonverbal elements such as voice tone, gestures, facial expression and eye movement are significant. Verbal messages are indirect, and communication is seen as an art form or way of engaging someone. Disagreement is personalized, and a person is sensitive to conflict expressed in someone else’s nonverbal communication.Territoriality: Space is communal. People stand close to each other and share the same space. Temporality: Everything has its own time, and time is not easily scheduled. Change is slow, and time is a process that belongs to others and nature.Learning: Multiple sources of information are used. Thinking proceeds from general to specific. Learning occurs by observing others as they model or demonstrate and then practicing. Groups are preferred, and accuracy is valued.Low-Context CulturesA low-context culture relies on explicit communication. In low-context communication, more of the information in a message is spelled out and defined. Cultures with western European roots, such as the United States and Australia, are generally considered to be low-context cultures. Low-context cultures often display the following tendencies, according to Halverson.Association: Relationships begin and end quickly. Productivity depends on procedures and paying attention to the goal. The identity of individuals is rooted in themselves and their accomplishments. Social structure is decentralized.Interaction:Nonverbal elements are not significant. Verbal messages are explicit, and communication is seen as a way of exchanging information, ideas and opinions. Disagreement is depersonalized; the focus is on rational (not personal) solutions. An individual can be explicit abou t another person’s bothersome behavior.Territoriality: Space is compartmentalized. Privacy is important, so people stand farther apart. Temporality: Events and tasks are scheduled and to be done at particular times. Change is fast, and time is a commodity to be spent or saved. One’s time is one’s own.Learning:One source of information is used. Thinking proceeds from specific to general. Learning occurs by following the explicit directions and explanations of others. Individual orientation is preferred, and speed is valued.High and low context cultures usually correspond with polychronic and monochronic cultures respectively. The table below shows some general preferences of people from high context and low context cultures.Communication Dynamics in High- and Low-Context CulturesCultural differences shape every aspect of global communication, says Forbes contributor Carol Kinsey Goman. This helps explain why people in Japan (a high-context culture) prefer face-to-face communication over electronic technology favored by other industrialized countries like the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Germany (low-context cultures).High-context cultures also prefer personal bonds and informal agreements over meticulously worded legal documents. They “are looking for meaning and understanding in what is not said —in body language, in silences and pauses, and in relationships and empathy,” Goman says. Meanwhile, low-context cultures “place emphasis on sending and receiving accurate messages directly, and by being precise with spoken or written words,” she explains. U.S. business leaders often fall into a communication trap by disregarding the importance of building and maintaining personal relationships when interacting with people from high-context cultures.People should also watch for differences within high- and low-context cultures. This classification is an oversimplification, according to A.C. Krizan and others in the book Business Communication. “For example, although American culture is classified as l ow context, communication among family members tends to be high context,” they write. “Family relationships and members’ high level of shared experiences require fewer words because of mutual understandings.”On the other hand, communication between two businesspersons from a low-context culture tends to be more specific and direct. Attention focuses more on what is said than relationships. In China or Japan, words receive less attention than relationships, mutual understandings and nonverbal body language.Clearly, it’s important for a multinational organization to know the difference between high and low context cultures. A full understanding of these differences will effectively improve both outward, client-focused communication as well as inter-business relationships.Will a company in Japan appreciate your attempts to get right to the point? Will a German company become bored if you talk around a subject, instead of directly addressing it? Know your audience and their cultural standing, and your message will never get lost.。
08级考试资料《跨文化交际》
1. Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.2. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.3. slangWords and expressions which are regarded as very informal and so are not considered suitable for formal social situations or serious writing.4. collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective.5. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.6. proverbProverbs are those popular short sayings containing words of advice or warning—are an important part of the language and culture of a society.7. intercultural communication.8. Individual CultureIndividuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.9. CultureCulture means:(a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.(b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.10. ProxemicsProxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal space11. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others. Norms are the outward manifestations of beliefs and values.12. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.14.Low-context cultureCultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context.1. Explain the term “intercultural communication competence” and its three components.The intercultural competence refers to the ability to understand and adapt the target culture. Intercultural communicative competence involves cognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable in reality. The interrelatedness of cognitive, affective, and operational components is very important in the improv ement of the communicator’s intercultural communication competence. There are also three aspects in terms of affective components: adaptation motivation, Identity flexibility and esthetic co-orientation, the cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meanings of various verbal and nonverbal codes. Operational components are that Individuals’ capacity to express cognitive and affective experiences outwardly is shown thr ough specific behaviors.2. