STUDY ON TURBULENCE FEATURES NEAR AN OSCILLATING CURVED WALL

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Study on the Properties of the Ionosphere

Study on the Properties of theIonosphereIntroductionThe ionosphere is a region of the Earth's atmosphere that contains ionized gases, mainly oxygen and nitrogen. This region extends from about 60 to 1,000 kilometers above the Earth's surface. The ionosphere plays an important role in the communication, navigation and study of space weather phenomena. In this article, we will discuss the properties of the ionosphere, including its composition, structure and dynamics.Composition of the IonosphereThe composition of the ionosphere varies with altitude. At lower altitudes, the ionosphere is dominated by atomic and molecular oxygen (O and O2), while at higher altitudes, ionized nitrogen (N+) and molecular nitrogen (N2) become more prevalent. The ionization of these gases is caused by solar radiation, which strips electrons from the atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere.The ionosphere is also known for its layers, which are distinguished by their electron density profiles. The lowest layer is called the D-layer, located at about 60 to 90 kilometers above the Earth's surface. This layer is densest during the day due to ionization by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. At night, the D-layer becomes less dense due to recombination.Above the D-layer is the E-layer, located at about 90 to 120 kilometers above the Earth's surface. This layer is most active during the day and is responsible for reflecting radio waves with frequencies between 1 and 10 MHz.The F-layer is the highest layer of the ionosphere, located at about 200 to 1,000 kilometers above the Earth's surface. This layer is further divided into the F1 and F2 layers, with the F2 layer being the most important for communication purposes. The F2 layer is responsible for reflecting radio waves with frequencies between 3 and 30 MHz.Structure and Dynamics of the IonosphereThe structure of the ionosphere is influenced by a variety of factors, including solar radiation, geomagnetic activity and wind patterns. These factors can cause variations in the electron density, which can in turn affect communication and navigation systems.For example, during times of high solar activity, the ionosphere can become more ionized, leading to increased absorption of radio waves and disruption of communication and navigation systems. Similarly, geomagnetic storms can cause the ionosphere to change its shape, making it more difficult for signals to pass through.Wind patterns can also affect the ionosphere by causing variations in temperature and pressure. These variations can lead to changes in electron density and can cause the formation of structures such as plasma bubbles, which can interfere with satellite communication.ConclusionThe ionosphere is a complex region of the Earth's atmosphere that plays an important role in communication, navigation and the study of space weather phenomena. Its composition, structure and dynamics are influenced by a variety of factors, including solar radiation, geomagnetic activity and wind patterns. Understanding the properties of the ionosphere is crucial for the development and operation of communication and navigation systems, and for the study of the Earth's upper atmosphere.。

英语语音概念知识点总结

英语语音概念知识点总结Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds, how they are produced and perceived, and how they function in language. English phonetics specifically focuses on the sounds of the English language and how they are used in communication.There are three main aspects of phonetics: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. Articulatory phonetics is concerned with how speech sounds are produced by the articulatory organs, such as the lips, tongue, and vocal cords. Acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds, such as their frequency and intensity, and how they are transmitted through the air. Auditory phonetics deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the ear and interpreted by the brain.Articulatory PhoneticsArticulatory phonetics is concerned with the physical movements and configurations of the speech organs that produce speech sounds. These organs include the lips, tongue, teeth, palate, and vocal cords. The study of articulatory phonetics involves understanding how these organs come together to produce specific speech sounds.In English, there are several important articulatory features that contribute to speech sounds. These include the position of the tongue, the shape of the lips, and the opening and closing of the vocal cords. For example, the /p/ sound is produced with the lips closed and then suddenly released (bilabial plosive), while the /s/ sound is produced with the tongue near the alveolar ridge and air passing through a narrow channel (alveolar fricative). Understanding the articulatory features of speech sounds is essential for language learners and speech therapists, as it helps them to produce and analyze speech sounds accurately. For example, knowing the correct tongue position for the /r/ sound can help non-native speakers improve their pronunciation, and understanding how the vocal cords are used for voiced sounds can assist in diagnosing speech disorders.Acoustic PhoneticsAcoustic phonetics is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds, such as their frequency, amplitude, and duration. These properties are measured using instruments such as spectrograms, which can graphically represent the acoustic characteristics of speech sounds.In English, there are specific acoustic properties that distinguish the different speech sounds. Vowels, for example, are characterized by their formants, which are specific frequency ranges that are amplified in the sound spectrum. Consonants, on the other hand, can be characterized by their burst, which is a sudden release of air, or by their noise, which is aperiodic sound caused by turbulence.Understanding the acoustic properties of speech sounds is important for speech recognition technology and language assessment. For example, automatic speech recognition systems use acoustic models to understand and transcribe spoken language, and speech-language pathologists use acoustic analysis to assess and diagnose speech disorders.Auditory PhoneticsAuditory phonetics is concerned with how speech sounds are perceived by the ear and processed by the brain. It involves understanding how the ear detects sound waves, how the brain interprets these signals, and how this information is used in language processing.In English, there are specific auditory features that help to distinguish speech sounds. For example, vowels are perceived based on their pitch and timbre, while consonants are perceived based on their characteristic noise or release. The brain processes these auditory signals to recognize and understand words and sentences in spoken language.Understanding the auditory perception of speech sounds is important for language learners and educators. For example, knowing how the ear detects and processes speech sounds can help language learners improve their listening skills, and understanding how the brain interprets speech sounds can assist educators in designing effective language instruction. Phonetic TranscriptionPhonetic transcription is a system for representing speech sounds using symbols. In English, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is commonly used for phonetic transcription. The IPA provides a set of symbols that represent the sounds of all human languages, including the sounds of English.Phonetic transcription is used for a variety of purposes, including language teaching, speech pathology, and linguistic research. For example, language teachers use phonetic transcription to help students learn the correct pronunciation of words, speech pathologists use it to diagnose and treat speech disorders, and linguists use it to analyze the sounds of different languages.In phonetic transcription, each speech sound is represented by a specific symbol that corresponds to its articulatory, acoustic, and auditory properties. For example, the /s/ sound is represented by the symbol [s] in phonetic transcription, while the /p/ sound is represented by the symbol [p]. These symbols allow linguists and language learners to accurately represent and analyze the sounds of English.ConclusionEnglish phonetics is a complex and fascinating field that plays a crucial role in the study of language and communication. By understanding how speech sounds are produced, how they are transmitted through the air, and how they are perceived by the ear, we can gain valuable insights into the nature of human speech and the ways in which it functions in language. Phonetic transcription provides a valuable tool for representing and analyzingspeech sounds, and it is used in a variety of fields, including language teaching, speech pathology, and linguistic research. Overall, English phonetics is an essential component of the study of language and an important area of research for linguists, educators, and speech professionals.。

