50-57基于风景园林设计发展历史的伊丽莎白_伯顿图式语言思想_王云才_崔莹

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英语专业高级英语课程隐喻语篇教学研究

英语专业高级英语课程隐喻语篇教学研究

Science &Technology Vision科技视界0引言高级英语是英语专业高年级阶段的必修课。

针对高级英语,国内学者一向主张摒弃拘于词语和句型等知识点讲解的教学方法,强调帮助学生树立语篇整体观念。

然而高级英语课程教学材料在语言和知识两方面都有难度,仅仅依靠传统的语篇教学往往很难让学生在语言知识习得和文化知识两方面都达到一定的深度,具体表现为:在阅读理解方面不具备透过文化现象进行“文学批判”的能力;对于文章中比比皆是的隐喻性的词、句、篇章束手无策;在语言输出上则是英语表达欠自然、地道,语言输出没有什么语法错误,却缺乏本族语者的地道性,即无法做到“概念流利”。

为了克服这一不足,我们需要从新的理论视角来探讨高级英语语篇教学的有效途径。

1隐喻语篇教学理论基础英语隐喻语篇教学以西方隐喻理论为基础。

Lakoff 与Johnson 在他们合著的《我们赖以生存的隐喻》一书中把隐喻的功能提到前所未有的高度,认为我们的生存离不开隐喻,隐喻不仅贯穿于语言,而且贯穿于我们的思维和行为中;隐喻不仅仅是一种语言修辞手段,而且是一种认知思维方式,是人们认识世界和语言发生变化的重要手段之一[1]。

隐喻由始源域和目标域构成,所谓始源域指的是人们熟悉的、有形的、具体的东西;而目标域指的是人们陌生的、抽象的东西。

从认知的角度讲,隐喻是由始源域向目标域的映射,即根据已知、熟悉的事物理解未知、陌生的事物[2]。

从语篇的角度看,隐喻延伸可以在语篇中形成系统的词汇衔接网络,并以此增强语篇的衔接,构筑语篇内在的连贯。

所以隐喻也被看作是语篇组织和建构的重要手段[3]。

2国内外隐喻语篇教学研究现状隐喻研究经过几十年的发展与探索,其重心已逐步由词汇句法层面向篇章和话语层面转移。

作为一种语用现象,隐喻是一种语篇组织的重要手段,它起着语篇构建、衔接和连贯的功能[4]。

很多语言学家注意到隐喻的语篇功能,比如Lakoff 与Johnson 早在1980年就论述了隐喻的连贯功能;在国内,冯晓虎的专著《隐喻》的副标题就是“思维的基础,篇章的架构”,主要论述了将概念隐喻理论运用于篇章分析之中,证明概念隐喻能够保证各种类型的篇章之连贯;廖美珍在1992年论述过隐喻的衔接功能,2007年他在《外语教学与研究》上发表的“隐喻语篇组织功能研究—标题与正文之间的组织关系”一文探讨了汉语的语篇功能。

文人园林的情景关系发展研究——以辋川别业、独乐园、拙政园为例

文人园林的情景关系发展研究——以辋川别业、独乐园、拙政园为例

中图分类号 TU986.1 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1003-739X (2023)06-0100-04 收稿日期 2022-08-04摘 要 文人园林是我国古典文化重要的组成部分,也是我国古代文人抒发情怀的物质载体。

唐代以降,文人造园之风日盛至明代达到高潮,期间造园从模山范水到自出新意的转变,亦体现了造园主体对于客体认知的转变。

该文从情景关系这一体现文人园林的核心造园理念入手,选取唐、宋、明三代较为著名的辋川别业、独乐园以及拙政园为例,通过文献梳理,比较分析造园主体与不同客体对于同一认知对象园林的反馈,试图探寻我国文人园林中情景关系表现的特点,理出借景抒情、情景交融、情景适会这一递进式的发展脉络。

为理解文人园林的造园理念以及所采用的手法与客观感知的互动关系提供相关历史理论基础,亦期望可为今人理解并进一步创造具有文化渊源、文化特色、文化自信的的园林空间设计提供借鉴与启示。

关键词 文人园林 情景关系 发展演变 特征Abstract Literati garden is an important part of Chinese classical culture, and also is the material carrier for ancient Chinese literati to express their feelings. From the Tang Dynasty, the popularity of literati gardening flourished until the Ming Dynasty reached its climax. During this period, the gardening changed from modelling mountains and waters to creating new ideas, which also reflected the change of the main body of gardening in the perception of objects. Starting with the situational relationship, the core concept of gardening that reflects literati gardens, we select Wangchuanbieye, Duleyuan and Humble Administrator's Garden, which are well-known in the Tang, Song and Ming dynasties as examples, through literature review, we compare and analyze the feedback of the gardening subject and different objects on the same cognitive object garden, and attempt to explore the characteristics of the performance of situational relations in China's literati gardens, then we sort out the progressive development context of "borrowing scenery to express feelings, blending feelings and scenes, and adapting scenes". We hope to provide the relevant historical theoretical basis for understanding the gardening concept of literati gardens and the interactive relationship between the adopted techniques and objective perception, and we also hope to provide reference and enlightenment for modern people to understand and further create the garden space design with cultural origin, cultural characteristics and cultural confidence.Keywords Literati gardens, Situational relationships, Development and evolution, Features文人园林的情景关系发展研究——以辋川别业、独乐园、拙政园为例The Development of Situational Relationships in Literati Gardens: Taking Wangchuan Bieye, Duleyuan and Humble Administrator's Garden as Examples自从陈从周先生将诗法画理、戏曲品鉴等纯艺术领域的视角与分析方法引入中国古典园林研究,提出了“中国园林是文人园林”的观点之后,对于园林中景与境的评论、欣赏就被赋予了超越物质实体而通达意境、虚幻的多重性质,物质与情感紧密地联系了起来。

