Chinese Philosopy I
最新中国传统文化第二章 传统文化的灵魂——中国哲学
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说明从西 周到战国时期， 不少思想家已 经初步认识到 人类自身的价 值，表现出人 们的主体意识 的觉醒。
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天道自然：the natural law of Heaven
孔子对于要 靠人自身努力的 论断，是“天道 自然”的理论萌 芽。
刘禹锡认为，是 人在不能掌握自己的 命运时创造了“神”， 并不是真有什么“神” 能决定人的命运。
“天人交相胜” 的观点，全面的探讨 了与自然、社会状 况与自然法则的相互 关系，在中国天人之 际的哲学问题上作出 了很大贡献。
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有关“天人关系”的四种观点：
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重人事轻天道 天道自然 天人相分 天人交相胜
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重人事轻天道：stressing the importance of human activities over the manifestation of Heaven's will
一方面要 否定天道迷信， 另一方面还要 发挥人的聪明 才智，利用天 时地利等自然 条件，实现人 的预定目的。
天时： favorable climatic
地利： geographical
人和： human
conditions
古人在军 事上十分重视 天时、地利、 和人事，逐渐 认识把知人事 作为知天时、 知地利的中心 一环。
Chinese Philosophy 02-3
以老庄为代表的先秦道家，在天道观上崇 尚自然无为，在人道观上追求自由逍遥， 其道法自然、德尚自由的思想主张，成为 秦汉以降中央集权统治和文化专制主义的 解毒良药，并为道教信仰的创立、魏晋玄 学的兴起和佛教哲学的传入铺平了道路。 道家哲学属于自然哲学范畴，以天道自然 蕴涵人道自由，在诸子百家中独树一臶， 哲学品位最高。
坚白离：坚白石≡坚石∨白石（特征析取）
坚白盈：坚石∧白石≡坚白石（存在合取）
其一，“白”与“坚”描述石灰岩的两种不同 感性特征，彼此离散。“视不得其所坚而得其 所白，无坚也；拊不得其所白而得其所坚，无 白也。” 其二，“离”的意思是隐藏不见。触觉感知坚 硬时，白色隐藏不见；视觉感知白色时，坚硬 隐藏不见。“故知与不知相与离，见与不见相 与藏。藏故，孰谓不离？” 其三，坚硬和白色不仅是相互分离的感性特征， 而且还可以进一步与石灰岩分离，成为一般化 的抽象特征或可能性的独立特征。“坚未与石 为坚，而物兼未与为坚，而坚必坚，其不坚石 物而坚。天下未有若坚，而坚藏。”
名利数术：夫治国者，能尽地利而致民死者，名 与利交至。民之性，饥而求食，劳而求佚，苦则 索乐，辱则求荣，此民之情也。民之求利，失礼 之法；求名，失性之常。故曰：名利之所凑，则 民道之。主操名利之柄,而能致功名者，数也。 圣人审权以操柄，审数以使民。数者臣主之术， 而国之要也。故万乘失数而不危、臣主失术而不 乱者，未之有也。今世主欲辟地治民,而不审数； 臣欲尽其事，而不立术，故国有不服之民，主有 不令之臣。故圣人之为国也，入令民以属农，出 令民以计战。夫农，民之所苦；而战，民之所危 也。犯其所苦，行其所危者，计也。故民生则计 利，死则虑名。名利之所出，不可不审也。利出 于地，则民尽力。名出于战，则民致死。入使民 尽力，则草不荒。出使民致死，则胜敌。胜故而 草不荒，富强之功，可坐而致也。
《总论中国传统哲学》课件
3
孔子学派
孔子学派在明清时期得到重新解读与发展，对中国传统文化产生了深远影响。
总结
1 中国传统哲学的特点 2 中国传统哲学的现
中国传统哲学注重人文
实意义
关怀、思辨精神与道德
中国传统哲学为当代社
修养，具有独特的人伦
会提供了智慧与启示，
观和宇宙观。
对于解决现实问题具有
重要作用。
3 如何对待传统哲学？
对待中国传统哲学，应 当保持尊重与包容的态 度，既传承古人智慧， 又面向未来。
5
法家思想
法家思想强调法治与严明法纪，追求国家权力的集中与统一。
汉朝哲学
先秦思想的继承与发展
汉朝哲学在继承先秦思想的基础上，逐步形成了 独特的思想体系。
鬼谷子与纵横家
鬼谷子作为纵横家的代表人物，尝试系统化整合 了先秦诸子百家思想。
唐宋哲学
禅宗
禅宗强调顿悟、心性清净，对后世的文化、艺术、思想产生了深远影响。
心学
心学注重心灵修养与道德修行，倡导理学与佛学的合一。
neo-Confucianism
neo-Confucianism将佛学、道教与儒学融合，形成了全新的哲学思想。
明清哲学
1
理学
明清时期，理学流派崛起，强调天人合一、理大于法。
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思想家与哲学家
明清时期涌现出许多重要的思想家与哲学家，如王阳明、顾炎武等。
导言
中国文 化具有重要意义。
先秦哲学
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儒家思想
儒家思想强调人伦道德与社会秩序，提倡仁爱、忠诚和礼仪。
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道家思想
道家思想追求自然无为，倡导离群索居、修身养性。
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墨家思想
墨家思想注重兼爱与公平，提倡不战而和、反对战争。
全英文介绍 中国哲学
friendship of the good. When he has time and
opportunity, after the performance of these
things, he should employ them in polite studies.“( 子曰：“弟子，入则孝，出则弟，谨而 信，凡爱众，而亲仁。行有余力，则以
The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty（两汉经学）
Metaphysic during the Wei and Jin dynasties（魏晋玄学）
The Buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties （隋唐佛学）
Practice
“To prefer it is better than only to know it. To delight in it is better than merely to prefer it.”(这里的践履并非人类的生产实践，而是偏重于个人的修德重行。 )
Morality
Monarch’s benevolence and lower officials’ loyalty, fathers’ kindness and sons’ filial
will be lazy.（学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 ）
2. Whatdo not do to others.（己所不欲勿施于人。 ）
3. Reviewing what you have learned and learning new ones, you can be my
精品课程《中国古代哲学导论》 Chinese Philosophy
when Li Si severed Xunzi with Han Fei.
