与您分析自然农业的稻作技术与经营方法中英文
笔译配套第七单元 农业
第七单元农业主题相关英汉词语英译汉(一)Modified Agricultural Practices (1)Since agriculture accounts for nearly 70 percent of the world’s fresh water withdrawn from rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers for human use, the greatest potential for conservation lies with increasing irrigation efficiency1. By reducing irrigation by 10 percent, we could double2the amount available for domestic water worldwide. This can be done by converting to water- conserving irrigation systems; taking the poorest and steepest lands out of poduction3; switching to less-thirsty crops which may require changes to government subsidies for certain crop); implementing proper agricultural land drainage and so management practices and reducing fertilizer and pesticide uses4.Typically, governments provide water to large commercial farmers at greatly subsidized rates, decreasing the need for conservation and promoting wasteful practices5. This has led to widespread use of wasteful irrigation systems6. Studies show that just 35-50 percent of water withdrawn for irrigated agriculture actually reaches the crops. Most soaks into the ground through unlined canals, leaks out of pipes, or evaporates before reaching fields. Although some of the water lost in inefficient irrigation systems returns to streams or aquifers where it can be tapped again, water quality is invariably degraded by pesticides, fertilizers and salts. This is in fact another way thatcommercial agriculture ¡°uses¡± water: by polluting it so that it is no longer safe to drink. In areas where commercial agriculture is prevalent, runoff8from farms has poisoned water supply with dangerous levels of toxics9.课文词汇aquifer 蓄水层subsidy 津贴drainage 排水;放水参考译文改良的农业耕作从全世界河流、湖泊和地下蓄水层汲取的供人类使用的淡水中,有近70%是用于农业,因此节水的最大潜在于提高农业灌溉效率1。
浅析自然农业在果树及其他作物上的应用中英文
浅析自然农业在果树及其他作物上的应用中英文Application of natural agriculture in fruit trees and other crops(1)其它谷物和蔬菜(旱作)。
( 1 ) other grains and vegetables ( dry ).北海道主要是旱作小麦,因此,经营规模大且机械化发达。
由于面积大,堆肥难以施用,所以自然农法每公顷只产20~40袋小麦,而有肥农法达66袋。
全部轮作绿肥。
轮作方式是播种三年小麦一间作一年牧草,以及马铃薯,春豌豆、秋小麦(三叶草混播)。
除草采取苗期彻底除草,并开发了株间除草机。
今后的研究课题是培育适合于自然农法的品种和栽培方法(轮作和栽培绿肥)。
也有的追施菜籽饼来肥田。
Hokkaido is mainly Rainfed Wheat, therefore, business scale and mechanization developed. Because the area is large, the compost to application, so the natural agriculture per hectare of only 20 ~ 40 bags of wheat, and the fat farm Fada 66 bags. All rotation and green manure. Rotation is three years of intercropping wheat seeding year pasture, and potato, pea, wheat ( autumn clover mixture ). Taken completely weeding weeding at seedling stage, and the development of the strain of weeding machine. Future research is cultivated varieties and cultivation methods suitable for natural farming ( rotation and planting green manure ). Also some application of rapeseed cake to fertilize the soil.转作田不少用来种蔬菜,以露地栽培为主。
The wisdom of Chinese traditional agriculture
3.Intercropping interplanting(间作套作)
Intercropping and interplanting means according to certain lines on the same land, planting distance and covering the width ratio of planting different kinds of crops(间 作套种是指在同一土地上按照一定 的行、株距和占地的宽窄比例种植 不同种类的农作物),Intercropping and interplantingis using the principle of spatial structure of community, to make full use of space and resources for the purpose and developed a kind of mode of agricultural production, also can be called the threedimensional agriculture. Y is the brainchild of Chinese farmers, it is a well stimulation on agriculture.
1.2 Yunnan Honghe Hani rice terraces system(云南哈 尼稻作梯田系统)
Hani is located in the mountain hills, difficult to cultivate. Our ancestors built on hill slopes along the direction of contour strip order desktop or in the cross section of the wave field(.沿等高线方向修筑 的条状阶台式或波浪式断面的田 地). Not only convenient for farming, and is an effective way for management of sloped farmland soil and water loss, water storage, soil conservation, increasing yield is significant.