社会语言学视域下语言景观交际效果分析

社会语言学视域下语言景观交际效果分析

社会语言学视域下语言景观交际效果分析作者:王莹莹黄思琪冯嘉玮李沁怡刘丽来源:《丝路视野》2016年第24期【摘要】本文从社会语言学的标准化及跨文化交际视角出发,以秦皇岛地区具有代表性的旅游景点的公示语英译为例,依据所得语料数据分析双语标牌的“拼音化”现象和跨文化交际问题,探究其是否符合预期交际效果,并给出合理化建议。

【关键词】社会语言学;语言景观;公示语英译;交际效果一、引论语言景观是指在某一特定区域使用的看得见的书面语言。

“公共场所的路牌、广告牌、街道名、地名、商店名称所使用的语言,以及政府机构上的符号构成了某一特定区域、地区或城市群的语言景观。

”(Landry & Bourhis,1997)。

或者,任何在街道、购物中心、学校、市场、办公室以及其他公共(或私有的)空间上存在的语言都可看作是语言景观(Shohamy,2006)。

语言景观涉及生活的各个方面,如出行、驾驶、旅游、购物等,比个人间的沟通交流更为复杂多变。

衡量个人间的沟通交流成功与否,最重要的指标是是否达到了交际效果。

无论从理论上还是实践上,对语言景观交际效果的研究都具有一定的意义和价值。

本项目的研究对象是旅游景点内的语言景观,指景区及景区附近的路牌、指示牌、警示牌及文化介绍牌。

这些标牌多以双语形式呈现给国内外游客,作为旅游景点的对外宣传名片,其作用主要有两个:一是为国内外游客提供正确的指示,便于其观光游览,以提升该城市的文化与形象;二是以景区公示语的标新立异凸显地方特色及文化底蕴,以此提高景区知名度。

这些标牌是一个景区、一座城市乃至一个国家的文化“门面”,尤其是对于众多几乎对汉语一无所知的国外游客而言,双语标牌是唯一的向导和工具,若在公示语英译的处理上稍有差池便无法达到语言景观的交际效果,进一步影响国外游客对于该景区、该城市乃至中国的整体印象及综合评价。

目前语言景观的相关研究主要集中在公示语英译分析与纠错等方面,仍然停留在语言景观研究的基础层面,从社会语言学的视角切入的深化研究则相对较少。

《语料库语言学——理论、工具与案例》出版

《语料库语言学——理论、工具与案例》出版
国际汉语教育(中英文) 第 5 卷 2020 年第 4 期
马克斯 · 韦伯,2005. 社会学的基本概念 [M]. 顾忠华,译 . 桂林:广西师范大学出版社 . 亓海峰,邵滨,2018. 高校汉语国际教育专业硕士人才培养的问题与思考 [J]. 辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版)(4):38-43. 田欣儿,2014. 汉语国际教育专业硕士研究生专业课程设置及就业前景分析 [J]. 安阳师范学院学报(3):132-134. 吴应辉等,2018. 美国就业汉教硕士成长历程的叙事比较研究及其对国际汉语师资培养的启示 [J]. 国际汉语教学研究(1):
/Article/CDMD-10762-1017830244.htm. 张晓静,姜敬槐,2012. 汉语国际教育硕士专业学生就业观念调查报告:以华中师范大学 2010 级学生为例 [J]. 华中人文论丛
(1):213-215. 周红,2019. 从学位论文选题看汉语国际教育专业硕士人才培养 [J]. 国际汉语教育(中英文)(2):41-52. 邹影,2016. 西安高校汉语国际教育硕士研究生就业情况调查 [D/OL]. 兰州:西北大学 [2020-10-25]. /
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25]. /Article/CDMD-10593-1018029343.htm. 张北北,2013. 汉语国际教育 / 对外汉语硕士毕业生就业状况调查 [D/OL]. 济南:山东大学 [2020-10-25]. ki.
全书理论与实践相结合,内容翔实,通俗易懂, 为广大读者提供了语料库语言学方面的工具、方法 和真实案例介绍,能很好地满足汉语研究者对于语 料库语言学的学习需求。

湖畔派诗人名词解释翻硕

湖畔派诗人名词解释翻硕

湖畔派诗人名词解释翻硕
湖畔派诗人(Lake Poets)是指19世纪初期英国浪漫主义诗歌流派中的一群诗人,主要包括华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)、柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)和骚塞(Robert Southey)。

他们因长期居住在英格兰北部的坎伯兰湖区而得名。

湖畔派诗人的诗歌创作以大自然、民间生活和情感表达为主题,强调诗人的内心探索和感情的自然流露。

这个流派的诗歌艺术主张体现在华兹华斯和柯尔律治共同创作的《抒情歌谣集》再版《序言》和第三版附录《诗的措辞》中。

在诗歌题材上,他们主张写下层人民的日常生活,强调诗人的内心探索和感情的自然流露;在诗体方面,主张发展民间诗歌的艺术传统,采用民间口语,发挥诗人的想象力。

翻硕(Translation and Interpreting)是指翻译和口译的专业学位,是我国硕士研究生教育体系中的一门重要学科。

翻硕专业旨在培养具有扎实的外语基础、广泛的学科知识、良好的翻译和口译技能以及较强跨文化交际能力的专业人才。

毕业生主要从事翻译、口译、国际合作、国际交流等工作。

翻硕课程包括基础英语、翻译理论、翻译技巧、口译技巧、社会实践等,要求学生具备较高的外语水平、较强的语言表达和沟通能力。

伊丽莎白_毕晓普诗歌中的客观想象力

伊丽莎白_毕晓普诗歌中的客观想象力

伊丽莎白•毕晓普诗歌中的客观想象力内容摘要:作为20 世纪杰出诗人之一,伊丽莎白?毕晓普的诗歌独树一帜。

她在诗歌创作中尽量避免私人情感的直接表达,运用恰当的意象、视角转换以及反讽,在客观世界中寻找“对应物”搭配成图案,从而带给诗歌一种独特的客观想象力”。

关键词:伊丽莎白?毕晓普意象视角转换反讽伊丽莎白?毕晓普( Elizabeth Bishop,191-1979 )是20世纪美国重要女诗人之一。

毕晓普的诗歌数量虽少,却获誉良多。

谢默斯?希尼(Seamus Heaney 1939-)在《数到一百:论伊丽莎白?毕晓普》中称赞她是“最缄默和文雅的诗人”与同时代的自白诗人不同,毕肖普在诗歌中避免个人情感的表达和宣泄,她通过准确无误的意象描写,反讽的运用以及视角转换,不动声色地将诗人与诗歌主体分离,让自己的声音超然物外而又无处不在,赋予诗歌以无穷的张力和理解的空白,带给诗歌一种独特的想象力,让读者和自己一起探索,去发觉作品中的思想意蕴和审美内涵,引发读者的思考与感悟。

