Public policy evaluation,social risk and pension capital
Understandingpublicpolicy理解公共政策英文带翻译
Understanding-public-policy -理解公共政策(英文版带翻译)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Understanding public policy 《理解公共政策》（朱青整理）chapterⅠPolicy analysisP1Definition of policy 公共政策定义i.Public policy is whatever governments choose to do or not to do.公共政策就是政府选择做与选择不做的事情；ii.Public policies may regulate behavior, organize bureaucracies, distribute benefits, or extract taxes-or all things at once.公共政策涉及调节个体行为、构建官僚体系、分配利益、征税、或者同事完成这些事务。
P1-2➢Policy expansion →政策扩张➢Government growth →政府扩大➢The new deal programs devised →罗斯福新政➢The great depression→大萧条➢The national economy →国民经济➢The great society programs →大社会计划➢Economic downturn →经济滑坡➢Regulatory activity →管制活动P3 图示指标What the Federal Government Does联邦政府职能✓Defense——国防✓Social security and Medicare——社会保障和医疗保险✓Interest on the national debt——国债的利息✓Health——卫生保健✓Welfare ——社会福利✓Transportation——交通运输✓Education——教育✓Natural resources and environment——自然资源和环境✓Law enforcement ——执法✓Veterans——退伍军人✓All other——其他What state and local government do 州和地方政府职能✓Education——教育✓Welfare ——社会福利✓Health and hospitals——保健和医疗✓Highways——高速公路✓Police and fire——治安和消防✓Sanitation——卫生✓Prisons ——监狱✓Natural resources and environment——自然资源和环境✓All other ——其他P4✓Dependent variables →因变量✓The independent variables →自变量✓Determinants →决定性因素✓Policy evaluation →政策评估P6The difference between policy analysis and policy advocacy政策分析与政策倡议的差别i.Policy advocacy requires the skillsof rhetoric, persuasion, organization, and activism.政策倡议需要修辞、说服、组织与实践的技巧；ii.Policy analysis encourages scholars and students to attack critical policy issues with the tools of systematic inquiry.政策分析则鼓励学者运用系统研究的工具来探讨重要的政策问题。
公共政策评估的理论与方法5篇
公共政策评估的理论与方法5篇第1篇示例：一、公共政策评估的理论基础1.1 政策评估的定义和意义公共政策评估是指对政府的政策措施进行系统、全面、客观的评估，以检验政策的有效性、效率、公正性和可持续性，从而为政府决策提供科学依据。
评估结果可以为政策制定者提供反馈信息，帮助其对政策进行调整和改进，最终实现政策目标。
政策评估的目的是为了发现政策实施过程中存在的问题、评估政策的成效、总结经验教训，并提出改进意见。
评估应该公正、客观、科学、独立、及时，确保评估结果具有说服力和可操作性。
政策评估可分为实施评估、结果评估和影响评估。
实施评估注重政策实施过程的监督和评价，结果评估关注政策目标的达成情况，影响评估则考虑政策对社会经济的影响。
评估方法包括问卷调查、访谈、案例分析、数理统计等。
2.1 公共政策评估在决策制定中的作用公共政策评估可以帮助政府有效指导决策，减少政策实施风险，提高政策执行效率。
通过评估，政府能够了解政策实施中可能出现的问题，并及时调整政策方向，保障政策的正确性和可操作性。
通过公共政策评估，政府可以及时发现政策实施中的问题和隐患，及时进行调整和改进。
评估结果可以为政策制定者提供决策依据，使政策更加贴近实际需求，更好地解决社会问题。
公共政策评估有助于提升政府的治理能力和治理水平。
评估结果可为政府提供经验积累和教训总结，促进政府不断提高工作效率和能力，进一步推动政府治理体系和治理能力的现代化。
三、结语第2篇示例：公共政策评估是指对政府或其他决策机构实施的政策措施进行全面评价和分析的过程。
在当今社会，公共政策评估已经成为政府决策的重要工具，能够帮助政府了解政策实施的效果和影响，为政策的调整和改进提供依据。
本文将就公共政策评估的理论与方法展开探讨。
一、公共政策评估的理论基础公共政策评估的理论基础主要包括效果评估理论、逻辑框架理论、实证研究理论等。
效果评估理论是评估研究的核心理论之一，它通过对政策实施的影响和效果进行分析，从而确定政策是否达到预期的目标。
统计计量丨政策效应评估的四种主流方法（Policyevaluation）
统计计量丨政策效应评估的四种主流方法（Policyevaluation）计量经济学#01“标准的计量经济学提供了一种处理内生性问题的方法———IV 法。
”Ehrlich(1975，1977)运用时间序列数据和截面数据就美国执行死刑对降低谋杀率的影响进行的研究具有典型性。
Ehrlich 认识到谋杀率与死刑执行率之间的双向因果关系，并试图应用 IV 来解决其内生解释变量和遗漏解释变量的问题。
他选择了此项政策支出的滞后量、总的政府支出、人口、非白人比例等变量作为IV，但并没有解释为什么这些变量是好的 IV，所选出的这些 IV 与内生的解释变量之间又具有怎样的关联。
直至 Ehrlich(1987，1996)的研究出版，其选择 IV 的考虑及相关的因果识别问题才得到详细的阐述。
Angrist (1990)和 Angrist 等(1991)分别用 IV 研究了参加越战对老兵收入的影响和教育背景对收入的影响，从而充分显现了运用 IV 进行因果推断的价值。
Card 等(1992a，1992b)将学生的出生州与出生队列作为 IV，研究了教育投入对教育质量的影响，从而使得教育产出、教育质量领域的研究出现了重大转折。
Bound 等(1995)指出了 Angrist 等(1991)研究中存在的弱工具变量的问题，从而将IV 的效率问题以及IV 的选取准则引入研究。
此后，有关 IV 研究的理论问题都主要集中在如何寻找最优的工具变量上。
工具变量法是一个相对简单的估计方法，但是有两个重要的缺陷：(1) 工具变量的选择问题。
在政策评估问题中，要找出满足条件的工具变量并不容易。
在实践中，尤其是当纵向数据和政策实施前的数据可以获得时，研究者多使用因变量的滞后变量作为工具变量。
但是，这同样会引发相关性，并不能从根本上解决问题。
(2) 如果个体对于政策的反应不同，只有当个体对政策反应的异质性并不影响参与决策时，工具变量才能识别ATT、ATE。
社会工作专业英语讲义
社会⼯作专业英语讲义Introduction to social work and social welfareChapter2Social work values and ethicsChapter3Empowerment and human diversityChapter4The process of generalist practiceChapter5Practice settingsChapter6An overview of social welfare and social work history Chapter7Policy and policy advocacyChapter8Poverty problemsChapter9Social work and social services for children and families Chapter10Social work and social services for older adultsChapter11Social work and social services for people with disabilities Chapter12Social work and social services in health careChapter13Social work and social services in mental healthChapter14Social work and substance use, abuse, and dependence Chapter15Social work and social services for youth and in the schools Chapter16Social work and social services in the criminal justice systemIntroduction to social work and social welfareCase AKeywords: adopt, family service, paperwork, family life planningCase B:Keywords: group session and group work; mental health; self-help group; mutual-help group Case C:Keywords: Sexual Assault, match, funding-raisingWhat is Social work?Social work is the professional activity of help individuals, groups, or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and creating societal conditions favorable to this goal. Social work practice consists of the professional application of social work values, principles, and techniques to one or more of the following ends:Helping people obtain tangible servicesProviding counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families and groups. Helping communities or groups provide or improve social and health services Participating in relevant legislative processesFive themes:Social work concerns helping individuals, groups, or communities.Social work entails a solid foundation of values and principles.A firm basis of techniques and skills provides directions.Social works need to link people to recourses or advocate for service development for clients.Social workers participate legislative process to promote positive social changes.What is social welfare?Social welfare is a nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society.Two Dimensions:What people get from society (programs, benefits and services?)How well their needs (social, economic, educational, and health) are being met How are social welfare and social work related?Debates on social welfare:Individual responsibility: you get you deserveSociety responsibilityWho should assume responsibility for people's social welfare?Residual, institutional, and developmental perspectives on social welfare.1. Residual ModelSocial welfare benefit and service should be supplied only when people fail to provide adequately for themselves.Blame the victim (fault and failure)For instance: social assistanceFamilies in need receive limited and temporary financial assistance until they can get back on their feet.2. Institutional modelPeople have a right to get benefit and service.For instance: public education, fire and police protectionEvery one can get these services.3. Developmental modelThis approach seeks to identify social interventions that have a positive impact on economic development.(1) Invest in education, nutrition and health care(2) In vest in physical facilities(3) help people in need engage in productive employment and self-employment.Political ideology: conservatives, liberalism and radicalismConservatism is the philosophy that individuals are responsible for themselves, government should provide minimal interference in people's lives, and change is generally unnecessary.Liberalism is the philosophy that government should be involved in the social, political and economic structure so that all people's rights and privileges are protected in the name of social justice.Radicalism is the philosophy that the social and political system as it stands is not structurally capable of truly providing social justice. The fundamental changes are necessary in the basic social and political structure to achieve truly fair and equal treatment.Fields of practice in social workWork with people in needs (children, youth, old people, the disable etc.)Work with some occupationThe continuum of social work careersDegree in social workBSW: prepare for the entry-level social workMSW: receive more specialized trainingDSW: teach at the college level or conduct researchSocial work builds on many disciplinespsychologysociologypolitical scienceeconomicsbiologypsychiatrycouncilcultural anthropologysocial workSocial workers demonstrate competenciesCompetencies are measurable practice behaviors that are comprised ofsufficient knowledge, skills, and values" and have the goal of practicing effective social work.Competency 1: identification as a professional social workerCompetency 2: the application of social work ethical principles to guide practice Competency 3: the application of critical thinking to inform professional judgmentsCompetency 4: engagement of diversity in practiceCompetency 5: the advancement of human rights and social economic justice. Competency 6: engagement in research-informed practiceEvidence-based