Western Culture. An introduction 1new
西方文化导论
Western Culture: An Introduction（西方文化导论）Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece （古希腊文化）1.Cradle of western civilization （西方文明的摇篮）---Ancient Greek“We are all Greeks.”------Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱)When Shelley said “We are all Greeks”, he is expressing his buy-in（认同）to the then current belief that European culture could trace its roots back （追根溯源于）to the Greek ideals and customs. This would include everything: architecture, education, medicine, our basic myths and memes, government, etc.2.Phases of development )（发展阶段）Delphi 特尔斐(希腊古都)Three Ages:ca.3000-1200 BC, the Heroic Age（英雄时代）(ca. 1200-750 BC), the Greek City-State （希腊城邦）and the Persian Wars（波斯战争）(ca. 750-480 BC), the Golden Age （黄金时代）(Ca. 480-430 BC).Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000-1200 BC):1.1Minoan[miˈnəuən] civilization 克里特文明flourished between 2000-1400 BC, when itseems to be absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.The most famous of the leg ends of Minoan culture is Minotaur [ˈmaɪnətɔ:(r)] 人身牛头怪/弥诺陶洛斯, a being “part man and part bull”.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?In Florence 佛罗伦萨（意大利都市名）and Venice()意大利港市.1.2Mycenae[maiˈsi:ni:]迈锡尼/Mycenaean [maisiˈni:ən] culture (ca. 1600-1200).By 1600 BC, the Mycenaeans had established themselves in the Aegean（爱琴海）.Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a commercial stronghold on the northwest coast of Asia Minor小亚细亚半岛. The ten-year-long war between Mycenae and Troy would provide the historical context for the Iliad [ˈɪliəd] （伊利亚特）and the Odyssey [ˈɒdəsi]（奥赛德）. ------ Homer（荷马）, the blind Greek poetTrojan war (特洛伊战争)------ Penelope’s web 珀涅罗珀的织物；故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作1.2.1The Heroic Age (ca. 1200-750 BC): after 1200 BC, more powerful, iron-bearing tribes of Dorians (多利亚人约于前1200-1000年间从巴尔干半岛北部迁入希腊，后来建立了斯巴达（Sparta）、科林斯（Corinth）、阿尔戈斯（Argos）等城邦，更多时候是作为入侵者和征服者被看待，荷马认为其野蛮黑暗), a Greek-speaking people from the north, destroyed Mycenaean civilization.Peloponnesian Wars 伯罗奔尼撒战争(431-404 BC)between Athens(雅典) and Sparta(斯巴达)；Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes（底比斯）, and Corinth（科林斯）. Philip II of Macedonia （马其顿）(northern Greece) rose to power and, in 338 BC, he rode south and conquered the cities of Thebes and Athens, uniting most of Greece under his rule. Upon Philip II ‘s death, his son, Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）, took control and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India including Egypt.After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Macedonia was defeated by Roma（罗马）at the Battleof Cynoscephalae（基诺斯山战役）in 197 BC and then again at the Battle of Pydna（皮德纳战役）in 168 BC. The Greeks were finally defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. Rome completely destroyed and plundered（掠夺）the city of Corinth as an example to other Greek cities.1.2.2The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750-480 BC)In 490 BC, Battle of Marathon 马拉松战役In 480 BC, Battle of the Hot Gates and Battle of Salamis 萨拉米斯海战Persian Wars(希波战争): Herodotus 希罗多德(ca. 485-425 BC), the father of history 历史之父。
introduction to western culture
There was one big difference between Greeks and Romans. The Romans built up a vast empire: the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander ’ s conquests, which soon disintegrated.
Christianity's Advantages
Its founder was an actual person. It had the Jewish legal code and tradition of morality.
Christianity appealed to the downtrodden masses. Women, low-skilled workers, prostitutes, the uneducated, slaves, fishermen, tax collectors, and so forth were the companions and "beloved" of Jesus, and a growing class of the oppressed and despised saw Christianity as the only faith that viewed them without contempt -- as "the salt of the Earth" -- and that offered them the hope of a better life -- sometime.