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture?1) There is a tendency for foreigners to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understanding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy.3. What are the differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms?In Chinese culture, people refer to people strictly according to the kin terms. It is completely unacceptable to refer to one's parents by using the names. When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are older or younger than their father or mother. Chinese kin terms tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side and whether one's brother, sister or cousin is older or younger than he/she. Chinese kin terms are also to other people who are not one's relatives; kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown peopleWhile in English culture, in some families in Western countries, some children address their parents directly by their first names. In Britain, children are expected to address the parents' brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometimes simply address them by first name without a title. English kin terms don’t tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side ,and there are not distinct kin terms for elder brother or younger brother. Kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situations, either formally or informally, people won't use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives.4. What is the significance of Nonverbal Communication?Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least threereasons.Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication canbe open to many interpretations.5. Describe the U.S. cultural patterns with the five value orientation categories.People in the United States generally believe in a supreme God or universal spirit and believe that they can control nature. They have a lot of faith in science and technology and are materialistic. They get a sense of identity from work and generally separate work from play. People, in the United States are efficient, practical, and see progress and change as a good thing. They place a high value on time and have a future time orientation, although they often divide it into short-term goals.People in the United States do not agree about whether humans are naturally good, bad, or a mixture of both. However, two beliefs related to human nature—rationality and mutability--- are still believed by many in the United States. One of the most fundamental beliefs of people is individualism. Associated with this belief are the ideas of self-motivation, competition, andresponsibility for one’s own actions. People in the United States also have an unshakable belief in equality. They do not believe that everyone is the same, but they do believe that everyone does or should have the same opportunities as everyone else. Last, people in the United States are conformist—it is important to stay in touch with the latest fashion in hair, clothing, and so forth.6. Explain high-context culture and low-context culture.Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context. Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context.7. Explain the definition of “collectivist culture”a. Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective.b. kindness to visitors: friendly, welcoming, and generous treatment offered to guests or strangersc. Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual". Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance while opposing most external interference upon one's own interests, whether by society, or any other group or institution.8. How do people from different cultures understand “silence”?The use of silence in communication is different from culture to culture. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy, awe, confusion, contemplation, disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. In eastern cultures, silence has long been regarded as a virtue. While in western cultures, silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable. To most people in the United States, silence means lack of attention and lack of initiative. To the Chinese, silence means agreement.9. Why do we need to study intercultural communication?(1). Technological developmentThe development of new transportation and information technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination.(2). Widespread population Migrations(3). The changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business.(4). Development of Multiculturalism. Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm; not the exception. The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but build on commonality.10. What are the characteristics in naming Chinese Given Names?There have existed differences in naming given names to male and female throughout the Chinese history. If we get down to the classifications of the Given Names according to the different sexes, it is not difficult to see that the differences may lie in two categories, that is, in meanings and forms. Traditionally, male given names usually suggest steel and great strength, showing great concerns about the fate and future of the nation, while female given names impress people on their beauty, elegance, fragrance, loveliness, and gentleness. Shown in the following are the ten classifications of both the sexes showing different characteristics in given names:11. State two typical situations to send flowers in business and social situationsThere are two typical situations in which flowers can be useful to businesspeople. One is to help establish a good relationship with a secretary. The other is when an executive is invited to someone's house. It is still more customary - all over the world - to give flowers to women rather than men, who in most cultures only receive flowers when ill. Here are some flower-giving guidelines which should keep you from falling foul of local taboos.。
Intercultural communication--胡文仲老师的《跨文化交际》视频文字版