practiceCompetency 7: application of knowledge of human behavior and the social environmentCompetency 8: engagement in policy proactive to advance social and economic well-beingCompetency 9: responsiveness to contexts that shape practiceCompetency 10: engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities.Chapter 2 social work values and ethics1. Value and ethicsSocial worker is value-based profession.What is value?Value involves what you do and do not consider important and worthwhile, and also involve judgments and decisions about relative worth.What is Ethics?Ethics involve principles that specify what is good and what is bad. They clarify what should and should not be done Difference between value and ethics:Value determine what beliefs are appropriate. Ethics address what to do with or how to apply those beliefs to do the right thing.The importance of ethics2. Value and ethics for social workersSix core values for social workers:(1) Service(2) Social justice(3) Dignity and worth of the person(4) Importance of human relationships(5) Integrity(6) CompetenceSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to clients:(1) Self-determinationPractitioners should nurture and support client self-extermination ：each individual's right to make his or her own decisions.(2)Privacy and confidentiality(3) Conflict of interest and Dual relationshipsThe clients' best interests must be protected to the maximum extent possible.(4) Sexual relationshipSocial workers’ Ethical responsibilities to colleagues(1) Respect(2) Referral for servicesSocial Workers’ Ethical responsibilities in Practice settingsSocial workers' ethical responsibilities as professionalscompetenceagainst discriminationhonestnot solicit clients for the purpose of personal gainsSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to the social work profession.IntegrityResearchEvaluationSocial workers' ethical responsibilities to the broader society(1) Advocate for people's welfare(2) Ensure fair and equal access to resources and opportunities.(3) Respect cultural diversity.(4) Prevent discrimination against or exploiting peopleTranslation exercisesSocial workers must uphold client privacy and confidentiality. Privacy is the condition of being free from unauthorized observation or intrusion.We have established that confidentiality is the ethical principle that workers should not share information provided by a client or about a client unless they have the client's explicit permission to do so. There is more to confidentiality than may be immediately apparent.Confidentiality means more that not revealing information about clients to others. It also involves not asking for more information than is necessary, as well as informing clients about the limitations of confidentiality within the agency setting. Chapter 3 Empowerment and Human DiversityStereotype!Women are too emotional to make good supervisorsElderly people can't think well.Gay and lesbian people really want to be opposite gender.People with physical disabilities are unemployable.Discrimination, oppression, marginalization, alienation, stereotypes, and prejudiceDiscrimination is the act of treating people differently based on the fact that they belong to some group rather than on merit. Oppression involves putting extreme limitations and constraints on some person, group, or larger system. Marginalization is the condition of having less power and being viewed as less important than others in the society because of belonging to some group or having some characteristic.Alienation, related to marginalization, is the feeling that you don't fit in or aren't treated as well as others in the mainstream of society.A stereotype is a fixed mental picture of member of some specified group based on some attribute or attributes that reflect an overly simplified view of that group, without consideration or appreciation of individual differences.Prejudice is an opinion or prejudgment about an individual, group, or issue that is not based on fact.A major social work value involves the importance of people being treated fairly and equally.Populations-at-risk and social economic justiceDiversity emphasizes the similarity and dissimilarity between numerousgroups in society that have distinguishing characteristics.Populations-at-risk are people at greater risk of deprivation and unfair treatment because they share some identifiable characteristic that places them in diverse group.Factors: gender, age, religion, culture, disability, class, immigration statusSocial and economic justiceEmpowerment and a Strengths perspectiveEmpowerment is the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations.A strengths perspective:1. Every individual, group, family and community has strengths.2. Trauma and abuse, illness and struggle may be injurious but they may also be sources of challenge and opportunity.3. Social workers should assume that they do not know the upper limits of the capacity to grow and change and take individual, group, and community aspirations seriously.4. Social workers best serve clients by collaborating with when.5. Every environment is full of resources.Resiliency: seeking strength amid adversityThe ability of an individual, family, group, community, or organization to recover from adversity and resume functioning even when suffering serious trouble, confusion, or hardship.Resiliency involves two dimensions: risk factors and protective factors.Risk factors involve stressful life events or adverse environmental conditions that increase the vulnerability of individuals or other systems.Protective factors involve buffer, moderate, and protect against those vulnerabilities.Human DiversityRace and EthnicityRace implies a greater genetic determinant, whereas ethnicity often relates to cultural or national heritage.Culture and cultural competenceCulture is the sum total of life patterns passed on from generation to generation within a group of people and includes institutions, language, religious ideals, habits of thinking, and patterns of social and interpersonal relationships. Social workers need to have cultural competence to address the cultural needs of individuals, families, groups, and communities.叮叮⼩⽂库National Origin and immigration statusFour experiences which newcomer faced:Social isolationCultural shockCultural changeGoal-strivingclass or social classpolitical ideologygender, gender identity, and gender expressionSexual orientationHomosexual or heterosexual (bisexual)AgeDisabilityReligion and spiritualityChapter 4: Generalist practiceConcepts in the definition of generalist practice1. Acquiring an eclectic knowledge baseA. systems theoryB. ecological perspectiveC. Curriculum content areas1) Values and ethics2) Diversity3) populations-at-risk and social and economic justice4) Human behavior and the social environment5) Social welfare policy and services6) Social work practice7) Research8) Field educationD. Fields of practice2. Emphasizing client empowerment3. Using professional valuesA. social works code of ethicsB. application of professional values to solve ethical dilemma4. Applying a wide range of skillsA. microB. mezzoC. macro5. T argeting any size systemA. microB. mezzoC. Marco6. Working in an organizational structure7. Using supervision appropriately8. Assuming a wide range of professional roles9. Following the principles of evidence-based practice10. Employing critical thinking skills11. Using a planned-change processA. engagementB. assessmentC. planningD. implementationE. evaluationF. terminationG. follow-upWorking in an organizational structure under supervisionWhat is organizational structureOrganizational structure is the formal or informal manner in which tasks and responsibilities, lines of authority, channels of communication, and dimensions of power are established and coordinated within an organization.What is supervisionSupervision is the process by which a designated supervisor watches over a workers’ performance.A wide range of rolescounseloreducatorbrokercase managermobilizermediatorfacilitatoradvocatesupervisorsmanagers3 skills (technical, people and conceptual)Evidence-based practiceEvidence-based practice is a process in which practitioners make practice decisions in light of the best research evidence available.Tools, models, methods and policies must be validated by research and consequence evaluation also should use scientific research methodsCritical thinking skillsAvoiding the fallacy trap1. Relying on case examples2. being vague3. Being biased or not objective4. Believing that if it’s writ ten