Odyssey
西方的文化介绍英文作文
西方的文化介绍英文作文英文：Culture is a fascinating topic, and Western culture in particular has a lot to offer. As someone who has grown up in the West, I feel that there are many aspects of our culture that are worth sharing.One of the most prominent features of Western culture is individualism. We value personal autonomy and theability to make our own choices, even if they go against what others might expect of us. This is reflected in the way we dress, the music we listen to, and the careers we pursue. For example, in the United States, it is not uncommon for people to change careers multiple times throughout their lives, as they seek to find work that is fulfilling and meaningful to them.Another aspect of Western culture that I find interesting is our focus on innovation and progress. We arealways looking for new ways to improve our lives and the world around us, whether that means developing new technologies, exploring new frontiers, or pushing the boundaries of artistic expression. This drive for innovation is what has led to many of the great accomplishments of Western civilization, from the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution to the space race.Of course, Western culture is not without its flaws. One criticism that is often leveled against us is that we can be overly materialistic and consumerist, focusing too much on accumulating wealth and possessions rather than on building meaningful relationships and pursuing spiritual growth. This is something that I think we need to be mindful of, and work to address in our own lives and in our broader society.Overall, I believe that Western culture has a lot to offer, both in terms of its strengths and its weaknesses. By learning about and engaging with different cultures, we can broaden our perspectives and become more well-rounded individuals.中文：文化是一个迷人的话题，尤其是西方文化有很多值得分享的地方。
westernculture作文
westernculture作文Western Culture.English Answer:Western culture refers to the cultural practices, beliefs, and values that have developed in Western countries, primarily in Europe and North America. It encompasses various aspects such as art, literature, music, philosophy, science, and technology. Western culture has had a significant influence on the world, shaping global trends and norms.One aspect of Western culture that stands out is individualism. Western societies place a strong emphasis on personal freedom, independence, and self-expression. This can be seen in the emphasis on individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion. People in Western cultures are encouraged to pursue their own goals and aspirations, and individualachievements are celebrated.Another characteristic of Western culture is its focus on progress and innovation. Western societies have a long history of scientific and technological advancements, which have led to significant improvements in various fields.This emphasis on progress can be seen in the constant drive for innovation and improvement in areas such as medicine, transportation, and communication.Moreover, Western culture places a high value on education and intellectual pursuits. Universities and educational institutions in Western countries are renowned for their academic excellence and research contributions. Intellectual curiosity and critical thinking are encouraged, and education is seen as a means to personal and societal development.Furthermore, Western culture is known for its diverse and vibrant arts scene. Western literature, music, and art have produced some of the most influential works in history. From Shakespeare's plays to Beethoven's symphonies, Westernculture has left a lasting impact on the world of arts and entertainment.In conclusion, Western culture is characterized by individualism, progress, education, and a rich artistic heritage. Its influence can be seen in various aspects of global society, from political systems to popular culture. Western culture continues to evolve and shape the world we live in today.中文回答：西方文化指的是在西方国家，主要是欧洲和北美地区发展起来的文化实践、信仰和价值观。
Western_Culture._An_introduction_1new
IN
THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATION THE AEGEAN REGION
IN
THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATION THE AEGEAN REGION
IN
Minoan Crete (2000-1450 B. C. ) Minos, a legendary king of Crete
DARK AGE
Phoenician Alphabet
THE CIVILIZATION
Homer
IN
DARK AGE
(around 700 B.C. ) Iliad, Odyssey
Hesiod (around 700 B.C.)
Theogony, Works and Days
ILIAD& ODYSSEY -- HOMER
WESTERN CULTURE. AN INTRODUCTION
By Gong Pin
COURSE RATIONALE
Benefits Course Objectives Required Texts Attendance Policy Class Work Requirements Grading
The earliest civilization in the Aegean
region The world of the Greek City-states The Hellenistic World The Roman Republic and Empire Cultural features of Roman civilization
Agamemnon –King, leader of the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece
英语作文西方文化
英语作文西方文化Western Culture。
Western culture refers to the culture of Western countries, including the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. It is a rich and diverse culture that has had a significant impact on the world in terms of art, literature, music, philosophy, and more.One of the defining characteristics of Western culture is its emphasis on individualism. In Western societies, the individual is often seen as the primary unit of society, and there is a strong emphasis on personal freedom and autonomy. This can be seen in the political and economic systems of Western countries, which are often based on the principles of democracy and free market capitalism.Another important aspect of Western culture is its focus on rationality and scientific inquiry. Westernsocieties have a long tradition of valuing reason and evidence-based thinking, which has led to significant advancements in fields such as medicine, technology, and engineering. This emphasis on rationality can also be seen in Western philosophy, which has produced influential thinkers such as Descartes, Kant, and Nietzsche.Art and literature are also central to Western culture. Western art has a long and rich history, with movements such as the Renaissance, Baroque, and Romanticism producing some of the world's most iconic works of art. Similarly, Western literature has produced some of the most enduring and influential works in human history, from Shakespeare's plays to the novels of Jane Austen and Mark Twain.Music is another important aspect of Western culture. Western music has a wide range of styles and genres, from classical to rock to hip-hop, and