The importance of learning a second language

In today’s globalized world, the ability to communicate in more than one language is becoming increasingly important. Learning a second language has numerous benefits, not only in terms of personal and professional development but also in bridging cultural and social barriers. Here are some reasons why learning a second language is important:One of the most significant benefits of learning a second language is the opportunity for personal growth and development. Learning a new language can improve cognitive abilities such as problem-solving skills, creativity, and memory. It can also enhance a person’s ability to multitask and improve their overall mental flexibility. Studies have shown that bilingual individuals are better at focusing on relevant information and ignoring distractions, which can be a valuable skill in many aspects of life.Learning a second language can also open up a world of opportunities in terms of education and career prospects. Many universities and colleges around the world now require students to have a certain level of proficiency in a second language in order to graduate. In addition, being bilingual or multilingual can give individuals a competitive edge in the job market, as it allows them to communicate with a wider range of people and access employment opportunities that may not be available to monolingual individuals.Another important reason to learn a second language is the ability to connect with people from different cultures and backgrounds. Language is a fundamental part of human identity, and being able to communicate withsomeone in their own language can create a deeper level of understanding and empathy. It can also help to break down social and cultural barriers, and promote better intercultural relations. In t oday’s diverse society, the ability to speak multiple languages can be an invaluable tool in fostering mutual respect and understanding between different groups of people.Furthermore, learning a second language can provide a gateway to experiencing other cultures and traditions. Language and culture are closely intertwined, and by learning a new language, individuals can gain insight into the history, customs, and traditions of the people who speak that language. This can lead to a greater appreciation and respect for diversity, and foster a sense of global citizenship.In addition to personal and professional benefits, learning a second language can also have a positive impact on society as a whole. Multilingualism has been shown to have cognitive and academic advantages, and can contribute to better academic performance in students. It can also play a role in promoting social cohesion and inclusivity within communities, as it allows people from different linguistic backgrounds to communicate and interact with each other.In conclusion, the importance of learning a second language cannot be overstated. In today’s interconnected world, the ability to communicate in more than one language is a valuable skill that can lead to personal, professional, and societal benefits. It can open up new opportunities, enable individuals to connect with people from different cultures, and promote diversity andunderstanding. Therefore, learning a second language is not only an enriching and rewarding experience, but also a crucial aspect of being a well-rounded and globally-minded individual.。

垂直风速标准差英文简称

垂直风速标准差英文简称Vertical Wind Speed Standard DeviationThe understanding of atmospheric turbulence and its characteristics is of paramount importance in various fields, such as aviation, wind energy, and environmental studies. One crucial parameter that provides valuable insights into the nature of turbulence is the vertical wind speed standard deviation. This metric serves as a reliable indicator of the intensity and fluctuations of vertical air movements, allowing researchers and professionals to make informed decisions and mitigate potential risks.Vertical wind speed standard deviation, often denoted as σw, is a statistical measure that quantifies the dispersion or variability of vertical wind speeds around their mean value. It is calculated by taking the square root of the variance of the vertical wind speed measurements. The variance, in turn, is determined by summing the squared deviations of each measurement from the mean and dividing the result by the number of observations.The significance of vertical wind speed standard deviation lies in its ability to characterize the turbulence intensity within the atmosphericboundary layer. In this layer, which extends from the Earth's surface to the point where the wind speed becomes constant with height, the interactions between the surface and the overlying air create complex wind patterns and eddies. These turbulent fluctuations can have a profound impact on various processes, including aircraft stability, wind turbine performance, and the dispersion of pollutants.In the context of aviation, vertical wind speed standard deviation is particularly important for understanding the behavior of aircraft during takeoff and landing. Sudden changes in vertical wind speed can lead to significant variations in the lift generated by the aircraft's wings, potentially causing unexpected pitching or rolling movements. Pilots and air traffic controllers rely on accurate measurements of σw to anticipate and mitigate the effects of turbulence, ensuring the safety and efficiency of flight operations.Similarly, in the wind energy industry, the vertical wind speed standard deviation is a crucial parameter for the design and optimization of wind turbines. Turbulence intensity, as indicated by σw, can significantly impact the power output, structural integrity, and fatigue life of wind turbines. By understanding the local turbulence characteristics, wind farm developers can select appropriate turbine models, adjust their layout, and implement effective control strategies to maximize energy generation and minimize maintenance costs.Beyond aviation and wind energy, the vertical wind speed standard deviation also plays a crucial role in environmental studies and atmospheric modeling. Accurate measurements of σw can help researchers understand the transport and dispersion of air pollutants, the formation and evolution of clouds, and the interactions between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. This information is essential for developing reliable weather forecasting models, designing effective air quality management strategies, and assessing the impact of climate change on local and regional scales.To measure vertical wind speed standard deviation, researchers and meteorologists typically employ specialized instruments, such as sonic anemometers or Doppler lidar systems. These devices are capable of accurately measuring the three-dimensional wind vector, including the vertical component, at high temporal and spatial resolutions. By analyzing the time series of vertical wind speed data, the standard deviation can be calculated and used to characterize the turbulence characteristics of the local environment.It is worth noting that the vertical wind speed standard deviation is not a static value but can vary significantly depending on factors such as atmospheric stability, surface roughness, and the presence of obstacles or terrain features. Diurnal and seasonal variations in atmospheric conditions can also influence the magnitude andpatterns of σw, requiring continuous monitorin g and analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of the turbulence dynamics.In conclusion, the vertical wind speed standard deviation is a crucial parameter in the study and understanding of atmospheric turbulence. Its applications span a wide range of disciplines, from aviation and wind energy to environmental science and climate research. By accurately measuring and analyzing σw, researchers and professionals can make informed decisions, optimize operational strategies, and contribute to the advancement of our knowledge of the complex interactions within the Earth's atmosphere.。

台风天气形势下的边界层湍流特征分析

台风天气形势下的边界层湍流特征分析台风天气形势下的边界层湍流特征分析马龙061170047指导老师：彭珍博士、讲师南京大学大气科学学院南京，210093摘要：本文以2006年第6号台风“派比安”为观测试验背景，获取了其在经过试验观测地点—茂名市电白县电城镇博贺海洋气象观测站的各要素变化资料，并以此湍流资料对台风天气形势下的边界层湍流特征进行分析。

结果表明：通过平均场分析，得知台风存在非对称结构，这种非对称结构对台风的运动会产生影响；各特征变量如摩擦速度、拖曳系数、湍强、脉动运动动能、动量通量、热量通量等在台风的不同阶段上的变化具有一定的规律性；某些特征变量两两之间存在着较强甚至十分强的正、负相关性，而且上述相关性在台风不同阶段上的差异可能很大。

关键词：台风；边界层；湍流特征；Analysis on turbulence features in the boundary layer in thetyphoon weather situationMa Long 061170047Supervisor: Doc. Peng ZhenSchool of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093Abstract: In this paper, No.6 Typhoon in 2006, "Paibian" ,has been chosen to be the background for the observation test. Observed through experimental observation of its location - Maoming City Dianbai electric town bohe marine meteorological observation stations, the elements of change in information has been obtained, and this turbulence information has been used to analyze turbulence features on in the typhoon weather situation in the boundary layer. The results showed that: through the mean-field analysis, knowing that there is non-symmetrical structure of the typhoon, this non-symmetry structure can put influence on Typhoon movements; the characteristic variables such as friction velocity, drag coefficient, turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, momentum flux, heat flux and so on, can act on certain rules at different stages of the typhoon and other changes; some two of the features of variable exists comparatively strong or even very strong positive/negative correlation, and the difference of each correlation in different stages of the typhoon can be large.Key Words:Typhoon; boundary layer; turbulence features1/32。