down it must be rightasking questionsassessing factasserting a conclusionPlanned-change processPlanned change and problem-solvingStep1 engagementStep2 assessmentStep3 planningStep4 implementationStep5 evaluationStep6 terminationEngagement: social workers begin to establish communication and a relationship with others and orient themselves to the problems.skillsVerbal communication and nonverbal communication (cultural variations) Conveying warmth, empathy, and genuineness Alleviating initial client anxiety and introducing the worker's purpose and roleAssessment: gather and analyze information to provide a concise picture of the client and his or her needs and strengths. skillsLooking beyond individual and examine other factors in their environment Finding strengthsPaying attention human diversityPlanning: what should be doneAlternatives and consequencesimplementation: following the plans to achieve the goalsEvaluation: determine whether a given change effort was worthwhile.termination: the end of the professional social work-client relationship types:Natural, forced, and unplannedskillsAppropriate timingChapter 5: Practice SettingSetting in Social Work Practice: Organizations and Communities ?Organizations are entities made up of people that have rules and structure to achieve specified goals.Social services in the context of social agencies.Social services include the wide range of activities that social workers perform to help people solve problems and improve their personal well-being.A social agency is an organization providing social services that typically employs social workers in addition to office staff, and sometimes volunteers. Forms:Public or private;Nonprofit or proprietary (for profit)Social work practice in the context of communitiesA community is “a number of people who have something in summon with one another that connects them in some way and that distinguishes them from others.Some mutual characteristic, such as "location, interest, identification, culture, and activities"Types:Locality-based community;Non geographic communityThe special circumstances of social work practice in rural communities.Low population densitySocial problems faced by rural residents:poverty, lack of transportation, inadequate child care, unemployment, substandard housing, and insufficient health care and so on.Four special issues for rural social workers:(1)true gene lists(work with different level case systems and use a wide of skills)(2) Interagency cooperation.(3) The importance of understanding the community, knowing its values and developing relationships with rural residents (informal relationship)(4) Emphasizing strengths inherent in rural communities. (Informal supporting system)Urban social workUrban social work is practice within the context of large cities, with their vast array of social problems, exceptional diversity, and potential range of resources. Five problems in urban areas:(1)Social problems occur with greater frequency and therefore are more visible(2) Widespread occurrence of discriminatory behavior.(3) Migration problems.(4) Financial shortfalls or unavailability of resources.(5)Greater amount of psychological stressSkills necessary for urban social work(1) Paying attention to human diversity(2) Understanding their agency environment(3) Seeking resources in the external urban environment(4) Using advocacyMicro practice: social work with individualscounseloreducatorbrokerfacilitatoradvocateMicro/mezzo practice: social work with familiesThe primary purpose of family social work is to help families learn to function more competently while meeting the development and emotional needs of all members.The task of family social workers(1) Be responsive to the styles and values of families from other special populations.(2) Break complex tasks into smaller specific steps.(3) Assess the key skills needed for less stressful family interaction.(4) Explain and model appropriate skills.(5) Assess individual learning styles and ways to teach adults and children(6) Establish homework and other means of ensuring generalization of skills from one setting to another.(7) Promote and reward skill acquisition.(8) Emphasize strategies that help develop the strengths of family members(9) Motivate the family to stay involved even when faced with challenges and setback.The importance of social networks for families.Social network: the structure and number of people and groups with whom you have contact or consider yourself to be in contact.Emotional support, instrumental support, informational support and appraisal supportMezzo practice: social work with groupTreatment groupMacro practice: social work with organizations and communities ?social actionsocial planninglocality developmentMacro skills(1) Agency or public social policies may require change.(2) Entail initiating and conducting projects within agency or community contexts(3) Planning and implementing new social service programs within an agency or community.Chapter 6: An overview of social welfare and social work historyEarly European Approaches to Social WelfareFeudalismLands owner vs. landless serfMedieval hospitalChurchPeople have little mobility, free choice, potential for change.Judeo-Christian thought: "Good deeds, love of one's enemies, and entry into heaven through mercy and charity". England after feudalism's demisePeople gained mobility and independence but lost much of the safety and security the old feudal system had provided. Government regains social control by passing some statute, such as: Keeping people from moving;Forbidding able-bodied people from begging.The English Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601Recipients are categorized into:1. Dependent children2. Impotent poor3. The able-bodied poor1662 Law of settlement established a new principle of social welfare provision: residency requirement.The Speenhamland SystemThe first Minimum income maintenance systemThe English Poor Law reforms of 1834Government would not provide outdoor relief for able-bodied people.Blame the victimU. S. Social welfare History: Early Colonization to the mid-1800s ?Services reflected a mix of public and private collaboration.Government assumed responsibility of administration aid but often called upon local churches for help.Residency requirement was established.Focus on Mental Health and Mental illnessMoral treatment: humane treatment in structured institutional settingsThe Civil War EraFreeman Bureau: the first federal welfare agency1870-1900Two trends:Industrialization;UrbanizationFocus on children: early policiesInstitutional care: almshouse and orphanageFoster careSettlement House, Charity Organization Societies, and Generalist social workSettlement House were places where ministers, students, or humanitarians 'settle' to interact with poor slum dwellers with the purpose of alleviating the condition of capitalism.Characters1. Settle house approach address the problems in the context of environment.2. Emphasize on advocacy3. Emphasize on empowerment of peopleCharity Organization SocietiesFriendly visitorEstablish a base of scientific knowledge and apply it to the helping process Focus on curing individualThe Progressive period: 1900 to 1930The Great Depression and the 1930sThe Great Depression and New DealCash reliefShort-term work relief,Expansion of employmentThe Social Security Act of 1935Social insurance (for old age, disability, death of a breadwinner, unemployment, and work-related injury and sickness) Public Assistance (old people, children and blind people)The 1960s and the War on PovertyMore people of color are in poverty than white people.Public assistance roll were escalating even unemployment decreased.the public welfare amendments of 1962Supportive social service to help welfare recipients to self-supporting.War on povertyHead Start; Volunteers in Service to AmericaA Return to Conservatism in the 1970sConservative extremes in the 1980s and early 1990s.TranslationSocial Workers have difficulties with empowerment strategies because their agencies are part of a social system which routinely devalues certain minority groups. Making equal responses to all people who come to an agency may reduce discrimination. Since negative valuations are so widespread, agencies may unthinkingly implement them. Consequently, we discourage potential clients from using the agency and they do not receive the equal treatment available.Chapter 7: Policy, Policy Analysis, Policy Practice, and Policy Advocacy Social welfare policyPolicy: rules that govern people's lives and dictate expectations