Why Did Sima Qian wrote “Han Fei served Xunzi”?
Sima Qian’s accounts are often too dramatic to be taken as historical fact because of his tendency to describe cliché d confrontations between two historical figures which inevitably result in one figure’s tragic death. In this case, Li Si is supposed to have caused Han Fei’s death because he had been jealous and fearful of Han Fei’s talent ever since their apprenticeship under Xunzi. At the same time, Sima Qian also sought to add a tragic dimension to the life of Han Fei, as death was often unavoidable for prominent statesman and intellectuals—even for a master of argumentation and persuasion.
Description on Han Fei’s Life by Sima Qian (Chap. 63 of the Historical Records)
中国哲学智慧大纲
《中国哲学智慧》课程教学大纲
课程 编号
1600R408
课程名称
（中文） 中国哲学智慧
（英文）the wisdom of Chinese Philosophy
c
1．学分：2 学时： 20（课内学时： 20 实验学时： ） 2．课程性质：本科通识课
3．适用专业： 适用对象： 4．先修课程： 无 5．首选教材：无 二选教材：无 参考书目：
6．考核形式： 论文
7．教学环境： 多媒体教学
课程教学目的及
要求
通过该课程的教学，使学生对中国哲学中的智慧，尤其是中国传统儒、释、道三家的主要思想有一个比较深入的了解，使学生对传统哲学智慧的认识达到一定的深度。
课程 内容 及学 时分 配 第一章 五经要义 （4课时）
一、五经总说；二、五经分说
第二章 儒学精神（4课时）
一、孔子与儒家；二、仁与礼
第三章 佛教与道教（4课时）
一、佛教简介；二、道教简介
第四章 老庄智慧（4课时） 一、老子及其智慧； 二、庄子及其智慧
第五章：中国近代哲学 （4课时）
配套 实践 环节 说明
大纲编
写
（教研组）（签名）责任人
年月日
系审核
（系）（签名）意见
年月日
学院审
（签名）公章）核意见
年月日。
Lecture01 Introduction Aug 30 Chinese Philosophy L
Fung’s comment (2)
The suggestiveness of the sayings and writings of the Chinese philosophers is something that can hardly be translated. When one reads them in translation, one misses the suggestiveness; and this means that one misses a great deal.
Grade Distribution
Weekly Quizzes (10%) Test (20%) Final Exam (30%) Paper (First Draft: 20%; Final Draft: 20%)
Test and Final Exam
Format: MC, Matching, Short Questions, Long Questions, etc.
Most of the translation of the original texts can be found in Chan’s book. Fung’s book is an introduction to Chinese Philosophy.
There views may be quite diverse from each other. You need to attend lectures to make sure you won’t get lost in their perspectives.
political philosophy and metaphysics (religion) 3) the original texts of Chinese philosophical works in
全英文介绍中国哲学
“To prefer it is better than only to know it. To delight in it is better than merely to prefer it.”(这里的践履并非人类的生产实践，而是偏重于个人的修德重 行。 )
Morality
Monarch’s benevolence and lower officials’ loyalty, fathers’ kindness and
Chinese philosophy is the collective designation for the various schools of thought. It developed independent of European and other civilized countries, with its own distinguishing features, unique concept systems and experience ways.
Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties（宋明理学）
Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties（明清实学）
Winston Sun
(551–479 BC)
Educator Thinker Statesman A symbol of Chinese
Taoism’s search for spiritual freedom and Buddhism’s “Nirvana” all reflect their pursuit of the complete spiritual happiness.(把儒家的真性、道家的飘逸、 佛教的超脱融合起来，就可以体会出中国古代人生哲学的境界。)
Chinese philosophy
Chinese philosophyChinese philosophyYin and Yang symbol with the bagua symbols paved ina clearing outside of Nanning City, Guangxiprovince, China.Traditional Chinese中國哲學Simplified Chinese中国哲学[show]TranscriptionsThe majority of traditional Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States eras, during a period known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought",[1] which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments.[1] Although much of Chinese philosophy begins in the Warring States period, elements of Chinese philosophy have existed for several thousand years; some can be found in the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes), an ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672 BCE.[2] It was during the Warring States era that the major philosophies of China, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, and Daoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians.Following the Qin Dynasty, Confucianism became the dominant philosophical school of China.[3]The largest philosophical rivals to Confucianism were Legalism and Mohism before the Han dynasty. Legalism as a coherent philosophy disappeared largely due to its relationship with the unpopular authoritarian rule of Qin Shi Huang, however, many of its ideas and institutions would continue to influence Chinese philosophy until the end of Imperial rule during the Xinhai Revolution. Mohism though popular at first due to its emphasis on brotherly love versus harsh Qin Legalism, fell out of favour during the Han Dynasty due to the efforts of Confucians in establishing their views as political orthodoxy. The Six Dynasties era saw the rise of the Xuanxue philosophical school and the maturation of Chinese Buddhism, which had entered China from India during the Late Han Dynasties. By the time of the Tang Dynasty five-hundred years after Buddhism's arrival into China, it had transformed into a thoroughly Chinese religious philosophy dominated by the school of Zen Buddhism. Neo-Confucianism became highly popular during the Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty due in large part to the eventual combination of Confucian and Zen Philosophy.Confucianism represents the collected teachings of the Chinese sage Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479 BCE. His philosophy concerns the fields of ethics and politics, emphasizing personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, traditionalism, and sincerity. The Analects stress the importance of ritual, but also the importance of 'ren', which loosely translates as 'human-heartedness,[4] Confucianism, along with Legalism, is responsible for creating the world’s first meritocracy, which holds that one's status should be determined by education and character rather than ancestry, wealth, or friendship.[5] Confucianism was and continues to be a major influence in Chinese culture, the state of China and the surrounding areas of Southeast Asia.During the 19th and 20th centuries, Chinese philosophy integrated concepts from Western philosophy. Anti-Qing Dynasty revolutionaries, involved in the Xinhai Revolution, saw Western philosophy as an alternative to traditional philosophical schools; students in the May Fourth Movement called for completely abolishing the old imperial institutions and practices of China. During this era, Chinese scholars attempted to incorporate Western philosophical ideologies such as democracy, Marxism, socialism, liberalism, republicanism, and nationalism into Chinese philosophy. The most notable examples are Sun Yat-Sen's Three Principles of the People ideology and Mao Zedong's Maoism, a variant of Marxism–Leninism.