有机农业的介绍英文作文
有机农业的介绍英文作文英文:Organic agriculture is a farming method that emphasizes the use of natural inputs and techniques to grow crops and raise livestock. This means avoiding synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and instead relying on compost, crop rotation, and natural pest control methods.There are many benefits to organic agriculture. For one, it is better for the environment. By avoiding synthetic inputs, organic farmers can reduce their carbon footprint and protect soil health. Additionally, organic agriculture can be more sustainable in the long term, as it promotes biodiversity and helps to maintain the health of the ecosystem.Another benefit of organic agriculture is that it can lead to healthier food. By avoiding synthetic pesticidesand fertilizers, organic crops can be free from harmful chemicals and have higher levels of nutrients. In fact, some studies have shown that organic produce can have up to 69% more antioxidants than conventionally grown produce.Of course, there are also challenges to organic agriculture. For one, it can be more labor-intensive and require more knowledge and skill than conventional farming. Additionally, organic crops may be more vulnerable to pests and diseases, which can lead to lower yields and higher costs.Despite these challenges, I believe that organic agriculture is an important and worthwhile pursuit. By prioritizing the health of the environment and our food, we can create a more sustainable and healthy future for ourselves and future generations.中文:有机农业是一种强调使用自然输入和技术来种植作物和养殖家畜的农业方法。
(完整版)新人教版必修4Unit2WorkingthelandReading课文翻译中英对照
A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE造福全人类的先驱者Although he is one of China's most famous scientists, Yuan Longping considers himself a farmer, for he works the land to do his research. 尽管他是中国最著名的科学家之一,袁隆平仍然认为自己是个农民,因为他在田间耕作,进行科学研究。
Indeed, his sunburnt face and arms and his slim, strong body are just like those of millions of Chinese farmers, for whom he has struggled for the past five decades. 的确,他那被太阳晒得黝黑的脸和手臂,以及他那消瘦而结实的身躯,就跟其他千百万中国农民一样。
过去50年来他一直在努力帮助他们。
Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.袁隆平种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻”的稻种。
In 1973, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output. 1973年他成为世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋。
This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce 20% more of the crop in the same fields. 这种特殊的稻种使得同样的田地多收获20%的产量。
Now more than 60% of the rice produced in China each year is from this hybrid strain.如今中国每年生产的稻米60%以上出自这种杂交稻种。
培育稻种方法
培育稻种方法Rice is a staple food for a large portion of the world's population,and its cultivation plays a crucial role in ensuring food security. In order to produce high-quality rice, it is essential to carefully nurture the rice seeds through various methods.稻米是世界上大部分人口的主食,其种植在保证粮食安全方面起着至关重要的作用。
为了生产高质量的稻米,通过各种方法仔细培育稻种是至关重要的。
One important aspect of cultivating rice seeds is selecting the right variety of rice for a specific region or climate. Different varieties of rice have different characteristics, such as growth rate, disease resistance, and yield potential. By choosing the most suitable variety for a particular environment, farmers can maximize their chances of success.稻种培育的一个重要方面是为特定地区或气候选择合适的水稻品种。
不同品种的水稻具有不同的特征,如生长速度、抗病性和产量潜力。
通过选择最适合特定环境的品种,农民可以最大程度地提高他们的成功机会。
In addition to selecting the right variety of rice, proper soil preparation is essential for successful rice cultivation. Rice plants require nutrient-rich soil with good drainage to thrive. Before planting the rice seeds, farmers should ensure that the soil is well-tilled and fertilized to provide the necessary nutrients for the plantsto grow.除了选择适合的水稻品种外,适当的土壤准备对于成功的水稻种植至关重要。
稻作生产的技术和稻田生态系统
生物多样性影响
稻作生产对原有生态系统中的动 植物种群产生影响,可能导致生
物多样性的减少。
生态系统对稻作生产支持作用
土壤保持与改良
健康的生态系统能够保持土壤结构,提供植物生 长所需的养分和水分。
害虫与杂草控制
生态系统中的天敌和竞争植物能够自然控制稻田 中的害虫和杂草数量。
微气候调节
生态系统通过植被覆盖和水分蒸发等方式调节稻 田微气候,有利于稻作生长。
稻作生产与生态系统互动关系
物质循环与能量流动
稻作生产与生态系统之间通过物质循环和能量流动相互依存,形 成紧密的互动关系。
农业措施对生态系统影响
农业措施如施肥、除草、灌溉等直接影响生态系统的结构和功能。
生态系统对农业生产的反馈
生态系统的健康状况直接影响稻作生产的产量和质量,二者相互反 馈。
实现稻作生产与生态系统协调发展途径
生态友好型稻作技术
推广有机肥料和生物农药,减少化学投入品使用,保护生 态环境。
智能化稻作技术
应用物联网、大数据和人工智能等现代信息技术,实现精 准农业和智慧农业。
提高资源利用效率,实现绿色发展目标
循环农业在稻作生产中的应用
通过稻田养鱼、鸭稻共作等模式,实现资源循环利用和生态效益提升。
废弃物资源化利用
推广先进适用技术
将先进适用的稻作科技成果及时推广到生产实践中去,促进稻作生 产的可持续发展。
05
未来发展趋势及挑战
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
全球气候变化对稻作生产影响及应对策略
01
气候变化对稻作生产的影响