Intercultural communication may be understood as:a. a phenomenon (跨文化交际)b. a discipline（跨文化交际学）As a phenomenon, it is called 跨文化交际. As a discipline, it is called 跨文化交际学. Some people make this distinction. Some people don’t; they just use 跨文化交际for both.So what is the definition of intercultural communication? It refers to the communication between different cultural backgrounds. If you talk with your American teacher, intercultural communication takes place. If you interact with your Japanese student, this is intercultural communication. It includes:a. International communication:e.g. Japanese Prime Minister〈--〉American president (this is the communication between two nations)b. interracial communication: e.g. Afro American 〈--〉White Americanc. inter-ethnic communication e.g. Tibetan〈--〉Han (they are from different ethnic groups)d. inter-regional communication:e.g. A northerner 〈--〉A SouthernerIntercultural communication as a phenomenon is really universal, i.e. it takes place everywhere. When you talk with a British lecturer, you are having intercultural communication with him. When you correspond with a westerner through e-mail, you are engaged in intercultural communication. When you watch a French film, or read a French novel, you are engaged in intercultural communication. Although you don’t see the person, the French person is actually talking to you through the book or the novel. So you are having the intercultural communication with him or her.Intercultural communication dates back to thousands of years ago. A long time ago, when people started intermingling with each other, when people were having trade relations with others, there were intercultural communications. A very good example is the “silk road”. A lot of traders from different countries interacted with each other in their business reactions. There was intercultural communication.Intercultural communication is a daily occurrence, i.e., it takes place everyday. In today’s world, intercultural communication has become increasing important, because it is so easy for people of different cultural background to come together and communicate.Intercultural communication has quickly increased because of these reasons:First, mobile means of transport. Now jet planes fly everywhere. It used to take months to travel from Shanghai to Los Angeles, but now it takes only 12 hours. It is now much easier for people to move from one country to another. People of different countries and races get together much oftener than before.Besides, people get in touch with each other in various ways, including the internet, the telephone, the satellite, etc. So sophisticated communication systems have also helped to increase intercultural communication.Also, there is globalization of world economy. This means multi-national companies now operate in many countries in the world. They employ people of different ethnic groups and of different countries. Actually, some multi-national companies make a point of employing people of different countries. They don’t use people from just one country. Because their company is themulti-national company and they want to use people from different countries.And finally there is mass migration. Millions of people now move across national borders every year.So all these contributes to the fact that intercultural communication is now a daily occurrence. Its importance now is being recognized by an increasing number of people.Intercultural communication as a discipline first started in the United States. And this is easy to understand because the US is a land of immigrants. People came from many countries in the world. They came from Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. These immigrants came to the United States and had to communicate with each other, so there was a lot of chance of intercultural communication. And the now immigrant also arrive every year by the millions. Large numbers of foreign students and tourist also come to the United States. So in a big city like New York or Los Angeles you’ll find people of many different ethic groups and many people of different races. At a typical American campus, you’ll find students from different parts of the world. So intercultural communication is very common in the US.Besides, the US has many multi-national and transnational companies with employees and offices around the world. These employees are from different cultural backgrounds. So within these international companies, intercultural communication is fairly common.Intercultural communication as a discipline has a fairly short history. Edward Hall who wrote the silent language and had it published in 1959 is believed by some as the founder of the intercultural communication, because it was he who first published this important book. And this book had since become a classic of the intercultural communication studies.Of course in the US, there has been an anthropological tradition to study race and culture. Anthropologists like Sapir, Wolfe, Benedict, kluckhohn, Mead ---- they all studied race and culture. But cultural communication was studied separately until recent years. It was not until the early 70s that scholars began to study to relate culture to communication. It was in 1970 that the intercultural communication was recognized by the Intercultural Communication Association (ICA). After that there was a lot of change. Intercultural communication was offered as a course in the American universities. And in the early 1970s, cross-cultural training started. The first training actually started with peaceful members. Peaceful members were sent to countries in Asia and Africa in the 1960s and 1970s. Most of them were graduates, fresh from universities, and they wanted to go to work overseas. But when they arrived the places where they supposed to work, many of them had a cultural shock. There were many things that they were not prepared for culturally. Some of them had to be sent back. So the government soon realized that just sending them oversees would be no good. They had to be trained culturally before they were sent overseas.In 1975 an international association was set up. And this is SIETAR (Society for intercultural education, training and research). SIETAR probably is the biggest international organization engaged in intercultural communication. In 1977, an economic journal called International Journal of Intercultural Relations was published.Intercultural communication in China has a fairly short history. People started taking an interest in intercultural communication in the early 80s. Teachers of foreign languages started studying the relationship of language to culture. And Professor Xu Guozhang was the first whowrote about cultural loading words, i.e. the cultural meaning of words. Many articles, actually hundreds of articles were written on intercultural communication. And then there were followed by books (probably