has had a significant impact on global music trends. Western musicians such as Beethoven, The Beatles, and Madonna have achieved international fame and have left a lasting legacy on the world of music.In addition to art, literature, and music, Western culture also encompasses a wide range of traditions and customs. Western holidays and celebrations, such as Christmas, Easter, and Thanksgiving, are celebrated around the world, and Western cuisine, including dishes such as hamburgers, pizza, and pasta, has become popular in many countries.Overall, Western culture is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has had a profound impact on the world. Its emphasis on individualism, rationality, and artistic expression has shaped the way people think, live, and interact with each other, and its influence can be seen in almost every aspect of modern global culture. Whether it is through its art, literature, music, or traditions, Western culture continues to be a vibrant and influential force in the world today.。
西方文化简介英文版
西⽅⽂化简介英⽂版An Introduction to Western Civilization/CultureWhat is civilization?The word civilization comes from the Latin civilis, meaning civil, related to the Latin civis, meaning citizen, and civitas, meaning city or city-state. Adjectives such as English "civility" developed from this origin.What is Culture?From the Latin cultura, from cultus, meaning to till (the land), to cultivate, to worship, the Latin origin indicates that our civilization and culture is not something new but something that has grown over time.The dictionary definition of culture is, “the arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.” Western culture is a mixture of “arts, customs, and habits” that have formed over a period of more than 2,000 years.All across Europe, in England, Germany, Italy, and Poland, we can find different civilizations and cultures, but they all come from shared origins, most characteristics of civilization and culture come from a combination of firstly, the civilization and culture of ancient Greece. This was incorporated in and further developed by the Greco-Romans, but as Rome was falling, Judeo Christian civilization further developed Western culture.The last major building block in Western Civilization and Culture came with the Germanic Franks in and around 300 –400AD.In this course we will look at the development of the civilization and cultures into what can be called a Western heritage. Whilst Ancient Greece is usually considered the foundational civilization and culture of Europe, we will first have a brief look at the preceding civilization and cultures that gave the Greeks their start.The Origin of Greek CivilizationAround 3000 years before the greatest era of Greek history, civilizations flourished in the area of Mesopotamia (modern Iran and Iraq) and in Egypt. It was between 4000-3000 B.C., that the first cities appeared in the region around the great rivers the Tigris [‘ta?ɡr?s] and Euphrates [ju:?freiti:z]. The first major advances of these civilizations were the use of the wheel.By 3000 B.C., Mesopotamian civilization had made contact with other civilization and cultures of what was known as the Fertile Crescent in the region. An extensive trade network connecting Mesopotamia with the rest of Ancient Western Asia then developed.The achievements of Mesopotamian civilization were numerous. Agriculture, thanks to the development of irrigation, became the main method of living. Farming further flourished after the invention of the plow.As agriculture became more productive, it allowed men to give up working the land and begin their own trades, for example, metalwork or pottery. Between 3000 and 2900 B.C. craft specialization and industries began to emerge which encouraged the growth of cities, all of this led to the first major civilizations of the region.The Sumerians, who inhabited southern Mesopotamia from 3000-2000 B.C., are thought to have been the first civilization and culture to develop non-pictographic (in picture form) writing. Originally, Sumerian writing was pictographic, that is, scribes drew pictures of representations of objects.This proved awkward and the characters were gradually simplified and gave way to conventional signs that represented ideas.The greatest achievement of Sumerian civilization was their cuneiform [?kju:n?f?:m] (wedge-shaped) system of writing, using a reed stylus they made wedge-shaped impressions on wet clay tablets which were then put in the sun to dry. The most common cuneiform tablets record transactions of daily life; counts of cattle kept by herdsmen for their owners, production figures, lists of taxes, accounts, contracts and other parts of organizational life in the community.Another category of cuneiform writing included a large number of basic texts, which were used for the purpose of teaching future generations of scribes. By 2500 B.C. there were schools built just for this purpose, and the Sumerian cuneiform writing was to provide the model for the Greeks when they developed their own written language.Around 1780 B.C. the city of Babylon gained power over Mesopotamia through their ruler, Hammurabi. He was a very efficient ruler, giving the region stability after turbulent times, and transforming it into the central power of Mesopotamia.A great literary revival followed Babylonian independence. One of the most important works of this era of Babylon was the writing of the first known code of laws called the ‘Code of Hammurabi.’ It focused on theft, farming (or shepherding), property damage, women’s righ ts, marriage rights, children’s rights, slave rights, murder, death, and injury. The punishment is different for different classes of offenders and victims.The city of Babylon also features in the Judeo Christian tradition. A story in the Bible is used by Jews and Christians to explain the existence of many different languages and races in the world. According to the biblical book of Genesis 11, at Babylon, humanity began building a ‘Tower of Babel’ in order to reach heaven and gain access to heaven directly from earth without the need of God. To prevent the project from succeeding, God made all the workers speak different new languages so that they could no longer communicate with one another and the work could not proceed, after that time, the people moved away to different parts of Earth, and spoke the different languages they had been given by God.From this story, and the city of Babylon, comes the modern English word babble, or talk in a confusing way. It is also