全球气候变化导致极端天气事件增多,对稻作生长周期、产量和品质产
发明超级水稻作文英语
发明超级水稻作文英语英文:Super rice is a revolutionary invention that has had a huge impact on agriculture and food production. It is a type of rice that has been genetically modified to be more resistant to pests, diseases, and environmental stress, as well as to have higher yields. This means that farmers can produce more rice with less effort and resources, helping to address food shortages and improve food security.I remember reading about the development of super rice in a scientific journal a few years ago. The researchers had been working on it for a long time, and when they finally succeeded, it was a game-changer for the agricultural industry. I was amazed by the potential of this new type of rice and how it could benefit so many people around the world.One of the key advantages of super rice is its abilityto thrive in challenging environments. For example, in regions with poor soil quality or limited water supply, traditional rice varieties may struggle to grow and produce good yields. However, super rice is engineered to be more resilient and adaptable, allowing it to flourish in these conditions. This is particularly important in developing countries where agriculture is a major source of livelihood for many people.Another benefit of super rice is its resistance to pests and diseases. In the past, farmers often had to use chemical pesticides and herbicides to protect their rice crops, which not only added to their production costs but also had negative environmental impacts. With super rice, the need for these harmful chemicals is significantly reduced, leading to more sustainable and eco-friendly farming practices.In addition to its resilience and productivity, super rice also offers nutritional benefits. It has been enhanced to contain higher levels of essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, which can help combat malnutritionand improve public health. This is especially important in regions where rice is a staple food and a major source of nutrition for the population.Overall, super rice has the potential to transform the way we grow and consume rice. It has already made a positive impact in many countries, and I believe its significance will continue to grow in the future. I am excited to see how this innovative technology will contribute to global food security and sustainable agriculture.中文:超级水稻是一项具有革命性意义的发明,对农业和粮食生产产生了巨大影响。
农业英语作文句型万能模板
农业英语作文句型万能模板英文回答:Introduction。
Agriculture is the backbone of any society. It provides us with food, clothing, and shelter. It also plays a vital role in the economy. As the world's population continues to grow, the demand for agricultural products will only increase. Therefore, it is essential that we develop sustainable agricultural practices that can meet the needs of future generations.The Importance of Agriculture。
Agriculture is essential for human survival. It provides us with the food that we eat, the clothes that we wear, and the shelter that we live in. Without agriculture, we would not be able to sustain our current population. In addition to providing us with basic necessities,agriculture also plays a vital role in the economy. It is a major source of employment, and it contributes to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of many countries.The Challenges Facing Agriculture。
作物生产技术专业技能
作物生产技术专业技能英文回答:Crop production technology is a field that requires a diverse range of skills and knowledge. As a professional in this field, I have developed various technical skills that are essential for successful crop production. Here are some of the key skills that I have acquired:1. Plant identification and selection: One of the fundamental skills in crop production is the ability to identify different plant species and select the right crops for specific growing conditions. For example, I have learned to differentiate between various types of wheat and select the most suitable variety for a particular climate and soil type.2. Soil analysis and management: Understanding the properties of soil is crucial for optimizing crop growth. I have learned how to conduct soil tests to determine its pHlevel, nutrient content, and composition. This knowledge helps me make informed decisions about soil management practices such as fertilization and irrigation.3. Pest and disease management: Crop production is often challenged by pests and diseases that can