浅析《推销员之死》中导致主人公悲剧的女性因素
从女性主义角度解读阿瑟.米勒的《推销员之死》
从女性主义角度解读阿瑟.米勒的《推销员之死》摘要：《推销员之死》是阿瑟·米勒的名作，该剧反映了男权社会用各种方式将自己的中心主义意识形态灌输到社会每个成员的思想中，使其在潜移默化中维护着男性的统治地位。
阿瑟·米勒在此剧中就揭示了男权社会中女性的悲惨遭遇，以戏剧的形式诠释了男性对女性的剥削与压迫。
关键词：《推销员之死》；女性主义；“美化的”形象；恋母情结中图分类号：i106 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-0118（2011）-03-0076-01一、引言《推销员之死》(1949)是美国著名剧作家阿瑟·米勒的代表作。
该剧讲述了旅行推销员威利·洛曼一家的一段生活场景。
该剧曾获得普利策奖和纽约剧评家奖，成为二战后美国的重要剧作之一。
从女性主义角度解读这部作品，会有许多新的发现。
例如其中威利和琳达的名字有其象征含义，剧中出现的女性多数近乎是美好的化身以及作为儿子的比夫和哈皮对母亲的感情似乎有其隐秘的一面。
二、名字的隐喻这部戏剧中的洛曼夫妇的名字有着丰富的含义。
作为一家之长，威利的名字蕴藏着性的意味，暗含对男性生殖器的崇拜，代表着生机和力量，是整个社会的依靠。
阿瑟·米勒借助于威利的形象向观众展示了在当时的男权社会中，男性在经济上的绝对优势，使得男性在社会家庭中起重要作用，这必然导致男女的不平等。
这部作品中向读者展示了这样当时流行的一种社会观：歌颂男性，抬高男性的形象，借以压制女性，使之处于从属地位。
作为男权社会的统治者，男性通过一系列的方式维护其社会地位，并将这种观念灌输到社会成员心中，使其成为一种社会形态，为其压抑并统治女性服务。
作为家里唯一的女性，琳达的名字则有“柔软的”或“美丽的人”之意。
这是当时社会对女性形象寄予的希望的表现，同时也是整个男权社会对女性所进行评价标准的反映。
按照男权社会的审美观，女性就应该是漂亮的，应该是柔弱的，这样才得以成为一位标准的女性。
《推销员之死》中女主人公琳达的女性主义解读
《推销员之死》中⼥主⼈公琳达的⼥性主义解读2019-07-25摘要：《推销员之死》描写了主⼈公威利悲剧的⼀⽣，威利历来被认为是“美国梦”的牺牲者。
本⽂从⼥性主义理论的⾓度诠释琳达的悲剧命运。
琳达是该剧⼥主⼈公，她是⼀个“天使型”的家庭妇⼥，是丈夫的坚定⽀持者，是家庭的核⼼⽀柱，却不可避免地成为“美国梦”的直接牺牲品。
关键词：戏剧《推销员之死》 “美国梦” ⼥性主义解读⼥主⼈公琳达悲剧命运1949年，当代美国剧作家阿瑟·⽶勒发表了代表作《推销员之死》。
该作品问世以后，在美国戏剧界引起了轰动，⽽且成为西⽅现代悲剧的典范，被公认为⼆战后美国的重要剧作之⼀。
长期以来，有关该剧的评论⼤多停留在故事情节的曲折，任务命运的悲惨，社会现实的冷酷，特别是作品中男主⼈公的“美国梦”破灭⽅⾯，对⼥主⼈公琳达的形象未能做更深⼊的研究，本⽂拟从⼥性主义⾓度出发，以“美国梦”为⼤背景，诠释⼥主⼈公琳达的悲剧命运。
⼀、背景概述《推销员之死》由两幕和尾声三部分组成，舞台现实时间只有两天⼀夜。
故事情节⾮常简单：主⼈公威利·洛曼是⼀名推销员，⼀辈⼦兢兢业业，勤奋⼯作，期望有⼀天能出⼈头地。
可是在他的晚年，事业开始⾛向低⾕，因为年迈体弱，他希望调到办公室⼯作，但⽼板⾮但没有接受他的请求，反⽽将他解雇了，加上两个⼉⼦也没有找到合适的⼯作，便⼼灰意冷，终于在幻想的引领下⾛上⾃杀的道路，企图通过制造撞车事故的假象为⼉⼦留下⼀笔两万美元的保险赔偿⾦。
戏剧在威利凄惨的葬礼中结束。
《推销员之死》揭露了标榜美国社会对每个⼈都提供⽆限发展的可能性，使⼈⼈都有成功机会的“美国梦”宣告破产。
⼀直以来，评论家们都将注意⼒放在分析“美国梦”的破灭或者分析⼩⼈物威利失败的悲剧历程上，⽽对剧中⼥主⼈公琳达的⼥性主义解读⽅⾯的论述缺少相关的关注。
⼆、琳达的悲剧命运《推销员之死》中的⼥主⼈公琳达是威利忠实的妻⼦，是⼀个⾮常传统的家庭妇⼥，是西⽅传统⽂学中的⼥性形象。
背叛——浅析《推销员之死》的主题之一
惑 ，“在 我 的 戏 剧 中 ，《 送 冰 的 人 来 了 》 是 对 任 何 一 种 信 仰 经 历 的 拒 绝 ， 这 一 创 作 使 我 把 自 己 锁 在 过 去 的 记 忆 中 了 ”（ Ｃｏｈｎ， ４０６） 。无论是希基的布道， 还是基督的福音， 抑或是剧中人拉 里、帕里特曾拥抱过的无政府主义都无法实现对现代人灵魂 的拯救。现代人否定了一切宗教意义上的救赎， 从而陷入了精 神危机和心灵空虚的煎熬中。作为一个现代人， 奥尼尔在青年 时代就放弃了他曾热情笃信的天主教信仰。尼采曾经把上帝 称 作“死 亡 的 说 教 者 ”， 认 为 他 们 看 起 来 是 在 宣 扬 一 种 治 疗 疾 病的方式， 可是这种治疗， 却是通过劝导病人去死的方式来摆 脱疾病的（ 尼采， １９） 。在《送冰的人来了》中， 尼采对奥尼尔的 影响是很明显的。然而， 奥尼尔并不完全接受尼采的思想。尼 采所推崇的以梦境和迷醉状态为代表的狄奥尼修斯精神也不
文教资料 ２００６年１１月号中旬刊 ○ 文学研究
背
叛
— ——浅析《推销员之死》的主题之一
胡娜
（ 曲阜师范大学 外国语学院， 山东 曲阜 ２７３１６５）
摘 要：《推销员之死》是美国戏剧大师阿瑟·米勒的代表 作 。它 一 直 以 其 深 刻 的 社 会 寓 意 及 影 响 而 吸 引 世 人 的 目 光 。通 过 描 写 推 销 员 威 利·罗 曼 悲 惨 的 一 生 而 抨 击 美 国 梦 的 虚 伪 性 的评论比比皆是。本文将另辟视角， 把重点放到这部戏中另一 个出彩的主题上— ——背叛， 尝试分析在美国当时的社会大环 境下， 发生在这部戏剧中人物身上的几种背叛。
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文教资料 ○ 文学研究 ２００６年１１月号中旬刊
《推销员之死》主人公的悲剧成因分析
《推销员之死》主人公的悲剧成因分析作者：毛丽巍来源：《青年文学家》2015年第03期摘 ;要：《推销员之死》是美国著名戏剧作家阿瑟·米勒的代表作品。
主人公威利·罗曼，对美国资本主义深信不疑，一直想要实现自己的“美国梦”，一直想要有所成就，最终却因为自己梦想的破灭而走向了灭亡。
该戏剧深刻地揭示了资本主义下“美国梦”的弊端，也被誉为“美国梦不再”的经典代表作品。
该戏剧一上演，便获得了巨大的成功，震惊了美国的戏剧界，也为米勒奠定了戏剧大师的地位。
对于主人公威利的悲剧原因，每个人的看法也不尽相一致。
本文主要针对造成威利的悲剧原因进行分析。
关键词：威利·罗曼;美国梦;悲剧原因作者简介：毛丽巍（1991-），女，吉林四平人，吉林大学外国语学院2014级硕士研究生，英语专业，研究方向为英语语言文学。
[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2015）-03-0-02本戏剧的男主人公威利，是一家服装公司的推销员，有一个爱他的妻子琳达，有两个威利十分疼爱的儿子比夫和哈皮。
这应当是一个十分幸福的小家庭，可这个家庭的结果却是四分五裂。
作为妻子，琳达对威利很好，鼓励他赚钱，给他生活目标，也爱自己的儿子，是一个贤妻良母。
但可悲的是，琳达并不真正的了解威利真正需要的是什么。
大儿子比夫是威利寄予最大希望的，也是由于寄予最大的希望，所以比夫忘乎所以，荒废学业，甚至养成了偷窃的习惯，导致学业上一事无成，还几度离家出走。
小儿子哈皮有一份工作却不务正业，沉迷色情，投机取巧，总是利用不正当的手段来满足自己的追求。
而威利工作了大半辈子的公司又将威利开除了，威利感觉到了前所未有的压力和失望。
威利想到死后可以有保险赔偿金，可以给儿子们做生意用，于是威利最终选择了自杀。
其实，促使威利自杀的原因不外乎有两点，第一点是环境因素，第二点是个人因素。
一、悲剧原因：环境因素环境因素是指威利生活或生存的对他悲剧形成的因素。
爱的悲剧——《推销员之死》林达·洛曼形象分析
Ｔ ｅ Ｗ ｏ ｌ ＆ Ｃ ｏ ｇ ｉ ｇ Ｖｏ． ８ Ｎ ． ０ ｈ ｒ ｄ ｈ ｎ ｑｎ １２ ｏ ９２ １ １
重庆 与世界 ２１年第２ 卷第９ ０１ ８ 期
爱 的 悲 剧
《 推销 员之死》 达 ・ 林 洛曼形 象分析
罗 小 丽
（ 南京 审计 学院 外 国语 学院 ， 南京 ２１１） １８ ５
林 达不能 畅所 欲 言 ； 所能 做 的就 是 “ 心翼 翼 ” “ 她 小 地 顺
着 ” 权 威 ， 可 权 威 的 绝 对 地 位 。林 达 总 是 “ 限 地 耐 … 认 无
心” 和威利 说话 ， 威利 感觉 他 在家庭 中的 主导 地 位 ， … 让 但威利 却从 没有 认 真倾 听过妻 子 的想 法。他 总是 发火 咆 哮， 无缘无故 打断 林达 ， 或是答 非所 问。因此戏 剧 开 场 的 谈话更像 是威利 的独 白。林 达 与威利 交谈 的间 断性 和不
反先前 的冷漠 ， 积极为儿子 出谋划策 。 林达运用智慧逐渐化 解父 子冲突 ， 消解 了儿 子的破 坏
力 量 。深 知 威 利 心 病 的林 达 明 白 ， 有 让 威 利 在 被 视 为 自 只
敬， 依靠 自己的品德获得了相 当财富 。
但是威利并没用认识 到 ， 残酷 的现代商 业社 会遵循 的
摘要 ｉ 戏剧《 推销 员之 死》 描述 了推销 员威利 ・ 洛曼的悲剧 。威利 的妻 子林达 ・ 曼温柔体 贴 ， 爱 着丈夫。但 洛 深 是 看似 逆来顺受林达却用 自己的爱为威利虚构 了“ 美国梦” 的幻境 ， 纵 了丈夫的言行 ， 操 最终促成威 利 自杀身亡。
林 达 ・ 曼 正 是 以 其 平 凡 的 爱 将 丈 夫 推 向死 亡 的 深 渊 ， 就 了平 凡 人 的 悲剧 。 洛 谱
浅析《推销员之死》中比夫的成长悲剧
浅析《推销员之死》中比夫的成长悲剧作者：吴银丹来源：《环球人文地理·评论版》2015年第07期摘要：《推销员之死》中主人公威利·罗曼的儿子比夫小時候是一名前途无量的橄榄球球员，最后到了30岁却一事无成。
本文主要试从社会、家庭、认知等几个角度分析其成长悲剧的原因，并探讨其悲剧性的成长给当代人的启示。
关键词：悲剧；原因；启示阿瑟·米勒是美国喜剧的主要代表人物，《推销员之死》是其代表作。
该剧中推销员威利·罗曼的大儿子比夫从小接触一个冷漠、价值观扭曲的社会，成长在一个沉浸于幻想与谎言的家庭，最初是一名前途无量的橄榄球球员，30岁却变成了一位一事无成，对婚姻不抱希望，活在迷茫中的中年人。
他的成长经历也充满了悲剧色调。
分析他成长悲剧有重要的启示意义。
具体分析，比夫的社会悲剧是由社会、家庭和认知不足三大因素导致的。
（一）社会因素一个人从出生开始就不断地受外界因素的影响。
比夫的成长悲剧离不开他接触的社会的影响。
首先，资本主义经济大发展，社会价值观已改变。
20世纪上半叶，美国整个社会是一个现代文明令人窒息的艰苦世界。
在资本主义经济发展的过程，虚假的价值代替了真正的价值，人们自我陶醉，冷酷无情，贪婪成性。
更主要的是他们以金钱作为衡量成功与否的唯一标准。
因此在当时的美国，没有经济地位的比夫，注定会在工作中处处不受人尊重，使他愈发有受挫感，并与这个社会格格不入。
其次，“美国梦”根深蒂固。
自1776年以来，世世代代的美国人都认为只要通过自己的勤奋、勇气、创意和决心就能迈向繁荣。
到了20世纪上半叶，社会上抱着“美国梦”的人依旧特别多，而且随着对财富的过度追求，越来越多的人开始想要快速致富，认为只要找对门路，受人欢迎就可以获得成功。
但当时的社会现状是社会快速发展，怀抱那种“美国梦”的人已经难以在社会上获得成功，因为人们不仅需要自己的勤奋与努力，还要靠真才实学、靠关系、靠出身、靠人品、靠有钱才可能获得成功。
浅析《推销员之死》威利·洛曼的悲剧根源
浅析《推销员之死》威利·洛曼的悲剧根源威利·洛曼是阿瑟·米勒的戏剧代表作《推销员之死》中的主人公，本文从美国的社会环境，社会的价值标准，以及主人公的自身性格等各个角度剖析了主人公的悲剧根源。
标签：《推销员之死》；社会环境；美国梦；悲剧美国著名作家阿瑟·米勒最重要的剧作之一《推销员之死》被认为是第二次世界大战以来的最佳美国戏剧。
主人公威利不是传统的、古典悲剧人物，而是成千上万普通美国人中的一员。
正是这样一位普通美国人的命运悲剧震撼了无数美国观众，使威利成为美国戏剧舞台上家喻户晓的人物，塑造了一个梦幻中寻找自我，在现实生活中遭受“美国梦”破灭打击和摧残的原形形象。
《推销员之死》剧中威利一无所有，没有工资，只领佣金。
他们推销的只是别人的东西，他相信只要讨人喜欢、具有魅力，世界的大门就会朝他敞开。