due to the Babylonians that we have 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in an hour. The mathematicians of Babylonia devised a system of counting based on the number 60, from which we get the number of seconds in a minute and of minutes in an hour and the number of degrees (60×6=360) in a circle. Mesopotamia ceased to be a major power after the conquest by Alexander the Great around 400 B.C.While the Sumerians and other groups were busy creating a Mesopotamian civilization, another civilization had appeared to the west. This civilization depended entirely on geography; it was the fertile valley of the Nile River that allowed Egyptian civilization to flourish over the course of many centuries.The art and science of engineering was greatly developed in Egypt, with their skill in surveying allowing them to accurately determine the position of points and the distances between them. These skills were used to outline the bases of the best known images of Ancient Egypt, the pyramids. The first pyramids, built around 2900 B.C., were little more than mud-brick structures, but the greatest building achievements in Egypt were the great pyramids of Giza, built more than 4500 years ago. The early civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt certainly could build pyramids, irrigation canals and pottery wheels, and develop cuneiform writing. They are not, however, considered the foundation of civilization and culture of Europe. Although civilization developed in the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia, it was in the civilizations bordering the Mediterranean that Western civilization and culture was truly born. It is the civilization and culture of Ancient Greece that is today seen as being the origin of Western civilization and culture.Ancient Greece is considered by most historians to be the foundational civilization and culture of Western civilization. Ancient Greek civilization has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, art and architecture of the modern Western world.The period of Greek domination of the Mediterranean world lasted approximately 1,500 years from around 1600 BC until the coming of the Roman Empire, it should be noted, that we should not consider it to be one long uninterrupted rule, or that the Greeks were one group.The History of Greek CivilizationAegean Civilization3000-1450BC Minoan Civilization2000BC People from Mycenae went to Greece1600-1200BC Mycenae Civilization Ruled Greece1200-800BC Dark Period for Greece800-490BC The Archaic Period490-336BC The Classical Period336-30BC The Hellenistic Period146BC Greece was incorporated into RomeThe Rise and fall of Mycenaean PowerAt the height of its power, it was prosperous and active. They enlarged their cities, expanded their trade and sacked Troy. It was gone in 1100BC after the Troy War. The period from 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is known as Mycenaean [maisi?ni:?n] Greece after the major city of the period Mycenae.The age of Mycenae has given us the epic poem that has had a profound effect on the body of western literature and art. Transmitted to us through the Romans, the Renaissance and the following generations, this is the work of one author, the man who gave us the story about Troy.The period from which the story came, Mycenaean Greece, ended around 1100 BC, and the period from 1100 BC to around 800 BC is a ‘dark age’ of which little is known. In 800 BC Greece began to emerge from these Dark Ages, and at this time a written record begins to appear. This is the period most consider Classical Greece, but in those days there was no such political unit known as Greece. Greek geography, where every island, valley and plain is cut off from its neighbours by the sea or mountain ranges, dictated that Greece was divided into many small self-governing city communities.。
Western Culture Introduction
Rebirth: Renaissance (14 – 17th Century)
New ideas: Scientific Revolution (16th & 17th Century)
Logic & Reason: Age of Enlightenment (17th & 18th Century)
Traditions
Ethical Values
Religion & Philosophy
Culture
Science & Technology
Politics
Language
Art & Literature
Subculture
Age
How many examples of subcultures can you think of?
Subculture
Universal
National
Provincial
• Texas • London
What is culture?
All the knowledge and values shared by a society. Regional / National / Provincial The tastes in art and manners that are favoured by a social group. Subculture The attitudes and behaviour of a particular social group or organization. Subculture Human behaviour, including thought, speech, action, and artifacts. It requires the uniquely human capacity for learning and giving knowledge to the next generation . Universal A shared system of meaning. Universal / Regional / National / Provincial / Subculture
介绍西方文化 英语作文
介绍西方文化英语作文Western culture is incredibly diverse and rich, encompassing various traditions, customs, arts, and values. 西方文化非常多样丰富，包括各种传统、风俗、艺术和价值观。
From music and fashion to literature and food, Western culture has greatly influenced societies around the world. 从音乐和时尚到文学和食物，西方文化对世界各国的社会产生了深远影响。
One of the most prominent aspects of Western culture is its emphasis on freedom and individualism. 西方文化最明显的特点之一是强调自由和个人主义。
This can be seen in the democratic political systems of many Western countries, as well as in the importance placed on personal choice and autonomy in everyday life. 这可以在许多西方国家的民主政治体制中看到，也可以在日常生活中个人选择和自主决定的重要性中体现出来。
Art and literature play a significant role in Western culture, with renowned artists and writers such as Leonardo da Vinci, Shakespeare, and Van Gogh shaping the artistic landscape. 艺术和文学在西方文化中扮演着重要角色，著名艺术家和作家如达芬奇、莎士比亚和梵高塑造了艺术风景。
Western Culture简介
Historical records of Western culture in Europe begin with Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Western culture continued to develop with Christianization during the Middle Ages, with the reform and modernization triggered by the Renaissance, and with globalization by successive European empires, that spread European ways of life and European educational methods around the world between the 16th and 20th centuries. European culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism and mysticism, and Christian and secular humanism. Rational thinking developed through a long age of change and formation, with the experiments of the Enlightenment, and breakthroughs in the sciences. With its global connection, European culture grew with an all-inclusive urge to adopt, adapt, and ultimately influence other cultural trends around the world.