significantly impact yield. I have developed skills in identifying common pests and diseases, as well as implementing effective control measures. For instance, I have learned to use integrated pest management techniques, which involve a combination of biological, cultural, and chemical control methods.4. Crop nutrition and fertilization: Providing crops with the right balance of nutrients is essential for their healthy growth and development. I have gained knowledge about different types of fertilizers and their application methods. Additionally, I have learned to analyze plant nutrient deficiencies and apply appropriate corrective measures.5. Precision agriculture and technology: The use oftechnology in crop production has become increasingly important. I have acquired skills in using precision agriculture tools such as GPS and remote sensing tooptimize farming practices. For example, I have learned to use drones to monitor crop health and identify areas of stress or nutrient deficiency.中文回答:作物生产技术专业需要掌握多种技能和知识。
旱水稻的种植和管理
旱水稻的种植和管理英文回答:Cultivation and Management of Upland Rice.Upland rice, also known as dryland rice, is a type of rice that is grown in areas with limited rainfall or where irrigation is not feasible. It is a staple food formillions of people in Asia and parts of Africa. Upland rice is typically grown in rainfed conditions, and its cultivation practices vary depending on the region and environmental conditions.Land Preparation.The first step in upland rice cultivation is land preparation. This involves clearing the land of vegetation and debris, and then tilling the soil to improve its structure and fertility. The soil should be well-drained and have a pH of 5.5 to 6.5.Sowing.Upland rice is typically sown in rows, with a spacingof 20-30 cm between rows and 10-15 cm between plants. The seeds should be sown at a depth of 2-3 cm.Fertilization.Upland rice requires adequate fertilization to produce high yields. The recommended application rates for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are 50-60 kg/ha, 20-30 kg/ha, and 20-30 kg/ha, respectively. The fertilizer should be applied in split doses, with one-half applied at planting and the other half applied at tillering.Weed Control.Weeds can be a major problem in upland rice cultivation, as they compete with the rice plants for water, nutrients, and sunlight. Weed control can be achieved through a combination of mechanical and chemical methods. Mechanicalweed control involves hand weeding or using a hoe to remove weeds. Chemical weed control involves the use of herbicides, which should be applied according to the manufacturer's instructions.Water Management.Upland rice is rainfed, but it may require supplemental irrigation during periods of drought. Irrigation can be provided through a variety of methods, such as sprinklers, drip irrigation, or furrow irrigation.Harvesting.Upland rice is typically harvested when the grains are mature and the straw has turned golden brown. The riceplants are cut and bundled, and then threshed to separate the grains from the straw. The grains are then dried and cleaned before being stored.中文回答:旱地水稻的种植和管理。
【中英文对照】春耕、夏耘、秋收、Get未来新技能
【中英文对照】春耕、夏耘、秋收、Get未来新技能有故事.有方法.有工具这是2019年第73篇原创文章总224篇原创文章全文3627字,阅读时间约7分钟春耕、夏耘、秋收、KEEP精进!祝朋友们中秋节快乐!9月6日,我受邀参加了Hays举办的主题为“拥抱采购行业的新趋势(Embrace the new trends in Procurement industry)”的高管沙龙活动,并做了主旨演讲“面向未来的新技能”(The skills needed for future)。
因为那天正好台风“玲玲”“来访”,所以我就以讨论天气作为开头,引出对于同一件事物人们不同的思考方式。
下面是我的中英文演讲全文。
Good afternoon, everyone! 大家下午好!How is the weather today? 今天天气怎么样?"Terrible!" "Raining"... Some guests echoed... “太可怕了!” “下雨啊”......有些嘉宾回应......Some people say, it's a super typhoon day! And the winds are up to 55 meters per second. It's pouring cats and dogs outside... 有人说,这是超级台风日!风速高达每秒55米。
而且外面瓢泼大雨......Some people say, it's just a rainy day! Don't waste this romantic moment. 有人说,这只是一个下雨天!不要浪费这个浪漫的时刻。
Guests Laughing...L...L.... 有些嘉宾大笑...Listen to the rhythm of the falling rain, and think it hard forhow to embrace such a romantic day on this Friday night! 聆听下雨的节奏,好好想想如何度过这样一个浪漫的星期五的夜晚。
农学专业水稻产量和品质毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
农学专业中英文资料外文翻译文献水稻开花后温和干燥和湿润处理提高产量和品质张豪,张申峰,杨建昌,张建华和王志琴摘要:在中国存在一个重大挑战,即在减少淡水供应条件下不影响着粮食的产量和品质。
我们设计这个试验的目的就是研究:水稻开花后温和的干燥和湿润交替在灌浆期对产量和品质的影响。
试验用到中国扬州的两个地方水稻品种,分别是镇稻88(粳稻)和汕优63(籼稻)。
试验设计3个处理:土壤干湿交替和温和干燥(WMD,当土壤水势达到25千帕在15-20厘米深);出现严重的土壤干燥(WSD,当土壤水势达到50千帕);普通的灌溉(CI,在水稻抽穗6天之后持续的灌水)。