他把自己的生活建筑在这样的梦想之上。
他对辛格曼佩服的无体投地，因为辛格曼推销的非常成功，他不必离开旅馆，一个电话就能成交，84岁去世时，有那么多买家和同行为他送葬。
由于他总是生活在自己想象的世界当中，把幻想当作现实，所以他常常说大话。
他不顾自己推销不受欢迎的事实，吹牛说自己在新英格兰如何重要，说自己的销售额如何高，他就这样陷进自己的谎言中不能自拔。
早年，他的哥哥本劝他去阿拉斯加发财，但他的妻子林达说：“你在华纳公司不是干得挺好吗？有希望成为股东啊。
”结果他错过了机会，连起初林达劝他求老板给他在城里的差使，他也只能拒绝，因为“他在新英格兰很重要”，而事实却是老板把他解雇了。
对待大儿子比夫，他又拼命灌输“只要讨人喜欢，有魅力就能成功”的思想，致使比夫长期不能正确认识自己，他还姑息比夫的偷窃倾向，造成了另一代人的悲剧。
威利的盲目性使他嫉妒邻居查理的成功，拒绝查理给他提供的职业。
他硬要比夫相信自己的魅力足以使旧老板借一笔巨款给他开业。
最后，当比夫声泪俱下的帮助他正视现实的时候，他又误认为比夫还是接受他的观点，需要他,因而决定自杀，以便留一笔钱给他。
浅析《推销员之死》主人公威利·洛曼悲剧结局的心理原因
浅析《推销员之死》主人公威利·洛曼悲剧结局的心理原因作者：杨眉来源：《青年时代》2018年第22期摘要：《推销员之死》是美国20世纪重要剧作家阿瑟·米勒最具影响力的作品之一，曾获普利策奖和纽约剧评奖。
本文拟采用心理分析法对《推销员之死》主人公威利·洛曼的人物形象进行分析，探寻其注定悲剧结局的心理原因。
关键词：威利·罗曼；心理分析；悲剧《推销员之死》设定在主人公威利·洛曼生命最后24小时的内心活动。
从他对过去的沉思以及与妻儿和邻居的对话中，处处体现了法国精神分析学家拉康“镜像阶段”理论的特征，即对“他者”的依赖和对自我的虚幻认识。
一、自我异化拉康的镜像阶段理论认为，镜前的孩子在辨认镜中自我影像时，包含双重错误识别：一是当其把自己的镜中影像指认为另一个孩子时，是将“自我”指认为“他者”；二是当其把镜中影像认作自己时，又将光影当成了现实，混淆了真实与虚构，并由此对自己的镜像开始了终生的迷恋。
镜像阶段理论的“他者”是“自我异化”的参照，“他者”的缺失会造成自我定位的混乱。
而弗洛伊德认为许多成年人的心理冲突都可追溯到早年期的创伤性经历和压抑。
威利自视甚高、不切实际的性格特征或多或少源于幼儿时期的心理创伤。
威利几乎没有对原生家庭的记忆，父亲在他3岁11个月的时候离开了家。
父母的缺失使威利自小缺乏安全感，总觉得“没有着落”。
通过威利的回忆得知，哥哥本在他心中是父亲的化身，是成功的标准，是内心的另一个“我”。
本作为冒险家和开拓者的传奇人生也是威利的榜样，21岁就完成财富积累更成为鼓励威利一生奋斗的源泉，即便在威利决定自杀之前仍然幻想与已逝的本讨论着感兴趣的事业，并遗憾没有到阿拉斯加去替本管理森林，成为像本那样的人。
在镜像阶段的延续中，而永远只出现在回忆和幻象中的本作为威利想成为的“他者”又加强了其性格中的自我矛盾，这种对镜像“他者”的迷恋导致了威利性格缺陷，让他更为困惑、迷茫，也是他一生痛苦的根源。
关于阿瑟·米勒《推销员之死》的悲剧氛围探析
文学评论·影视文学关于阿瑟•米勒《推销员之死》的悲剧氛围探析郝倩倩 河南广播电视大学摘 要：《推销员之死》是美国剧作家阿瑟•米勒创作的一部两幕剧。
本文将通过对其剧作的悲剧氛围探析，来研究主人公威利悲剧性的一生折射出的个人、家庭和社会矛盾。
本文从正面渲染和侧面烘托两个大的角度，包含环境渲染法、人物场面渲染法、情节渲染法、镜头切换法、心语渲染法等，来分析剧者所营造的悲剧氛围，以此更好的剖析剧作的深层含义：威利的一生是美国底层小人物悲剧性的一生，揭露了美国社会富有童话的欺骗性。
剧作结构尤其是米勒使用的倒叙手法和想象中的对话颇为新颖，解读其逻辑也使观众更好的理解作品和人物特性。
关键词：推销员；悲剧性；小人物；欺骗性作者简介：郝倩倩（1981-），女，四川成都人，硕士，河南广播电视大学讲师，研究方向：英语。
[中图分类号]：J8 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2018)-12-166-01《推销员之死》的主人公威利是一个一生都被“美国梦”的虚化光晕笼罩着的推销员，从业三十余年、已经六十多岁的他依旧没有达到心目中功成名就的高度，由于失业打击、家庭矛盾和对于死亡保险金的幻想等原因的驱动，最终他选择了自杀。
该剧是部不折不扣的悲剧，其悲剧性不仅体现在威利的自杀，更体现在他不切实际的梦想的幻灭和至死都不知道自身毁灭原因的悲哀。
威利的一生是美国底层小人物悲剧性的一生，揭露了美国社会富有童话的欺骗性。
一、创作背景该剧的创作背景跟作者本身的家庭经历有关，米勒曾亲眼目睹20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期，社会经济的低迷和家庭的动荡，在此基础上衍生出这部经典巨作。
我们可以把这部作品看做是当时社会底层的美国人民“美国梦”的破灭。
“美国梦”是美国社会文化中一种特有的文化现象也是理解美国文化的一个重要因素。
关于“美国梦”的内涵，可分为广义和狭义两个方面来理解。
从广义的方面来讲，“美国梦”指的是作为“民主、自由、平等”的国家理想；从狭义的方面来讲，它指的是每个人都有可能通过自我奋斗而获得成功的梦想。
论《推销员之死》的悲剧内涵
14论《推销员之死》的悲剧内涵■葛 锦/湖南师范大学文学院摘 要：《推销员之死》是美国现代著名戏剧家阿瑟·米勒的代表作，塑造出了激起强烈悲剧审美情感的威利·洛曼这一人物形象。
从个人、家庭和社会的角度来看，威利的死亡映射出美国社会中个人自我价值迷失、家庭支柱角色扭曲、社会底层梦想破灭的悲剧内涵。
关键词：《推销员之死》 威利·洛曼 悲剧内涵美国著名戏剧家阿瑟·米勒的代表作《推销员之死》，探讨了美国的社会问题以及梦想与现实之间的冲突问题，是一部现实主义的悲剧作品，其塑造的威利·洛曼并不是古典式的传统悲剧人物——他没有高贵的出身和斐然的名声，他只是一个再普通不过的美国公民。
从个人、家庭、社会层面依次解读，可以发现威利这一人物的形象看似简单，实则包含了及其丰富而深刻的的悲剧内涵，是“美国梦”欺骗性的真实写照。
一、一个自我价值迷失者的悲剧酿成威利自我迷失的首要因素，是他没有看透“美国梦”的欺骗性。
威利是“美国梦”虔诚的信仰者，他坚信只要不断努力就一定会发财，成为一个了不起的成功者。
但是现实与威利的期望相差甚远，信奉“美国梦”的威利从来都不愿意直面生活中的不如意，他不仅善于自我欺骗，更习惯了自我欺骗，其后果是，久而久之威利就在幻想和现实之中迷失了自我。
威利的价值取向导致他幻想自己能够像哥哥本和老推销员辛格曼那样获得巨大成功，而现实的失意，让威利陷入与哥哥本进行对话的梦幻般回忆之中，想象性地求教哥哥本成功的秘诀。
威利梦想着留在大都市里，从自己的推销员业务中开采出属于自己的“钻石矿”来：成为辛格曼那样的推销员，生前取得巨大的业绩，受到许多人的爱戴和尊敬，八十多岁时仍然可以在许多州推销产品，而且只需要在旅馆里打几个电话，客户就会亲自找上门来；死后人们为他举行盛大的葬礼和追悼仪式，缅怀他的业绩神话和高尚品行。
哥哥本和老推销员辛格曼表面上是威利的偶像，实质是威利梦幻中的另一个自我，是威利迷失自我的具体体现。
探析《推销员之死》主人公威利•洛曼的悲剧
探析《推销员之死》主人公威利＆＃８２２６；洛曼的悲剧作者：潘萌来源：《青年文学家》2009年第10期摘要：《推销员之死》是阿瑟•米勒最负盛名的代表作。
本文将具体阐述威利•洛曼的悲剧，并从当时美国的社会环境、社会价值观和威利对美国梦的盲目追捧等方面来分析造成这个悲剧的原因。
关键词：《推销员之死》，威利•洛曼，美国社会，美国梦，悲剧[中图分类号]G112[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1002-2139(2009)-10-0017-01阿瑟•米勒是美国现代戏剧家。
《推销员之死》1949 年2 月10 日在百老汇一经推出就轰动一时，引起了广大观众和读者的共鸣。
郁郁不得志的威利、默默支撑这个家的妻子、任性而茫然的儿子，失业、怨恨、罪恶、耻辱，这部作品所包含的悲剧因素和社会内涵使人无不为之动容。
在这部作品中，威利•洛曼代表了生活在美国社会底层的人，成为为了追求美国梦而最终成为崇尚物质的社会和虚伪价值观念的牺牲品。
一、威利的悲剧。
威利的第一个悲剧是他个人事业的失败。
首先，他没有认识到成功不是单凭“受人欢迎”或取悦别人就可以获得的。
威利年轻的时候认识了推销员戴夫•辛格曼。
戴夫八十岁还在推销东西，他每天在房间里打打电话就可以源源不断的生意。
为此，威利天真地认为，只要讨人喜欢，他也可以成功。
然而事实却是，他赔笑脸，结交朋友，以此招揽生意，可是这一套生意经早过时了。
顾客见了他退避三舍，货物根本无法推销掉。
其次，在这个崇尚物质的社会，销售业绩才是硬道理。
老板在乎的已经不是旧交情和忠诚，而是是否还能为公司作出贡献。
尽管威利年轻时在公司勤勤恳恳，但如今他老了，已经无法胜任这个工作了，最终被新任老板炒了鱿鱼。
第三，威利在面对失败时自欺欺人。
他丢掉工作后，每周向查理借50美元，向妻子谎称是自己的工资；同时，他对查理也不说实话。
当查理好心问他要不要一份工作时，他恼羞成怒地说自己有工作，干嘛还要别人给工作。
面对好心帮忙的人，他没有心存感激，而是异常反感。
从马斯洛需要层次理论看《推销员之死》中威利·洛曼的悲剧人生
《戏剧之家》2017年第14期总第254期从马斯洛顆驗SM《關敗死》巾劇•M醜剧人生刘慧(广西师范大学外国语学院，广西桂林541006)【摘要】本文运用人本主义者马斯洛的需要层次理论，探究阿瑟•米勒的经典剧作《推销员之死》中威利•洛 曼悲剧人生背后的深层动因，逐层揭示了“小人物”的苦难，展示了现代人为满足自身的需求而导致对人生的迷 茫和绝望。
【关键词】需要层次理论；悲剧；人生价值中图分类号：J805 文献标志码：A文章编号：1007-0125(2017)14-0018-02阿瑟•米勒（Arthur Miller,1915-2005),享誉世界文坛的美国现实主义剧作家，一生创作了众多闻名于世的剧作。
其中被称为“一部十足的美国戏剧的经典作品”[1]的《推销员之死》（Death of a Salesman, 1949),无疑是最成功的一部。
该剧讲述了一位勤勉、敬业的推销员威利•洛曼，为了实现心中美好的“美国梦”，整日奔走于大街小巷，逐渐迷失在一片视金钱和 物质为上帝、以牺牲他人而获取成功为最高目标的社会 丛林里，最终在孤寂、迷惘、绝望中死去。
如果说，残 酷的社会现实是迫使威利自杀的外因，那么，内因则是 他内在的需求。
马斯洛基于人类的需求，在1943年的《动机与人格》中，首次提出了著名的“人类需要层次理论”〇⑴该理论指出，人类的需要分为生理需要、安全需要、归属与 爱的需要、受尊重的需要、自我实现的需要等五方面。
其中生理上、安全上和情感上的需要属于低一级的需要，这些需要通过外部条件就可以得到，而尊重和自我实现 的需要是高级需要，它们必须通过个体的内部因素才能 得到，且人类对尊重和自我实现的需要是无止境的。
m 基于此，本文以该理论作为指导，逐层分析威利•洛曼 孤寂、迷惘、绝望和永无休止的人生困境背后的深层动因。
一、为满足生理需要生理需要指的是满足个体生存所必需的一切物质方 面的需求，如空气、水、食物、居住环境等。
浅析《推销员之死》中威利
浅析《推销员之死》中威利•洛曼的悲剧作者：关羽含来源：《青年文学家》2017年第21期摘要：威利·洛曼是《推销员之死》中的主人公，也就是阿瑟·米勒在作品中塑造的人物，一名推销员。
他作为美国社会中最普通的一员，为公司卖力工作35年，年岁大被解雇；他对儿子寄托全部希望，儿子们事业却很失败；无力养家的他选择自杀，以便给家人带来一笔保险金。
他的悲剧不是他个人的悲剧，在整个美国社会中也是典型的悲剧。
关键词：威利·洛曼；价值观；期望与现实；付出和回报作者简介：关羽含（1994-），女，汉族，辽宁省本溪市人，辽宁大学英语语言文学专业硕士在读，研究方向：英美文学。
[中图分类号]：J8 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2017）-21--01《推销员之死》是美国剧作家阿瑟·米勒的杰作，威利·洛曼是这部作品中的中心人物。
对于他的一生，有的人认为他可悲，有的人认为他可怜。
他是一个悲剧人物，他是美国人民中普通的一员，他的人生际遇，价值观的冲突、期望和现实的冲突、付出和收获的冲突就是美国民众的缩影。
美国当代批评家杰克·克罗尔曾说：“《推销员之死》把我们的某些最有深远影响、最致命的矛盾冲突以隆重的方式公布在大众面前。