C01-WhatIsWesternCulture
Course Requirements
There will be some coursework.
You can choose which based on the two subjects you are most interested in.
There will be an exam at the end of term.
An Introduction to Western Culture
Lesson 1:
What is Western Culture?
Fall 2013
The aims of this course:
To introduce some basic ideas about Western Culture. To encourage you to learn more about the subjects you're interested in. To improve your listening ability. To learn in detail Western society, history and civilization
However to some extent language plays an important part in defining Europe. Let me demonstrate...
すべての人間は、生まれながらにして自由であ り、かつ、尊厳と権利と について平等である。 人間は、理性と良心とを授けられており、互い に同 胞の精神をもって行動しなければならな い。
Omnes homines liberi aequique dignitate atque juribus nascuntur. Ratione conscientiaque praediti sunt et alii erga alios cum fraternitate se gerere debent.
介绍西方文化 英语作文
介绍西方文化英语作文Western culture is a broad and diverse concept that encompasses the customs, traditions, beliefs, and values of the people in Western countries. It is a culture that has been shaped by centuries of history, and it continues to evolve and influence the world in various ways. In this essay, I will provide an overview of Western culture from multiple perspectives, including its history, art and literature, religion, and social customs.First and foremost, Western culture has a rich and complex history that spans thousands of years. It has been influenced by various civilizations, including the ancient Greeks, Romans, and later the Byzantine and Ottoman empires. The Renaissance period in Europe also played a significant role in shaping Western culture, as it marked a time of great intellectual and artistic achievement. The Age of Enlightenment further propelled Western culture forward, as it emphasized reason, science, and individualism. These historical influences have left a lasting impact on Westernculture, shaping everything from its political systems toits artistic expressions.Art and literature are also integral parts of Western culture, with a long and storied tradition that has produced some of the world's most renowned works. From the epic poems of Homer to the plays of Shakespeare, Western literature has captivated audiences for centuries with its compelling storytelling and profound insights into the human experience. Similarly, Western art has produced masterpieces that continue to inspire and awe people around the world, from the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci to the sculptures of Michelangelo. These artistic achievementshave helped to define Western culture and have left an indelible mark on the global artistic landscape.Religion is another important aspect of Western culture, as it has played a significant role in shaping the beliefs and values of Western societies. Christianity, in particular, has been a dominant force in Western culture, influencing everything from its moral codes to its holidays and traditions. The influence of Christianity can be seenin the architecture of Western churches, the themes of Western art and literature, and the values that underpin Western societies. However, Western culture is also characterized by religious diversity, with other faiths such as Judaism, Islam, and various forms of paganism also contributing to its rich tapestry of beliefs and practices.In addition to its history, art and literature, and religion, Western culture is also defined by its social customs and traditions. From the concept of chivalry in medieval Europe to the emphasis on individualism and personal freedom in modern Western societies, there are certain values and norms that have come to define Western culture. The celebration of holidays such as Christmas and Easter, the tradition of Thanksgiving in the United States, and the practice of democracy and free speech are all examples of the unique customs and traditions that make up Western culture.Overall, Western culture is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that encompasses a wide range of customs, traditions, beliefs, and values. It has been shaped bycenturies of history, and it continues to evolve and influence the world in various ways. From its rich and diverse artistic and literary traditions to its religious and social customs, Western culture is a vibrant and dynamic force that continues to captivate and inspire people around the world.。
introduction of western culture欧洲文化简介
• 案例中沟通出现的主要障碍在中方负责商 务条款的成员无意中评论了中东盛行的伊 斯兰教。 • 这种障碍导致对方成员的不悦，不愿意与 中方合作 • 应该为此向对方成员道歉 • 中方谈判人员在谈判前应该了解对方的习 俗及喜好，避免类似与此情况再次发生， 正所谓知己知彼才能百战百胜。
填空
•
俄罗斯 • 人故意在谈判桌上发脾气，
• 岛国文化代表首推英国和日本。与海洋文 化相比，岛国文化尤有特点。岛国文化集 海洋文化与大陆文化之 特点，对内有很 强的凝聚力，对外又有很强的开放性。因 为对内凝聚，它具备了某些大陆文化的特 性；因为对 外开放，它又具有某种海洋 文化的特性。岛国一般面积不大，资源不 算丰富，虽有发展，余地不算很大。因为 资源不算丰富，所以增强了岛国人特有的 危机感；因为内部发展余地不大，所以又 增强了它们向外扩张的愿望 。
Questions for lesson 2
• 1. what forms the foundation of most European and American legal systems? Why? • 2. What must the witness do in the judicial procedure in the western world? • 3. What has been used by many famous Western writers? What are the works of John Milton?