研究表明,在WMD条件下,根氧活性、旗叶的光和速率和灌浆期葡萄糖转换为淀粉的关键酶都有明显的增加,而在WSD条件下,有所下降。
同时,和CI条件下做比较,在WMD条件下,水稻的产量提高了9.3到9.5%,而在WSD条件下,下降了7.5到7.8%。
相对于CI的灌水量,WMD是CI的44%而WSD是CI的25%。
WMD处理有助于提高水稻的外观和蒸煮品质,而WSD却降低了这些品质。
我们得出的结论是:在灌浆期,温和干燥湿润处理既有助于提高水稻产量、质量,也可以节约淡水的使用。
水稻是亚洲最重要的主食。
提供35到80%的总热量摄入(国际水稻研究所,1997)。
在所有的作物中,水稻也是最消耗水资源的作物,在亚洲约占总消耗水量的80%。
然而,饮用水在逐渐减少,人口却越来越多,为提高城市和工业发展,提高水的可用性和减少污染,避免造成资源枯竭。
为降低农业用水供应,威胁灌溉水稻生态系统,必须寻求节水途径,保持水稻的粮食产量(格拉等,1998年,贝尔代等人,2004)。
在亚洲的水稻生产优势系统,直接播种或者在植株达到5到10厘米时移栽(布曼等,2001)。
为了减少灌溉用水,应该引进节水制度。
例如干燥和湿润交替的灌溉方式(布曼2001,贝尔等人,2004),连续土壤饱和灌溉方式(伯雷利等人1997),内引流术(l拉杰普特1987,拉玛沙米等1997),都能提高睡袋栽培床、旱稻系统和非覆盖栽培的淡水利用率。
稻田英文作文文案
稻田英文作文文案英文:When it comes to rice paddies, I have a lot to say. As a farmer, I have been working in rice paddies for decades, and I have witnessed the changes and challenges that come with it. Rice paddies are not just a field of crops, they are a way of life.Firstly, rice paddies require a lot of hard work. From preparing the land to planting the rice, to harvesting and processing, every step requires physical labor. It's not just about planting the seeds and waiting for them to grow. You need to constantly check the irrigation system,fertilize the soil, and protect the crops from pests and diseases. It's a full-time job that requires dedication and patience.Secondly, rice paddies are also affected by weather and climate. Too much rain or too little rain can damage thecrops, and extreme temperatures can also affect the growth of rice. As a farmer, you need to constantly monitor the weather forecast and adjust your farming practices accordingly. It's a delicate balance that requires a lot of skill and experience.Lastly, rice paddies are not just about growing rice. They are also a part of the local culture and traditions. In many countries, rice is a staple food and is deeply ingrained in the local customs and celebrations. For example, in Japan, there is a tradition called "Otsukimi" where people gather to admire the full moon while eating rice cakes. In China, there is a saying that "rice is the essence of the people" which shows the importance of rice in Chinese culture.中文:说到稻田,我有很多话要说。
有机农业英文作文化
有机农业英文作文化英文:Organic agriculture is a farming method that emphasizes the use of natural resources and techniques to cultivate crops and raise livestock. Instead of relying on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, organic farmers use natural methods such as composting, crop rotation, and biological pest control to maintain soil fertility and control pests.One of the benefits of organic farming is that it promotes biodiversity. By using natural methods to control pests and diseases, organic farmers create a more diverse ecosystem that supports a wider range of plant and animal species. This, in turn, can help reduce the risk of crop failure and increase overall yields.Another benefit of organic farming is that it can help reduce the environmental impact of agriculture. Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides can have harmful effects on soil,water, and wildlife, but organic farming practices are designed to minimize these impacts. For example, organic farmers often use cover crops and other techniques toreduce soil erosion and improve soil health.In addition to environmental benefits, organic farming can also be more profitable for farmers. Although organic farming requires more labor and attention to detail than conventional farming, organic crops often command higher prices in the marketplace. This can help offset the higher costs of organic inputs and labor.Overall, I believe that organic agriculture is an important and sustainable farming method that can benefit both farmers and the environment. By promoting biodiversity, reducing environmental impacts, and potentially increasing profits, organic farming has the potential to create a more resilient and sustainable food system.中文:有机农业是一种强调利用自然资源和技术种植作物和养殖牲畜的农业方法。
水稻简介(英文描述)