study language英语作文

study language英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Studying a language is a fascinating and rewarding experience that can open up a whole new world of possibilities. Whether you are learning a language for work, travel, or personal enrichment, there are countless benefits to be gained from immersing yourself in a new language and culture. In this essay, we will explore the importance of studying a language, the benefits it can bring, and some tips for how to make the most of your language learning journey.First and foremost, studying a language is important because it allows you to communicate with people from different parts of the world. In our increasingly globalized society, being able to speak a second (or third, or fourth) language can be a valuable skill in both personal and professional settings. It can also help to break down cultural barriers and foster greater understanding and empathy between people of different backgrounds.Furthermore, learning a language can have a positive impact on cognitive function and brain health. Studies have shown that bilingual individuals have better memory, problem-solving skills, and overall cognitive abilities compared to monolinguals. In addition, learning a new language can improve your multitasking abilities and even delay the onset of age-related cognitive decline.In addition to the cognitive benefits, studying a language can also enhance your creativity and problem-solving skills. When you learn a new language, you are exposed to new ways of thinking and expressing ideas, which can help you to think more flexibly and creatively in your own language. Language learning can also improve your ability to solve complex problems by forcing you to think outside the box and consider multiple perspectives.Moreover, studying a language can greatly enrich your travel experiences by allowing you to communicate with locals, navigate unfamiliar situations, and gain a deeper understanding of the culture you are visiting. Learning even just a few phrases in the local language can open doors and create meaningful connections with people you meet along the way.To make the most of your language learning journey, it is important to set clear goals, stay motivated, and practice regularly. Set specific, achievable goals for what you want to achieve with your language learning, whether it's being able to hold a conversation, read a book, or watch a movie in the target language. Stay motivated by finding ways to make your language learning fun and engaging, such as listening to music, watching movies, or chatting with native speakers. And most importantly, practice regularly and consistently to build your skills and improve your fluency over time.In conclusion, studying a language is a valuable and enriching experience that can bring a host of benefits to your personal and professional life. From improving cognitive function and creativity to enhancing travel experiences and cultural understanding, learning a new language is a worthwhile investment of time and effort. So why not embark on your language learning journey today and discover the endless possibilities that await you?篇2Title: The Benefits of Studying a New LanguageLearning a new language is a rewarding experience that can open up a world of opportunities. Whether you are studying for personal enrichment, academic achievement, or professional advancement, there are countless benefits to gaining proficiency in a second language. In this essay, we will explore the advantages of studying a new language and how it can positively impact your life.First and foremost, studying a new language can improve your cognitive abilities. Research has shown that learning a second language can enhance your memory, problem-solving skills, and critical thinking abilities. When you study a new language, you are exercising your brain in new and challenging ways, which can lead to improved overall cognitive function.Additionally, studying a new language can broaden your cultural horizons. Language is closely tied to culture, and by learning a new language, you can gain a deeper understanding of the people, customs, and traditions of the country where that language is spoken. This can foster greater empathy, tolerance, and appreciation for different cultures, ultimately making you a more well-rounded and globally-minded individual.Furthermore, studying a new language can enhance your career prospects. In today's increasingly globalized world,employers value candidates who are proficient in multiple languages. Being able to communicate in a second language can open up job opportunities in a wide range of industries, from international business to tourism to diplomacy. In fact, bilingual or multilingual employees are often sought after for their ability to bridge communication gaps and facilitate collaboration across borders.Moreover, studying a new language can improve your communication skills. When you learn a new language, you are also learning to express yourself in different ways. This can lead to greater clarity, precision, and creativity in your communication, as well as an increased ability to connect with others. Whether you are writing a professional email, giving a presentation, or simply engaging in conversation, being able to communicate effectively in a second language can give you a competitive edge.In conclusion, studying a new language is a valuable and enriching endeavor that can have a lasting impact on your life. From boosting your cognitive abilities to broadening your cultural horizons to enhancing your career prospects to improving your communication skills, the benefits of learning a second language are plentiful. So why not embark on thisexciting journey today and discover the transformative power of language learning?篇3The Importance of Studying a LanguageLanguage is the cornerstone of communication. Whether it be to exchange ideas, share emotions, or simply connect with others, our ability to speak and understand a language is crucial in our day-to-day lives. In today's globalized world, the importance of studying a language cannot be overstated. It not only opens up a world of opportunities but also broadens our horizons and enhances our cultural awareness.One of the most compelling reasons to study a language is the opportunity for personal and professional growth. In a world where businesses are increasingly operating on a global scale, being proficient in a second language can give you a competitive edge in the job market. It not only demonstrates your adaptability and open-mindedness but also allows you to connect with a wider range of clients and colleagues. In fact, many employers now consider bilingualism or multilingualism as a valuable asset when hiring new employees.Furthermore, studying a language can also have a positive impact on your cognitive abilities. Research has shown that learning a second language can improve your memory, problem-solving skills, and overall mental flexibility. It can even delay the onset of age-related cognitive decline and improve your ability to multitask. In short, studying a language is like giving your brain a workout – it helps keep your mind sharp and agile.Another important benefit of studying a language is the opportunity to connect with people from different cultures. Language is not just a means of communication; it is also a reflection of a society's values, beliefs, and traditions. By learning a new language, you gain insight into the customs and perspectives of the people who speak it. This can foster greater empathy and understanding, and help break down barriers between different communities.In addition, studying a language can also be a source of personal enrichment and fulfillment. It allows you to explore new literature, music, films, and other cultural artifacts that may not be available in your native language. It can also provide a sense of accomplishment and pride as you master new vocabulary and grammatical structures. And let's not forget the satisfaction ofbeing able to communicate with people in their own language, whether you're traveling abroad or interacting with multilingual communities in your own country.Of course, studying a language is not always easy. It requires dedication, persistence, and a willingness to step out of your comfort zone. But the rewards far outweigh the challenges. The ability to speak multiple languages can open doors to new friendships, experiences, and opportunities that would otherwise be out of reach. It can also give you a deeper appreciation for the richness and diversity of human language and culture.In conclusion, studying a language is not just a practical skill; it is a transformative experience that can enrich your life in countless ways. Whether you're looking to boost your career prospects, sharpen your mind, or simply connect with others on a deeper level, learning a new language is a worthwhile endeavor. So why wait? Start studying a language today and discover the endless possibilities that await you.。

英语语言学第十一章第二语言习得

▪ Jane advise me to give up smoking. Jane told me to give up smoking. *Jane hoped me to give up smoking. *Jane suggested me to give up smoking.
Cross-association
▪ Cross-association refers to the phenomenon that the close association of the two similar words often leads to confusion, e.g. other/another, much/many,
learning ▪ ItБайду номын сангаасis believed that differences between the native
language and the target language would pose difficulties in second/foreign language learning and teaching,
Errors & mistakes
▪ Errors ---- unintentionally deviant from the target language and not self-corrigible by the learner (failure in competence)；
▪ Mistakes ---- either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible (failure in performance).