Peggy Rizza曾一针见血的指出,“她具备客观想象力”T.S艾略特提出的非个人化理论对现代诗歌的写作有着重要的影响。

在创作的过程中,艾略特提出了“客观对应物”的概念――“用艺术形式来表现情感的唯一方法是寻找一个客观对应物' ,换句话说,是用一组实物,一个场景,连串的事件,来表现特定的情感。

要做到最终形式必然是感觉经验的外部事实一旦出现,便能立刻唤起那种情感”在毕肖普的诗中,她隐藏在诗歌背后,娴熟地展开一组组静态或动态意象,勾勒出一幅幅生动形象的画面,以客观冷静的笔调,力图表达一种艾略特等现代主义诗人所倡导的普遍经验。

在她的诗中,这样的意象到处可见:教堂、海港、鱼、公鸡、地图、矶鹞、玩具等等。

如《佛罗里达》一诗,这首诗的排列像一串串珠子:一连串奇怪的个体形象挂在起,“红树林的根” ,“活牡蛎”,“鸟”等。

“ the skeleton of the mangrove roots ,and the tantrum of the hysterical birds ,the clowning of the pelicans ,”依靠skleton ,tantrum ,clowning 这些词语的使用,每个意象都变得生动立体,颇有画面感,引发读者的遐想。

国内外爱伦_坡研究综述与比较

国内外爱伦_坡研究综述与比较

爱伦・坡是美国文学史上一位有影响、有争议的作家,170年来,西方文学评论界一直都没有放弃对他的研究,其原因有三:一是他是一位有争议的作家。

人们对他的评价褒贬不一。

不同时期的不少伟大作家都给予他截然不同的评价,如:萧伯纳(BernardShaw)认为:“美国出了两个伟大的作家———埃德加・爱伦・坡和马克・吐温”。

丁尼生(Tennyson)说坡是“美国最具独创性的天才”。

(themostoriginalAmericangenius)叶芝(Yeats)说他是“美国最伟大的诗人,而且永远是全世界伟大的抒情诗人”。

(agreatlyricpo-etoftheworld)。

(Belgion:1951:51)J・S・戴也说:“坡在小说中,对环境造成的极度痛苦的恐怖,能给读者留下最深刻的印象”。

(RussellBlankenship,1973:215)爱默生(Emerson)称他为“打油诗人”。

(ajingleman)惠特曼(Whitman)说他“在想象文学的电光之中明亮、旋目,但没有热”。

(amongtheelectriclightsofimaginativeliterature,brilliantanddazzling,butwithnoheat)还有人则无视爱伦・坡的才华,认为他的艺术是:“不道德的或没有道德意识的”。

(immoraloramoral)在对他的生平介绍中,把他描写成为“醉鬼和恶魔”。

(demonrumandadiscipleofthedevil)。

(GeraldM.Gar-mon,1973:19)世人对他的争议从这些褒贬不一的评价中可见一斑。

二是不少后世人都或多或少地受到过爱伦・坡的影响。

美国的诺里斯、德莱塞、福克纳,英国的罗塞蒂、史文朋、史蒂文森、肖伯纳等都深受他的影响。

三是在进入20世纪以来,爱伦・坡作为美国浪漫主义时期的作家引起了现代派的极大的关注和兴趣,各批评流派,如社会历史学派、精神分析学派、新批评派、女权主义者、读者反应批评派、结构主义、解构主义等都从不同的角度来审视他和他的作品。

言语交际学 重点

言语交际学 重点

选择/填空:1.传统语文学在中国传统上称之为“小学”。

2.“历史比较语言学”可以看作是人类研究语言本身的开始。

3.促使语言研究的重心从历史转向现实的,是现代语言学的奠基人--------索绪尔。

4.在《普通语言学教程》一书中,索绪尔专门讨论了语言学的研究对象,即究竟什么是“语言”的问题。

5.言语从本质上说一种“符号”,概念和音响形象分别就是符号的“所指”和“能指”,因而一种语言也就是一个符号系统,语言学归属于符号学。

6.转换生成语言学创始人:美国语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基。

7.索绪尔认为把言语活动分为:语言、言语(话语、言语行为)8.人类言语交际的产生是为了更好的传递信息,而传递信息的最初动机又是为了加强合作,合作的需要是言语交际产生的根本动因。

9.按照现代信息论的说法,说话人把“概念”转化为“音响形象”称为“编码”,听话人把“音响形象”转化为“概念”称为“解码”。

10.言语交际学的出发点和立足点是把语言看作一种交际工具。

11.“交际主体”作为言语交际这一实践活动的主体,是其中唯一积极主动的因素,具有主观性和能动性。

12.“语言能力”这个概念,首先是由乔姆斯基提出来的。

13.交际能力这一概念,由美国著名社会语言学家海姆斯首先提出并系统阐述。

14.角色类型:先赋性角色与获得性角色:性别、父子、世袭地位;大学生、总统活跃性角色与潜隐性角色:每一时刻只能扮演一种角色,活跃性,其他的为潜隐经常性角色和依赖性角色:性别、年龄、籍贯、性格、职业、职务、教育、修养、阶级、民族等;丈夫、妻子、主人、客人、上下级、朋友、同事、顾客、观众、会议主持人等15.无论是属于经常性角色,还是属于依赖性角色,交际角色作为活跃性角色,应当成为正在进行的言语交际活动的主导因素,制约着交际主体的言语行为。