水稻简介(英文描述)第一篇:水稻简介(英文描述)Rice Genome review : Rice Genome review Sushama Salgaonkar M.Sc.part II 17-09-12Introduction: Introduction The world’s first genome of a crop plant that was completely sequenced Rice-monocarpic annual plant that usually grows between 1 and 1.8 meters tall with long slender leaves 50–100 cm long and 2–2.5 cm broad.Its small, wind-pollinated flowers are characteristic of grasses.The seed is a grain normally 5–12 mm long and 2–3 mm thick The rice genome is well mapped and well characterized, estimated 400 to 430 Mb.Japonica and Indica: Japonica and Indica three main varieties-Oryza sativa : Indica : variety is long-grained, for ex.Basmati rice, grown notably on the Indian sub-continent.Japonica : Japonica rice is short-grained & high in amylopectin(thus becoming “sticky” when cooked), and is grown mainly in more temperate or colder regions such as Japan.Javonica : Javonica rice is broad-grained & grown in tropical climates.Rice is a model cereal plant: Rice is a model cereal plant The small size of its genome(430 Mb)its relatively short generation time its relative genetic simplicity(it is diploid, or has two copies of each chromosome).easy to transform genetically.belongs to the grass family the greatest biodiversity of cereal cropsInstitute which sequence the particular chromosome: Institute which sequence the particular chromosome Sr no.Rice sequence participant Chromosomes 1 Rice Genome R esearch Program(RGP)Japan 1,6,7,8 2 Korea Rice Genome Research Program(Korea)1 3 CCW(US)CUG(Clemson university)Cold springHarbor University 3,10 4 TIGR –US 3,10 5 PGIR-US 10 6 University of Wisconsin-US 11 7 National Center of Gene Research Chinese Academy of science-china 4 8 Indian rice genome program-university of Delhi 11 9 Academia sinica plant genomic center(Taiwan)5 10 Genoscope-France 12PowerPoint Presentation: Sr no.Rice sequence participant Chromosomes 13 Universidad fedral de Pelotas-Brazil 12 14 Kasetsant University –Thailand 9 15 MG Gill University –Canada 9 16 John innescenter –U.K 2Milestone in rice genome sequencing : Milestone in rice genome sequencing 2)Feb 1998-IRGSP launched under coordination of RGP 1)Sept 1997 –Sequencing of the rice genome was initiated as an international collaboration among 10 countries 5)Dec 2002 –IRGSP finished high-quality draft sequence(clone-by-clone approach)with a sequence length, excluding overlaps, of 366 Mb corresponding to ~92%-RG 3)April 2000 – Monsanto Co.produced a draft sequence of BAC covering 260 Mb of the rice genome;95% of rice genes were identify identified 4)Feb 2001 – Syngenta produced a draft sequence & identified 32,000 to 50,000 genes, 99.8% sequence accuracy & identified 99% of the rice genes 6)Dec 2004-IRGSP produce the high-quality ’ sequence-entire rice genome;with 99.99% accuracy & without any sequence gapIndian complete work on RG sequence : Indian complete work on RG sequence The IRGSP initiated Japan in 1997 and it got under way in 1998.The project estimated to cost about $200 million.India joined-IRGSP in June 2000 and chose to sequence a part of chromosome 11.India has invested Rs.48.83 crores for the “Indian Initiative for Rice Genome Sequencing(IIRGS)”.The initiative is a joint effort by the Department of Plant MolecularBiology(DPMB), University of Delhi South Campus(UDSC)and the National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology(NRCPB)and the Indian Agricultural Research Institute(IARI), New Delhi.PowerPoint Presentation: The Indian share of chromosome 11 has been equally divided between these two centres.It was known to carry several diseases resistant gene including in Xac1bacterial blight resistant gene-selected Finding: chromosome segment sequence by IARI involve-6.825 million bp & predicted 1005 gene –with unknown functionMethods: Methods Clone-by-clone Generate a genomic library endonuclease digest Ligation into BACs Transformation in E.coli Collection of clone DNA fragment result in genomic DNA libraryPowerPoint Presentation: Shotgun sequencing Genome is broken into much smaller, overlapping fragment.Each fragment is sequenced Genome is assembled on overlapping sequencing Useful for sequencing small genomeStructure of rice chromosome: Structure of rice chromosome Observation Table : Observation Table Organism type relevance Genome size Chromosome no.No.of predicted gene Organisation Year of completion Sequence method done Rice Oryza sativa.J aponica nipponbare Crop & model plant 466MB 12 35,000-50,000 IRGSP 2002 Shot gun Rice Oryza sativa.indica Crop 420MB 12 46,022-55,615 Beijing genomic institute 2002 Whole genome shot gunSignificant findings from the sequencing of rice genome : Significant findings from the sequencing of rice genome The rice genome is about 389 mb , 370.7 mb has been sequenced, 18.1 mb unsequenced.Sequenced segment represents 99% of euchromatin and 95% of rice genome The rice genome has-40,000 genes(37,344 coding genes)One