它是一出关于美国社会中被扭曲了的人们的遭遇的戏剧……米勒这部作品的强大威力把观众的诚实心态升华到了一个新的高度，他们了解那个以虚幻的梦想欺骗自己而且至死不愿醒悟的威利·洛曼。
”一、价值观的冲突他有一句口头禅，“只要别人喜欢你，就什么都有了。
”他总是认为，一个人能否成功关键是看他人是否喜欢你，也就是人好缘不好。
“他希望别人真心喜欢他，希望得到别人的爱戴，希望成为一个了不起的人，希望能实现自己的幻想，一辈子没有白过……”然而，一名推销员对社会的意义是什么？他没有技术，不会安装机械；他没有知识，不能用法律手段帮助别人，不能帮人看病开药方。
最新 《推销员之死》中威利的悲剧形象-精品
《推销员之死》中威利的悲剧形象1949年，年仅35岁的话剧家阿瑟·密勒推出了话剧《推销员之死》，该剧连续上演700多场而经久不衰，获得了评论家的高度评价，并获得了美国普利策戏剧奖和纽约剧评家奖。
《推销员之死》取材于阿瑟·密勒17岁时创作的微型小说《悼念》，主人公威利·洛曼是纽约一家服装公司的推销员，他认为一生中最自豪的事情就是他的工作与儿子，但是他当了30多年推销员未实现出人头地的愿望，他儿子比夫34岁了，也没找到一份像样儿的工作。
在事业和家庭的双重打击下，威利最终选择了自杀。
该剧以普通人的“现代悲剧”探讨了美国国民价值观的问题，展现了梦想与现实之间的尖锐冲突，揭示了现代社会中个体生存的无奈与荒诞性。
一、威利的人生悲剧威利是华格纳公司的旅行推销员，威利有自己的梦想——在商业界大展身手，并获得社会的尊重。
为此，他勤奋工作，经常开车往返各州推销货物，并建立了自己的推销网络，给老板带来了丰厚的利润。
威利不仅相信自己能在推销领域挖掘出“金矿”，对儿子也充满期望，认为很有橄榄球天赋的大儿子比夫一定会成为橄榄球明星，给家庭带来巨额财富和莫大荣誉。
年轻的时候，威利曾有过辉煌的战绩——一天之内到波士顿进行六七次登门推销，但是现在他年迈体弱，每天进行一两次推销就疲惫不堪了。
35年的奔波奋斗并未实现自己的理想，于是威利开始怀疑自己的能力，“已63岁的威利心力交瘁，他不相信自己能开车，不想继续推销的旅程，就回到布鲁克林的家中”，“他觉得回家的感觉真好，家中能找到一些慰藉心灵的东西”，当威利提出调动办公室工作的要求时，老板并未批准他的要求，而是无情地将他解雇。
这位“优秀”的旅行推销员，一生忙忙碌碌却一无所获，最后“像一条老狗似的被扔进坟墓里”，只能靠佣金度日，并不得不向他最讨厌的查莱借钱。
残酷的现实和梦想的破灭使威利身心疲惫、精神焦躁，常生活于回忆与幻想之中，开车、走路、工作时精神常难以集中，几次萌生自杀念头，但威利的梦想并没有完全破灭，他仍对自己以及两个儿子心存幻想，他想以撞车自杀的方式获得两万美元的赔偿金，以帮助儿子实现他未能实现的“美国梦”。
人缘好的重要性-《推销员之死》中威利死因之再探索
人缘好的重要性:《推销员之死》中威利死因之再探索[摘要]本文试图从威利的个人形象入手，探讨造成主人公悲剧的缘由。
经过分析发现，威利的悲剧要追溯到他所坚持的“人缘好”的生活理念，这个生活理念不仅仅使他走向毁灭，也深深影响了剧中的关键人物比夫，“父子关系在本剧中处于中心位置”。
借助于女权主义批评，笔者逐一分析了他作为丈夫、父亲和推销员这些角色时对外部形象的维护，最后得出结论：正是因为威利把维护外部形象推向了极致才导致他的死亡。
[关键词]阿瑟•米勒，推销员之死，外部形象国内评论界对于《推销员之死》的研究主要集中在以下几个方面：“美国梦”破灭的主题，戏剧中的家庭主题，剧中的父子关系，意识流的手法，表现主义手法以及主人公威利作为普通人物是否是一个悲剧人物。
这部剧作的批判现实主义是很明显的，但问题是，既然“美国梦想” 如此虚幻，剧中的查理和伯纳德何以实现了这个梦想了呢？“该制度看来还在公正地运转着，这是针对查理和伯纳德而讲的。
”看来，悲剧的批判现实主义不是把全部矛头指向虚幻的“美国梦”。
通过对比分析，我们发现只能从个人的“悲剧缺陷”上找理由，那就是威利热衷的“人缘好”的生活理念。
1 威利的丈夫身份乔德罗曾经说：“女性承担的母亲角色决定了女性的主要位置是在家庭领域，同时为家庭和社会的结构区分奠定了基础。
”性别的劳动分工决定了男人和女人在社会的不同地位。
在这部戏剧中，琳达从来没有离开过他们住的房子，她要完全依靠威利来偿还分期付款。
而她每天做的就是做完家务，然后不安地等待丈夫的归来，随后她会做出一个家庭支出计划，把所挣的每一个美分都用实处。
但是现在的问题是威利已经没有能力去推销产品了，他不得不面临残酷的社会现实。
威利在家中是作为一个超级供给者的形象出现的，虽然戏剧开始时他已经开始向朋友借钱了。
这个时候，哈比虽然能供给家中一部分，但是这离庞大的家庭开支还是远远不够的。
威利借钱是为了维护他在家中的男权地位，要向他的妻子证明他在这个家庭中仍然处于重要的地位，证明他仍然是一名成功人士，这就是为什么他向朋友借钱而没有告诉琳达真相的原因。
围城外的边缘人：《推销员之死》中威利·洛曼的悲剧解析
大理大学学报JOURNAL OF DALI UNIVERSITY 第1卷第11期2016年11月Vol.1No.11Nov.2016［DOI］10.3969/j.issn.2096-2266.2016.11.007《推销员之死》是犹太裔美国著名剧作家阿瑟·米勒的经典之作，一举囊括了托尼奖、普利策奖和纽约剧评界奖，该剧讲述了美国社会一名普通的推销员威利·洛曼在执著追求美国梦道路上陨落的故事，为观众展现了一个在理想与现实中挣扎纠结的小人物形象。
《推销员之死》的故事情节并不复杂，却为读者们提供了多层次多角度的阐释空间，不同文化背景、生活经历的人都能从中找到共鸣，拥有自己独特的理解。
但概括地说，评论家们大多把《推销员之死》的悲剧归因于威利·洛曼狭隘偏激的美国梦，“‘金钱至上’的美国梦是美国社会判断人的价值的唯一取向，这种不正常的价值观导致了威利的精神崩溃和自杀”〔1〕，并探讨在这种扭曲的人生价值观影响下普通人在事业、婚姻、家庭各个方面所遭受的挫败。
围城效应是钱钟书在其著名小说《围城》中所提出的一种探讨人生和文学的新理念。
“围在城里的想逃出来，城外的人想冲进去。
对婚姻也罢，职业也罢，人生的愿望大都如此”〔2〕。
围城是无法安于现状的人不自觉地束缚在自己身上的一副枷锁，总是无法满足的欲望禁锢了他们的身心自由，诱惑着人们走向自己想象的幻境进而走向绝望的深渊。
在围城视角下的《推销员之死》呈现出一种全然不同的理解氛围，威利·洛曼身上带有的阿瑟·米勒潜意识映射出的犹太文化欲融入美国主流文化未果；威利·洛曼妄想运用“好人缘”在物欲横流唯利是图的金钱社会中获得成功却惨遭失败；威利·洛曼内心极度渴望儿子的崇拜认可却在谎言和欺骗的阴影下与儿子的关系降到冰点。
欲求不得的围城心态折磨着威利·洛曼，无法解脱的他最终怀揣着带有诈骗性质的梦想放弃了自己的生命，然而他的死亡却成了他出售的最后一件毫无价值的商品，在寥寥无几的哀悼者见证下走完了自己悲惨的一生。
评电影《推销员之死》的悲剧性
评电影《推销员之死》的悲剧性[摘要] 《推销员之死》是阿瑟?米勒的经典剧作之一,大部分评论文章都认为该剧是关于美国梦破灭的悲剧,但笔者通过细读文本和观看电影,发现人物之间关系的破裂是导致该悲剧的一个重要主题。
该主题包括两层含义:一是父亲和儿子的关系破裂以及主人公威利和老板之间关系的破裂;二是家庭矛盾的冲突。
其中父亲和儿子的关系破裂是该剧的核心,全剧紧紧围绕这个“悲剧瑕疵”展开。
主人公威利和老板之间关系的破裂在某种程度上是前一种关系导致生成的,威利一家的悲剧在一定程度上是家庭成员之间的矛盾冲突。
通过对该主题的研究和分析可以从另外一个角度去更好地诠释对《推销员之死》这部悲剧电影的理解。
[关键词] 融洽; 冲突; 缓和?ブ魅斯?威利陷入一种近乎虚幻、不现实的境界?┲小?―脱离现实,把周围的一切,包括人与人之间的关系都置于自己美好的想象中,从而导致主人公的悲剧命运。
?フ獠康缬暗墓适虑榻谑谴又魅斯?推销员威利?洛曼为线索展开的,年逾花甲的他拎着两只沉重的、装样品的箱子回到家。
他极度疲倦,仿佛已经走到了生命的尽头。
只有老伴儿琳达了解他、体贴他,尽一切努力来维护他的尊严,希望能给他一些生活下去的勇气和信心。
然而,这一切似乎都无济于事……壮年时代的威利,一副精明强干的神气,两个儿子比夫和哈皮,是他的骄傲。
尽管比夫的学习成绩不及格,也没有引起做父亲的重视,因为,他确认比夫将来完全可以当一名体育明星,然而,事与愿违,大儿子比夫多次离家出走,宁愿去当农业工人,也不愿留在充满竞争与欺诈的大城市里。
在沉重的压力下,威利的精神恍惚不定。
为了拯救威利,琳达呼吁孩子们要怜爱父亲,甚至把威利要自杀的企图告诉了他们。
这时,小儿子哈皮想出一个办法!让比夫向朋友借钱,由洛曼兄弟自家独立经营,以期干出一番事业来。
这个令人振奋的设想,使全家人抱着新的希望进入了梦乡……为了预祝未来理想的实现,父子们约定在餐馆中聚会。
而就在他们见面时,双方带来的都是不幸的消息:比夫没有借到钱,威利也被公司开除了。
析《推销员之死》中威利洛曼的死亡原因
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论推销员之死中威利罗曼的悲剧必然性
（2013）届本科生毕业设计（论文）题目On Inevitability of Willy Loman’s Tragedy inDeath of a Salesman论《推销员之死》中威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性专业英语院系外国语学院论《推销员之死》中威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性摘要:《推销员之死》是美国著名戏剧大师阿瑟·米勒的作品，被誉为“美国梦不在”的代表作。
这部作品完成于1949年，它在百老汇的首演就取得了庞大的成功，许多评论家把这部戏剧看做美国第一部杰出的悲剧。
这部作品的主人公威利·罗曼是一个普通的推销员，但是各类冲突把他推向了死亡，他的悲剧命运是不可避免的。
本论文将以黑格尔的悲剧理论为基础对威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性进行分析。
本论文分为两大部份，别离是对那时社会大背景的分析和对作品中人物之间冲突的分析，通过这些分析得出其悲剧命运的必然性。
并通过对威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性的分析，探讨作家对那时社会的态度，和这种悲剧的普遍性，从而挖掘其现实意义。
关键词:推销员之死；悲剧；必然性；矛盾冲突；社会现实On Inevitability of Willy Loman’s Tragedy in Deathof a SalesmanAbstract:Death of a salesman is a famous work of the great American playwright Arthur Miller, which is a typical work about absence of American dream.The play premiered on in February 1949 and made a great success.Some reviewers view it as one of the great tragedies in American literature. The protagonist is a salesman named Willy Loman but all kinds of conflicts led to his final death. This thesis makes a thorough research on the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy in Death of a Salesman on the basis of Hegel's theory of tragedy. The thesis mainly includes two parts: one is the analysis of the social environment, the other is the analysis of conflicts in this work, through which we can get the conclusion that Willy’s tragedy is inevitable. This thesis also makes a research about the writer’s attitude towards the social reality at that time and the universality of Willy’s tragedy.Key Words: Death of a salesman, tragedy, inevitability, conflicts, social realityContents1. Introduction (1)2. The social background of Death of a Salesman (1)The social factors in the 1940s (2)The influence of social background on the tragic plot (2)The influence of social background on the tragic character (3)The influence of social background on the inevitability of the tragedy (4)3. The conflicts in Willy Loman’s life (4)The conflict between Willy’s American dream and the reality (4)The conflict between Willy and his sons (6)The conflict between Willy and other characters (7)4. The inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy (8)5. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (11)Acknowledgement (12)1.IntroductionArthur Miller is a great American playwright and essayist. Death of a Salesman is generally acknowledged as his most remarkable masterpiece, which makes him well known around the world. It was the recipient of the 1949 and . The play premiered on in February 1949, which caused a tremendous sensation. Such a play full of melancholy and tragedy actually stirred the whole literary world and still occupied an important position in American literary.Death of a salesman tells a story of a four-number family, in which each of them is busy all day to satisfy their inner desire. Willy Loman, the protagonist of the play, is an ordinary salesman. He is 60 years old and very unstable, tending to imagine events from the past as if they are real. There is an irreconcilable conflict between Willy’s dream and the reality. Linda Loman is Willy's wife. She always smiles and nods when Willy talks unrealistically about hopes for the future. They have two sons, Biff and Happy, who also have their respective problems in their life. The conflicts still exist between Willy and other characters. Willy’s family was under great depress, and Willy got some metal illness. Their life is not so smooth and everyone in this family is weighted down by life.As Hegel argued that the tragedy is caused by conflicts. All the conflicts are divided into two groups. Firstly, some conflicts are caused by objective factors. Then the rest of conflicts are caused by psychological status, which are the most ideal conflicts in Hegel’s opinion. All conflicts would lead to two results, die or peace1 Atkinson，the famous critic of the New York Times, ever said, “Death of a salesman is a great work filled with humanistic concern. That is because Mr. Miller sympathetically had a insight into the inner world of ordinary Americans and quietly presented the pain into the stage.” In China, many scholars speak highly of this great play. Ying Ruocheng, a famous translator and performing artist in China, views Death of a salesman as one of the greatest play in America. But few scholars pay close attention to the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy. The study of the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy has its practical significance and academic value. The research on the inevitability of the tragedy is to have a deep understanding of the American society in the 1940s and explore the practical significance.2. The social background of Death of a salesmanThe social background is the cornerstone of the play. The study of social background is great of importance to the literature and literary study. This play was written in 1949. In that period, America achieved greatly success in economy. Most1of the people had blind optimism, so it was high time that artists sounded the alarm for people. Social background and the function of the social reality to Willy’s tragedy will be introduced in this part.The social factors in the 1940sThe play, Death of a salesman, which caused a great sensation, premiered on in February 1949 after the Second World War. American economy in that period had a rapid development. When America entered a glowing period after the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the best; its workers the most skilled. All Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams. But it didn’t mean everything went well. At least, life is not so easy for ordinary people.Some serious social problems still existed. To begin with, although the American economy had a rapid development, it was in shadow of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Some social problems under the capitalist market economy, such as inflation, unemployment, still perplexed the ordinary Americans. In the next place, the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy caused a value which viewed the profits and wealth as the most important things. Some old people are eliminated by the society. Furthermore, most of Americans at that time were addicted in the pursuit of wealth and ignored other happiness, such as the family, friendship and so on. The value destroyed the nature of kindness and the harmony of society.The story of Death of a salesman happened in this settings. Willy Loman is an ordinary salesman. In general view, he was a man full of happiness. He had a beautiful wife and two sons, a house in downtown, a car and a steady work. But he didn’t feel satisfied until his death. In his mind, wealth and fame is the only thing which he pursues. He failed, so