语言学习的环境英语作文

语言学习的环境英语作文1. Learning a new language can be both challenging and exciting. It requires dedication and perseverance to master a new language, but the rewards are well worth the effort.2. Immersing yourself in an English-speaking environment is one of the best ways to improve your language skills. By surrounding yourself with native speakers, you can pick up on the nuances of the language and improve your fluency.3. Watching English movies and TV shows can also help you improve your language skills. By listening to native speakers and following along with the dialogue, you can improve your listening comprehension and vocabulary.4. Reading English books and articles is another great way to enhance your language skills. By exposing yourself to written English, you can improve your reading comprehension and grammar.5. Practice speaking English whenever you can, whether it's with native speakers or fellow language learners. The more you practice speaking, the more comfortable you will become with the language.6. Don't be afraid to make mistakes when speaking English. Making mistakes is a natural part of the learning process, and the more you practice, the more confident you will become in your language skills.7. Take advantage of language exchange programs or online language learning platforms to practice your English skills with others. By interacting with different people, you can improve your communication skills and learn from others.8. Remember that language learning is a journey, and progress takes time. Stay motivated and keep practicing, and you will see improvement in your language skills over time.。

北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题

目　录2011年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2012年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2013年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2014年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2015年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解2011年北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心外国语言学及应用语言学真题及详解I. Briefly explain the following terms. (20 points)1．perlocutionary act【答案】According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act illocutionary act perlocutionary act. A perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance. Thus, by saying “Morning!” the speaker has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer.2．minimal pair【答案】Minimal pairs are the two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string. For example, the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.3．distinctive feature【答案】The distinctive feature refers to a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example, “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents in English.4．linguistic variable【答案】Linguistic variable are those where the meaning remain constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different form. So far pronunciation is concerned house [h] and with [h] has same social meaning with different pronunciation. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.5．lingua franca【答案】It is a language that is used for communication between different groups of people, each speaking a different language. The lingua franca couldbe an internationally used language of communication (e. g. English), it could be the native language of one of the groups, or it could be a language which is not spoken natively by any of the groups but has a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary and is often a mixture of two or more languages.II. Answer the following questions. (30 points)1．Why do we say linguistics is a science? (10 points)【答案】Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It tries to answer the basic questions “What is language?” and “How does language work?” Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g. English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies languages in general.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts, which arc found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation; that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.（此题考查语言学作为一门学科其科学性，此题开放性试题，从其研究内容及方法角度作答即可。

prentice hall study on listening process

prentice hall study on listening process Title: The Prentice Hall Study on the Listening ProcessThe Prentice Hall study on the listening process offers a comprehensive understanding of how humans absorb and interpret auditory information.普伦蒂斯霍尔关于听力过程的研究提供了人类如何吸收和解释听觉信息的全面理解。

At the core of this research lies the recognition that listening is not a passive activity, but an active, multi-faceted process. 这项研究的核心在于认识到听力不是一种被动活动，而是一种积极、多面的过程。

The study emphasizes the critical role of attention in the listening process, as it allows individuals to focus on relevant information and filter out distractions.研究强调注意力在听力过程中的关键作用，因为它使人们能够专注于相关信息并过滤掉干扰。

Furthermore, the Prentice Hall study highlights the importance of comprehension, which involves decoding the meaning of the message and integrating it with one's own knowledge and experiences.此外，普伦蒂斯霍尔的研究还强调了理解的重要性，这包括解码信息的含义并将其与个人的知识和经验相结合。

胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结

胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结Define the following terms:1. design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.2. function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonalfunction,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviouslyinconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixedinstant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,ying down rules for language use. 9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such aspsychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, an thropological linguistics,et16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20． Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds. 21． Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22． Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.23． Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24． Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25． Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26． Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/. 27． Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.28． Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.29． Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there isapproximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.30． Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.31． Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.32． IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.33． Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principalsupra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation. 34． Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,and intonation.35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering themeaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.36. compound oly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such asnumber,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.38. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.41. allomorph:; any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.42. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.44. free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of anindependent word.45. lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of aword(e.g.”dog in the manger”)46. lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47. grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.49. open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.51. loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52. loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53. leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.54. acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.55. loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57. assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.58. dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.59. folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous 60. category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.61. concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the formsof two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.63. paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.64. immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65. endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.66. exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.67. deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.68. surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation ofa construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69. c-command: one of the similarities, or of the more general features, in these two government relations, is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.70. government and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Gram mar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point, of the utterance.71. communicative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72. ideational function: the speaker’s expe rience of the real world,including the inner world of his own consciousness.73. interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..74. textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used. 75. conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.76. denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates itto phenomena in the real world.77. connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78. reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79. reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.80. sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.81. synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.82. complentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.83. gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.84. converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers ofa pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such asbuy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.85. relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other. Theshorter,better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.86. hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)87. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,88. semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g<+human>89. compositionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90. selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take,e.g.regret requires a human subject.91. prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92. proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93. predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.94. assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change orprocess by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95. cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a “recognition lexicon”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistion element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96. context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97. frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98. inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone has said,and so on.It includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinarysense,e.g.in a specific context.99. immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered. 100. language perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,sight.101. language comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research, which studies the understanding of language.102. language production: a goal-directed activity, in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends, influence people, convey information and so on.103. language production: a goal-directed activity, in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends, influence people, convey information and so on.104. lexical ambiguity: ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings: e.g. that of I saw a bat, where a bat might refer to an animal or, among others, stable tennis bat.105. macro proposition: general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story. 106. modular: which a assumes that the mind is structured into separate modules or components, each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.107. parsing: the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents, traditionally e.g. to pupils learning lat in grammar.108. propositions: whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement. It is a property of propositions that they have truth values.109. psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure. Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholinguistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind, and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow with empirical matters, such as speed of response to a particular word).110. psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar, etc. as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker. Often opposed, in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars, to criteria of simplicity, elegance, and internal consistency.111. schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.112. story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.113. writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing development.114. communicative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules, conventions, etc. governing the skilled use of language in a society. Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept o f competence, in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.115. gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is”genden difference”116. linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,nguage determines thought.117. linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages.118. linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.119. sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.120. sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.121. variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics, which studies the relationship between speakers’ social starts and phonological variations.122. performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something, as apposed to a constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false.123. constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.124. locutionary act: the act of saying something; it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely., the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.125. illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something; its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.126. perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it’s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.127. conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.128. entailment: relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other :e.g.”Mary is running” entails, among other things,”Mary is not standing still”.129. ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-entail.130. communicative principle of relevance: every act of ostensive communicationcommunicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.131. relevance: a property that any utterance, or a proposition that it communicates, must, in the nature of communication, necessarily have.132. Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e. Make your contribution necessary (G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).133. division of pragmatic labor: the use of a marked relatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unmarked a(simpler, less “effortful”)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).134. constraints on Horn scales: the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..135. third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world, he or she is usually called a third –person narrator.136. I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event.137. direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.138. indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.139. indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.140. narrator’s representation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of passage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse, and therefore even more backgrounder than indirect speech representation would be.141. narrator” representation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts. For example, she considered his unpunctuality.142. indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech .For example, she thought that he would be late.143. fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur, which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.144. narrator’s representation of thought acts: a kind of the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g. He spent the day thinking.145. indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech. For example, she thought that he would be late.146. fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur, which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.147. narrator’s representation of thought: the ca tegories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g. He spent the day thinking.148. free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech, e.g. He was bound to be late.149. direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..150. computer system: the machine itself together with a keyboard, printer, screen, disk drives ,programs, etc.151. computer literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.152. computer linguistics: a branch of applied linguistics ,dealing with computer processing of human language.153. Call: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.154. programmed instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress, to direct students into appropriate lessons, material, etc.155. local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom, lab, or building. They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.156. CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quich access to the information. Students and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.157. machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.158. concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word, sequence of words. or perhaps even a part of speech in a text. The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word, usually in a context ,which is a further aid to the linguist .It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered. 159. annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain text, whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information, 160. annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain text, whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information. 161. informational retri: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately, applied to the type of actrvity discussed in this volume.An information retri system does not infor(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(ornon-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request.162. document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships,between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retri strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information retri.163. precision: the proportion of retri documents which are relevant.164. recall: the proportion of retri documents which are relevant.165. applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching,and other areas such as translation,the compiling of dictionaries,etc166. communicative competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.167. syllabus:the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of the cousr content,teaching procedures and learning experiences.168. interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.169. transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language.When structures of the two languages are similar,we can get positive transfer of facilitation;when the two languages are different in structures,negative transfer of inference occurs and result in errors.170. validity: the degree to which a test meansures what it is meant to measure.There are four kinds of validity,i.e.content validity,construct validity,empirical valiodity,and face validity.171. rebiability: can be defined as consistency.There are two kinds of reliability,i.e.stability reliability,and equiralence reliability.172. hypercorrection: overuse of a standard linguistic features,in terms of both frequency,i.e.overpassing the speakers of higher social status,and overshooting the target,i.e.extending the use of a form inalinguistic environment where it is not expected to occur,For example,pronouncing ideas as[ai’dier],extending pronouncing post-vocalic/r/ in an envorienment where it’s not supposed to occur.173. discrete point test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.174. integrative test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology, syntax and lexis.。