16.语境的构成:上下文语境:语音上下文、语义上下文、语法上下文语境情境语境:时间、地点、话题、方式、交际对象、潜在受话人社会文化语境:社会规范、文化习俗17.孔子:“言未及之而言谓之躁,言及之而不言谓之隐……”说明了:时间/时机18.19.全面认识语境,最有效的方法就是开展调查研究。

InsensibilityofHumani_省略_alysisonaRosefo

InsensibilityofHumani_省略_alysisonaRosefo

Brief introduction of William Faulkner and his achievement William Faulkner is a successful novelist of American literature in the period of Southern Renaissance. He was deeply influenced by his family tradition and the local custom of the South. His works are obviously marked by the humor solely boasted by southerners. His spiffy works formed a contradiction of his personification. Faulkner is a productive writer, and stream of consciousness, multi-angle narration and time transformation during descriptions are freely applied in his works.[1]Among all the great works produced by him, A Rose for Emily is one of the most significant achievements as his masterpiece. It keeps him unparalleled position in the field of American literature. A Rose for Emily, a short story, tells an affecting but horrible love story in a southern town of America. An unnamed narrator details the strange circumstances of Emily’s life and her odd relationships with her father, who thought that insulation is the best protection for Emily and controlled and manipulated her. Then she fell in love with a northerner--the Yankee road worker Homer Barron. From the townspeople’s gossip, the romance between Homer and her is bound to be tragic because the marriage between the two at last became impossible. When Homer Barron threatens to leave her, she is seen buying arsenic, which the townspeople believe she will commit suicide with. After this, Homer Barron is not heard from again, and is assumed to have returned north. Though she does not commit suicide, the townspeople of Jefferson continue to gossip about her and her eccentricities, citing her family's history of mental illness. She is heard from less and less, and rarely ever leaves her home. Unbeknownst to the townspeople until her death, in her upstairs room she hides all day with the corpse of Homer Barron, which explains the horrid stench that emits from Miss Emily's house.[2]A Rose for Emily becomes a masterpiece for its labyrinthine story and delicate structure. Although the title of the short story i“s A Rose for Emily”, yet till in the last it mentions“rose”: after Emily dies, in her room there is a brida“l: upon the valance curtains of faded rose color, upon the rose-shaded lights”. In this way, the writer provides his story much food for thought. In addition, the way deepens the theme that Emily's love is a sad story.[3]In people's eyes, Emily is sacrifice in that society, she is a pity woman. Rose is a symbol of love, but for Emily the rose only can be a cadaver in that kind of circs. Faulkner expressed extreme displeasure to the society according narrating Emily's forlorn love. What caused Emily’s tragedy? Many different literary critics have different views. In my mind, humanity’s insensibility of every figure in the story is the root of Emily's tragedy. 1st. Emily's father is insensible. He is so cruel; the father in him was numb. He was persevering at living in the history forever, bloated, asocial, out of step with the tenor of modern life. When he is alive, what he instills his daughter is to possess the glory as the last of a long line of the southern aristocrats. To him, the empty glory of desolate aristocrats is more important than his daughter's happiness. So, In Emily's younger years, the father had driven all her suitors away. Without a doubt, Emily suffered from loneliness, and her father's restrictions on her life helped cause this. These restrictions, however, were part of the ideologies of the traditional south that gave white men power over white women and all blacks, and indeed her father was a powerful man. The narrator describes Emily’s relationship to him through a very strong image:“We had long thought of them as a tableau, Miss Emily a slender figure in white in the background, her father a straddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to

语言学高级教程(第二版)解析

语言学高级教程(第二版)解析

Chapter 8 Language, Culture, and Society Chapter 9 Cognitive Linguistics Chapter 10 Pragmatics Chapter 11 Issues of Stylistics Chapter 12 Computational Linguistics Chapter 13 Second Language Acquisition Chapter 14 Modern Theories and Schools of Linguistics
Chapter 5 Functional Syntax
5.1 Vilém Mathesius 5.2 Frantiek Dane 5.3 Michael Halliday 5.4 Summary
Chapter 6 Semantics
6.1 Introduction 6.2 Meanings of “Meaning” 6.3 The Referential Theory 6.4 Sense Relations 6.5 Componential Analysis 6.6 Sentence Meaning
Chapter 3 Morphology
3.1 Morphemes, Morphs and Allomorphs 3.2 Classification of Morphemes 3.3 Morphemization 3.4 Allomorphy 3.5 Word, Wordform and Lexeme 3.6 Morphology and Wordformation 3.7 Approaches and Problems
目录
第1章 语言学——一门导向性科学 第2章 音位分析 第3章 形态学 第4章 生成句法 第5章 功能句法 第6章 语义学 第7章 对比语言学