2. What is civilization?
• In a broad way • In a narrow way
Is culture the same as civilization?
• Three points
西方文化 英语作文
西方文化英语作文Title: Exploring Western Culture: An Insightful Journey。
Introduction:Western culture, often regarded as a tapestry wovenfrom diverse threads of history, philosophy, art, and societal norms, stands as a beacon of influence across the globe. In this essay, we embark on a journey to delvedeeper into the intricate nuances of Western culture, unraveling its essence and impact through the lens of English discourse.Historical Foundations:At the heart of Western culture lies a rich tapestry of historical events and movements that have shaped its identity. From the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome, which laid the groundwork for democracy and philosophy, to the Renaissance era, marked by a revival of arts andlearning, history serves as a compass guiding us through the evolution of Western civilization. Moreover, the Age of Enlightenment, characterized by the pursuit of reason and scientific inquiry, paved the way for modernity and the values of individualism and human rights that define Western societies today.Philosophical Heritage:Central to Western culture is its philosophical heritage, which encompasses a myriad of schools of thought ranging from the rationalism of Descartes to the existentialism of Nietzsche. The works of thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Kant have not only shapedintellectual discourse but have also influenced ethical and moral frameworks. Concepts like liberty, equality, and justice, deeply rooted in Western philosophy, continue to resonate in contemporary debates on politics and society.Literary and Artistic Expression:Literature and art serve as mirrors reflecting thecultural ethos of Western societies. From the epic poems of Homer to the plays of Shakespeare, from the novels of Dickens to the avant-garde creations of Picasso, Western artistic expression encompasses a diverse range of genres and styles. Through literature and art, themes of love, conflict, identity, and human experience are explored, offering profound insights into the human condition.Cultural Diversity and Global Influence:While Western culture is often associated with Europe and North America, its influence extends far beyond geographical boundaries. The spread of colonialism and globalization has facilitated the dissemination of Western ideas, values, and practices to every corner of the world. From Hollywood movies to fast-food chains, from the English language to democratic ideals, Western culture permeates global consciousness, shaping local cultures and identities in its wake.Challenges and Critiques:However, the dominance of Western culture is not without its critics and challenges. Critics argue that Western cultural hegemony leads to cultural homogenization and the marginalization of non-Western perspectives. Moreover, the commodification of culture, fueled by consumerism and capitalism, has raised concerns about the erosion of authentic cultural identities and traditions. Addressing these challenges requires a nuanced understanding of cultural dynamics and a commitment to fostering dialogue and mutual respect among diversecultural communities.Conclusion:In conclusion, Western culture embodies a complex tapestry of history, philosophy, art, and societal norms that continue to shape the world in profound ways. From its historical foundations to its contemporary manifestations, Western culture serves as a lens through which we can explore the multifaceted nature of human experience. By embracing diversity and engaging in dialogue, we cannavigate the complexities of cultural exchange and forge a more inclusive and harmonious global community.。
介绍西方文化活动英语作文
介绍西方文化活动英语作文Introduction to Western Cultural Activities。
Western cultural activities are a great way to learn about and experience the diverse traditions and customs of different countries. These activities range from festivals and holidays to music, dance and theater performances, and art exhibitions.One of the most popular cultural activities in the Western world is the celebration of Christmas. This holiday is celebrated on December 25th and is a time for families to come together and exchange gifts. In addition to Christmas, there are many other holidays celebrated throughout the year, such as Easter, Halloween, and Thanksgiving.Another popular cultural activity is attending music concerts and festivals. Western music has a rich history and diverse genres, from classical to rock and roll,country, and pop. Music festivals such as Coachella, Glastonbury, and Lollapalooza attract thousands of fans from around the world.Theater and dance performances are also an important part of Western culture. Broadway shows in New York City, for example, are world-renowned for their high-quality productions. Ballet and modern dance performances are also popular, with famous companies such as the American Ballet Theatre and the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater.Art exhibitions and museums are another way to experience Western culture. The Louvre in Paris, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and the Tate Modern in London are just a few of the many famous museums that house some of the world's most famous works of art.In addition to these cultural activities, sports are also an important part of Western culture. Soccer, basketball, baseball, and American football are just a few of the many popular sports played and watched in the Western world.In conclusion, Western cultural activities offer a diverse range of experiences that allow people to learn about and appreciate the traditions and customs ofdifferent countries. From festivals and holidays to music, dance, and theater performances, and art exhibitions, there is something for everyone to enjoy.。
用英文介绍中国西部文化的作文