我和爸爸去小河边观察柳树英语作文

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：我和爸爸去小河边观察柳树英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Dad and I Observing Willow Trees by the CreekLast weekend, my dad surprised me by suggesting we go on a little nature walk by the creek near our house. He said he wanted to show me something really cool. I was kind of skepticalat first - dad and I don't always see eye-to-eye on what's "cool" these days. But I decided to humor him and go along. Little did I know it would turn into such an awesome adventure!We headed out after breakfast on Saturday morning. It was a beautiful early spring day - the sun was shining, the temperatures were mild, and everything was just starting to turn green again after winter. The creek isn't too far from our neighborhood, just a short bike ride away through the park.When we got there, dad led me off the main trail and onto a smaller dirt path that follows right alongside the creek. The creek itself was only about 10 or 15 feet wide, with clear water gently flowing over rocks and between the banks where tall grasses and wildflowers were just starting to emerge."This is one of my favorite spots," dad said as we settled onto a fallen log right by the water's edge. "Just look at all the willow trees growing along here."That's when I noticed them - dozens of willow trees lining both sides of the creek as far as I could see in either direction. Their long, thin branches dripped down towards the water's surface like decorative green curtains. The way they seemed to sway so effortlessly in the light breeze was almost hypnotic."Wow, I never really paid much attention to them before," I admitted. "They're actually kind of cool looking."Dad smiled and nodded. "Willows are incredible trees. Did you know they're one of the fastest growing trees around? And those branches you see drooping down towards the water are really unique."He stood up and walked over to one of the larger willow trees, its trunk easily five feet thick around. Dad reached down and grabbed one of the dangling branches, stroking its long, slender leaves."See how flexible and almost rubbery these branches are? That's because they're filled with this really water-saturated inner wood. It makes the branches incredibly resilient and tough to break, yet still supple enough to sway back and forth however the wind or currents pull them."Dad let go of the branch and it immediately whipped back like a jump rope snapping through the air before settling back into its graceful hanging position. He came back over and sat down again."Willows are sometimes called 'nature's air conditioners' because of how effective they are at cooling the air around themthrough transpiration," he went on. "All those narrow leaves are perfect for releasing moisture, even as the branches help shade and insulate the area underneath."I nodded, trying my best to look interested despite my lingering skepticism about trees being all that fascinating. But dad definitely seemed to be hitting his stride."The Cherokee tribe and many other Native American peoples actually used willow bark as an analgesic and fever reducer because it contains a natural form of salicylic acid - the main compound in aspirin today. In fact, the word 'willow' comes from an ancient word meaning 'sallow tree' referring to that unique bark."Dad paused, maybe waiting for me to jump in. When I didn't, he pressed on."And you'll never guess what they used willow wood for in many Asian cultures...""What?" I asked, happy to briefly engage if it would keep him going."Crafting high-quality cricket bats!" Dad grinned widely. "The combination of strength and flexibility in willow woodmade it perfect for that. Some of the best bats in the world are still made from willow."Now that was kind of a cool fact. I watched in amusement as dad enthusiastically launched into more details about different willow species around the world and how they've been used traditionally for everything from basket weaving to furniture making to ceremonial fires and smokeless fuel.As he spoke, I realized I had severely underestimated how much there was to learn and appreciate about this один humble tree. Dad's passion for exploring the outdoors and all its wonders - no matter how seemingly small or simple - was clearly evident and strangely infectious.For the next hour or so we just sat there together, watching the clear creek water rush calmly by, observing the willows swaying in the breeze. Dad would periodically interject with another fascinating fact or anecdote about willow trees that had me looking at them through fresh eyes.At one point, a blue heron soared overhead and landed gracefully among the willow branches on the opposite bank, almost as if putting on a private show just for us. Dad and I grinned at each other, a secret acknowledgment of how special this moment was.Eventually, my stomach started growling, signaling it was time to head back for lunch. As we walked back along the trail, I felt an unexpected pang of gratitude for dad taking me on this little excursion.So often I'm caught up in my own world - social media, video games, worrying about school and friends and whatever teenage dramas are unfolding. It was weirdly refreshing to just spend a morning immersed in nature, away from all those distractions and preoccupations, closely observing and learning about something as deceptively simple, yet complex, as a willow tree.More than that though, it felt great connecting with dad over that shared sense of curiosity and wonder about the natural world around us. Those are feelings and values he's always tried to instill in my sister and me as we've grown up. But it's easy to lose touch with or take for granted sometimes amidst the turbulence of adolescence.As we pulled into the driveway back home, dad put his hand on my shoulder and smiled. "Thanks for humoring your old man and coming out with me today. I know willows aren't exactly the most thrilling topic for a teenage boy, but I had a really nice time."I smiled back and gave him a fist bump. "Are you kidding? It was actually really interesting. Who knew there was so much cool stuff to learn about willow trees?"Dad chuckled. "See, that's the amazing thing about nature. You just have to take the time to slow down, observe, and appreciate it once in a while. The cool stuff is everywhere if you know where to look."I had to agree. My newfound appreciation for willow trees was proof of that. And who knows, maybe there are other awesome sights, smells and experiences waiting to be discovered if I keep my eyes, ears and mind open like dad.As we headed inside, I felt closer to my dad than I hadin a long time. I made a silent vow to myself to never write off his invitations to connect and explore the outdoors together again. Because you never know when you might end up stumbling across something extraordinarily eye-opening in the most ordinary of places.篇2My Willow Tree Observation with DadThis past weekend, my dad and I went down to the small river that runs behind our neighborhood to observe the willowtrees growing along the banks. Dad is a biology teacher, and he's always trying to get me interested in nature and the living world around us. I'll admit, I'm usually more interested in video games and my phone, but I do enjoy getting outside with him from time to time.As we approached the river, I could see the willows right away with their long, drooping branches swaying gently in the light breeze. The bright green leaves seemed to shimmer as they twisted and turned. "Those are weeping willows," Dad said. "They have such a distinctive look with those long, trailing branches."We settled down on the grassy bank and Dad pulled out a small notebook from his backpack. He always takes notes whenever we go on these little nature explorations. I pulled out my phone to take some pictures and videos. Dad shot me a mild look of disapproval, but then smiled and shook his head. I think he knows by now that's just how I engage with the world.We sat in silence for a while, observing the willows. After a few minutes, Dad began pointing out details. "Notice how the branches are so slender and flexible, bending whichever way the wind blows. That's an adaptation to help them avoid breaking in strong winds and storms."I nodded, seeing what he meant. The branches dipped and swayed dramatically, but they were amazingly bendable instead of stiff and brittle. "And see how the leaves are long and thin too?" Dad continued. "That narrow shape allows the wind to pass through them easily as well."As I watched the willow branches moving elegantly in the breeze, I could understand why they had a weeping sort of look about them. The leaves and branches almost seemed like long ribbons blowing in the wind. It was quite mesmerizing.Dad then pointed out some other features of the willows. "The bark is rough and craggy, unlike the smooth bark of trees like beeches or maples. And the overall form is so irregular and twisting, not a straight trunk with rigid branches."I could see why the willows almost appeared wild or unkempt compared to other trees. While maples or oaks looked very sturdy and firmly rooted, the willows seemed almost unruly, their branches whipping every which way.After about twenty minutes of quiet observation, Dad started telling me some really interesting facts about willows. "Did you know willow trees are incredibly important for preventing soil erosion along riverbanks? All those branching roots help hold the soil in place."I didn't know that, but it made sense seeing how densely the willows seemed to be clustered together right at the water's edge. Dad went on to explain how willow roots also help filter out pollutants and sediments before they can flow into the river, helping keep the water clean."Willows are also a key species for a ton of other life," Dad said eagerly. "The bark and branches provide food and nesting materials for beavers, deer browse on the thin branches, the roots nourish insects and small fish..." As he went on listing all the creatures that relied on willows, I was struck by how interconnected it all was. The willows created this whole thriving ecosystem just by virtue of their place along the river.Dad then shared another fascinating fact - willows are incredibly important for First Nations people across North America. "The bark, branches, and leaves have a huge