[6]In the modern People's Republic of China, the official ideology is Deng Xiaoping's "market economy socialism".Although the People's Republic of China has been historically hostile to the philosophy of ancient China, the influences of past are still deeply ingrained in the Chinese culture. In the post-Chinese economic reform era, modern Chinese philosophy has reappeared in forms such as the New Confucianism. As in Japan, philosophy in China has become a melting pot of ideas. It accepts new concepts, while attempting also to accord old beliefs their due. Chinese philosophy still carries profound influence amongst the people of East Asia, and even Southeast Asia.Contents[hide]• 1 Ancient philosophyo 1.1 History▪ 1.1.1 Early beliefs▪ 1.1.2 Hundred Schools of Thoughto 1.2 Schools of thought▪ 1.2.1 Confucianism▪ 1.2.2 Daoism▪ 1.2.3 Legalism▪ 1.2.4 Naturalists▪ 1.2.5 Mohism▪ 1.2.6 Logicians▪ 1.2.7 Agriculturalists• 2 Early Imperial era philosophyo 2.1 History▪ 2.1.1 Qin and Han Dynasties▪ 2.1.2 Six Dynastieso 2.2 Schools of thought▪ 2.2.1 Xuanxue▪ 2.2.2 Zen• 3 Mid to Late Imperial era philosophyo 3.1 Historyo 3.2 Schools of thought▪ 3.2.1 Neo-Confucianism• 4 Modern erao 4.1 New Confucianism• 5 Tea and philosophy• 6 Great philosophical figures•7 Concepts within Chinese philosophy•8 See also•9 References•10 Further reading•11 External linksAncient philosophy [edit]History [edit]Early beliefs [edit]Early Shang Dynasty thought was based upon cyclicity. This notion stems from what the people of the Shang Dynasty could observe around them: day and night cycled, the seasons progressed again and again, and even the moon waxed and waned until it waxed again. Thus, this notion, which remained relevant throughout Chinese history, reflects the order of nature. In juxtaposition, it also marks a fundamental distinction from western philosophy, in which the dominant view of time is a linear progression. During the Shang, fate could be manipulated by great deities, commonly translated as gods. Ancestor worship was present and universally recognized. There was also human and animal sacrifice.When the Shang were overthrown by the Zhou, a new political, religious and philosophical concept was introduced called the "Mandate of Heaven". This mandate was said to be taken when rulers became unworthy of their position and provided a shrewd justification for Zhou rule. During this period, archaeological evidence points to an increase in literacy and a partial shift away from the faith placed in Shangdi (the Supreme Being in traditional Chinese religion), with ancestor worship becoming commonplace and a more worldly orientation coming to the fore.Hundred Schools of Thought [edit]Main article: Hundred Schools of ThoughtIn around 500 BCE, after the Zhou state weakened and China moved into the Spring and Autumn Period, the classic period of Chinese philosophy began (it is an interesting fact that this date nearly coincides with the emergence of the first Greek philosophers). This is known as the Hundred Schools of Thought (諸子百家; zhūzǐ bǎijiā; "various scholars , hundred schools"). This period is considered the golden age of Chinese philosophy. Of the many schools founded at this time and during the subsequent Warring States Period, the four most influential ones were Confucianism, Daoism (often spelled "Taoism"), Mohism and Legalism.Schools of thought [edit]Confucianism [edit]Kong Fuzi (Latin: Confucius)Main article: ConfucianismConfucianism is a philosophical school developed from the teachings of the sage collected in the Analects of Confucius. It is a system of moral, social, political, and religious thought that has had tremendous influence on Chinese history, thought, and culture down to the 21st century. Some Westerners have considered it to have been the "state religion" of imperial China. Its influence also spread to Korea and Japan.The major Confucian concepts include rén (humanity or humaneness),zhèngmíng(rectification of names; e.g. a ruler who rules unjustly is no longer a ruler and may be dethroned), zhōng(loyalty), xiào(filial piety), and lǐ(ritual). Confucius taught both positive and negative versions of the Golden Rule. The concepts Yin and Yang represent two opposing forces that are permanently in conflict with each other, leading to perpetual contradiction and change. The Confucian idea of "Rid of the two ends, take the middle" is a Chinese equivalent of Hegel's idea of "thesis, antithesis, and synthesis", which is a way of reconciling opposites, arriving at some middle ground combining the best of both.Daoism [edit]Chinese glazed stoneware statue of a Daoist deity, from the Ming Dynasty, 16th century.Main article: TaoismDaoism is a philosophy and later also developed into a religion based on the texts the Dao Te Ching(Dào Dé Jīng; ascribed to Laozi) and the Zhuangzi (partly ascribed to Zhuangzi). The character Dao道 (Dao) literally means "path" or "way". However in Daoism it refers more often to a meta-physical term that describes a force that encompasses the entire universe but which cannot be described nor felt. All major Chinese philosophical schools have investigated the correct Way to go about a moral life, but in Taoism it takes on the most abstract meanings, leading this school to be named after it. It advocated nonaction (wu wei), the strength of softness, spontaneity, and relativism. Although it serves as a rival to Confucianism, a school of active morality, this rivalry is compromised and given perspective by the idiom "practise Confucianism on the outside, Taoism on the inside." Most of Taoism's focus is on what is perceived to be the undeniable fact that human attempts to make the world better actually make the world worse. Therefore it is better to strive for harmony, minimising potentially harmful interference with nature or in human affairs.