he wanted his sons to make his dream come true. At last, nothing went well. Misery over misery, he was fired by his boss although he had been working for the company for 34 years, so he ended his life at last. Therefore it’s not only a tragedy of Willy Loman, but also a tragedy of the American society.The influence of social background on the tragic plotThe social background has an influence on the development of plot in this play. Plot is the series of events which form the story of a novel, a play or a film. The plot and the reality have a close relationship. The development of the plot is not beyond the reality, that is to say, the plot should obey some rules which come from social reality in literature. The plot of Death of a salesman is deeply rooted in the society.Firstly, Willy Loman chose salesman as his ideal job when he was young. The choice is deeply influenced by the social background. In the 1910s, salesman is anideal and steady job. When Willy was young, he met an old salesman who could make money at the age of 84. From then on, Willy chose salesman as his lifelong job. His choice is obviously influenced by the social reality. The choice in the 1910s is the start of development of the plot.Secondly, salesman was on longer an ideal and steady job with the development of the society. The World War in the 1930s created much economic bubble in America. The impact of greatest economic crisis in 1939 on American economy existed. All these curbed consumption to some extent, which made salesman was not so steady in the 1940s. The change of social background deeply influenced on the development of the plot. Willy’s life should be better and better, but things don’t turn out the way he wants, his career was at a mess. At the same time, the relationship between Willy and his family turned complicated. Willy sticks to his original dream, but his son Biff wants to be a farmer to get away from the pressure from the society. The conflict between Willy and Biff become acute. The social background pushes Willy to the cliff step by step.Thirdly, the society is full of the law of jungle. Almost everyone pursues their success by hook or by crook and . This is the by-product of the high-speed development of economy. The social background impulses the development of the plot again. Willy was fired by his boss. In eyes of the boss, Willy was too old to create surplus value. Capitalists batten on the surplus value created by workers. It is inevitable for Willy to be fired by his boss. The change directly pushes the plot to a new high.Obviously, the plot is rooted in the social background. The function of the social background to the development of plot is great of importance.The influence of social background on the tragic characterThe tragic character in the play is also influenced by social background. Society is constituted by people, on the other hand, society also influences on individuals. Willy Loman is the one who is influenced by social reality.Firstly, the influence of social background on the tragic character reflects on the impact of the American Dream on Willy. The America dream is a belief which is rooted in the whole American society. Willy always sticks to his American dream, he don’t want to yield to the social reality. T he American dream has a great influence on Willy. On one hand, Willy is crazy for his dream, which makes him blind and paranoid. On the other hand, his fanaticism about his dream is unrealistic, which makes him frustrated. The two points cause his personality weakness, which is related to his tragedy.Secondly, the mainstream values also influence on Willy’s tragedy. Values are beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life. Values originate in society and are rooted in social reality. In the 1940s, the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy caused a value which viewed the profits and wealth as the most important things. Willy is deeply influenced by the value. He was always crazy for fame and wealth. His craze was blind, which made him ignore the essence of life. This point directly causes the conflict between Willy and his family, which lead to his tragedy.It is obvious that the social background has a great impact on Willy and his tragedy.The influence of social background on the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedyFrom the analysis, we learn that social background has an impact on the plot and the tragic character. The plot and personality weaknesses are two factors in Willy’s tragedy. The two factors are both rooted in social background. In Hegel’s theory of tragedy, there is a kind of conflict which is caused by objective factors. Social background is sorted into objective factors, and is independent from individual’s will. Society is the accelerator of the tragedy. Specifically, the high-speed development of economy in that period made Willy crazy for wealth and fame. And the reality is so cruel. When Willy got old, he was fired by his boss. That directly caused his death. According to the analysis, we can safely get the conclusion that the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy is influenced by the social background.All in all, it is necessary to have a research on the social background. Social reality is not only the cornerstone of this work but also the environment of the story. Society’s function in this play