英国文学选读名词解释

英国文学选读名词解释

1.epic 史诗An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.2.caesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the languageand sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line.3.alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4.alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard –with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5.kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description andassociation. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6.protagonist 主角the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet.7.antagonist 反角In drama or fiction the antagonist opposes the hero or protagonist. In Hamlet Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet.8.romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containingadventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.9.bob and wheel诗节末尾的短行与叠唱a rhyming section of five lines that concludes a stanza in Sir Gawain and theGreen Knight. The “bob” is a very short line, sometimes of only two syllables, followed by the “wheel”, longe r lines with three stresses and internal thyme.10.poet’s corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments ofsome famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton.11.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体Two successive lines o f rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’smasterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.Named from its use by Dryden and others in the heroic drama of the late 17th century, the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic portry: it dominated English poetry of the 18th century, notably in the couplets of Pope, before declining in importance in the early 19th century.12.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.13.refrain 叠句,副歌a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the endof a stanza. It is very often found in English ballads, such as Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”.14.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization , which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world . It sprang up first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe, the date differing for different countries. The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. The study and propagation of classical learning and art was carried on by the progressive thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Because in the ancient Greek and Roman mythology were found the ideas of universal love, respect to human beings and approval of man’s power, ability and knowledge. And at the same time worldly enjoyment on the earth was affirmed. In short, man became the center of the world instead of God as upheld in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It broke the chain and bondage of feudal and theological ties and brought human wisdom and capacity into full play.15.Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourishedin Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.17.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.18.meter 格律the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse a line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses;the commonest meter is iambic. William Shakespeare’s so nnets are written in iambic.19.foot 音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllablevariation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter.William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines. 20.rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.21.quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaicforms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.22.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such arepresentation helps evoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.23.poetic license 诗的破格the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns –“Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!”24.verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25.blank verse 无韵诗,素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.26.Globe Theatre 环球剧场One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997.27.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or ofbook length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.28.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelingsand flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.ke poets 湖畔诗人are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn o f the nineteenth century. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement. The thr ee main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordswo rth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.30.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his countryor era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843.31. Humanism(人文主义)Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural , divine elements ---or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements.In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively----in particular, those dealing with the life,thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. It proclaimed that man is the most important noble creature in the world; the goal of life is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the humanists ; both man and world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance.32. Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to a specifie subject. For instance,Ode to the West Wind is about the winds that bring change of season in England. Ode to the Nightingale is about the nightingale that lures the poet temporarily away from his great misery. The earliest English odes include the Epithalamion and the Prothalamion,or marriage hymns by poet Edmund Spenser. 33. Romanticism(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. Instead ,theRomantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living.The Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilized corruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent”characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.34. Aestheticism( 美学主义)The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement----“art for art’s sake”----was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater, the most important critical writer of the late 19th century. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde,with his Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake,can it be immortal They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.35. Stream of Consciousness(意识流)(psychol organized by William James) individual conscious experience regarded as continuously moving forward in time in an uneven flow. In creative writing the interior monologue makes use of this to reveal character and comment on life.(由威廉·詹姆士创立的心理学)个人的内心体验以不平衡的方式不断流动着。

基于风景园林设计发展历史的伊丽莎白·伯顿图式语言思想

基于风景园林设计发展历史的伊丽莎白·伯顿图式语言思想
专题 / 景观图式语言
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景观设计推荐书籍

景观设计推荐书籍

《园冶》计成[中国古典园林分析]彭一刚是研究中国古典园林空间布局的经典书籍,比计成的"园冶"要具象生态类的:《设计结合自然》(美)麦克哈格芮经纬译(广博的知识,奠定了我们这个学科在学术界的地位。

)设计理论类:[景观设计学]著:西蒙咨译:俞孔坚《景观科学理论基础和逻辑数理方法》(苏)阿尔曼德著李世玢译(看看西方人是如何数字化景观的。

)《园林设计*造园意匠论》(日)小形研三等著索靖之等译(虽然老了点,但对于设计细节的探讨仍然是最好的.)《总体设计》k林奇〈风景建筑学导论>(an introduction to landscape architecture—-—Michael Laurie)《大众行为与公园设计》(美)拉特利奇著王求是,高峰译(经典的“人看人”在这本书里论述得是最为透彻完善的.)《外部空间设计》芦原义信著尹培桐译园林设计和园林艺术--孙筱祥《人性场所:城市开放空间设计导则》Clare Cooper Marcus; Carolyn Francis 主编俞孔坚、孙鹏、王志芳等译中国建筑工业出版社2001《风景园林设计》王晓俊编评:适用于初学者「现代景观规划设计」著者:刘滨谊,东南大学出版社,1999《风景园林设计要素》美国《西方造园变迁史》针之谷钟吉《中国古典园林史》周维权「图解人类景观」译著者:刘滨谊,(台湾)田园城市出版社〈西方现代景观设计的理论与实践〉王向荣林菁210.00《外国造园艺术》陈志华著,河南科技出版社评:早先曾在台湾出版,中西方园林交流一节尚有些见解,如果讲历史没法和《西方造园变迁史》相比《世界园林发展概论——走向自然的世界园林史图说》张祖刚著评:100个古今中外的实例按照时间顺序穿起来《环境设计史纲》吴家骅编著评:“景观"换成了“环境设计”,买不到《图解人类景观》的人可以看看《造园史纲》童jun 评:最简短的造园史施工手册MC-GrawHill的Timesaver standards for landscape architexture。

高一英语诗人名称单选题40题

高一英语诗人名称单选题40题

高一英语诗人名称单选题40题1.Who is the author of “Ode to a Nightingale”?A.William WordsworthB.Percy Bysshe ShelleyC.John KeatsD.George Gordon Byron答案:C。

约翰·济慈的作品有《 夜莺颂》等。

威廉·华兹华斯的代表作品是 抒情歌谣集》等,他的诗歌多描写自然。

珀西·比希·雪莱的代表作品有《 西风颂》等,其诗歌风格充满激情和理想主义。

乔治·戈登·拜伦的代表作品有《 唐璜》等,他的诗歌充满浪漫主义色彩和冒险精神。

2.Which poet is famous for his pastoral poems?A.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB.Alfred Lord TennysonC.William WordsworthD.Robert Browning答案:C。

威廉·华兹华斯以田园诗闻名。

塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治的代表作品有《 古舟子咏》等,充满奇幻色彩。

阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生的诗歌风格庄重,代表作品有《 悼念》等。

罗伯特·勃朗宁的诗歌以戏剧独白诗著称。

3.“Don Juan” was written by which poet?A.George Gordon ByronB.Percy Bysshe ShelleyC.John KeatsD.William Blake答案:A。