[7]Legalism [edit]Main article: Legalism (Chinese philosophy)Legalism is a political philosophy synthesized by a philosopher named Han Fei. With an essential principle like "when the epoch changed, the ways changed", it upholds the rule of law and is thus a theory of jurisprudence.A ruler should govern his subjects by the following trinity:1.Fa (法 fa3): law or principle.2.Shu (術shù): method, tactic, art, or statecraft.3.Shi (勢shì): legitimacy, power, or charisma.Legalism was the chosen philosophy of the Qin Dynasty. It was blamed for creating a totalitarian society and thereby experienced decline. Its main motto is: "Set clear strict laws, or deliver harsh punishment". Both Shang Yang and Han Fei promoted the absolute adherence to the rule of law, regardless of the circumstances or the person. The ruler, alone, would possess the authority to dispense with rewards and punishments. Ministers were only to be rewarded if their words matched the results of their proposals, and punished if it did not; regardless if the results were worse or better than the claims. Legalism, in accordance with Han Fei's interpretation, could encourage the state to be a militaristic autarky. The philosophy was highly progressive, and extremely critical of the Confucian and Mohist schools. This would be used to justify Li Si's large scale persecutions of the other schools of thought during the Qin dynasty, and the invariable denunciation by Confucian scholars from the Han dynasty and onwards.Naturalists [edit]Main article: School of NaturalistsThe School of Naturalists or the School of Yin-yang (陰陽家/阴阳家;Yīnyángjiā; Yin-yang-chia; "School of Yin-Yang") was a Warring States era philosophy that synthesized the concepts of yin-yang and the Five Elements; Zou Yan is considered the founder of this school.[8] His theory attempted to explain the universe in terms of basic forces in nature: the complementary agents of yin (dark, cold, female, negative) and yang (light, hot, male, positive) and the Five Elements or Five Phases (water, fire, wood, metal, and earth). In its early days, this theory was most strongly associated with the states of Yan and Qi. In later periods, these epistemological theories came to hold significance in both philosophy and popular belief. This school was absorbed into Taoism's alchemic and magical dimensions as well as into the Chinese medical framework. The earliest surviving recordings of this are in the Ma Wang Dui texts and Huang Di Nei Jing.Mohism [edit]Main article: MohismMohism (Moism), founded by Mozi(墨子), promotes universal love with the aim of mutual benefit. Everyone must love each other equally and impartially to avoid conflict and war. Mozi was strongly against Confucian ritual, instead emphasizing pragmatic survival through farming, fortification, and statecraft. Tradition is inconsistent, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are acceptable. The moral guide must then promote and encourage social behaviors that maximize general benefit. As motivation for his theory, Mozi brought in the Will of Heaven, but rather than being religious his philosophy parallels utilitarianism.Logicians [edit]Main article: School of NamesThe logicians (School of Names) were concerned with logic, paradoxes, names and actuality (similar to Confucian rectification of names). The logician Hui Shi was a friendly rival to Zhuangzi, arguing against Taoism in a light-hearted and humorous manner. Another logician, Gongsun Long, told the famous When a White Horse is Not a Horse dialogue. This school did not thrive because the Chinese regarded sophistry and dialectic as impractical.[citation needed]Agriculturalists [edit]Main article: AgriculturalismAgriculturalism was an early agrarian social and political philosophy that advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.[9] The philosophy is founded on the notion that human society originates with the development of agriculture, and societies are based upon "people's natural prospensity to farm."[10]The Agriculturalists believed that the ideal government, modeled after the semi-mythical governance of Shennong, is led by a benevolent king, one who works alongside the people in tilling the fields. The Agriculturalist king is not paid by the government through its treasuries; his livelihood is derived from the profits he earns working in the fields, not his leadership.[11]Unlike the Confucians, the Agriculturalists did not believe in the division of labour, arguing instead that the economic policies of a country need to be based upon an egalitarian self sufficiency. The Agriculturalists supported the fixing of prices, in which all similar goods, regardless of differences in quality and demand, are set at exactly the same, unchanging price.[11]Early Imperial era philosophy [edit]History [edit]Qin and Han Dynasties [edit]The short founder Qin Dynasty, where Legalism was the official philosophy, quashed Mohist and Confucianist schools. Legalism remained influential until the emperors of the Han Dynasty adopted Daoism and later Confucianism as official doctrine. These latter two became the determining forces of Chinese thought until the introduction of Buddhism.Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements. He also was a promoter of the New Text school, which considered Confucius as a divine figure and a spiritual ruler of China, who foresaw and started the evolution of the world towards the Universal Peace. In contrast, there was an Old Text school that advocated the use of Confucian works written in ancient language (from this comes the denomination Old Text) that were so much more reliable. In particular, they refuted the assumption of Confucius as a godlike figure and considered him as the greatest sage, but simply a human and mortalSix Dynasties [edit]The 3rd and 4th centuries saw the rise of the Xuanxue(mysterious learning), also called Neo-Taoism. The most important philosophers of this movement were Wang Bi, Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang. The main question of this school was whether Being came before Not-Being (in Chinese, ming and wuming).A peculiar feature of these Taoist thinkers, like the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, was the concept of feng liu (lit. wind and flow), a sort of romantic spirit which encouraged following the natural and instinctive impulse.Buddhism arrived in China around the 1st century AD, but it was not until the Northern and Southern, Sui and Tang Dynasties that it gained considerable influence and acknowledgement. At the beginning, it was considered a sort of Taoist sect, and there was even a theory about Laozi, founder of Taoism, who went to India and taught his philosophy to Buddha. Mahayana Buddhism was far more successful in China than its rival Hinayana, and both Indian schools and local Chinese sects arose from the 5th century. Two chiefly important monk philosophers were Sengzhao and Daosheng. Butprobably the most influential and original of these schools was the Chan sect, which had an even stronger impact in Japan as the Zen sect.In the mid-Tang Buddhism reached its peak, and reportedly there were 4,600 monasteries, 40,000 hermitages and 260,500 monks and nuns. The power of the Buddhist clergy was so great and the wealth of the monasteries so impressive, that it instigated criticism from Confucian scholars, who considered Buddhism as a foreign religion. In 845 Emperor