more than 20 books). And three conferences have been held. (first in harbin, second in Beijing, third in Shenzhen, a fourth will be in Xi’an) A national association called China Association for Intercultural Communication was set up in 1995. The scholars involved in this field of study include the teachers of foreign languages, teachers of Chinese as foreign language (对外汉语), linguists and psychologists.Books on intercultural communication published in China:✓关世杰：《跨文化交流》✓贾玉新：《跨文化交际学》✓林大津：《跨文化交际研究》✓胡文仲：《跨文化交际学概论》✓胡文仲、高一虹：《跨文化交际与外语教学》How useful is intercultural communication?As a discipline, it can be applied many ways. It can be applied in the training of business executive and technicians. Particularly for those who work overseas. They have to encounter a lot of cultural problems. So they have to be trained before they are sent overseas, otherwise, they could not work effectively. Then there is training of new immigrants and foreign students. This is done both by the US and the countries like Australia. And there is multi-cultural education, because at the American schools and the British schools, the pupils are from different ethnic groups. They have different cultures, so they have to be what is called multi-cultural education. In foreign language teaching, intercultural communication is very important. Finally it is important for improving general cultural awareness.Next, we’ll take up the definition of culture and its features:According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”. This is really referring to intellectual pursuit, like the art, music, and architecture. If you talk about Picasso, Beethoven, you’re talking about culture. But this is not the definition of anthropologist’s. To anthropologist, culture is “the customs, civilizations, and achievement of a particular time or people”. For instance, we have Greek culture, Egyptian culture, and in China, Yangshao culture. When we say Greek culture, we mean the customs, civilizations of the Greece about 2000 years ago.The following is some definitions by scholars.The definition given by Edward Sapir (a linguist and anthropologist): Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. Language is a particular how of thought.” What a society does covers a great deal. Everything that you do is covered by this. What the society thinks including beliefs and values. In another place in his book, he says “culture is the socially inherited assemblage of practices and beliefs that determines the texture of the lives”. Assemblage means collection. So culture is a collection of practices of what a society does and beliefs of what a society thinks. Socially inherited is used in contrast with biologically heritage. When you say socially inherited, it means you do not inherit it from your parents; you inherit it from society, from school, your friends, mass media; you get all these things from all these sources. This is very different from biological heritage.Another definition given by two anthropologists is this; this is a much longer definition. “Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement by human groups including their embodiment and artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) idea and especially their attached values.”(Kroeber and Kluckhohn, 1952) This is a definition accepted by many people. What I would like to draw your attention to is “the essential core of culture consists of traditional idea and especially their attached values”, which means the core of culture is actually the traditional ideas and values.Geert Hofstede is a Dutch scholar. He published two important books. One book is called Culture’s Consequences, and the other is called Cultures and Organizations. He is very influential scholar in the field of intercultural communication. According to him, “culture is software of the mind”. This is an interesting definition because we all know what software is. Computers do what the programs tell them to do. Human beings do everything according to their culture. In this sense, culture is similar to computer software. But of course the human are not exactly the same as computers, and sometimes they may deviate from their programs, i.e. people can be creative, while computers can create.What is common to the definitions:There are a lot of definitions of the word “culture”. It may be one of the most difficult words in English. It has more than 160 definitions. But what is common to definitions is culture is what distinguishes human being from animals. It is human endeavor and its outcome, i.e. culture makes us human beings different from animals. Animals do not have culture, but we do. Culture includes patterns of behavior, beliefs and values, and artifacts. The patterns of behavior, that’s one thinks. The beliefs and values, that’s what society thinks, and finally the things made artifact. Culture is share by a group of people. When we talk about a culture, we talk about a group; we talk about the behavior patterns and ideas of this group. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation. We got some our ideas, actually most of our ideas, from ancestors.Culture is like an iceberg. Look at this picture of an iceberg. It is very beautiful but it is very dangerous, because most of the iceberg is under the water. We can’t see it. So what we can see above the water is only a very small part of the iceberg. Most of the iceberg is hidden from us. Culture is just like an iceberg. Look at this. This is an iceberg. What we can see, for instance, is food, dress, paintings, architecture, and dance. These are apparent to the eye. But a greater part of culture is hidden, something that we can’t see. For example, views about life, one’s attitude, one’s preferences, one’s love and hate, people’s customs and habits. All these things can’t be seen. They are out of our awareness. This makes the study of culture difficult, because most of what we see is only a small part of culture, and a larger part of culture is what we can’t see.Now here we have a diagram.This diagram shows the relationships of the different parts. The outer layer is symbols. Symbols include language, and also other codes. In the further inside we have heroes. “H eroes”here means “hero worship”, i.e. what kind of people you worship. For instance, in China we worship our national heroes like Wen Tianxiang and Lin Zexu. In the US, they worship George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and Martin Luther King. And further inside there is rituals. Symbols, heroes and rituals are all practices, i.e. is what you