is great and can’t be ignored.3. The conflicts in Willy Loman’s lifeIn Hegel’s idea, the basic factors which caused Willy’s tragedy are conflicts. Conflict is a situation in which people, groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument. This part will be divided into three parts to study the importance of conflicts in Willy’s life.The conflict between Willy’s American Dream and the realityThe America dream is a belief which is rooted in the whole American society. The American dream, originating from the colonization time, not only inspirits people to be successful but also is the spine of the American literature. The American Dream is a national of the , a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward achieved through hard work.2this play, the protagonist, Willy Loman, also had his own American dream. He wanted to be successful, and he also imposed his dream onto his sons. But he failed at last.The society is full of the law of the jungle. Not everyone is the winner, loser is everywhere as well. Willy Loman was a man who was eliminated by the increasingly fierce social competition. On the other hand, Willy's neighbor，Charley, and his elder brother, Ben who became a diamond tycoon after a detour to Africa were successful. Willy is jealous of them. The comparison between Willy and the other two successful men also made Willy frustrated.In Willy’s mind, he should be the same successful as them, but the reality played a joke to him. In fact, his life is not so well. His two sons had conflicts with him, and they also didn’t achieve success. His salary was not high enough for him to repay the loan. He also had metal illness. All in all, there is a big psychological gap between his American dream and the reality.First of all, there is a big contrast between the job in his mind as a salesman and the job in reality. When he was young, he thought that a salesman was the best job because he met a successful salesman who could make money when he was 84 years old. From then on, he chose to become a salesman. But things went athwart. The job was full of difficulties. He didn’t make enough money when he was old. The worst thing was that he was fired by his boss. Everything was changing: profit was the highest standards to measure the value of a man. All those made him painful in his later life.Moreover, there is a conflict between his dream about his sons and cruel reality. He thought his son, Biff who was a football star with lots of potential in high school would have a rosy future, but Biff failed. He failed in the exam and lost the chance to become a football star. On the other hand, Bernard, Charley's son became a very successful lawyer. In Willy's flashbacks, he was a nerd. Willy was not reconciled to his failure. He still thought Biff had the potential to achieve success, but he wanted to become a farmer and failed over and over again. This is another gap between his dream and the reality. But Willy always had the confidence on Biff who was his last hope. Things don't turn out the way he wants, so Biff failed at last.Once more, he always boasted to his wife that he did well in his job, but in fact, he didn’t sell anything. He always said that he had a good relationship with his clients, but in fact, he did not have good relationships with his clients. This also made him painful in his life. It is also a conflict between his dream and the reality.Lastly, there is a conflict between the failure of Willy and the success of Ben and Charley. He couldn’t accept the fact that he failed while others achieved success2because he was a perfect man in his mind. He thought himself as a good husband, good father, good friend and good salesman, while in fact he didn’t do well as a father, husband, friend and a salesman.The conflict between his American dream and the cruel reality caused his metal illness. He was always addicted in the memory. Maybe it is a way for him to escape from the cruel reality.All in all, there is a big conflict between his American dream and the reality. According to Hegel's theory of tragedy, the conflict between his American dream and the reality belongs to the category which is caused by the psychological status. Meanwhile the conflict is unavoidable. There is an irreconcilable conflict between Willy’s American dream and the reality, so it determines the inevitability of his tragedy.The conflict between Willy and his sonsWilly had two sons, Biff Loman and Happy Loman. There were irreconcilable differences between Willy and his two sons. The conflict between them was very obvious.In the first instance, there is a conflict between Willy and Biff. Biff was a football star with lots of potential in high school, but he failed when he grew up. He went between going home to try to fulfill Willy's dream for him to be a businessman and ignoring his father and going out West to be a farmhand where he could find himself. Nevertheless Willy hoped that Biff came back to the city and work hard to achieve success.Biff liked being outdoors and working with his hands, while Willy wanted him to do something worthwhile which could make him proud. Willy had always been proud of him when Biff was a football player. Over time, they had different views, so they had a strained relationship between them. There are some factors which cause the strained relationship between them.Firstly, they have