for behavior.Social Welfare Policy: Laws and regulations that govern which social welfare programs exist, what categories of clients are served, and who qualifies for a given program.Agency Policy: standards adopted by organizations and programs that provide services.Social Welfare Policy Developmentphase 1Recognizing society's values about what is considered important or worthwhile.Phase 2Identifying problems and needs that require attention.Phase 3Identification of public opinion about an identified problem and people's related needs.Normative orientationphase 4Legislators confronted with a problem or need and swamped with public opinion undertake the complicated formulation of social welfare policy to address the issues.Phase 5Implementation through a social welfare program.Phase 6Social services are delivered by social workers and other staff in the context of social services agencies.Structural components of social welfare programs1. What are people's needs and program goals?I.e. the food stamp program2. What kinds of benefits are provided?Cash and in-kind3. What are the eligibility criteria for the program?Means test4. Who pays for the programs?General tax, state lottery, social security tax; private agency; client5. How is the program administered and run?National, state, or local?Value perspectives and political ideology: effects on social responsibility and social welfare program developmentThe conservative-liberal continuumradicalismresidual and institutional perspectives on social welfare policy and program developmentuniversal versus selective service provisionFive-E ApproachHow effective is the policyHow efficient is the policyIs the policy ethically soundWhat does evaluation of potential alternative policies revealWhat recommendations can be established for positive changes Policy Practice and Policy AdvocacyChapter 8: Social work and services in health careHealth problemsFactors causing health problems:1. Unhealthful lifestyles2. Physical injured3. Enviromental factors4. Poverty5. ContagiousSocial Work Roles in Health Care：medical social workerSocial work roles in direct health care practice1. Hospital, medical clinics and so on(1) Help patients understand and interpret technical medical jargon(2) Offer emotional support(3) Help terminally ill people deal with their feelings and make end-of-life plans.(4) Help patient’s adjust their lives and lifestyles to accommodate to new conditions when they return home after medical treatment(5) Help parents of children who have serious illnesses or disabilities cope with these conditions and respond to children's needs.(6) Serve as brokers who link patients with necessary supportive resources andservices after leaving the medical facility.(7) Help patients make financial arrangements to pay hospital and other medical bills.(8) Provide health education aimed at establishing a healthful lifestyle and preventing illness.2. Public Health Departments and other health care contexts(1) Preventing diseases(2) Prolonging life(3) Promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort3. Managed care settingsTraditional healthy insurance (fee-for-service basis)Assessment to determine whether patients are eligible for benefits and which are most appropriate.Macro Practice in Health care: seeking empowermentAdvocating for health coverage and health care legislation, policies and resourcesHealth Care policy and problems in the macro environmentThe escalating cost of health care1. The rapid acceleration of technological advances has increased the types of services, drugs, and testing available.2. The population is aging.Unequal access to health careNational health insurance vs. contribution-based health insuranceProblems in managed careCapitationCost and health-care outcomeCultural competenceAPI cultural:Filial pietyCollective versus individual decision makingEmphasis on Harmony versus conflictNonverbal communicationsFatalismShame at asking for helpInternational perspectives: AIDS-A Global CrisisAIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndromeHIV: human immunodeficiency virusEmpowerment for people living with AIDS victims vs. People living with AIDS Social work roles and empowerment for people living with AIDS Counseling;Educator;Crisis intervention;Empowerment and reconnection (support system);Family counseling;。
公共政策复习资料
一、名词解释1. Pubic policyPublic policy is a process or a series or pattern of governmental activities or decisions that are designed to remedy some public problems, either real or imagined. The special characteristic of it is that it is formulated ,implemented ,and evaluated. 2.Collective goodsCollective goods are those benefits that cannot be given to some but denied to others.They can also be termed public goods. Some examples would be national defense and public safety.3.Externality:A side effect or consequence of an industrial or commercial activity that affects other parties without this being reflected in the cost of the goods or services involved.4.Agenda settingAccording to John Kingdon,it is the list of subjects or problems to which government officials are paying some serious attention at any given time.5.Systemic agendasSystemic agendas consist of all those issues that might be subject to action or that are already being acted on by government. These issues can include pseudo-issues, or issues discussed just to placate clientele groups but without any serious attempt to make policy choices.ernmental agenda：（这个只找到中文的，大家自己翻译一下吧）又称为正式议程，是指某些社会问题已经引起决策者的深切关注，他们感到有必要对之采取一定的行动，并把这些社会问题引入政策范围的一种政策议程。
我国公共政策绩效评估存在的问题与对策 魏青龙
安徽财经大学本科毕业论文论文题目我国公共政策绩效评估存在的问题与对策院 (系) 财政与公共管理学院所在班级 2009级行政管理(1)班姓名魏青龙学号 **********指导老师袁华萍讲师日期 2013年6月3日【内容提要】公共政策是一国政府为了处理好公共问题、进行公共管理活动、提高公共福利，实现国家的发展和社会和谐稳定的重要政治工具。
公共政策绩效评估是整个公共政策过程中的关键环节，科学的公共政策绩效评估能够判定一项政策是否达到预期的目的，并且由此对该政策进行调整或者终结。
通过对公共政策的评估可以总结政策经验，为制定公共政策提供依据。
所以对公共政策进行绩效评估是非常重要的。
政策绩效评估作为一门学科在我国许多领域都取得了显著的成效。
但对公共政策绩效评估理论研究的欠缺和落后，影响了公共政策绩效评估的合理化和科学化，从而它的运用存在很多问题，且制约了公共政策绩效评估在实践上的运用，也影响了我国公共政策制定的科学化、合理化、效率化和规范化。
怎样解决公共政策绩效评估存在的问题，是亟待认真完成的任务。
【关键词】公共政策公共政策绩效评估政治体制多元主体Abstract：Public policy is a government in order to handle the public problems, public management activities, improve public welfare, and realize the country's development and the stable and harmonious important political tool. Public policy evaluation is the key link in the whole process of public policy, public policy of scientific performance evaluation to determine whether a policy the desired purpose, and thus to adjust the policy or an end. And through the experience in the evaluation of public policy can be summarized policy, provide the basis for public policy. So for performance evaluation of public policies is very important. Policy performance evaluation as a discipline in many areas our country have achieved remarkable results. But for lack of public policy performance evaluation theory research and backward, and affected the rationalization and scientific process of public policy performance evaluation, thus the use of it has a lot of problems, and restricted the performance evaluation of public policy on the practice of using, also affected the China's public policy of scientific, rationalization, efficiency and standardization. How to solve the problems of public policy performance evaluation is to be serious to complete task.Keywords: Public policy, public policy evaluation, political system, multiple subjects目录一、公共政策绩效评估的基本理论 (1)（一）公共政策与公共政策过程 (1)（二）公共政策绩效评估 (2)（三）公共政策绩效评估的价值 (2)二、当代中国公共政策绩效评估存在的问题及原因分析 (3)（一）当代中国公共政策绩效评估存在的问题 (3)（二）当代中国公共政策绩效评估存在问题的原因分析 (6)三、国外公共政策绩效评估对我国的启示 (7)（一）美国公共政策绩效评估：法律化与规范化 (8)（三）法国公共政策绩效评估：评估主体多元化与专业化 (8)（三）韩国公共政策绩效评估：制度评估 (8)四、完善当代中国公共政策绩效评估的对策 (9)（一）重视政策绩效评估的实践 (9)（二）促进政策绩效评估多元主体参与 (9)（三）完善政策绩效评估法律与机制 (9)（四）提高政策绩效评估技术 (9)五、结束语 (10)参考文献 (11)我国公共政策绩效评估存在的问题与对策一、公共政策绩效评估的基本理论公共部门的绩效评估已经成为公共部门管理和政府部门管理的当中非常重要内容，政府绩效评估的基本组成部分包括公共部门、公共政策、公共项目和政府整体绩效。
第六章 政策评估
3、事前评估、执行评估和事后评估 事前评估、 这是从政策评估在政策过程中所处的阶段来划分的， 这是从政策评估在政策过程中所处的阶段来划分的，有的又 名预评估、过程评估和结果评估 名预评估、 事前评估是在政策执行之前进行的一种带有预测性质的评估 是在政策执行之前进行的一种带有预测性质的评估。 事前评估是在政策执行之前进行的一种带有预测性质的评估。 事前评估的内容包含三方面： 事前评估的内容包含三方面：对政策实施对象发展趋势的预 政策可行性的评估，对政策效果进行预先评估。 测，政策可行性的评估，对政策效果进行预先评估。 执行评估就是对在执行过程中的政策实施情况的评估 就是对在执行过程中的政策实施情况的评估， 执行评估就是对在执行过程中的政策实施情况的评估，即具 体分析政策在实际执行过程中的情况， 体分析政策在实际执行过程中的情况，以确认政策是否得到 严格地贯彻执行。 严格地贯彻执行。 事后评估是政策执行完成后对政策效果的评估 是政策执行完成后对政策效果的评估， 事后评估是政策执行完成后对政策效果的评估，旨在鉴定人 们执行的政策对所确认问题确定达到的解决程度和影响程度， 们执行的政策对所确认问题确定达到的解决程度和影响程度， 辨识政策效果成因，以求通过优化政策运行机制的方式， 辨识政策效果成因，以求通过优化政策运行机制的方式，强 化和扩大政策效果的一种行为。它在政策执行完成以后发生， 化和扩大政策效果的一种行为。它在政策执行完成以后发生， 是最主要的一种评估方式。 是最主要的一种评估方式。
2、个人所得税的征收标准合理吗? 个人所得税的征收标准合理吗?