number of medicinal uses for everything from pain relief to treating infections. The flexible branches were also used for basketry and other craftwork."Listening to Dad, I developed a whole new appreciation for these trees I'd barely noticed before, just one of many lining the riverbank. They turned out to be highly valuable for theenvironment and human cultures. Who knew such an unassuming tree could be so multi-purpose and vital?After about an hour of observations and discussions, we pulled out the sandwiches Dad had packed for a little picnic lunch by the river. As I ate, I felt oddly relaxed and at peace sitting there surrounded by the gently swaying willows. The sound of the soft breeze through the leaves and branches almost had a calming, rhythmic quality.Once we finished eating, Dad pulled out an activity he'd prepared. He had a sketch pad and some colored pencils, and instructed me to try drawing or sketching one of the willow branches. At first I laughed at the idea, knowing my total lack of artistic ability. But then I thought, why not give it a shot?I chose a willow hanging right over the edge of the river, its delicate leaves and slim branches dipping into the water's surface. I started trying to capture the way the branch curved and twisted, the irregular spacing of the slender offshoots, the loose drape of the leaves. It was harder than it looked to get the essence of the willow's flowy, carefree form.Dad worked on his own sketch, giving me tips along the way about varying my pencil strokes and shading to capture the three-dimensional shape and textures. While my final result waspretty amateurish, I felt a sense of accomplishment for trying something new and really studying the finer details of the willows.On the walk back home, I felt re-energized and refreshed from our afternoon outdoors. Observing the willows up close had allowed me to tap into a sense of appreciation for the natural world that tech and screens normally block out. And doing it alongside my dad made it feel like a bonding experience rather than a lecture.As we crossed over the creek near our house, I stopped to take one last look at the willows lining the banks, their branches dreamily skimming the flowing water. "Thanks for sharing your willow wisdom with me today, Dad," I said. "I'll never look at those trees the same way."Dad smiled, clearly pleased I'd enjoyed myself. "You're very welcome. Maybe next time we can look at the different species of oak trees and you can try sketching their unique bark patterns." He puts his arm around me and we head inside, me secretly looking forward to our next dad-son nature outing.篇3My Dad and I Observing Willow Trees by the Little RiverIt was a sunny Saturday morning in early spring when my dad asked if I wanted to go on a little nature walk with him down by the river. At first I wasn't too excited about it - I'd rather stay inside playing video games all day. But dad convinced me that some fresh air and exercise would do me good. He also mentioned we could observe the willow trees that line the riverbank, since we had been learning about them in science class. That piqued my interest enough to get me out the door.We live just a few blocks away from a lovely little river that winds its way through our town. It's nothing huge or powerful, but a calm, gentle stream perfect for an easy stroll along the paved path that runs beside it. As we headed that way, the warm spring breeze was such a nice change from the bitter cold winds we had been dealing with all winter long.When we arrived at the riverbank, the first thing I noticed was the bright green fuzzy buds appearing on the willow branches, signaling that spring had arrived at last. In my science textbook, it had mentioned that willow trees are one of the earliest to awaken from dormancy and send out their new foliage. Most other trees were still bare skeletons at this point."Looks like the willows are among the first to leaf out," my dad noted, mirroring my thoughts. "Their buds really are fuzzy this year. Let's get a closer look."We wandered over to the closest willow and my dad reached up to pluck off a slender branch covered in the soft buds. Up close, they really did have an almost fur-like texture. I gently rubbed my fingers over the fluffy covering."That's so weird and cool at the same time," I said. "I wonder why they are so fuzzy like that?""An excellent question," replied my dad. "I did a little reading about willows in preparation for our walk today. That fuzzy coating actually helps protect the delicate leaves while they are still tightly furled up in the buds. It insulates them against any lingering cold snaps we might get this early in spring.""Oh yeah, I remember learning about that in science class - how trees have different adaptations to deal with changing seasons and environments. That furry coating must be the willow's adaptation then," I said, feeling proud of myself for making the connection.My dad smiled, "Exactly right. The fuzz helps guard the leaves until it's warm enough for the buds to fully open. Once theleaves unfurl, the fuzzy coating falls away since it's no longer needed."We spent the next few minutes examining and discussing the interesting buds from multiple angles. My dad pointed out the brown cap-like coverings protecting each bud."Those are called scales," he explained. "They provide another layer of protection for the leaves inside until they are ready to break free."I was already gaining a new appreciation for the willows lining the riverbank. Such ordinary trees that I had pretty much ignored up until now, but with some closer observation I realized how intricate and purposefully designed they were. From the fuzzy buds to the protective scales, everything seemed to serve such an important purpose for the tree's growth and survival. It was all quite fascinating when you stopped to pay attention.As we strolled further down the path, the variety of willows became more apparent. Some had bright yellow branches while others were more of a dull gray-brown. A few towered high above the river while most stayed rather small and twisted, almost bent over towards the water."These different sizes and colors indicate several different species of willow," my dad said. "Like the weeping willow with those long drooping branches. Then you've got the broader, bushier varieties mixed in."He reached down and picked up a branch from the ground, holding it horizontally to demonstrate. "See how flexible and bendable these branches are? That's what gives willows their uniquely twisting growth patterns as they sway and contort in the wind over many years."I gave the branch a try myself, easily bending it into all sorts of curved shapes without it breaking. My dad informed me this flexible, bendable nature made willow branches useful for things like basket weaving and furniture throughout history. Once again, I was struck by the purposeful design of this tree - its branches perfectly suited for crafting utilitarian items for humans.We spent the next half hour or so winding our way along the riverbank, pausing every few minutes to examine a different willow species up close. My dad seemed to have a wealth of knowledge about each one that he eagerly passed along to me. My initial reluctance about this little nature outing had completely faded away, replaced by a childlike sense of curiosity and wonder.At one point, my dad called me over to see some fuzzy catkins hanging from the branches of one willow variety. As I leaned in to inspect them, he grabbed the branch and gave it a gentle shake directly over my head. Suddenly, I was showered with a cloud of white fluff floating down from the catkins - almost like make-shift willow "snow.""Hey!" I laughed as the fluff stuck to my hair and jacket. Two could play at that game. I snatched a low-hanging branch loaded with catkins and shook it right back at my dad, surrounding him in the same white drifts. We both cracked up at our silly antics, anyway reminiscing about past winter days spent frolicking and tossing real snow at each other.As the late morning sunlight filtered through the willow branches dancing in the breeze, I felt a warmth inside that went beyond just our spring-like temperatures. Spending this quality time with my dad, learning about nature and making new memories together, it filled my heart in a way that video games or slouching around the house never could. So often I took the simple joys of childhood for granted - but moments like this were the stuff I hoped to look back on someday and cherish.All too soon, our willow walk had to come to an end as my dad checked his watch and mentioned needing to get back forsome errands. As we headed back home, I committed every observed detail about those riverside willows to memory. From the fuzzy buds and protective scales to the varying branch colors, patterns and uses, I knew these trees in a way I never had before. More importantly, I gained a new appreciation for taking the time to go explore the nature around me. To stop and really observe the intricacies of something as seemingly simple as a willow tree. Because if you slow down and look closely enough, there is beauty and purpose to everything in the natural world.My dad must have sensed the impressions this little excursion had made on me. As we walked back home, he draped his arm across my shoulders and said, "You know, we should do outings like this more often. Get out and experience firsthand some of the things you read about in your textbooks at school. You can only learn so much from books - the real learning happens when you see it all with your own eyes out in nature itself."I smiled up at him and replied, "I'd really like that, Dad. Maybe we can come back in a few weeks and see how those willow buds have opened up into full leaves."He gave me an approving squeeze around the shoulders. "It's a date then. The willows will be our excuse, but I'm justlooking forward to more quality father-son time like we had today."Me too, Dad. As I opened up my science notebook that evening to jot down my willowy observations, I made a mental note as well - to never take opportunities like this for granted again. Because getting out to enjoy the natural world, learn new things, and create lasting memories with my dad...well, those were the things life was truly about. Fuzzy little willow buds were just the start of it.。