a different view of the world. Overall Biff remains a realist, and he ever informed Willy that he was just a normal guy, and would not be a great man. On the other hand, Willy is a man who never gives up and a man full of great ambitions. Then Biff had a prejudice on his father. When he was a little boy, his father was a hero with countless friends. Willy’s words were truth in little Biff’s mind. As he grew up, he found that his father was not such a hero and an ordinary man who always . He thought that all families were telling lies. Biff ever said to Willy, “The man doesn’t know who we are! The man is going to know! We never told the truth for ten minutes in this house!” Once more, he attributed his failure to Willy. He said to Willy, “And I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could neverstand taking orders from anybody! Whose fault it is! ”Lastly, because of his father Biff failed math in his senior year. Meanwhile Biff dropped out of summer school due to finding Willy with another woman while visiting him in Boston. Such things made him upset. From then on, they had a strained relationship. They always quarreled with each other, and Biff knew that Willy wanted to kill himself.The conflict between Willy and Biff is enormous and unavoidable. Neither of them would compromise to each other.In the next place, there is a conflict between Willy and Happy. Happy Loman was Willy's younger son. He lived in the shadow of his older brother Biff most of his life. He always was ignored by his father, but he still tried to be supportive towards his family. He had a very restless lifestyle as a womanizer. He dreamed of moving beyond his current job as an assistant to the assistant buyer at the local store, but he didn’t make it.He was always looking for approval from his parents, but rarely gets any, and he even went as far as to make things up just for attention, such as telling his parents he is going to get married. In fact, he didn’t get enough attention from his father, because Happy wasn’t Willy’s hope, he never achieved success which made Willy proud. So he always lived in the shadow of Biff. The conflict between Happy and Will is also obvious.Generally speaking, the conflict among them was inevitable. Firstly, neither of the two subjects of the conflict would compromise. Then, the conflict is the inevitable production of Willy’s education method. The last, the conflict between two generations was common in America in 1940s. This conflict also attributes to Willy’s tragedy.The conflict between Willy and other charactersIn the play, Willy also had a close relationship to other characters. These characters include his wife, his neighbor, his uncle and his boss. There also exist irreconcilable conflicts between Willy and them.Firstly, the conflict between Willy and his wife, Linda, plays an important role in Willy’s tragedy. Linda Loman is Willy's wife. She always smiled and nodded when Willy talked unrealistically about hopes for the future, although she seemed to have a good knowledge of what was really going on. She was the first to realize Willy was contemplating suicide at the beginning of the play, and urged her two sons to make something for Willy. She didn’t prevent Willy herself, because she loved him too much to expose his secret. Linda’s love to Willy and Willy’s vanity was a pair of conflict, which accelerated Willy’s death.There is a conflict between Willy and the Charley’s. Charley is Willy'sneighborhood. He pitied Willy and frequently lent him money and came over to play cards with Willy, although Willy often treated him poorly. Bernard is Charley's son. In Willy's flashbacks, he was a nerd, who turned to be a very successful lawyer, married, and rich.The conflict is obvious. Willy was jealous of Charley because his son was more successful than Willy's. Meanwhile Charley’s success also made him jealous. Consequently Willy was hostile to them. Charley offered Willy a job many times during visiting to his office, yet Willy declined every time, even after he lost his job as a salesman. He didn’t want to yield to him. Furthermore, he was confused about Charley’s success.Uncle Ben also played an important role on Willy’s death. Uncle Ben is Willy's older brother who became successful after a detour to Africa. He had been dead but Willy frequently spoke to him in his hallucinations of the past. He went into the jungle when he was 17 and returned at 21 very rich. He was Willy's role model, although he was much older and had no real relationship with Willy. He represented Willy's idea of the . In Willy’s mind, Uncle Ben is a real successful man.There is a conflict between Willy and Howard Wagner. Howard is Willy's boss. He was named by Willy, and yet he saw Willy as a liability for the company and let him go, ignoring all the contribution that Willy has devoted to the company. Howard is the representative of the upper class in America, who views profit as only chase. In their eyes, there was nothing except money. He fired Willy, which made Willy lose all his hope directly and lead him to solve all the problems by suicide.All these conflicts come together to accelerate Willy’s death.4. The inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedyThe death of Willy Loman is a tragedy of an age which is inevitable and common. Meanwhile the tragedy of Willy is also one of the great tragedies