我国个人所得税征收起点原定为800元，这个标准执 行了10年，10年间丝毫没有改变。而社会条件在这段时 间却发生了很大的变化，人们的收入水平和收入结构都 与过去有了很大的不同，但旧的政策原封不动，这势必 与现行社会状况发生一定的矛盾，使政策的公平性受到 一定程度的质疑。在公众诉求和社会舆论的压力下，政 府税务部门认真考虑了这个问题，对这项政策进行了必 要的评估。把个人所得税征收起点调高到2000元。但仍 然有很大问题。据有关部门统计，目前我国40％的财富 集中在很少一部分人手里，但1999年全国40％以上的个 人所得税是由工薪阶层缴纳的。这两个40％应该引起我 们的注意。作为公民，工薪阶层缴纳个人所得税是应该 的，但占这么大的比重就不太正常了。税务部门是否应 该考虑对个人所得税的征收政策进行评估呢？
公共政策-复习资料-Public-policy-双语
要求用题目相应的语言回答各题：1. Please give some reasons that we should learn the public policy.随着科技和交通的发展，社会越来越相互依存，流动性越来越大，我们需要对公共政策问题有更多的认识。
As society becomes increasinglyinterdependent and mobile because of changes in transportation and communication, people will need to be even more knowledgeable about public policy issues.我们可以在国家、省市、地方和社区层面都发现公共政策问题。
Public policy issues at national level, provincial level, local level and community level.公共政策如今日益重要，原因如下：public policy is more important now than ever before for a variety of reasons:从科学角度看，更好地理解公共政策的成因与结果，有助于制定更好的政策，从而达致“良好的政府”。
From a purelyscientific perspective, a better understanding of the causes and consequences of public policy would allowexperts to make policy recommendations that might improve the performance of governments in an area inwhich the public is demanding “ better ” government.从政治角度看，公共政策信息可以帮助我们知道哪个地方的政府能有效地减缓公共政策问题，那个政客/ 议员真正代表公共利益。
公共政策学单词
公共政策学单词整理第0章公共政策科学Public policy science公共政策学之父The father of public science行为主义Behaviorism政策替代文化The culture of policy substitution公共政策学科Public policy discipline以“解决问题”为取向的知识“problem-oriented” knowledge公共政策学与政治学Public policy and political science公共政策学与社会学Public policy and sociology公共政策学与公共管理Public policy and public management公共政策学与公共行政学Public policy and public administration 公共政策学与经济学Public policy and economics公共政策研究Public policy study公共政策分析Public policy analysis公共政策管理Administration of public policy心里行为研究途径The study approaches of psychologicalbehavior理性选择研究途径The study approaches of rational choice 新制度主义研究途径The study approach of newinstitutionalism官僚机构研究途径The study approach of bureaucracy系统功能研究途径The study approach of systemic function 量化研究手段Quantitative research methods质化研究手段Qualitative research methods第一章公共政策的政治性与公共性Politics and public of public policy公共政策的稳定性与变动性Stability and volatility of public policy 公共政策的公平性与效率性Equity and efficiency of public policy 公共政策的强制性与合法性Mandatory and legitimacy of public policy 政策引导功能The guidance function of public policy 政策调控功能The regulation function of public policy 政策分配功能The distribution function of publicpolicy政策公平正义功能The equality and justice function ofpublic policy政策变革求新功能The change and innovation function ofpublic policy政策均衡稳定功能The balance and stability function ofpublic policy第二章公共政策主体Public policy actor以个体出面的公共政策主体Public policy subject as individual以组织机构出面的公共政策主体Public policy subject as organization 公共政策制定主体Public policy -making subject公共政策执行主体Public policy implementation subject公共政策评估主体Public policy evaluation subject国家公共法权主体The national and public subject of legalrights社会政治法权主体The social and political subject of legalrights社会非法权主体The social subject of non-legal rights 公共政策问题取向Public policy’s problem orientation公共政策事实取向Public policy’s fact orientation公共政策价值取向Public policy’s value orientation公共政策价值Public policy value公共政策项目价值Public policy’s project value公共政策社会价值Public policy’s social value公共政策意识形态价值Public policy’s ideology value第三章公共政策过程Public policy progress总共政策过程模式The model of public policy progress公共政策议程Public policy agenda实质性议程Substantive agenda象征性议程Symbolic agenda公开的议程Open agenda隐蔽的议程Hidden agenda系统性的议程Systemic agenda制度性的议程Institutional agenda内部推动模式Inside initiation model外部推动模式Outside initiation model社会动员模式Mobilization model公共政策规划Public policy formulation公共政策目标Public policy target公共政策备选方案Public policy alternative集体理性Collective rationality集体思维缺陷Defect of collective thinking公共政策共识Public policy consensus公共政策网络Public policy networks公共政策社群Public policy communities公共政策决策Public policy decision-making理性决策模型Decision-making model of rationality完全理性决策模型Decision-making model of comprehensiverationality有限理性决策模型Decision-making model of boundedrationality渐进决策模型The incremental Decision-making model 子系统决策模型Subsystem decision-making mode公共政策的采纳Public policy adoption公共政策的合法化Public policy legitimization第四章公共政策合法化Public policy legitimization公共政策执行Public policy implementation公共政策执行影响因素Influence factors of public policyimplementation公共政策资源Public policy resource公共政策执行原则The principle of public policyimplementation执行工具选择模式The choice mode of implementationinstrument公共政策执行模型The model of public policy implementation 公共政策评估Public policy evaluation公共政策评估作用The significance of public policyevaluation政策评估模式演变Evolution of the public policy evaluationpattern实证主义政策评估Positivism policy evaluation后实证主义政策评估Post-Positivism policy evaluation测量取向模式Measurement-oriented model目标导向模式Target-oriented model实验模式Experimental model执行评估模式Implementation evaluation mode目标中立评估模式Target neutral evaluation mode回应性评估模式Respondent evaluation mode公共政策评估标准The criterion of public policy evaluation公共政策回应度Public policy responsivity成本-效益分析法Cost-benefit analysis前后对比法Before versus after comparisons公共政策学习Public policy learning第五章公共政策分析Public policy analysis公共政策分析人员Public policy analysts描述性政策分析Descriptive public policy批评-反思性政策分析Criticism-rethinking policy analysis规范性政策分析Normative policy analysis前瞻性政策分析Prospective policy analysis回溯性政策分析Retrospective public policy analysis公共政策分析框架public policy analysis framework公共政策资料public policy data公共政策信息public policy information公共政策知识public policy