影响英语学习的因素英语作文

影响英语学习的因素英语作文The acquisition of a second language, particularly English, has become an increasingly important aspect of personal and professional development in today's globalized world. However, the process of learning English can be influenced by various factors, both internal and external, that can either facilitate or hinder an individual's progress. In this essay, we will explore some of the key factors that can impact the learning of the English language.One of the primary factors that can influence English language learning is the learner's motivation. Motivation can be intrinsic, where the individual has a genuine desire to learn the language for personal fulfillment or career advancement, or extrinsic, where the motivation is driven by external factors, such as the need to pass an exam or to communicate with English-speaking individuals. Learners with a strong intrinsic motivation are more likely to persist in their language learning efforts, even in the face of challenges, and to develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of the language.Another significant factor is the learner's age. It is widely acceptedthat younger learners, particularly children, have an advantage in acquiring a second language due to the plasticity of their brains and their natural ability to pick up new sounds and grammatical structures more easily. Older learners, on the other hand, may face some challenges in terms of pronunciation and the acquisition of new vocabulary, but they often have the advantage of greater cognitive maturity and the ability to apply more effective learning strategies.The learner's prior language experience and linguistic background can also play a crucial role in English language learning. Individuals who have already acquired proficiency in one or more languages may find it easier to learn English, as they can draw upon their existing knowledge of language structures, grammar, and vocabulary. Conversely, learners whose native language is significantly different from English, such as those from non-Indo-European language backgrounds, may face greater challenges in mastering the intricacies of the English language.The learning environment is another key factor that can impact English language acquisition. Learners who have access to a rich and supportive language-learning environment, with ample opportunities for interaction, practice, and exposure to authentic English, are more likely to develop strong language skills. This can include access to English-language media, opportunities to engage with native Englishspeakers, and the availability of high-quality language instruction and resources.The role of the learner's attitude and beliefs about language learning can also be a significant factor. Learners who have a positive and confident attitude towards learning English, and who believe in their ability to succeed, are more likely to persist in their efforts and to achieve higher levels of proficiency. Conversely, learners who have negative beliefs about their language-learning abilities or who experience anxiety or frustration in the learning process may struggle to make progress.The quality and effectiveness of the language instruction and teaching methods used can also have a substantial impact on English language learning. Learners who receive instruction from qualified and experienced teachers, who employ a variety of engaging and effective teaching strategies, and who have access to high-quality learning materials and resources, are more likely to succeed in their language learning endeavors.Finally, the learner's personal characteristics, such as their learning style, cognitive abilities, and personality traits, can also influence their English language learning. Some individuals may be more auditory learners, while others may prefer visual or kinesthetic approaches. Similarly, factors like intelligence, memory capacity, andattention span can all play a role in an individual's ability to acquire a new language.In conclusion, the factors that can impact English language learning are diverse and multifaceted. From the learner's motivation and age to their linguistic background and learning environment, each of these elements can play a significant role in shaping an individual's language learning journey. By understanding and addressing these factors, both learners and language educators can work to create the optimal conditions for successful English language acquisition.。

火车和飞机安全英语作文

火车和飞机安全英语作文Train and Airplane Safety。

With the development of transportation, more and more people choose to travel by train or airplane. However, safety issues have always been a concern for travelers. In this essay, we will discuss the safety measures of trains and airplanes and provide some tips on how to ensure a safe journey.Firstly, let's talk about train safety. Trains are generally considered a safe mode of transportation, with a lower accident rate compared to other vehicles. However, accidents can still happen due to various reasons such as human error, mechanical failure, or natural disasters. To ensure the safety of train travel, it is important tofollow the rules and regulations set by the railway authorities. Passengers should always stay behind the yellow line on the platform, listen to announcements, and follow the instructions of the train staff. In case of anemergency, passengers should remain calm and follow the evacuation procedures.In addition, it is also important to pay attention to personal safety on trains. Passengers should keep their belongings close to them and never leave them unattended. It is also advisable to avoid standing near the doors or leaning out of the windows while the train is moving. By following these safety measures, passengers can minimize the risk of accidents and enjoy a safe journey.Now, let's move on to airplane safety. Air travel is considered one of the safest modes of transportation, with strict regulations and safety protocols in place. Before boarding the plane, passengers are required to go through security checks to ensure that no prohibited items are brought on board. During the flight, passengers are advised to fasten their seat belts, follow the instructions of the flight attendants, and remain seated during turbulence. In case of an emergency landing, passengers should listen to the safety instructions given by the crew and follow the evacuation procedures.To ensure a safe flight, it is important for passengers to be aware of the safety features of the aircraft and to remain calm in case of an emergency. It is also advisable to avoid consuming excessive alcohol or drugs before or during the flight, as this can impair judgment and reaction time. By following these safety measures, passengers can enjoy a safe and comfortable journey to their destination.In conclusion, both trains and airplanes are safe modes of transportation when proper safety measures are followed. By being aware of the rules and regulations, staying alert, and following the instructions of the authorities, passengers can ensure a safe journey and arrive at their destination without any incidents. Remember, safety always comes first when traveling, so make sure to prioritize your well-being and that of others when on board a train or airplane.。