do. But these practices are decided by the core the culture, i.e. values. So values form the core of the culture.Now let’s look at this. This shows the normal distribution of cultural characteristics. Most of the people are in the middle. They share the characteristics of this particular cultural group. People who are in the middle are more or less what we call typical people. But there are some people they are not typical. They share some the characteristics, but on the other hand, they have some other characteristics. So when we talk about the Chinese, we are actually talking about most of the Chinese people; we are not talking about everyone. We say the Chinese are modest, but there are some people who are not so modest. They are in the minority, but they are still Chinese. So this chart is very important for us to understand culture.Culture is acquired instead of hereditary. What does this mean? It means culture can be learned. Rush Benedict who is the American anthropologist, says this, “All over the world, since the beginning of human history, it can be shown that peoples have been able to adopt the culture of peoples of another blood. There is nothing in the biological structure of man that makes it even difficult. Man is not committed in detail by his biological constitution to any particular variety of behavior.”(Benedict, 1935) Now what he says is this, culture is learned; culture is acquired. It is not difficult for people to learn another culture. For instance, a child, a boy in China of Chinese parent is taken to US, and is brought up there. Now what kind of culture is he or she acquired? Most probably, he or she will acquire American culture. And it is not difficult for the child to learn the American culture, because culture is learnable. And this is basically what Rush Benedict tells us.Biological vs. CulturalNow here we make a distinction between nature and neture★Sneezing is biological while saying ‘god bless you’ is cultural.Everybody sneezes. In the west, when somebody sneezes, his friends will say “god bless you”. But in China, we don’t say this.★Feeling hungry is nature, while what we eat and how we eat it is cultural.Feeling hungry is nature. Everybody feels hungry at certain time. But the thing that what we eat and how we eat is cultural. (31:48)CommunicationHuman communication is very old as man kind. At first, human beings did not have language. How did they communication with each other? They use the facial expressions. They used exclamations, i.e. they shouted; they made a lot of noises to communicate. This was made basically 100,000 years ago.30, 000 years ago, there was the use of cave paintings. Cave paintings were discovered in Australia. These cave paintings were done by Abriginos to record life.About 20,000 years ago, the use of language to communicate started.About 5000 years ago, people began to use script to communicate, that is writing. So our history of writing is really a short one.Definition of communication:There are many definitions of communication like culture. Samovar & Portion have given one definition of communication. And there is this:Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.This definition means when something happens, and when you give meaning to it, then there is communication. For instance, you tape the fingers on the desk. If taping the fingers is your habit, e.g. while working, then there is no meaning. It is not communication. But sometimes in a restaurant, you ordered your food, but food does not come, so you get impatient, and you start taping your fingers on the desk. When you do this, you are really communicating with a message. You’re telling the waiters that you’re getting impatient. In Guodong, people tape their fingers when somebody calls wine or tea for him. This is not to express impatience. This is actually to express one’s gratitude.Another definition given a Chinese scholar, professor Zhang Guoliang of Fudan University, is this:Communication refers to the act and process of sending and receiving messages among people.This is a definition that is very easy to understand. When you start to send a message to another person and another person starts to receive the message from you, then communication takes place.The word “communication” may be translated differently, like 交流，沟通，传通，交际，传播. 传通and 沟通may be used by Hong Kong and Taiwan. 交际is used mostly by people with linguistic background. 传播is used by people who are in communication studies. So that is why we tend to use 跨文化交际in stead of 跨文化沟通. But there are people use 跨文化传通or 跨文化交流for intercultural communication.Types of communicationThere are many types of communication.●Intrapersonal communication (自我传播). E.g. if you talk to yourself●Interpersonal communication (人际传播). That is communication between one personand another person.●Organizational communication (组织传播). E.g. Within a big company, you havecirculars and messages. These are part of organizational communication.●Mass communication (大众传播). E.g. magazines, TV, radio, newspaper, etc.Classification of communication:This is a very famous model used in communication studies. Basically what he said is this: what sender through what message through what channel to what receiver with what effects. This is 5-W. This model has been used by a lot of communication experts. But later it is been found that there is no feedback in this model, i.e. it’s linier model.So later people have revised this model, have edited feedback. Then here we have Osgood-Schramm’s Circular Model.The person who sends the message is encoder, i.e. he or she puts what he means into a particular code, and this is called encode. And the person who encodes it is an encoder. So he encodes his meaning into a message. Then this message goes to a second person who gets the message and has to decode it, i.e. he has to understand it, he has to read the message. If it’s in English he’ll have to decode this English message. If it is a Chinese message, he’ll have decode this Chinese message. After he’s got this message, he decides to send some feedback. And he himself will become the encoder. So he will send the message to the first person who sent the message. This time, this person becomes a decoder. So here we have a basically a circular model. And this person can again send a second message and going through a same kind of journal. This seems to be a more desirable model of communication.Components of communication:What are the components of communication? Some scholars say there are five. Some say there are eight. They are: Sender, Encoding, Message, Channel, Decoding, Recipient (receiver), Response, feedback.Encoding and decoding are areas where misunderstanding is likely to occur, because in this process we have elements of culture which will be at work. For instance, ways of greeting will be very different across cultures. In China, we say to someone, “Where are you going?”This is a greeting in Chinese, but in English this is a real question. When you want to greet someone, you encode your greeting into a message which is “where are you going”. When this person, an American or British person, decodes it, he finds it’s a real question; it’s not a greeting. So this is where misunderstanding is likely to take place.In nonverbal communication, it is also possible to have mistakes. For instance, in Chinese culture when you do this (类似OK的手型), everybody knows it is “three”. But for someone who is from western cultural background and who doesn’t understand Chinese culture, when he sees it, his understanding is “it’s ok”. Because in most of western culture, this gesture means “OK” when you say to someone far away who can’t hear you. So here we have the misunderstanding which is caused by the encoding and decoding process, because when you want to say “three” you encode it into this gesture, but when he decodes it, he uses his own cultural background, so he gets the idea “it’s ok”. Both the verbal communication and nonverbal communication it’s possible made in the process of encoding and decoding.Reasons for misunderstanding:●Encoding and decoding do not take place in a vacuum. (它们不会在真空当中进行。
跨文化传播
汀·图梅（S· Ting-Toomey) 的“面子－协商”理论(facenegotiation theory) “面子-协商”理论对于东西方文化造成的传播差异作出了有趣 的解释。她指出在每种文化里都有某种用于协调的“面子”。 她认为，“不同的文化类型决定了不同的保全面子的方式， 从而决定了不同的处理冲突的方式。群体价值导向的高语境 文化，追求积极的面子，处理冲突的策略一般是亲切随和、 协商妥协、退缩、避免冲突，也就是通过不断的给面子来满 · 足人们的要面子，从而化解文化冲突。个体价值导向的低度 语境文化，追求消极的面子，处理冲突的策略一般是整合的、 解决问题式的，或者通过竞争，谋求独断权威。”也就是说， 彼此都要保全面子、找回面子、只能订立契约；或者订立基 本游戏规则，按照规则竞争。
例：一个德国人，一个美国人， 一个日本人到同一家餐厅，都 点了一个汉堡，结果由于厨师 的疏忽把三个汉堡中的肉都烤 糊了，问，三个人会对此说什 么？
个厨师； ○ 美国人会说，虽然肉的口味 不太好，但是面包，沙拉，香 葱的味道还不错； ○日本人会说，面包，沙拉， 香葱的味道不错。
intercultural communication 跨文化传播的三层含义：
1、日常生活层面的跨文化传播 2、文化心理结构层面的跨文化传播 3、上述两个层面形成的实际传播过程的矛盾、冲突和戏剧性的 变化 跨文化传播研究的中心课题：研究来自不同的文化背景、有不 同的观念信仰的人们在互动的过程中如何说明和理解意义。 跨文化传播研究的学术传统：社会学、文化人类学、心理学、 修辞学
80年代以来的理论模式
古迪昆斯特 （W.Gudykunst)“焦虑与不确定性管理”理论 （anxiety/uncertainty management theory) “陌生人” ： 侨民、新到者、新成员、暂时逗留者、闯入者、 边缘人、新移民、旅居者等 三组表面因素的交互作用造成了陌生人的焦虑和未确定性： 动机因素 －需求、吸引、社会义务、自我概念、对新信息的开 放程度 知识因素－知识期待、信息网络的分享、对多种观点的知识、 对可供选择的解释的知识、关于同一的和差异的知识 技能因素－移情的能力、包容多种观点的能力、适应沟通的能 力、创造新概念的能力、调试行为的能力、搜集适用信息的 能力
跨文化交际的英文表达
"Cross-cultural communication" 是指在不同文化背景下进行交流和理解的过程。
在许多情境下，人们可能会用以下表达来描述跨文化交际：
1. Intercultural Communication: 跨文化交际的常用术语。
2. Cultural Exchange: 文化交流，表示在不同文化间分享和交流信息。
3. Global Communication: 全球交流，指的是超越国界进行的跨文化沟通。
4. Diversity and Inclusion: 多元性与包容，强调在交际中考虑和尊重不同文化的多样性。
5. Interpersonal Understanding: 人际理解，强调在交流中理解和尊重他人的文化差异。
6. Cultural Sensitivity: 文化敏感性，指的是在交际中考虑并尊重他人的文化背景。
7. Adaptation and Adjustment: 适应与调整，表示在不同文化环境中调整自己的交际方式以融入当地文化。
8. Global Citizenship: 全球公民意识，鼓励个体在跨文化交际中具有开放、包容和全球意识。
9. Cultural Intelligence (CQ): 文化智商，强调个体在不同文化中有效交往的能力。
10. Bridging Cultural Divides: 架桥文化分歧，表示尝试弥合不同文化间的差异。
在任何跨文化交际中，理解文化差异的重要性以及尊重他人文化的价值观是关键。
这些表达可以帮助描述和促进在多元文化背景中的有效交际。
《跨文化交际》_名词解释
名词解释1.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
2.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, whichaffect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
3.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。
4.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart anddistinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。
5.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if brokencarry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。
大学英语跨文化交际chapter5 Intercultural Communication
Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.
Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication
1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Eg. In Arabic, the camel plays significant roles in people’s life, so there are more than 40 words for “camel”. Nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese, so we have expressions like “人是铁，饭是钢” and “铁饭 碗”.
Navajo do not have the differentiated vocabulary connected with time and clocks.
One of the problems in dealing with people from other cultures is that we translate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit our expectations. Eg. For Americans “tomorrow” means midnight to midnight,
interculturalcommunication
Intercultural Communication1.What is intercultural communication?Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what mediums they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted. As a separate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development ofintercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills.Why is it important to language learners in the world?Intercultural communication refers to messages transmitted between members of two or more different societies. The increasingly international business world must cope with cultural differences in order to succeed and prosper. To that end intercultural communication gains enormous importance as individuals from all over the world start to work in the same office. Effective intercultural communication helps firms avoid conflict, prevent misunderstandings, and foster respect. Understanding the backgrounds is essential if you are to be successful in both your social and professional lives.2.What are the elements of human communication?The first element for human communication is participants - the sender. Another element for human communication is the message. The message is sent to a …receiver‟ – one of the elements of communication. Channel is the way by which the message is sent. It can be verbal or nonverbal. Noise is also an element of human communication. The last one is the feedback.What roles do the verbal and non-verbal languages play in the communication?V erbal communication is using your voice to communicate with otherssuch as a phone call or just talking to someone. Nonverbal communication is communicating with others but not by using your voice such as passing notes or sending a text message.3.How do high-context and low-context cultures influenceintercultural communication?In high-context cultures (Native Americans, Latin Americans, Japanese, Korean as well as Chinese), people are very homogenous with regard to experiences, information networks, and the like.High-context cultures, because of tradition and history, change very little over time. In low-context cultures (German, Swiss as well as American), the population is less homogenous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts. This lack of a large pool of common experiences means that “each time they interact with others they need detailed background information.”The verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in the context or the participants. This characteristic manifests itself in a host of ways. Because of these differences, high-context people are apt to become impatient and irritated when low-context people insist on giving them information they do not need. Another problem is that people in high-contexts perceive low-context people, who rely primarily on verbal messages for information, as less credible.Difference in this communication dimension can even alter hoeconflict is perceived and responded to.4.What is the relationship between language and culture?Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.Language and culture evolved and developed together. Culture consists of the products or civilizations of human society, including language, which is deeply embedded in culture. Culture, to a great extent, manifests itself in patterns of language. Language, as part of culture, probably the most important and essential aspect of culture, plays a very important role in it. Language reflects or mirrors almost all the contents of culture, and hence in a broad sense serves culture as the symbolic representation, for all the knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people's culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in the language of the people. So without language, culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influenced and even shaped by culture. It is well recognized that language is not only a scientific system of linguistic symbols, but also a socio-cultural activity. This view can account for the statement that language is culturally transmitted. Cultural transmission is one of the important characteristics of human language. Finally, language is a system of signs that is seen as having itself a cultural value and language symbolizes cultural reality. Culture, on the other hand, refers to what has been grown and groomed5.What are cultural stereotypes and prejudices?A stereotype is a fixed notion about person in a certain category, with no distinctions among individuals. In other words, it is an over generalized and over simplified belief we use to categorize a group of people. We form stereotypes in three ways. First, we may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics they process. Second, we may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people. Third, we may give the same treatment to each member of the group. Stereotypes may vary along four dimensions: direction, intensity, accuracy, and content. Prejudice varies principally along the dimension of intensity. Five common forms of prejudice can be identified in terms of intensity: verbal abuse, physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, and massacre.How can we adapt to a new culture?In fact, adapting to a new culture involves first working through culture shock.1. Do not become over –reactionary. Patience goes a long way; if you control your emotions, you can more easily see yourselves and others.2. Meet new people. Force yourself to go out of your way to meet others. By engaging in these new friendships, you gradually gain personal confidence and ultimately learn a lot more about culture.3. Try new things. Being creative and try new foods, clothes, and so oncan assist you in meeting the stress of the new culture. Trying new things is not easy, but you can try them gradually yet persistently.4. Give yourselves periods of rest and thought. Adapting to a new culture is like being in school for several hours a day – it‟s hard, mental work. Like any other serious learning endeavor, you need time to rest properly. Also, you need time to reflect and put your thoughts together.5. Work on our self –concept. Tell yourselves that you are really not so bad, and that most others go through the same experiences that you face during cultural shock.6. Write. Sometimes writing in a diary can release tension and frustration. Also, reflecting at a later time on what you have written can prove insightful to personal growth.7. Observe body language. Part of the frustration of culture shock does not know the culture‟s system of body language. By learning the nonverbal rules, we may discover that the behavior of the people of the new culture does not indicate anger or any other dissatisfaction with you personally.8. Learning the verbal language. Y ou should take time to learn as much of the host culture‟s language as possible. Not onl y does using the native language compliment people in the host culture, but it obviously aids our survival skills.。
5. Intercultural Communication
• (to be continued)
•
In short, in regard to the contents of intercultural communication, we are concerned with the similarities that unite us as well as the differences that divide us.
1. Definition
•
•
•
Barnlund states that “the individual and society are antecedent and consequent of each other: every person is at once a creator of society and its most obvious product.” Intercultural communication occurs when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture. Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are different.
Unit 5 Intercultural Communication
• • •
1. What is intercultural communication? 2. How to classify intercultural communication? 3. What should people pay attention to in intercultural communication?
Intercultural_Communication跨文化交际
What is Culture
• Communication is symbolic.
• Symbols are at the core of communication. But no symbol means the same thing to everyone because different cultures often employ different symbols and usually assign special meaning to them.(build common meaning sphere)
Culture matters for everyone
• It is the context where we live ,grow up ,study,work,social networking, marriage ,getting older,die
• We could conciously or unconciously sense some clues and hints guide every thing we do, its' a judgementation mechanism.
these components make culture different ,lead cultural conflicts .we need to handle it.
Shfit Conflicts to Agreements(models)
跨文化交际课件 L 3 Intercultural Communication
Culture A is a square. Culture B is an octagon. Culture C is a circular.
Within each represented culture is another form similar to the shape of the influencing parent culture. It represents a person who has been molded by his or her culture.