knowledge公共政策主张public policy claims公共政策分析交流public policy analysis and communication 公共政策文件public policy documents公共政策分析利用public policy analysis and utilization 行政型公共政策分析人员public policy analyst of administrationtype政治型公共政策分析人员Policy analyst of politics type职业型公共政策分析人员public policy analyst of occupation type第六章公共政策问题构建Construction of public policy issue政策问题情境Public policy issue situation政策元问题Policy meta issue实质问题Substantive issue正规问题Formal issue公共政策问题感知Public policy problem sensing公共政策问题搜索public policy problem search公共政策问题界定public policy problem definition公共政策问题明确化public policy problem clearing公共政策问题重新构建public policy problem reconstruction重新解决原问题Problem resolving不解决原问题Problem unsolving结构优良的政策问题Well-structured problem结构适度的政策问题Moderately structured problem结构不良的政策问题Ill-structured problem第三类错误Error of the third type描述性模型Descriptive model规范性模型Normative model口头模型Verbal model符号模型Symbolic model程序模型Procedural model多角度分析Multiple perspective analysis头脑风暴法Brainstorming假设分析法Assumptional analysis类比分析法Analogy analysis类别分析法Calssificational analysis边界分析法Boundary analysis第七章公共政策行动建议Public policy action advice简单的选择模型Simple model of choice复杂的选择模型Complicated model of choice成本收益分析Cost-benefit analysis风险收益分析Risk-benefit analysis成本效益分析Cost-effectiveness analysis推断形式Forms of projections语言形式Forms of predictions猜测形式Forms of forecasts趋势外推Trend extrapolation公共政策工具Public policy instrument公共政策工具选择的传统途径The traditional approach of public policyinstruments choice公共政策工具选择的精制途径The approach of public policy instrumentschoices政策工具选择的制度途径The institutional approach of publicpolicy instruments choice政策工具选择的公共选择途径The public choice approach of publicpolicy instruments choice公共政策工具选择的政策网络途径The policy networks approach of publicpolicy instruments choice自愿性政策工具Voluntary policy instruments强制性政策工具Compulsory policy instruments混合型政策工具Mixed policy instruments目标图形化技术The technique of objectives mapping价值澄清技术The technique of value calification价值评价技术The technique of value critique成本要素构建技术The technique of cost element structuring 敏感性分析技术The technique of sensitivity analysis 合理性分析技术The technique of plausibility analysis第八章基本政策Basic policy具体政策Specific policy规制政策Regulative policy分配政策Distributive policy再分配政策Redistributive policy自律政策Self-discipline policy零和博弈Zero-sum game非零和博弈Non-zero-sum game政策领域Policy field政策结构管理Administration of policy structure政策结构化Policy structure政策群落Policy community政策领域结构Structure of policy field政策形势结构Structure of policy form政治政策群落Political policy community经济政策群落Economic policy community文化政治群落Culture policy community社会政策群落Social policy community政策塔式结构模式Policy mode of tower structure政策链式结构模式Policy mode of chain structure政策圈式结构模式Policy mode of ring structure政策网络结构模式Policy mode of network structure第九章突发事件Emergency crisis unexpectedaccidents社会危机Social crisis危机事件Crisis-issues政府管理的危机Crisis of government administration政府危机Government crisis应急型公共政策Emergency public policy危机决策Crisis decision-making平常决策Usual decision-making危机管理综合模式Comprehensive mode of crisis management全面风险观念Comprehensive risk ideas早期预警Early warning第十章社会转型Social transformation体制转轨System transform政策创新Policy innovation政策移植Policy convergence政策借鉴Policy reference政策替代Policy substitution强制型政策创新Compulsory mode of policy innovation自治型政策创新Autonomous mode of policy innovation回应型政策创新Respondent mode of policy innovation政策创新触发机制The trigger mechanism of policyinnovation政策创新拓展机制The diffusion mechanism of policyinnovation政策创新发展机制He development mechanism of policyinnovation创新型政策传播Innovative public policy。
政策评估模式及其应用
政策评估模式及其应用政策评枯是整个政策过程的重要一环，它通过对政策实施后的效果、效率、价值进行判断，从而决定政策的去向，是延续?是革新?还是终止。
在政策科学发展的早期阶段，政策评估并没有引起人们的重视，人们把更多的精力用于研究政策如何科学、民主地制定，如何有效地执行?而现在，世界各国，特别是在发达国家，政策科学研究发展的新趋势是:政策绩效评枯已成为研究热点。
“借用拉斯韦尔的话来说，政治学家正在日益关注‘谁得到什么?’而在过去，他们的主要兴趣在‘何时得到’和‘如何得到?’”。
①美国的“重塑政府运动”、日本的“新行动审议会”、英国的“新公共管理运动”无不反映了这一点。
而且，政府组织功能日益政策科学化。
日本总务厅行政监察局从2001年开始将正式更名为日本政策评枯局即是佐证，它的职能己逐步地从初期对公务员廉政的监管转变为对政策实施的评估上;同时，政策评佑开始产业化，政策评估以政策分析、政策评估为职业的专业队伍不断壮大。
在理论上，政策评枯“正朝着独立学科的方向发展’，②，逐步形成自己独特的模式和方法，强调进行跨学科研究，如充分借鉴了社会学中建立的社会指标体系方法和实验与准实验分析、经济学中的成本一收益分析、政治学中的政治与管理的理性原则等。
这种理论上的成熟又更好地政策评枯事业的发展。
我国的政策科学起步较晚，政策评话的研究与实践都十分薄弱。
在我国，政策评枯的实践尚处于起始阶段，专门的研究性政策评枯几乎没有，从中央到地方的各级党委或政府部门虽都设有政策研究室，但它们的主要工作是进行调查研究、预测分析或指导政策执行，很少对一项政策进行正式、全面的评枯。
我国政策评估的学术研究也是片面的、零星的，评估理论发育也不良。
因此，为推进我国政策评钻的理论与实践，我们急需学习和借鉴西方的政策评枯理论，为我所用。
本文书先介绍西方政策评估的八种模式及其应用情况，然后将这些模式应用于我国九十年代计划生育政策评枯，以期开创我国政策评估工作的新思路。
政府管理科学研究英语范文
政府管理科学研究英语范文**The Current Situation and Challenges of Government Management Science Research**In the contemporary era, the field of government management science has emerged as a crucial discipline, encompassing the theoretical frameworks and practical methodologies aimed at enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability of public institutions. The discipline intersects with various fields, including political science, economics, sociology, and psychology, making it a dynamic and multifaceted area of study. This article delves into the current status of government management science research, highlighting its key areas of focus, ongoing challenges, and potential future directions.在当今时代，政府管理科学已成为一门至关重要的学科，它涵盖了旨在提高公共机构效率、效能和问责性的理论框架和实践方法。
该学科与政治科学、经济学、社会学和心理学等多个领域相交叉，成为动态且多面的研究领域。
本文深入探讨了政府管理科学研究的现状，重点介绍了其关键研究焦点、正在面临的挑战以及潜在的未来发展方向。
重大决策事项舆情风险评估制度