Wuzong ordered the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution, confiscating the riches and returning monks and nuns to lay life. From then on, Buddhism lost much of its influence.Schools of thought [edit]Xuanxue [edit]Main article: XuanxueXuanxue was a philosophical school that combined elements of Confucianism and Taoism to reinterpret the Yijing,Daodejing, and Zhuangzi. The most important philosophers of this movement were Wang Bi, Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang. The main question of this school was whether Being came before Not-Being (in Chinese, ming and wuming). A peculiar feature of these Taoist thinkers, like the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, was the concept of feng liu (lit. wind and flow), a sort of romantic spirit which encouraged following the natural and instinctive impulse.Zen [edit]The Sakyamuni Buddha, by artist Zhang Shengwen, 1173-1176 CE, Song Dynasty.Main articles: Zen and Buddhism in ChinaBuddhism is a religion, a practical philosophy, and arguably a psychology, focusing on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, who lived on the Indian subcontinent most likely from the mid-6th to the early 5th century BCE. When used in a generic sense, a Buddha is generally considered to be someone who discovers the true nature of reality.Although Buddhism originated in Nepal, it has had the most lasting impact on China[citation needed]. Since Chinese traditional thought focuses more on ethics rather than metaphysics, it has developed several schools distinct from the originating Indian schools. The most prominent examples with philosophical merit are Sanlun, Tiantai, Huayan, and Chán (a.k.a. Zen). They investigate consciousness, levels of truth, whether reality is ultimately empty, and how enlightenment is to be achieved. Buddhism has a spiritual aspect that compliments the action of Neo-Confucianism, with prominent Neo-Confucians advocating certain forms of meditation. The Buddha showed people what was right or wrong. The teaching still lives on today.Mid to Late Imperial era philosophy [edit] History [edit]Neo-Confucianism was a revived version of old Confucian principles that appeared around the Song Dynasty, with Buddhist, Taoist, and Legalist features. The first philosophers, such as Shao Yong, Zhou Dunyi and Chang Zai, were cosmologists and worked on the Yi Jing. The Cheng brothers, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao, are considered the founders of the two main schools of thought of Neo-Confucianism: the School of Principle the first, the School of Mind the latter. The School of Principle gained supremacy during the Song Dynasty with the philosophical system elaborated by Zhu Xi, which became mainstream and officially adopted by the government for the Imperial examinations under the Yuan Dynasty. The School of Mind was developed by Lu Jiuyuan, Zhu Xi's main rival, but was soon forgotten. Only during the Ming Dynasty was the School of Mind revived by Wang Shouren, whose influence is equal to that of Zhu Xi. This school was particularly important in Japan.During the Qing Dynasty many philosophers objected againstNeo-Confucianism and there was a return to the Han Dynasty Confucianism, and also the reprise of the controversy between Old Text and New Text. In this period also started the penetration of Western culture, but most Chinese thought that the Westerners were maybe more advanced in technology and warfare, but that China had primacy in moral and intellectual fields.Schools of thought [edit]Neo-Confucianism [edit]Main article: Neo-ConfucianismDespite Confucianism losing popularity to Taoism and Buddhism,Neo-Confucianism combined those ideas into a more metaphysical framework. Its concepts include li(principle, akin to Plato's forms), qi(vital or material force), taiji (the Great Ultimate), and xin (mind).Modern era [edit]See also: Chinese nationalism, Maoism, and Culture of the People's Republic of ChinaDuring the Industrial and Modern Ages, Chinese philosophy had also begun to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization. Notably, Chinese philosophy never developed the concept of rights, let alone human rights, so that classical Chinese lacked words for them. In 1864, W.A.P. Martin had to invent the word quanli to translate the Western concept of "rights" in the process of translating Henry Wheaton's Elements of International Law into classical Chinese.[12]By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls, such as the May Fourth Movement, to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China. There have been attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (Sūn Yìxiān, in one Mandarin form of the name) at the beginning of the 20th century. Mao Zedong (Máo Zédōng) added Marxism, Stalinism, and other communist thought.When the Communist Party of China took over power, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution. Their influence on Chinese thought, however, remains. The current government of the People's Republic of China is trying to encourage a form of market socialism.Since the radical movement of the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese government has become much more tolerant with the practice of traditional beliefs. The 1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China guarantees "freedom of religion" with a number of restrictions. Spiritual and philosophical institutions have been allowed to be established orre-established, as long they are not perceived to be a threat to the power of the CPC. (However, it should be noted that those organizations are heavily monitored by the state.) The influences of the past are still deeply ingrained in the Chinese culture. As in Japan, philosophy in China has become a melting pot of ideas. It accepts new concepts, while attempting also to accord old beliefs their due.New Confucianism [edit]Main article: New ConfucianismNew Confucianism is an intellectual movement of Confucianism that began in the early 20th century in Republican China, and revived in post-Mao era contemporary China. It is deeply influenced by, but not identical with, the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties.Tea and philosophy [edit]Philosophy have been an influence in the development of the tea ceremony. The elements of the Chinese tea ceremony include the harmony of nature and self cultivation, and enjoying tea in a formal or informal setting. When tea is more than a drink and the tea ceremony is understood and practiced to foster harmony in humanity, promote harmony with nature, discipline the mind, quiet the heart, and attain the purity of enlightenment, the art of tea becomes teaism.。