唐璜》是乔治·戈登·拜伦的作品。

珀西·比希·雪莱的代表作品有《 西风颂》等。

约翰·济慈的作品有《 夜莺颂》等。

威廉·布莱克的代表作品有 天真与经验之歌》等。

4.Which poet’s works often explore the themes of beauty and mortality?A.Elizabeth Barrett BrowningB.Matthew ArnoldC.John KeatsD.Robert Louis Stevenson答案:C。

lake poets名词解释英国文学

lake poets名词解释英国文学

湖畦派(Lake Poets)是指一群生活在18世纪末、19世纪初英国湖区的诗人,主要包括威廉·华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)和罗伯特·南希(Robert Southey)。

他们以写作描绘湖区大自然景色和赞美乡村生活而闻名,被视为英国浪漫主义文学的代表人物。

湖畦派的诗歌作品多以湖区山水和田园生活为题材,强调对自然的热爱和对人文精神的追求。

他们的诗歌常常表现出对大自然的敬畏和对人类情感的体验,以及对社会现实和时代风貌的批判。

湖畦派的诗作对后世文学产生了深远的影响,被视为英国文学史上具有重要地位的文学流派。

在湖畦派的诗歌中,经常出现的主题词包括“自然”、“爱情”、“友谊”、“人文精神”等。

湖畦派诗人通过对这些主题的描绘和思考,给人们带来了对自然、对人生、对社会的深刻思考和启发。

我个人认为,湖畦派的诗歌之所以具有如此深远的影响力,是因为他们在诗歌中展现了对自然和人类情感的纯真感悟,以及对现实社会的深刻思考和批判。

他们的作品不仅具有浓厚的时代特色,更展现了永恒的人文精神和对真、善、美的追求。

湖畦派的诗歌不仅仅是文学作品,更是对人类文明和精神世界的珍贵贡献。

正是由于湖畦派的作品,英国文学才能在很大程度上影响了后世的文学创作,并成为世界文学史上不可或缺的重要组成部分。

湖畦派的诗歌作品在展现对自然、对人文精神的热爱和追求的也传达了对社会现实和时代风貌的深刻批判和思考。

他们的作品深深地触动了人们的内心,成为文学史上不可忽视的重要存在。

湖畦派诗人的作品影响深远,不仅在文学领域产生了巨大的影响,也在其他领域如哲学、艺术和社会思潮中起到了重要作用。

他们的作品所传达的追求自然和人文精神的理念,以及对社会现实的深刻批判,都给人们带来了对生活和情感的深刻思考和启发。

湖畦派的作品在文学领域产生了巨大的影响。

基于图示的景观图式语言表达

基于图示的景观图式语言表达

基于图示的景观图式语言表达
蒙小英
【期刊名称】《中国园林》
【年(卷),期】2016(032)002
【摘要】图解是设计表达与交流的语言.图示与图式是不同层级的图解语言.图示是设计的表达工具和制图的规则或规范,图式是对关系、特征、规律和模式的概括和提炼.基于图示的景观图式语言表达以设计特征为对象,以图示方式,运用由词汇、词法和句法规则构建的景观图式语言框架,概括和提炼表达设计作品特征的图式.【总页数】7页(P18-24)
【作者】蒙小英
【作者单位】北京交通大学建筑与艺术学院建筑系北京 100044
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TU986
【相关文献】
1.英汉时空隐喻的图形—背景观——基于“前后”图式、“上下”图式分析 [J], 张斌
2.基于景观图示语言的《富春山居图》生态智慧解析 [J], 王诗丽;王凤珍;史豪祥
3.基于景观图示语言的《富春山居图》生态智慧解析 [J], 王诗丽;王凤珍;史豪祥
4.景观基因图示视角下的江西省瓘山村景观结构解析 [J], 蔡彩红;吴建楠;江俊杰
5.基于景观图示语言的个园分析 [J], 孙玉玉
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语言景观的研究内容、研究方法及困境-社会语言学论文-语言学论文

语言景观的研究内容、研究方法及困境-社会语言学论文-语言学论文

语言景观的研究内容、研究方法及困境-社会语言学论文-语言学论文——文章均为WORD文档,下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——1.引言在过去十几年中,语言景观(linguistic landscape)成为社会语言学领域的一个研究热点,在符号学、应用语言学、社会学、心理学等学科也日益引起重视。

语言景观研究关注公共空间和场所中的语言使用问题,不仅考察现实环境中语言使用的特点和规律,更重要的是探究语言选择背后所蕴含的深层次的政策取向、权势、身份等问题。

据粗略统计,自1997年至今,国际规模的语言景观专题研讨会已举办过五届,以语言景观为主题发表的论著达十部以上,期刊论文及硕博士学位论文则不下百篇。

由于语言景观研究的视角和方式新颖而独特,Gorter(2006)将其看作是研究多语现象(multilingualism)的新路径,Spolsky(2009)认为语言景观研究是考察一个城市社会语言生态的好方法。

世界各地的语言景观研究发展势头迅猛,相比之下,国内语言学界对于这一新兴研究领域则关注不够。

那么,语言景观研究指的是什么?语言景观应如何研究?有哪些理论视角?研究中面临怎样的挑战?本文试图解答这些问题。

我们首先介绍语言景观研究的背景,包括其概念界定、功能、研究内容等,接着阐述语言景观研究的方法,然后探讨语言景观研究的理论框架,之后提出语言景观研究所面临的挑战。

我们认为,了解这些方面对我国的语言景观研究具有重要启示意义。

2.语言景观的概念、功能及研究内容2.1 语言景观的界定现实环境中用以陈列展示语言文字的物质载体称作语言标牌(linguisticsigns),如路牌、街牌、广告牌、警示牌、店铺招牌等。

在社会语言学中,对公共语言标牌上语言使用的研究称作语言景观研究。

Landry Bourhis(1997:25)最先提出并使用语言景观的概念,并将其界定为:出现在公共路牌、广告牌、街名、地名、商铺招牌以及政府楼宇的公共标牌之上的语言共同构成某个属地、地区或城市群的语言景观。