重大决策事项舆情风险评估制度英文回答：Major Decision-Making Public Opinion Risk Assessment System.1. Introduction.Public opinion risk assessment is a critical component of effective decision-making. It helps organizations identify and understand the potential risks associated with their decisions, and develop strategies to mitigate those risks. A comprehensive public opinion risk assessment system is essential for ensuring that organizations are making informed decisions that are aligned with the interests of their stakeholders.2. Components of a Major Decision-Making Public Opinion Risk Assessment System.A major decision-making public opinion risk assessment system should include the following components:Risk identification: This involves identifying the potential risks associated with a decision. This can be done through a variety of methods, such as surveys, focus groups, and media monitoring.Risk assessment: This involves assessing thelikelihood and severity of the identified risks. This can be done using a variety of tools, such as risk matrices and decision trees.Risk mitigation: This involves developing strategies to mitigate the identified risks. This can involve avariety of Maßnahmen, such as communication campaigns, public outreach programs, and stakeholder engagement.Monitoring and evaluation: This involves monitoring the effectiveness of the risk mitigation strategies and evaluating the overall outcome of the decision-making process.3. Benefits of a Major Decision-Making Public Opinion Risk Assessment System.A comprehensive public opinion risk assessment system can provide a number of benefits to organizations, including:Improved decision-making: By identifying and understanding the potential risks associated with a decision, organizations can make more informed decisions that are aligned with the interests of their stakeholders.Reduced risk: By implementing effective risk mitigation strategies, organizations can reduce the likelihood and severity of the identified risks.Enhanced stakeholder engagement: By involving stakeholders in the risk assessment process, organizations can build trust and confidence, and demonstrate that they are committed to addressing their concerns.Increased transparency and accountability: By making the risk assessment process transparent, organizations can increase accountability and demonstrate that they are committed to ethical and responsible decision-making.4. Conclusion.A comprehensive public opinion risk assessment system is essential for ensuring that organizations are making informed decisions that are aligned with the interests of their stakeholders. By identifying and understanding the potential risks associated with a decision, and developing strategies to mitigate those risks, organizations can reduce the likelihood of negative consequences and improve the overall outcome of the decision-making process.中文回答：重大决策事项舆情风险评估制度。
阜阳公共收益的使用流程
阜阳公共收益的使用流程1.首先，政府必须将公共收益用于民生改善项目。
First, the government must use public revenues for projects that improve people's livelihoods.2.公共收益使用需要经过预算审批程序。
The use of public revenues must go through a budget approval process.3.在项目执行过程中，需要严格监督公共收益的使用情况。
During the project implementation, the use of public revenues needs to be strictly monitored.4.对于公共收益的使用，需要进行定期的审计和公开报告。
Regular audits and public reporting are required for the use of public revenues.5.确保公共收益使用不会产生浪费和滥用的情况。
Ensure that the use of public revenues does not lead to waste and abuse.6.公共收益的使用应该符合相关法律法规和政策要求。
The use of public revenues should comply with relevant laws, regulations, and policy requirements.7.政府部门需要对公共收益的使用负起监管和管理责任。
Government departments need to take on the responsibility of supervising and managing the use of public revenues.8.公众可以通过公开渠道了解公共收益的使用情况。
循证政策的实践障碍与发展经验
循证政策的实践障碍与发展经验文/赵晰I谢倩雯2（1•香港大学社会工作与社会行政学系，香港999077；2.浙江大学公共管理学院，浙江杭州310058）【摘要］循证政策是公共政策领域的前沿范式，以证据指导政策制定有助于得出真正“行之有效”的政策方案。
但是目前仍然难以开展大规模的循证政策实践。
研究者与政策制定者对循证政策的实践路径和面临的障碍仍然缺乏清晰的认识。
本文首先明确循证政策的实践路径，细化了环形范式下循证政策实践各个环节的具体内容;其次,从循证政策过程中的关键主体一研究者的视角出发,梳理研究者在循证政策各个环节面临的实践障碍，具体包括界定社会问题时面临两难困境、难以获取高层级证据、研究证据难以被政策制定者接受和使用、难以参与政策执行过程、政策方案的有效性难以被复制，并分析了障碍产生的原因；最后，本文总结了在应对循证政策实践障碍时可借鉴的经验。
【关键词］循证政策实践路径实践障碍发展经验［基金项目］本文为科学研究基金项目（中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助）“城市低收入家庭儿童亲子共读干预方案——随机对照实验试点研究”（谢倩雯主持，编号为2-2050205-20-489）的阶段性成果。
【作者简介］赵晰，香港大学社会工作与社会行政学系博士候选人，研究方向为政策评估、社会保障;谢倩雯,浙江大学公共管理学院“百人计划”研究员，博士生导师，研究方向为循证政策、儿童福利与家庭政策。
【中图分类号］C9306【文献彌码］A［文章编号］1008-7672（2020）06-0057-13循证政策（Evidence-Based Policy,EBP）“以证据指导政策”的理念逐渐在国际上发展为公共政策制定的前沿范式。
以证据为本的政策制定与实践是确保决策科学性与专业性的关键策略。
①在社会诉何雪松:《证据为本的实践的兴起及其对中国社会工作发展的启示》,《华东理工大学学报》（社会科学版）2004年第1①■政策研究82204fr w6超W35褓隸w 」63 鶴 伴莎单熾奇05求日益复杂的当下,科学证据有助于化解治理难题①。
政策评价的模型与方法
第一章引论本章导读评估是根据特定标准对事物（即评估对象）进行衡量、检查、评价和估计，以判断其优劣与利弊得失。
政策评估工作始于“ 一战” 时期，当时主要是对教育和疫病防控政策的效果进行评价。
20世纪 80年代起，政策评估受到各国政府和学术界的普遍关注，很多学者、官员致力于政策评估的研究和实践，但直至目前，仍未形成共识的关于政策评估的理论体系与方法。
政策评估的定义及范畴会直接影响评估模式的设计、选择和使用。
本章的主要内容是介绍政策评估的目的和主体，界定相关概念与基本范畴。
经济及科技政策评估：方法与案例2第一节政策评估的目的与主体一、政策评估的目的Rossi和Freeman（ 1999）将政策评估的目的归纳为项目改进、明确责任、知识积累、政治策略和公共关系等五项。
Frans-Bauke和Jurian （2006）认为评估的目的有两个：其一，通过评估政策的结果和产出，促进政府承担其责任和义务；其二，促进学习，以提高政策制定和执行能力。
此外，也有学者提出政策评估的主要目的是了解政策效果、增加政策的透明度、帮助制定决策和促进利益相关者之间的协作等。
巴顿则强调评价的终极目的在于利用。
根据文献，政策评估的主要目的可以归为以下几点：（1）结果导向。
已有的政策评估和相关研究大多是结果导向的，评估者把评估看作是价值判断的过程，即评价政策在多大程度上实现了预期目标（James E. An derso n, 1990），也就是测定和区分政策的有效部分与无效部分（ Vedung，1997）。
评估者往往被要求评定公共支出的社会或（和）经济影响（Lang，2001），通过比较政策的投入和产出判断该项支出是否值得。
（2）原因分析。
一些学者强调政策评估应用以解释政策目标和政策效果之间的关系。
Lang （ 2001）认为，政策评估与政策监控之间的本质区别在于评估需考虑政策工具、政策执行系统与所测量的政策效果之间的因果关系。
明确产生已有政策效果的原因才可以深入探讨该政策的利弊和易被忽略的问题及环境对政策效果的影响。
公共政策的社会稳定风险评估