中国哲学的英语作文
中国哲学的英语作文Chinese Philosophy。
Chinese philosophy is a rich and diverse tradition that has had a profound impact on the world. It encompasses a wide range of schools of thought, including Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, each of which has its own unique perspectives on the nature of reality, human existence, and the proper way to live. In this essay, we will explore some of the key ideas and themes of Chinese philosophy and consider their relevance to the modern world.One of the central concepts in Chinese philosophy isthe idea of harmony. This idea is central to both Confucianism and Taoism, and it reflects a deep concern for the balance and order of the natural world. In Confucianism, harmony is achieved through the cultivation of virtue and the practice of proper social relationships. Confucius emphasized the importance of filial piety, respect for elders, and the fulfillment of one's social roles asessential for maintaining social harmony. Similarly, Taoism emphasizes the importance of living in harmony with the natural world and following the flow of the Tao, or the way of nature.Another key theme in Chinese philosophy is the idea of balance. This idea is central to the concept of yin and yang, which represents the complementary forces of nature. The concept of yin and yang is central to both Taoism and traditional Chinese medicine, and it reflects a deep understanding of the interconnectedness of all things. In Chinese philosophy, balance is seen as essential for health, happiness, and well-being, and it is something that should be cultivated in all aspects of life.In addition to harmony and balance, Chinese philosophy also emphasizes the importance of self-cultivation andmoral development. Confucianism, in particular, places a strong emphasis on the cultivation of virtue and the development of moral character. Confucius believed that the ultimate goal of life was to become a junzi, or noble person, who embodies the virtues of benevolence,righteousness, and propriety. Similarly, Taoism emphasizes the importance of self-cultivation through practices such as meditation, qigong, and tai chi, which are seen as essential for achieving harmony and balance in life.The ideas and themes of Chinese philosophy have important implications for the modern world. In an age of increasing globalization and environmental degradation, the emphasis on harmony, balance, and self-cultivation in Chinese philosophy offers important insights into how we might live more fulfilling and sustainable lives. The concept of harmony reminds us of the importance of livingin balance with the natural world and with each other, while the emphasis on self-cultivation reminds us of the importance of developing our moral character and innerwell-being.In conclusion, Chinese philosophy is a rich and diverse tradition that offers important insights into the nature of reality, human existence, and the proper way to live. The ideas of harmony, balance, and self-cultivation are central to Chinese philosophy and have important implications forthe modern world. By studying and reflecting on these ideas, we can gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and our place in the world, and we can learn how to live more fulfilling and meaningful lives.。
classical chinese philosophy 中国古典哲学
classical chinese philosophy 中国古典哲学Classical Chinese Philosophy refers to the philosophical thoughts and systems developed in ancient China. It covers a wide range of topics, including ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, and political philosophy. Some of the key concepts and schools of Classical Chinese Philosophy include:1. Confucianism: This school emphasizes the importance of personal ethics, social harmony, and the cultivation of virtue. Confucianism places a strong emphasis on the relationships between individuals, particularly the five cardinal relationships (ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, elder and younger brother, and friend and friend).2. Taoism: Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature and following the "Way" or "Tao." It emphasizes simplicity, spontaneity, and the avoidance of excessive striving.3. Buddhism: Introduced to China from India, Buddhism places an emphasis on the elimination of suffering and the attainment of enlightenment. It explores concepts such as karma, reincarnation, and the nature of reality.These schools of thought have had a profound influence on Chinese culture and society, shaping values, ethics, and political systems. Classical Chinese Philosophy continues to be studied and debated in modern times, both within China and internationally, as it offers valuable insights into human nature, society, and the meaning of life.。
中国哲学文化主题英语作文
中国哲学文化主题英语作文标题，Exploring the Depth of Chinese Philosophical and Cultural Heritage。
China, with its rich history spanning over thousands of years, boasts a profound philosophical and cultural heritage that has influenced the world. In this essay, we delve into the depths of Chinese philosophy and culture, exploring its essence, impact, and enduring relevance.Chinese philosophy is characterized by its holistic worldview, moral principles, and emphasis on harmony. One of the most influential schools of thought is Confucianism, founded by Confucius in the 6th century BCE. Confucianism emphasizes the importance of social harmony, filial piety, and ethical conduct. Its teachings have profoundly shaped Chinese society, guiding individuals in their interactions with family, society, and the state.Another significant philosophical tradition is Daoism,attributed to Laozi and Zhuangzi. Daoism advocates for living in accordance with the Dao, or the Way, which emphasizes spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness. Daoist philosophy encourages individuals to embrace the ebb and flow of life, cultivating a sense of inner peace and harmony with the universe.Furthermore, Chinese philosophy encompasses the teachings of Legalism, which focuses on the importance of strict laws and centralized authority to maintain social order. Legalist principles have played a crucial role in shaping China's governance and legal system throughout its history.In addition to philosophy, Chinese culture encompasses a diverse array of artistic, literary, and spiritual traditions. Traditional Chinese art, including painting, calligraphy, and poetry, reflects themes of nature, spirituality, and the human experience. Chinese literature, dating back to ancient classics