语言学习环境英语作文

语言学习环境英语作文Creating an English Learning Environment。

As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the ability to communicate in English has become more important than ever. For many people, creating an English learning environment is essential to improving their language skills. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of creating an English learning environment and provide some practicaltips for doing so.First and foremost, creating an English learning environment is important because it allows learners to immerse themselves in the language. By surrounding themselves with English speakers and English-language materials, learners can improve their listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. This immersion is essentialfor developing fluency and confidence in using the language. One way to create an English learning environment is tosurround oneself with English-language materials. This can include books, magazines, newspapers, and online articles. By reading a variety of materials in English, learners can improve their vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension skills. Additionally, watching English-language television shows, movies, and videos can help learners improve theirlistening and speaking skills.Another important aspect of creating an Englishlearning environment is to find opportunities to practice speaking and listening to English. This can be done by joining English-speaking clubs or conversation groups,where learners can engage in conversations with native speakers and other learners. Additionally, finding a language exchange partner who is fluent in English can provide valuable opportunities for practicing speaking and listening skills.In addition to surrounding oneself with English-language materials and finding opportunities to practice speaking and listening, learners can also create an English learning environment by setting specific language learninggoals. By setting realistic and achievable goals, learners can stay motivated and focused on improving their language skills. For example, a learner might set a goal to learn 10 new English words each week or to have a 30-minute conversation in English every day.Finally, creating an English learning environment also involves creating a supportive and encouraging atmosphere for language learning. This can be done by finding a language tutor or joining a language learning community where learners can receive feedback, support, and encouragement from others who are also learning English.In conclusion, creating an English learning environment is essential for improving language skills. By surrounding oneself with English-language materials, finding opportunities to practice speaking and listening, setting specific language learning goals, and creating a supportive atmosphere for language learning, learners can make significant progress in their English language skills. With dedication and perseverance, anyone can create an English learning environment and achieve fluency in the language.。

语言学习环境英语四级作文

语言学习环境英语四级作文Creating an ideal language learning environment can be both exciting and challenging. First off, finding resources that cater to your learning style is key. Whether it's watching English movies, listening to podcasts, or using language learning apps, there's a ton of material out there to explore.Practice makes perfect, so don't be afraid to put your English to the test. Joining an English speaking club or finding a language exchange partner can be a great way to immerse yourself in the language and improve your fluency. It's always more fun to learn with others!Don't forget the importance of a positive mindset. Believing in yourself and your ability to learn is crucial. Set realistic goals and celebrate your achievements, evenif they're small. Remember, every journey begins with a single step.Also, don't be afraid to make mistakes. Language learning is a process, and we all make mistakes along the way. Use them as learning opportunities and don't be too hard on yourself. After all, we're all here to improve.Lastly, make it fun! Learning a new language can be enjoyable if you find ways to incorporate it into your daily life. Watch your favorite shows in English, sing along to English songs, or even try reading a book in the language. The more you enjoy the process, the more likely you are to stick with it and see progress.。

Creating a Language Environment to Promote Student

• Task: We will examine practical approaches for educators and language learners, focusing on creating a conducive learning environment, utilizing technology and resources, and implementing engaging and interactive language activities. By the end of this discussion, participants should have a clear understanding of how to establish an effective language environment that promotes student engagement and language proficiency.
• Classification: Language environment can be classified into natural language environment and artificial language environment. Natural language environment refers to the linguistic condit, such as family, community, and social interactions, while artificial language environment refers to the linguistic conditions created by educational institutions or language learning programs.

the study based on an area -回复

the study based on an area -回复主题：[关于社交媒体对青少年心理健康的影响]导言：社交媒体的兴起和普及给人们的生活带来了巨大的变化。

特别是对于青少年来说，社交媒体成为了他们日常生活中必不可少的组成部分。

然而，随着时间的推移，人们开始关注社交媒体对青少年心理健康的影响。

本文将一步一步回答关于这一主题的问题，并提供相关研究支持。

问题1：社交媒体对青少年心理健康有什么影响？青少年在社交媒体上花费大量的时间可能会导致心理健康问题。

根据研究，社交媒体使用与青少年的孤独感、抑郁症和焦虑症状之间存在正相关关系。

社交媒体上的不健康内容（如欺凌、暴力、虚假信息等）也可能对他们产生负面影响。

此外，社交媒体还为青少年带来了社交比较、自尊心问题和身体形象问题。

问题2：社交媒体使用与青少年心理健康问题之间的关联是否为因果关系？确切确定社交媒体使用与青少年心理健康问题之间的因果关系并不容易。

一方面，一些研究表明，青少年在使用社交媒体时可能陷入负面情绪和心理健康问题，而另一方面，也有研究指出，那些已经存在心理健康问题的青少年更容易过度使用社交媒体。

因此，两者之间的关系尚未完全确定，需要进一步的研究来解析。

问题3：如何应对青少年在社交媒体上的心理健康问题？为了帮助青少年管理社交媒体使用，以下是一些建议：1. 建立良好的沟通：家长和教育机构应该与青少年保持良好的沟通，鼓励他们分享他们在社交媒体上的体验，并提供支持和指导。

2. 限制使用时间：制定合理的社交媒体使用时间限制，确保青少年有足够的时间从事其他健康的活动，如户外运动、读书等。

3. 鼓励平衡：教导青少年保持社交媒体使用和现实生活之间的平衡。

强调社交媒体只是一种社交工具，而不是生活的全部。

4. 推动积极内容：青少年需要了解如何选择和分享积极、有益的内容。

鼓励他们关注心理健康、自我发展和对他人的关怀。

结论：社交媒体对青少年心理健康有着明显的影响，虽然目前尚未确定其因果关系，但我们可以采取措施来减少消极影响并帮助青少年更好地管理社交媒体使用。

全国2019届高考英语(译林版)一轮复习练习：选修8 3 Unit 3知能演练轻松闯关 Word版含解析

课时练1阅读理解提速练Ⅰ阅读理解A(2018·河北衡水中学高三一调)International Studies(BA文学士)Key features●Recognizes the “global community”●Has close connections with practical research●Much of the teaching is done in small discussion groupsAbout the courseThe course focuses on the complex relations between nation states.It will provide more opportunity to study specific issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union，third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of international bodies such as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.The course applies theories to the working of the international system with close attention to particular countries.It provides students with a better knowledge of ways to solve international problems.Related coursesBA (Hons) Community ManagementBA (Hons) Public Policy and ManagementEmployment possibilitiesInternational organizationsInternational businessEarth Science(BSc理学士)Key features●Based on key courses and the latest research findings●Pays much attention to practical skills●Offers chances for fieldworkAbout the courseThe demand and competition for natural resources is becoming an increasingly serious problem for the future of mankind.Graduates in Earth Science will play an important role in meeting this demand, and in how these natural resources will be used.The course covers geography and geology(地质学)．You will carry out fieldwork in the UK and possibly abroad, and in your final year complete a research project in an area of interest to you.Related coursesBSc (Hons) GeographyBSc (Hons) GeologyEmployment possibilitiesMineral, oil, water or other related engineering industries【解题导语】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了两种学位课程的相关信息。

Types of Turbulence(湍流类型)

Turbulence Categories
• Light turbulence - briefly causes slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude. • Light chop - slight, rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness without noticeable changes in altitude or attitude. • Moderate turbulence - similar to light turbulence, but greater intensity. Changes in altitude/attitude occur. Aircraft remains in control at all times. Variation in indicated air speed. • Moderate chop - similar to light chop, but greater intensity. Rapid jolts without obvious changes in altitude or attitude. • Severe turbulence - large, abrupt changes in altitude/attitude. Large variation in indicated airspeed. Aircraft may be temporarily out of control. • Extreme turbulence - aircraft is violently tossed about and is impossible to control. May cause structural damage.

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