及物性视角下中国园林博物馆的生态话语分析

及物性视角下中国园林博物馆的生态话语分析

及物性视角下中国园林博物馆的生态话语分析
姚欣钰;吴意;卢桦;何乐琪;李芝
【期刊名称】《现代语言学》
【年(卷),期】2024(12)5
【摘要】在全球生态安全面临严重威胁的背景下,人们的生态保护意识逐渐增强。

目前的生态话语分析研究主要集中于新闻报道、企业话语、文学小说等领域,已有研究鲜少从及物性视角对与生态有关的博物馆进行研究分析。

基于此,本文以中国园林博物馆为研究对象,自建语料库,对其语言景观进行语料整理和统计,运用生态话语分析理论探究其语言特征背后蕴含的生态思想及其社会背景。

本研究的主要发现包括三个方面:首先,馆内使用物质过程和关系过程频率较高,展示出选址时对周边生态环境等因素的综合考量;其次,馆内的语言景观揭示出其重视自然本体的内在价值并充分发挥人类的主观能动性;最后,馆内语言景观蕴含的生态思想是对中国优秀传统文化生态智慧的创新发展。

【总页数】6页(P169-174)
【作者】姚欣钰;吴意;卢桦;何乐琪;李芝
【作者单位】北京林业大学外语学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G63
【相关文献】
1.及物性视角下劳伦斯诗歌《大海》的生态话语分析
2.及物性视角下“上山文化”主流媒体宣传报道的生态话语分析
3.及物性视角下环境类TED演讲的生态话语分析
4.生态话语分析视角下资源保护新闻的及物性研究
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论伯顿

论伯顿

论伯顿.华兹生的中国古诗英译摘要美国当代著名的汉学家、翻译家Burton Watson从上个世纪50年代初至今已经翻译出版了大量的中国古典文学作品,其中包含许多中国古诗。

他的诗歌翻译独树一帜,不因循守旧。

研究和探索他的诗歌翻译对我国经典诗歌的英译和对外传播具有重要的借鉴意义。

本文着重分析伯顿的英译中国古诗,从四个层面出发分析其翻译策略,即语音层面、语义层面、图式层面、客观层面。

他的译诗之所以受到西方大众读者的欢迎,是因为其通俗流畅简约的语言风格易于理解。

通过以上四个层面(语音层面、语义层面、图式层面、客观层面)研究其翻译之道是可行的。

他倾向于直译和异化,这在西方翻译家之中实属难能可贵。

同时指出其翻译的局限性,其一是误读和误译;其二,也是主要的一点,他的无韵体翻译方法在很大程度上削弱了原诗的审美价值。

关键词:伯顿•华兹生;翻译策略;层次;意义;局限性AbstractAmerican contemporary famous Sinologist and translator Burton Watson have translated a large quantity of Chinese ancient poems since 1950s. He has a special style in translation, not following the beaten track. It is of great significance to analyses his translation strategies to improve international influence of Chinese ancient poetry. Here his translation will be analyzed from four strata, that is, phonetic stratum, semantic stratum, visualization stratum and entity stratum. Burton Watson’s translation is very popular among western common readers, because his versions are in remarkably simple language, clear and easy to understand. It proves to be feasible to analyze his translation strategies from the above four strata, namely, phonetic stratum, semantic stratum, visualization stratum and entity stratum. He tends to use literal translation and prefers to obey the rules of the target language; therefore he is outstanding among western translators. However, there are obvious limitations in his translation. The first one is mistakes in explanation of Chinese words. The second one, also the major one, is his blank verse which to great extant, cuts down the original value of art.Key Words: Burton Watson; translation strategies; strata; significance; limitations全英文本科毕业论文伯顿·沃森英译中国典籍之描写研究魏家海【摘要】:中国典籍是中国文化的瑰宝,也是世界文化的财富。

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作者简介:王云才/1967年生/男/陕西人/同济大学建筑与城市规划学院景观学系副系主任、教授、博士生导师/同济大学高密度人居环境与节能教育部重点实验室/研究方向:景观规划设计、生态规划设计(上海200092)崔莹/1983年生/同济大学建筑与城市规划学院景观学系博士生/研究方向:景观生态规划设计(上海200092)1 风景园林设计发展史的研究方法1.1“风景园林”的历史属性及表达“风景园林”和“景观”一词从其起源而言,就成为多个学科共同研究的领域,其中建筑学、艺术、地理学的内涵属性占据主导。

但从发展过程中的实际内涵来看,其深刻的历史、社会、文化、美学等属性决定了各个学科各分属领域研究的基础上的综合研究[1]。

“风中图分类号:TU986文献标识码:A文章编号:1673-1530(2015)02-0050-08DOI:10.14085/j.fjyl.2015.02.0050.08收稿日期:2014-12-18修回日期:2015-01-25基于风景园林设计发展历史的伊丽莎白伯顿图式语言思想On Elizabeth BOULTS’ Study of Pattern Language in History of LandscapeDesign王云才 崔莹WANG Yun-cai CUI Ying摘要:“风景园林”的历史属性是人类适应自然和塑造满足自身需要的空间并改变其内涵的历史过程,对这一过程的研究形成了以现象认知为途径的地理学和景观诗学研究方法、以时间轴线为途径的编年史和断代史研究方法以及以图解(图式)为途径的设计语言研究方法3大领域,其中伊丽莎白伯顿基于风景园林设计历史发展的图式语言思想是图式学研究中的代表。

以伊丽莎白伯顿图式语言思想为核心,从5个阶段全面分析了不同历史时期风景园林设计的基本理念、基本设计原理图式和设计基本语汇图式。

伊丽莎白伯顿的图式语言思想从风景园林设计的本质思想源泉和方法探究风景园林的设计思想具有重要的学术价值和现实意义,但这一方法也在针对不同地区、不同文化、不同时期研究对象的设计语汇丰富性和多样性方面存在不足,还有待进一步发展完善。