用英文介绍中国西部文化的作文The culture of China's western region is rich and diverse, shaped by its unique history, geographical features, and the ethnic groups that call it home.中国西部地区的文化丰富多彩，受到独特的历史、地理特征和居住在这里的少数民族的影响。
From the colorful attire of the Uyghur people to the traditional singing and dancing of the Tibetan community, each ethnic group contributes to the tapestry of traditions that make up this culturally-rich region.从维吾尔族人华丽多彩的服饰到藏族传统的歌舞，每个少数民族都为这个充满文化底蕴的区域增添了浓墨重彩的传统。
The western part of China also boasts stunning natural landscapes, including the majestic peaks of the Himalayas, the serene beauty of Qinghai Lake, and the otherworldly terrain of the Gobi Desert.中国西部地区还拥有令人惊叹的自然风光，包括喜马拉雅山脉壮丽的群峰、青海湖宁静优美的景色以及戈壁滩上超现实主义般的地貌。
Moreover, many ancient Silk Road routes traversed this part of China, bringing with them a vibrant exchange of ideas, beliefs, goods, and cultures between East and West.许多古老的丝绸之路穿越中国西部，带来了东西方之间充满活力的思想、信仰、商品和文化交流。
西北文化介绍英文作文
西北文化介绍英文作文Great topic choice! Introducing Northwestern culture in an English essay provides a fascinating opportunity to delve into the rich tapestry of traditions, history, and lifestyle of the region. Here's how you could structure your essay:1. Introduction:- Begin by capturing the reader's attention with a brief overview of the Northwestern region.- Define the scope of your essay and outline the main points you'll be covering.2. Geographical and Historical Background:- Describe the geographical features of the Northwestern region, including its landscapes, climate, and natural resources.- Provide a historical overview, highlighting significant events, civilizations, and cultural influences that have shaped the region.3. Cultural Diversity and Traditions:- Explore the diversity of cultures within theNorthwestern region, such as the cultures of Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Shaanxi.- Discuss key cultural traditions, including music, dance, art, cuisine, and festivals unique to each ethnic group.4. Religious and Spiritual Practices:- Examine the religious beliefs and practices prevalent in the region, such as Islam, Buddhism, Taoism, and Christianity.- Discuss the impact of religion on daily life, architecture, and community dynamics.5. Economic Significance and Development:- Highlight the economic importance of the Northwestern region, focusing on industries like agriculture, mining, tourism, and manufacturing.- Discuss recent developments and initiatives aimed at promoting economic growth and sustainability.6. Challenges and Opportunities:- Address the socio-economic challenges facing the Northwestern region, such as poverty, environmentaldegradation, and cultural preservation.- Explore potential opportunities for addressing these challenges through education, infrastructure development, and cultural exchange programs.7. Conclusion:- Summarize the key points discussed in the essay.- Reflect on the significance of Northwestern culture in the context of China's cultural diversity and national identity.Remember to weave in engaging anecdotes, personal observations, and relevant statistics to bring your essay to life and make it compelling for your readers. Good luck with your writing!。
西方文化英语作文
西方文化英语作文Western culture is a diverse and dynamic mix of traditions, beliefs, and customs. From the music we listen to, the food we eat, to the way we interact with each other, Western culture is a melting pot of influences from around the world.One of the most iconic aspects of Western culture isits music. From rock and roll to hip hop, Western music has had a global impact. Artists like Elvis Presley, The Beatles, and Michael Jackson have all left an indeliblemark on the world of music, and their influence can stillbe felt today.In addition to music, Western culture is also known for its diverse culinary traditions. From hamburgers and hot dogs to pasta and sushi, Western cuisine is a reflection of the many different cultures that have contributed to it. Whether you're craving a juicy steak or a spicy curry, you can find it all in Western culture.Another defining characteristic of Western culture is its emphasis on individualism and personal freedom. In Western societies, people are encouraged to express themselves and pursue their own interests and passions. This focus on individualism has led to a rich tapestry of art, literature, and innovation.Despite its many strengths, Western culture also hasits fair share of criticisms. Some argue that it can be overly materialistic and consumer-driven, leading to a lack of focus on more important values like community and compassion. Others point to the cultural imperialism that can come with the spread of Western culture, as it can sometimes overshadow and suppress local traditions and customs.In conclusion, Western culture is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that continues to evolve and adapt to the changing world around it. Its impact can be felt in every corner of the globe, and its influence is likely to endure for many years to come.。
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REQUIRED TEXTS
Reference books
Linell Davis, 2001.09, Doing culture cross-cultural communication in actions, Beijing, foreign language teaching and research press Zhao Lin, 2009.07, An introduction to western culture, Beijing, High education press Fang Hanwen, 2010.01, Western culture. An introduction, Beijing, Chinese people university press
THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATION THE AEGEAN REGION
IN
THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATION THE AEGEAN REGION Geography
- Greek Peninsula - Asia Minor, Anatolia - Crete - Mesopotamia, Euphrates River and Tigris River - Egyptian civilization, Nile River - The Mediterranean
EXTRACTS FROM ODYSSEY
Can I give proper heed to guest or suppliant or herald on the realm’s affairs? How could I? wasted with longing for Odysseus, while here they press for marriage.”