such as "The Book of Songs" and "The Analects," provides insights into the values, beliefs, and aspirations of Chinese civilization.Moreover, Chinese cultural heritage includestraditional festivals, such as the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year), Mid-Autumn Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival, which celebrate familial bonds, agricultural traditions, and mythological folklore. These festivals serve as occasions for communal celebration, reflection, and the transmission of cultural values from one generation to the next.The enduring legacy of Chinese philosophy and culture extends far beyond the borders of China, influencing neighboring countries and global discourse. The spread of Confucianism, Daoism, and other Chinese philosophical traditions has left an indelible mark on East Asian societies, shaping their values, social norms, and institutions.In the modern era, China's philosophical and cultural heritage continues to inspire scholars, artists, and thinkers around the world. The principles of Confucian ethics, Daoist spirituality, and Legalist governance remainrelevant in addressing contemporary challenges such as environmental sustainability, social justice, and global governance.In conclusion, Chinese philosophy and culture represent a treasure trove of wisdom, insight, and inspiration that continues to resonate with people across the globe. By exploring the depth of China's philosophical and cultural heritage, we gain a deeper understanding of humanity's collective heritage and the enduring quest for harmony, wisdom, and moral excellence.。
法家学说英文简介
On Realistic Significance of Classic Chinese PhilosophyI. IntroductionChinese philosophy has a history of several thousand years. Its origins are often traced back to the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes), an ancient compendium of divination, which introduced some of the most fundamental terms of Chinese philosophy. Chinese Philosophy refers to any of several schools of philosophical thought in the Chinese tradition, including Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Buddhism and the Confucianism,Taoism and Buddhism are regarded as the three roots of Chinese culture. The influence of these philosophies not only came to be important in China but also was powerful in shaping the social and political life of other countries. The beginning of these awesome philosophies can trace back to the Zhou Dynasty because of the special history background. The Zhou period witnessed the “contention of one hundred schools of thought”. There are some great figures among them are Confucius, Mencius, Lao Zi, Zhuang Zi, Mo Zi and Han Fei Zi. These philosophers have an great influence on later Chinese thought. I would like to expound the legalism in this article. II. Legalism and Its Practical ValueIntroduction to legalismLegalism is an approach to the analysis of legal questions characterized by abstract logical reasoning focusing on the applicable legal text, such as a constitution, legislation, or case law, rather than on the social, economic, or political context. Most of the famous Legalists of ancient China were advisers to rulers who were organizing society on a rational basis and finding means to strengthen their states agriculturally and militarily. Instead of being devoted to conformity to the processes of nature, the Legalists were interested in the conformity which could be imposed through government institutions. They are interested in controlling people's lives and actions through laws and punishments. The advice these Legalists gave tended in the direction of regulating every aspect of people's lives so that they would have the discipline to work hard in the fields and fight hard on the battlefields. Many of the laws they recommended were extremely harsh.In Chinese philosophy, the principles and practices of a school of political theorists advocating strict legal control over all activities, a system of rewards and punishments uniform for all classes, and an absolute monarchy.Introduction to Han Fei“Legalism” is a term that has long been used to categorize a group of early Chinese philosophers, including Han Fei (Han Feizi), Shen Dao, Shen Buhai, and Shang Yang. This essay has the goal of introducing the idea of ‘Legalism’ and laying out aspects of the political thought of Han Fei, the most prominent of these thinkers. At the end of Warring State, Han Fei complex the thoughts of legalism and became the most outstanding representative of the legalism. The Han Fei advocates a system of laws that enable the ruler to govern efficiently and even ruthlessly. Han Fei conclusion the conception of the power and position (shi), a dministrative techniques and methods (shu) and a Comprehensive system of laws (fa). There is a quote from Han Fei: “People are submissive to power, and few of them can be influenced by doctrines of righteousness.” Han Fei lived in the third century . , served for a time at the Qin court but was put to death in 233 . in a plot instigated by his one-time friend, Li Si, a chief minister to the first emperor of the Qin. Rule of Law and Its Implication to Modern Society In the state of Qin, where Legalist advisers were most influential, rewards might be generous, but death and mutilation were often the order of the day. As they reflected on the harshness of Qin rule and the bleakness of Legalist ideasabout human nature, many Chinese were convinced that it is easier to make laws to compel people to behave in certain ways than to inspire them to behave morally. But over the long run, law without morality is a weak basis for a stable society.From the view of Legalists we should also learn some valuable essence -- to keep step with the times, conform to the trend of the eras, and insist developing and making a progress. In our society, we should learn practical thoughts of legalist school thought, the legalist thought the most effectively way is the rule of law, not the rule of man. In this way, our society will be more justice. There are many phenomenons that officials do something bad for their private benefits. So we should learn more about legalism and establish and improve the legal system, strengthen the power of laws. So long as the legalism be suitable in different time, we need to amend the status laws constantly. The currently law should be healthy for the development of our society. To achieve the rules of law, it is necessary to improve laws regulations, and I t hink it’s the best way to inherit and protect our traditional culture.。
Ancient-Chinese-Philosophy中国古代哲学
Who was the Buddha?