关键词:景观设计;园林史;伊丽莎白伯顿;图式语言基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目:传统文化景观空间的图式语言及形成机理(51278346)Abstract:The history of landscape architecture is the historical process of human’s adaptation to natural environment, the shaping of space for their needs and the change of space’s connotation. The study of the process has formed three fields and methods, which are: the geography and landscape poetics research method based on cognitive phenomena, the chronicle and periodic history research method based on time axis, and the pattern language research method based on illustration or pattern ways. Elizabeth BOULTS’ thought on pattern language based on the pattern language of landscape design is the most representative among all studies. Based on the core concept of BOULTS’ ideology, this paper analyzes the different basic concepts, basic design principles and design vocabularies of pattern language of landscape design from five stages of historical period. BOULTS’ thoughts has important academic value and practical significance in its essence of landscape design and methods to explore the design ideas of landscape architecture, but its complexity and diversity in the vocabulary of design language for the research subjects from diff erent regions, cultures and time periods are still incomplete and remains to be further developed.Key words: Landscape Design; Landscape History; Elizabeth BOULTS; Pattern LanguageFoundation item: Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China: Pattern Language and its Formation Mechanism of Traditional Cultural Landscape Space (51278346)景园林”的历史性,可以从2个方面进行解读。

其一是“景观”本身所具有的历史演变属性,以人地关系为核心对景观客体现象进行自身演变的时间空间过程、演变规律和结构特征等的描述,这一部分是“景观”历史演变的表象或现象,是对已存在的景观进行现象描述,可以帮助了解景观发展史的脉络。

其二是以人地关系为核心,人类在创造自己居住环境的过程中人居环境学科演进的整体过程,主要指在建筑、规划、风景园林等人居环境学科综合演进背景下,风景园林相应的演进体现及其发展背后所蕴涵的社会、经济、文化意义以及成因揭示。

这一部分是“景观”历史属性中景观形成动机的深层次内容,可以帮助了解“风景园林”学科发展的根源、规律以及未来趋势。

风景园林学的历史研究需要兼顾“风景园林”的地理学属性及其建筑学、城市规划学、社会学、人类学、文学、美学、传播学、旅游学等人居环境塑造的属性的研究,形成了百花齐放的理论体系,从历史中学习和传承自然与文化的精髓[1]。

从传统记录人类历史著作的编写方法来看,一般采取的方法有纪传体、编年体、断代体以及纪事本末体,其中纪传体是以人物为中心线索来编写的史书体裁,编年体是按照年、月、日先后顺序来记述史实的史书体裁,断代史体例是以朝代为断限的史书,纪事本末体是以历史事件为中心线索来编写的史书体裁。

但是风景园林设计历史发展的特殊性,风景园林发展史的研究方法总体上可以划分为以现象认知为途径的地理学和景观诗学研究方法、以时间轴线为途径的编年史和断代史研究方法和以图解(图式)为主要途径的设计语言研究方法3大类型。

1.2风景园林设计史的研究方法1.2.1以现象认知为途径的地理学和景观诗学研究方法风景园林设计发展历史的研究最早是从地理学角度进行阐释的。

“景观”一词进入史学界研究范畴是在19世纪晚期,英国史学界把“景观”的研究纳入历史学专门研究范畴。

20世纪以来,景观专门化研究也关注到景观作为人们认知对象的主观性、精神性、历史累积性的文化特征。

到20世纪中期以后,又进一步形成了以景观感知为对象的研究方法,具有更强的文化分析倾向,随着多学科学者广泛参与,逐步形成了以地理学和历史地理学理论为基础的风景园林设计史研究的“现象认知学”研究方法。

其中,德国人文地理学家,景观学说的提出者之一施吕特尔(Andreas Schlüter)重视运用历史地理的方法分析景观历史,先定义“原始景观”[2],然后追溯从原始景观向文化景观转变的一系列过程 [3]。

历史地理学者霍斯金斯(W. Hoskins)《英国景观的形成》(The Making of EnglishLandscape),从英国人定居之前的景观、英国人定居点、中世纪英国的拓殖、 黑死病及以后、都铎王朝至乔治时期、议会圈地与景观、工业革命与景观、运河与铁路、城镇景观、今日景观等角度阐释了英国地理景观形成的全景图式,是英国地方史、景观史、环境史的奠基之作[4]。

与地理学研究不同的是“景观诗学”,通过诗歌或大型史诗的形式记载景观现象及其变化,成为现象认知的重要研究方法。

我国是风景园林发展历史悠久的国家,古典文化中的风水学或堪舆学(相地)等都是中国传统文化中以“人地关系”为核心建立起来的景观现象的认知体系,于此对应中国的诗歌和史诗同样成为中国古代风景园林发展的重要表述途径,成为风景园林设计发展过程中影响最长远的文化认知理论。

1.2.2以时间轴线为途径的编年史和断代史研究方法与 “形象认知学”角度不同,无论是景观客体还是风景园林设计发展过程,都与人类历史发展长河相一致。

因此依据时间脉络,沿时间轴线进行梳理,以人物、事件、作品为切入点,引用实例、插图、文献、绘画、诗歌、小说和地图等多种研究方法,进行横跨史前时代到现代的编年体的历史研究,或进行聚焦于某一时间段的断代史研究,或者以时间为单元进行大百科全书式的综合历史研究。

英国学者伊恩D怀特 (Ian D. Whyte)《16世纪以来的景观与历史》(Landscape andHistory Since 1500)就是按照时间顺序,通过案例、文献、插图等方法,研究封建时期、启蒙时期、工业革命、帝国主义时期以及现代社会的景观变迁,全过程探究16世纪以来景观与历史之间的关系,大量引用绘画、诗歌、小说和地图,来展现景观认知和描绘的变化。

从世界园林发展格局来看,中国和日本园林成为东方园林的代表。

周维权教授所著的《中国古典园林史》将中国古典园林的发展划分为5个时期,既分别作总的论述,也着重列举有代表性的作品加以分析评介[5]。

日本著名学者针之谷钟吉所著的《西方造园变迁史:从伊甸园到天然公园》分别以地域和时间为经纬轴线,结合了编年体和纪传体的写作手法,系统论述了造园发展的来龙去脉。

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