gene can be found every 9.9 kb, a lower density than that observed in Arabidopsis.29% in clustered gene families 71% putative homology with Arabidosis , 90% Arabidopsis genes have putative homologue with rice.2,859 genes unique to rice and other cerealsApplication : Application Understanding-plant evolution & the differences between monocots & dicots Improve-efficiency of rice breeding.Improve-nutritional value of rice, enhance crop yield by improving seed quality, resistance to pests and diseases & plant hardiness Development of gene-specific markers for marker-assisted breeding of new and improved rice varieties How a plant responds to the environment and which genes control various functions-plantPowerPoint Presentation: Repetitive DNA is estimated to constitute at least 50% of the rice genomeReferences: References /wiki/Transposable_element第二篇:英文简介我叫李永亮。
稻作文化英文翻译
稻作文化英文翻译English:Growing up in a region deeply entrenched in riceculture has profoundly influenced my understanding of agriculture and its significance. Rice farming isn't just a livelihood; it's a way of life, deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric of my community.Rice cultivation involves a myriad of traditional practices passed down through generations, each step infused with knowledge and expertise accumulated over centuries. From selecting the right variety of seeds to transplanting seedlings into flooded paddies, every stage demands skill and precision.One of the most critical aspects of rice cultivation is water management. As they say, "Water is the lifeblood of rice fields." Proper irrigation ensures optimal growth and prevents water-related diseases. I vividly remember mygrandfather meticulously overseeing the intricate system of canals and dikes, ensuring that each paddy received just the right amount of water.Harvesting rice is a communal affair, bringing together families and neighbors in a celebration of hard work and bounty. The sight of golden rice stalks swaying in the breeze fills the air with a sense of accomplishment and anticipation. It's a time-honored tradition marked by laughter, chatter, and shared meals.However, rice farming is not without its challenges. Pests, diseases, and unpredictable weather pose constant threats to yields. Over the years, my community has developed ingenious methods to combat these challenges, from natural pest control techniques to innovative water conservation strategies.Despite the challenges, rice farming fosters a deep connection to the land and a profound respect for nature's rhythms. It teaches resilience, patience, and humility—qualities essential not only in agriculture but in lifeitself.中文:在一个深深植根于稻作文化的地区长大,深深影响了我对农业及其重要性的理解。
可持续的农业绿色技术毕业论文文献翻译中英文对照
外文出处:Agriculture Economic Research Service (用外文写)in its series Agricultural Information Bulletins with number 33721附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。
注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1:外文资料翻译译文可持续的农业绿色技术摘要对于美国的农业经济继续沿着可持续发展道路,必须进一步提高生产技术,使它既有利可图,更对环境无害。
在这方面,我们评估这些“绿色”或可持续的技术,转向更可持续的道路沿线农业中的作用。
然而,市场与绿色技术相关的环境没有可以限制其发展。
此外,只是在做现有技术并不意味着它会被采用。
绿色技术,如保护性耕作,病虫害综合管理,加强营养管理和精准农业的经验表明,即使是盈利的技术,要采取新的方法可以限制其效力的障碍。
引言农业在可持续发展的独特作用,以合理的成本提供当前和未来几代人的食物。
为了评估美国是否是可持续农业,所有当前和未来几代人必须考虑农业生产的成本。
这些费用包括对环境的农业生产的影响和自然资本存量(例如,农田,地下。
这种农业可持续发展的看法与可持续发展的美国水,湖泊,河流,河口,湿地)农业部的政策是一致的:美国农业部将平衡生产和盈利的改善,对自然资源基础和生态系统,以及农村社区的活力增强作为管理的目标。
——美国农业部秘书的可持续发展备忘录。
(SM9500-6)这份报告强调了农业的可持续发展的辩论中的作用。
然而,在很大程度上由于数据的限制,没有普遍接受已开发的农业可持续发展指标。
例如,调整农产品的农业生产对环境影响的收入目前不能做这样的措施完全是因为许多环境服务缺乏市场价格,许多类型的自然资本量的有关数据的变化是有限的。
Hrubovcak LeBlanc and Eakin 1995。
因此,未来路评估美国农业的可持续性,我们回顾几个指标的趋势(生产力,土壤侵蚀,地下水量,地表水和地下水的质量和湿地转换率)。
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与您分析自然农业的稻作技术与经营方法中英文And your analysis of natural agricultural rice technology and management机械化Mechanization自然农法的稻作,为了与经营规模相适应正在发展机械化,且大小机械配套,一般的人都懂机械修理和操作,有的人购进半新机械自己修理后使用,也有的人在当地工厂订做适合于除草等农事作业的附属机械。
对于机械化的看法,人们说:“栽秧、割稻等不发展机械化农户是承受不了的”。
现在拖拉机耕作已普及到所有农户,机械化积制堆肥和撒施堆肥也出现了,有的农户还试验水田除草机。
Nature farming rice, in order to adapt to development of mechanization and scale of operation, and the size of machinery, generally people understand mechanical maintenance and operation, some people buy a new machinery to repair after use, and some people in the local factories to build subsidiary machinery suitable for weeding and other farming operations. For the mechanization of the view, people say: " transplanting rice, rice is not developing mechanized farmers can not afford to ". Now the tractor tillage has spread to all farmers, mechanical product composting and compost application also appeared, some farmers also test paddy mower.农田Farmland一般农户是租田,一般每公顷缴10~20万日元的地租(也有的上交产量的30%),最高达50万日元。