公共政策的社会稳定风险评估童星【专题名称】公共行政【专题号】D01【复印期号】2011年01期【原文出处】《学习与实践》(武汉)2010年9期第114～119页【英文标题】Social Stability Risk Assessment of Public Policy【作者简介】童星，南京大学社会学系教授、博士生导师南京 210093【内容提要】高风险社会扩展了公共政策的传统边界，改变了公共政策的评价标准，“收益－风险”之比将取代“成本－收益”之比，成为新的公共政策评价标准，即最多的利益相关群体可接受的政策才是好政策。
因此，重大政策决策出台或重大建设项目审批之前，应当对其所带来的社会稳定风险进行评估。
为此，就要正确地解决社会稳定风险评估的地位、主体、方法、问责等问题。
与客观存在的“风险－灾害－危机”的因果链条相应，全过程的应急管理应包含“风险管理”、“灾害（应急）管理”、“危机管理”，它们各自的功能不同。
灾害（应急）管理只能控制事态，危机管理旨在减少损失，风险管理才能消除隐患、杜绝危机。
政策决策出台和重大项目审批之前，对其所带来的社会稳定风险进行评估就是政府风险管理的重要内容。
【关键词】公共政策评价/社会稳定风险评估/全过程应急管理/政府风险管理EE83UU1745266中图分类号：C934 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1004－0730（2010）09－0114－06从表象上看，近些年来，我国自然灾害频繁发生，生产事故屡禁不止，生态环境持续恶化，有毒食品无处不在，新型传染病防不胜防，群体性事件愈演愈烈，社会治安形势异常严峻。
目前，全国每年因自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件和社会安全事件造成的非正常死亡超过20万人，伤残超过200万人，经济损失超过6000亿元人民币。
除了人员伤亡和经济损失，其政治和社会的负面影响也难以估量。
早在2005年，我受托对“十一五”期间（2006－2010年）江苏省有可能发生的重大社会风险进行识别和预测，曾提出了以下十大社会风险：①就业（特别是大学生就业）风险；②农民失地风险；③房地产风险；④市场风险；⑤乡村债务风险；⑥社会报复的风险；⑦安全生产的风险；⑧卫生安全风险；⑨网络安全风险；⑩灾害风险。
公共关系专业常用词汇
公关常用词汇Academic community 学术团体Advertising 广告Announcement 公告Article reprints 文章翻印Audiovisual communications 视听沟通Banks,insurers 银行，保险公司Belief 意见、信仰Biography 传记/简历Board of directors 董事会Brand—building 品牌打造Budgeting 预算Bulletin boards 公告牌Business objective 经营目标Byliner 署名作者Case history 个案记录Cause—related marketing 事件营销Change 变革Clerical employees 办公人员Client 客户Communication audits 沟通审查Best Consulting Updated on April 12，2005 2 Communication vehicles 沟通工具Community neighbors 社区同胞Community publics 社区公众Community relations 社区关系Competitors 竞争对手Conflict 冲突Confrontation 对峙Conscience 良心Consumer movement 消费者运动Consumer 消费者Consumerism 消费者权益保护Contributions 捐赠Corporate codes of conduct 企业行为准则Corporate image 企业形象Corporate social responsibility 企业的社会责任Corporation 企业Counseling 顾问Cover-up 掩盖（手段)Credibility 可信性Crisis management 危机管理Customers 消费者Database marketing 网络营销Deals/distributors 交易商/分销商Desktop publishing 电脑排版Direct mail 直邮Distortion 歪曲Education 教育Electronic media 电子媒体E-lobbying 电子游说E-mail memorandum 电子邮件备忘录E-mail 电子邮件Employee communication strategies 员工沟通战略Employee communication tactics 员工沟通策略Employee communication 员工沟通Employee families 员工家庭Environment 环境Environmentalism 环境保护Ethics 道德（准则）Evaluation 评价Face-to-face 面谈Federal,state，local legislators 联邦，州，当地立法者Financial relations 金融公关Goodwill 商誉Government relations 政府关系Government 政府Grapevine rumor 小道消息Idea 思想、观念Insider trading 内部交易Integrated marketing communications 整合营销传播Interactive public relations 互动公关Internal video 内部录像International community 国际社区Interview 面访Investment community 投资团体Investor relations 投资者关系Investor 投资者Issues management 问题管理Journalist 记者Key messages 关键信息Labor unions 工会Lobbying 游说Local community relations 社区关系Management 管理Managers/supervisors 经理/主管Marketing mix 市场营销组合Marketing publicity 营销宣传Marketing 行销Media contact and monitoring 媒体联络与监测Media directories 媒体库Media kit 媒体宣传袋Media 传播媒介Multinational corporation 跨国公司Narrowcasting 窄播News release 新闻发布Newsworthy 有新闻价值的On—line communications 在线沟通On-line media relations 在线媒体关系On—line monitoring 在线监测Online publicity 在线宣传Op—Ed 评论文章Persuasion 说服Pitch letter 产品宣传信Position paper 专题报告Press conferences 新闻发布会Press monitoring 媒体监测Press relations 媒体关系Press 新闻界Print media 印刷媒体Print publications 印刷出版物Product promotion 产品促销Product publicity 产品宣传Project team 项目小组Public aspiration 公众抱负Public attitudes 公众态度Public awareness 公众意识Public issues management 公共事务管理Public mood 公众情绪Public need 公众需要Public opinion 舆论Public policy forecasting 公共政策预测Public relations advertising 公关广告Public relations agency 公关公司Public relations counseling and research 公关咨询与调研Public relations department 公关部Public relations objectives/strategies 公关目标/战略Public relations plan 公关计划Public relations programs 公关方案Public relations tactics 公关策略Public relations 公共关系Public sentiment 公众意见Public service announcement 公益宣传广告Publicity 宣传Questionnaire 问卷Regulatory authorities 监管当局Research 调研Risk communication 危机沟通Round-up article 摘要文章Sales promotion 促销Sample 样本Satellite media tours 卫星连线访谈Sensationalism 轰动手法Situational analysis 形势分析Societal expectations 社会预期Soft news 软性新闻Special interest groups 特殊利益团体Speech 演讲Speech—writing 演讲稿写作Spin 扭曲事实Spokesperson 代言人Standby statement 备用声明Stockholders 股东Subterfuge 托词Supervisory communications 上下级沟通Suppliers 供应商Surveys 调查Talk radio 电台访谈节目Target audience 目标受众Telephone communication 电话沟通Third—party endorsement 第三方认可Top management 高层管理Trade associations 行业协会Trade show 行业展览Truth 真相TV interviews 电视访谈Two-way communication 双向沟通Value 价值观Video conferences 视讯会议Video news releases 视讯发行Web relations 网络公关Web site newsroom 网上新闻室Web site 网站World Wide Web 国际互联网Writing 写作。
国开作业《政府经济学》 (14)
题目：（）是风险管理的第一步，是指对所面临的以及潜在的风险加以判断、分类和鉴定风险性质的过程。
选项A：政府债务风险管理效果评价选项B：政府债务风险识别选项C：政府债务风险估测选项D：政府债务风险评价答案：政府债务风险识别题目：按照（）分类，公债发行方法可以分为公募法与非公募法。
选项A：公债发行对象选项B：政府在公债发行过程中同应募者之间的联系方式选项C：政府是否通过市场发行公债选项D：公债发行规模答案：公债发行对象题目：公共选择理论是由著名经济学家（）提出，经过众多学者发展而形成的。
选项A：詹姆斯·布坎南选项B：庇古选项C：科斯选项D：亚当·斯密答案：詹姆斯·布坎南题目：按照（）分类，公债可以分为国内公债和国外公债。
选项A：债务期限的长短选项B：公债本位选项C：发行地域选项D：应募条件答案：发行地域题目：在市场经济条件下，（）在资源配置中发挥决定性作用。
选项A：市场选项B：政府选项C：企业选项D：个人答案：市场题目：（）是指政府在制定、实施有关经济政策，调节经济运行，实现宏观经济目标时，企业、个人等市场主体不一定能够及时做出反应，或者其行为不能向政府希望的方向转变，价格波动、生产要素流向等市场形势政府不能完全控制，致使政府政策不能达到预期效果。
选项A：对政府机构控制能力的有限性选项B：市场及主体行为控制的有限性选项C：政府决策信息的有限性选项D：政府在决策过程中与立法机构协调的有限性答案：市场及主体行为控制的有限性题目：按照公共物品的（）分类，公共物品可分为纯公共物品和准公共物品。
选项A：作用选项B：性质选项C：收益范围选项D：来源答案：性质题目：按照（）分类，可将税收收入分为直接税和间接税。
选项A：课税对象的性质选项B：税负能否转嫁选项C：缴纳税收的形式选项D：税收管理体制答案：税负能否转嫁题目：按照（）分类，政府支出可分为经常性预算支出和资本性预算支出。
选项A：政府职能选项B：预算管理体制选项C：经济性质选项D：预算编制方法答案：预算编制方法题目：（）是指国家规定最低税率和最高税率，各地可以在此幅度内自行确定一个比例税率。