7. The first academic journal International Journal of Intercultural Relations was published in 1977.
Intercultural Communication 跨文化传播
Intercultural Communication跨文化传播本课程配套教材：林仲轩.《跨文化传播教程》[M].暨南大学出版社，2022.其他参考资料：1.(美)朱迪丝·N等.陈一鸣，刘巍巍译.跨文化传播[M].清华大学出版社,2019.2.Chen, L. (Eds.). (2017). Intercultural Communication. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:3.Fay, P., Mingsheng, L., & Prahalad, S. (2011). Intercultural Communication: Building a Global Community. SAGE (1).4.Giuliana, F. (2018). Intercultural Communication: Critical Approaches and Future Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan.5.Jandt, F. E. (2017). An Introduction toIntercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community (9th ed.). SAGE Publications.rry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter, McDaniel, E. R., & Roy, C. S. (2014) Intercultural Communication. A Reader-Cengage Learning.7.Neuliep, J. W. (2017). Intercultural Communication:A Contextual Approach. Sage Publications, Inc.8.Novinger, T. (2001). Intercultural Communication. A Practical Guide-University of Texas Press.9.Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., Edwin, R. M.,& Carolyn, S. R. (2015). Communication between Cultures. Cengage Learning.10. 孙英春. 跨文化传播学[M]. 北京大学出版社, 2015.11. 单波, 刘学. 全球媒介的跨文化传播幻象[M]. 上海交通大学出版社, 2015.12. （美）艾瑞克·克莱默. 刘杨译. 全球化语境下的跨文化传播[M]. 北京：清华大学出版社, 2015.13. (美) 迈克尔·H.普罗特等.文化对话：跨文化传播导论[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2013，14. （美）萨默瓦, 波特, 麦克丹尼尔.闵惠泉译. 跨文化传播 : Communication between cultures[M]. 中国人民大学出版社, 2013.,。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
I’m pleased with your work. ♦ Ann: (Looking down) Oh, no. My English is not very good. ♦ J: Why do you say that, Ann? You’re doing very well in class. ♦ A: No. I am not a good student.
North America South America Asia
Culture shock
♦ An experience of anxiety, worries,
displeasure etc. that arise when people enter a new cultural context ♦ Listening ♦ Four stages:
Culture shock
Dear Joan, Life here seems not so bad after all. The people are quite nice once you get to know them a little better and begin to figure out their way of looking at things. Guess I’m beginning --- just beginning --- to know the ropes. Love Peter
The Middle East Like to get up close Japan China To leave a gap of four feet To leave a gap of four feet
Culture differences
Gift Giving Japan Gift-giving is an integral part of business protocol Gift-giving is an integral part of business protocol has negative connotations. has negative connotations.
♦ Why do different people have different
views?
– Pictures (Ex. A, Ex. B, Ex. E in Starting up) – Conclusion
• If we observe a picture from different angles, we see different things. • Similarly, when we look at a problem or an event, people from different cultures may have different opinions. • When people with different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other, problems may arise and misunderstandings may occur.
Culture differences
♦ Eye Contact
USA
Strong, direct eye contact conveys confidence and sincerity Strong, direct eye contact conveys confidence and sincerity A sign of trustworthiness Prolonged eye contact is considered rude and is generally avoided.
Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication
♦ Intercultural communication:
Communication between people of different cultural backgrounds.
Communication
♦ Here is a conversation between Litz, a Finnish and her
Chinese husband.
– Litz: Dick, how long is your mum (also a Chinese) going to stay? – Dick: I don’t know. I haven’t asked her. – Litz: Why not ask her? – Dick: What do you mean by asking her? – Litz: I mean what I said. Just ask her how long she’s going to stay. ♦ Can you diagnose Litz’ problem?
Continued:
♦ Question 1: Where do they come from? ♦ Question 2: Why did Jonathan feel like that? ♦ Question 3: If Ann is an American girl,
what would she respond to Jonathan?
Another conversation:
♦ Jonathan: Ann, your English is improving. I’m
pleased with your work. ♦ Ann: (making eye contact) Thank you. I’ve learned a lot in this course. ♦ J: You’re doing well and I can really see progress. ♦ A: I enjoy studying English. I do homework every night. ♦ J: I can see that. Keep up the good work. ♦ A: I’ll try. You are a good teacher. You have helped me a lot.
Continued:
♦ J: Ann, you’re making progress in this class. You
should be proud of your English. ♦ A: No, it’s not true. You are a good teacher, but I am not a good student. ♦ Now predict Jonathan’s feeling. ♦ J: (He is surprised by her response and wonders why she thinks her English is so bad. He doesn’t know what to say and wonders if he should stop giving her compliments.)
– – – – Honeymoon (euphoria) Depression (horror) Adjustment Acceptance (home)
Culture shock
♦ Here are some excerpts from the postcards
of English students studying in China. Please identify the stage of culture shock in what they were written.
Southern Europe The Middle East
Culture differences
Personal Space and Touch
Europe North America South America A certain amount of distance A certain amount of distance Like to get up close
A Situation
♦ You, your wife, your child and your mother
are enjoying the sunshine by seaside. At this time, tsunami happens… ♦ Question: Who are you going to save?
Culture shock
Dear Mum and Dad, I’m really feeling fed up with my life here and longing for home. Getting anything done over here is a nightmare --- the locals are so lazy and unhelpful. And on top of all that I feel rundown and sleepy all the time, seem to have lost all my zest. Love Jim
UK
South America Japan
Culture differences
Time
Western societies South America clock conscious. Time is money and punctuality is crucial. being on time for a meeting does not carry the same sense of urgency as the westerners being on time for a meeting does not carry the same sense of urgency as the westerners being on time for a meeting does not carry the same sense of urgency as the westerners