一般农户经营面积小,也有的达3~4公顷。
为什么自然农法实施农户即使支付很高的地租,也要扩大生产规模呢?主要是因为每年播种次数较少,特别是本人对于自然农法自信心强。
The general farmers rent land, generally 10 to 200000 yen per hectare paid the rent (also some to yield 30% ), up to 500000 yen. General household management area is small, and some reached 3 ~ 4 hectares. Why nature farming the farmers even pay very high rents, but also to expand the scale of production? Mainly because of fewer seeds every year, especially for natural farming strong self-confidence.转作和水旱轮作Turned and Paddy-Upland rotation水旱轮作有利于保护地力、抑制杂草,然而,如果灌排系统不好,轮作是困难的。
对于地力差的水田,搞两年旱作,在旱作时投入大量的堆肥,之后返回水田,这是很有益处的。
稻—麦—大豆为三年水旱轮作制。
Crop rotation is conducive to the protection of soil fertility, weed suppression, however, if the drainage system is not good, the rotation is difficult. For the paddy field soil, engage in two years, invested a large amount of compost in dry, then returned to paddy field, which is very helpful. Rice - wheat and soybean for three years rice-wheat rotation system.品种与产量V ariety and yield日本现有奖励品种是以施肥为前提的,因此,这些品种未必适用于自然农法。
很多实施农户为了保持与当地农业的协调,栽一部分奖励品种,也引进2~4个适合于自然农法的品种,考虑到劳力调节,搭配早、中、晚熟品种。
“峰锦”在有肥情况下比自然农法增产,而“越光”无差异.今后需要开发近于原始种质的野生的、生命力强的品种。
自然农法产量比有肥的低20~30%的情况是有的,但是按高技术操作而增产的很多。
日本鸟取县一般田块每公顷收80袋大米,而自然农法达100袋。
特别是遇冷害,由于自然农法田内地温高,水稻健壮,表现为高产稳产。
自然农法生产出来的稻谷出糙米高。
Japan's current rewards variety is to fertilization as the premise, therefore, these species may not be applicable to natural farming. Many farmers in order to maintain coordination and implementation of local agriculture, planting a partial rewards varieties, also introduce 2 ~4 suitable for natural farming varieties, taking into account the labor adjustment, with early, late maturing varieties. " Feng Jin " in the fertilizer case compared to natural farming production, and " more light " no difference. The wild, hardy varieties development to need the original germplasm. Natural agriculture yield than fat low 20 ~ 30% is some, but to increase production by many high technology operation. Tottori Prefecture Japan general field 80 bags of rice per hectare, while natural farm Fada 100 bags. Especially in case of damage, due tonatural farming field temperature high robust performance, rice, yield. Natural agriculture production out of the rice brown M.秸秆覆盖与堆肥Straw mulch and compost自然农法不象化学农业那样靠施化肥供给作物养分,而是立足于培肥土壤,方法或在地表覆盖秸秆和野草,或是施用自然堆肥。
在水田,农户基本上是还原秸秆,但不能过迟.还原方法以覆盖为主,风大的地方采取浅埋入土。
有的农户在水田中施10~20吨/公顷腐熟堆肥。
从高产角度考虑,必须施甩大量堆肥,使土中细菌活动旺盛。
此外,复种作物加入黄芪、燕麦、意大利黑牧草、豆科作物等作为绿肥,特别是秧池田培肥很重要,米糠能培肥土壤,堆肥原料可就地取材:河流堤、高速公路和新干线路边的野草;菌类栽培后的锯末(加入豆滓和米糠);树枝叶;菜梗;秸秆;豆秸;落叶;旧草垫等都行。
为了促进发酵,可加入油滓、米糠等发酵剂,有的采用胆烷发酵剂。
有人不主张用鸡粪混入堆肥,说是鸡粪混入堆肥后,将产生大量的二化螟。
堆肥程度宜据各地条件和气侯而异,过分腐熟的堆肥似土状态,连细菌的养分也没有了;未腐熟的堆肥对作物生长有影响。
Nature farming is not like the chemical agriculture that rely on chemical fertilizer supply plant nutrients, but based on the soil fertility, or covered with straw and weeds in the surface, or use natural compost. In the paddy field, farmers basically is the reduction of straw, but not too late. Reduction method to cover, the wind take place in shallow buried. Some farmers in the paddy field of 10 ~ 20 tons / ha compost. Considering the high point of view, must be applied left plenty of compost, the soil bacterial activity strong. In addition, multiple crops with astragalus root, oats, Italy black, such as green manure forage legume crops, especially rice Ikeda fertilizer is important, rice bran can fertilize the soil, compost can obtain raw material locally: River embankment, highway and the new route the roadside weeds; mushroom cultivation of sawdust ( add bean dregs and rice bran ); the branches leaf vegetables; peduncle; straw; soybean straw; leaves; old straw mat. In order to promote fermentation, can join the foots oil, rice bran fermentation agent, or by the cholanic fermentation agent. Some people don't like the idea of using mixed with c hickenmanure compost, said to be mixed with chicken manure compost, will produce a large number of Chilo suppressalis. Compost should be according to local conditions of climate and different, too mature compost as soil nutrient state, even bacteria witho ut; not compost has effect on the growth of crops.病害Disease一般覆盖野草和秸秆的地方病虫少。