THE AEGEAN REGION
THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATION THE AEGEAN REGION
Small plains River valleys surrounded by mountains Main products Marine Trade
IN
Geography on Greek Peninsula
ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURES
The earliest civilization in the Aegean region The world of the Greek City-states The Hellenistic World The Roman Republic and Empire Cultural features of Roman civilization
THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATION THE AEGEAN REGION Marine Trade
IN
THE MINOAN CRETE
THE MINOAN CRETE CIVILIZATION
MINOAN CRETE CIVILIZATION
“It was an elaborate structure built around
ILIAD -- HOMER
ILIAD -- HOMER
Achilles – warrior Patroclus – friend
ILIAD -- HOMER
Achilles – warrior Hector – Prince of Troy
ILIAD -- HOMER
The siege of Troy Trojan Horse
DARK AGE
DARK AGE Important activities
Migration to Asia Minor Revival of some trade, economic activity and agriculture Iron came into use for the construction of weapons Phoenician alphabet
ODYSSEY -- HOMER Reunion with his faithful wife, Penelope.
EXTRACTS FROM ODYSSEY
Odysseus, after ten years of war and another ten years of voyaging, has now reached his home island, Ithaca. He finds his own house full of evil people pressing his wife Penelope to remarry. Disguised as a stranger, he contrives to see and speak with Penelope, who does not immediately recognize him to be her husband.
THE MINOAN CRETE CIVILIZATION
THE MINOAN CRETE CIVILIZATION
Minotaur --- Monster in labyrinth Ariadne --- Princess in Crete
THE MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION
GREEK MYTHOLOGY Homer (around 700 B.C.)
Iliad, -- the weeks of the last year of siege of Troy Odyssey -- the journey home of Odysseus
ILIAD -- HOMER
Trojan War Helen Agamemnon –King, leader of the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece
THE TWO MAJOR ELEMENTS IN WESTERN CULTURE
The Greco-Roman element The Judeo-Christian element
ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURES
The earliest civilization in the Aegean region The world of the Greek City-states The Hellenistic World The Roman Republic and Empire Cultural features of Roman civilization
BENEFITS
Broaden your visions Understand western culture Improve to master English language
COURSE OBJECTIVES
the crucial elements in western culture. the important events in western history the unique features of western civilization the English expressions on places, people, literature works, events how the historical events and western culture, ancient western cultures and modern western cultures are interrelated.
ODYSSEY -- HOMER
Odysseus (2nd century B.C. Marble group)
ODYSSEY -- HOMER
Return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca.
ODYSSEY -- HOMER Many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage
IN
THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATION THE AEGEAN REGION
IN
THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATION THE AEGEAN REGION
IN
Minoan Crete (2000-1450 B. C. ) Minos, a legendary king of Crete Mycenae (1600-1100 B. C. ) The Greeks in a Dark Age (1100-750 B.C.)
EXTRACTS FROM ODYSSEY
“ Stranger, my looks, my face, my carriage, were soon lost or faded when the Akhaians crossed the sea to Troy, Odysseus my lord among the rest. If he returned, if he were here to care for me, I might be happily renowned!
a central courtyard and included numerous private living rooms of the royal family and workshops for making decorated vases, small sculptures, and jewelry.” “Even bathroom, with elaborate drains, were part of the complex. The rooms were decorated with frescoes in bright colors showing sporting events and naturalistic scenes that have led some observers to conclude that the Cretans had a great love of nature.”