in English literature. Different from Shakespeare's tragedy, Death of a Salesman concentrates on the influence of the society and personality. The whole play is full of conflicts, which caused Willy’s death. All these factors come together to contribute to Willy’s death.All the conflicts are divided into two parts, one is caused by social environment and the other is caused by some factors which are deep down in his heart.The first group of conflicts which come from social environment is inevitable. There was a big irreconcilable gap between different classes. The upper class controlled most of the wealth in America, while the lower class still worked hard to get rid of poverty. The whole social is full of greedy egotism and vanity. As ordinary salesman, Willy has to accept the mainstream thoughts and work hard for it. That isto say, the first group of conflicts is inevitable. And the death of Willy is the tragedy of the age in 1940s.The second group of conflicts which come from Willy’s inner world is also inevitable. Specifically, Willy is a man with a lot of ambitions. As a salesman, he always made great efforts to achieve his so called success, but in vain. He was 60 years old and had some metal illness, tending to imagine events from the past as if they were real. Maybe the contrast was too obvious for him. He vacillated between different perceptions of his life.All in all, all kinds of conflicts in Willy’s life are inevitable. Willy is only a representative of such people. In Arthur Miller’s mind, he just wants to express that the society is full of the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy. This kind of competition caused a value which viewed profits and wealth as the most important things. Consequently, these conflicts in Willy’s life are universal and inevitable. And his tragedy is caused by these conflicts. These conflicts are not only the part of Willy’s life but also a part of the society in 1940s.Now we can safely get the conclusion that Willy’s tragedy is inevitable. That isn’t the final aim for which Arthur Miller to write this play, it has a deeper implication.Plays are s of society. Through all kinds plays we can peek at every aspects of reality. Art derives from life but it is beyond life. Meanwhile, the implication of art is the reflection of life and an instrument to guide life. Death of a salesman is a great work which makes readers deeply thinking.American dramatist Arthur Miller exposed the cruelty of disorderly competition under the capitalist market economic system in America through the play. In this play people establish a value of money as successful criterion which makes people cold-blood. It destroys the good and honest nature of human being to some extent. Meanwhile Miller expresses an idea that the weak are the prey of the strong in Death of a salesman. Consequently, the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy has its representativeness. In America there is thousands of Willy working hard for a vain future. Miller wants to arouse the public attention through the play.There is some practical significance of the play. The practical significance is not only for America but also for China. The first, the government should pay a great attention to the education about shaping good values. Profit should not be the only social standard. Then, we should have a rational knowledge to success. Success is not all-powerful. Success is different from happiness. It’s not rational to be crazy for success ignoring other factors in life. In the next place, governments should create the Medicare insurance program for the elderly. Maybe it is one of the measures to reduce the tragedy of Willy Loman. The last, a great attention should be paid to thefamily education. The pattern of Willy’s is failure. Parents should set a good example to children. In one word, some measures should be taken to reduce the tragedy of Willy in society.All in all, the conflicts from society and individuals are both unavoidable. All the conflicts are rooted in objective reality which isn’t influenced by individual will. The inevitability of conflicts determines the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy. The inevitability of the tragedy makes the study of practical significance necessary.5. ConclusionThis thesis discusses the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy in Death of a salesman. To analyze the inevitability of Willy Loman is mainly from two aspects, the social background and the conflicts in Willy’s life. Through the analysis of the social reality, the readers get to know that the tragedy is rooted in society. There is a close relationship between the social real ity and the tragedy. Willy Loman is just a representative of the age. From the analysis of the conflicts in Willy’s life, we learn that the all the conflicts are unavoidable. Conflicts are the most important factors in Willy’s tragedy. The tragedy is inevitable automatically because of the unavoidable conflicts.All in all, Willy Loman’s tragedy is inevitable. The social reality and the conflicts cause Willy’s tragedy. It is of great significance to study the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy and excavate its practical significance and academic values to guide our life.Bibliography[1] Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman [M]. London: Penguin, 2000.。