He died at the age of 80, after assembling a group of men and women disciples who continued to spread his teaching by word of mouth.
Confucius 孔夫子 [kən'fju:ʃjəs]
As a teacher, Confucius taught altogether 3,000 students.
“the person who learns but
does not think is lost. the person who thinks but does not
Beauty, art, and aesthetics:
Gardens. Archery箭术 . Tea ceremony. Calligraphy.
Spread in China
Buddhism was spread to China during the Han Dynasty.
“道可道，非常道”
“the Dao that can be told of or illustrated is not the same as the Dao that can not be told of or explained”
Dao
a road, the way or the method, the law, the principle people must follow.
throughout the Far East
A philosophy, religion, and spiritual practice followed by more than 300 million people
中国哲学文化主题英语作文
中国哲学文化主题英语作文Chinese Philosophy and Culture。
China is a country with a rich history and culture, and one of the most important aspects of its culture is its philosophy. Chinese philosophy has influenced many aspects of Chinese life, from politics and economics to art and literature. In this essay, we will explore the main themes of Chinese philosophy and their impact on Chinese culture.One of the most important themes of Chinese philosophy is the concept of harmony. This concept can be traced back to the earliest Chinese philosophers, who believed that everything in the universe was interconnected and that balance and harmony were essential for a healthy society. This idea is reflected in many aspects of Chinese culture, from the design of gardens and architecture to the practice of traditional Chinese medicine.Another important theme of Chinese philosophy is theconcept of yin and yang. This idea is based on the belief that everything in the universe is made up of two opposing forces, yin and yang, which are constantly in a state of flux. This concept is reflected in many aspects of Chinese culture, from the practice of feng shui to the design ofthe Chinese flag.The concept of Confucianism is also an important aspect of Chinese philosophy. Confucianism is based on the teachings of Confucius, who believed that the key to a healthy society was the cultivation of moral values such as respect for elders, honesty, and loyalty. Confucianism has had a profound influence on Chinese culture, from the education system to the way people interact with each other.Daoism is another important aspect of Chinese philosophy. Daoism is based on the teachings of Laozi, who believed that the key to a healthy society was to live in harmony with nature and to follow the way of the Dao, orthe way of nature. Daoism has had a profound influence on Chinese culture, from the practice of tai chi to the design of traditional Chinese gardens.In conclusion, Chinese philosophy has had a profound impact on Chinese culture, from the design of gardens and architecture to the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. The concepts of harmony, yin and yang, Confucianism, and Daoism are all important themes of Chinese philosophy that continue to influence Chinese culture today.。
Chinese philosophy
ConfucianismConfucianism is a philosophical school developed from the teachings of the sage collected in the Analects of Confucius. It is a system of moral, social, political, and religious thought that has had tremendous influence on Chinese history, thought, and culture down to the 21st century. Some Westerners have considered it to have been the "state religion" of imperial China.The major Confucian concepts include rén (humanity or humaneness), zhèngmíng (rectification of names; e.g. a ruler who rules unjustly is no longer a ruler and may be dethroned), zhōng (loyalty), xiào (filial piety), and lǐ (ritual). Confucius taught both positive and negative versions of the Golden Rule. The concepts Yin and Yang represent two opposing forces that are permanently in conflict with each other, leading to perpetual contradiction and change. The Confucian idea of "Rid of the two ends, take the middle" is a Chinese equivalent of Hegel's idea of "thesis, antithesis, and synthesis", which is a way of reconciling opposites, arriving at some middle ground combining the best of both.Neo-ConfucianismDespite Confucianism losing popularity to Taoism and Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism combined those ideas into a more metaphysical framework. Its concepts include li (principle, akin to Plato's forms), qi (vital or material force), taiji (the Great Ultimate), and xin (mind).TaoismTaoism (Daoism) is a philosophy and later also developed into a religion based on the texts the Tao Te Ching and the Zhuangzi. The character Tao道(Dao) literally means "path" or "way". However in Daoism it refers more often to a meta-physical term that describes a force that encompasses the entire universe but which cannot be described nor felt. All major Chinese philosophical schools have investigated the correct Way to go about a moral life, but in Taoism it takes on the most abstract meanings, leading this school to be named after it. It advocated nonaction (wu wei), the strength of softness, spontaneity, and relativism. Although it serves as a rival to Confucianism, a school of active morality, this rivalry is compromised and given perspective by the idiom "practise Confucianism on the outside, Taoism on the inside." But its main motto is: "If one must rule, rule young" Most of Taoism's focus is on what is perceived to be the undeniable fact that human attempts to make the world better, actually make the world worse. Therefore it is better to strive for harmony.LegalismLegalism is a pragmatic political philosophy synthesized by Shang Yang and Han Fei. With an essential principle like "when the epoch changed, the ways changed", it upholds the rule of law and is thus a theory of jurisprudence.A ruler should govern his subjects by the following trinity:Legalism was the chosen philosophy of the Qin Dynasty. It was blamed for creating a totalitarian society and thereby experienced decline. Its main motto is: "Set clear strict laws, or deliver harsh punishment". Both Shang Yang and Han Fei promoted the absolute adherence to therule of law, regardless of the circumstances or the person. The ruler, alone, would possess the authority to dispense with rewards and punishments. Ministers were only to be rewarded if their words matched the results of their proposals, and punished if it did not; regardless if the results were worse or better than the claims. Legalism, in accordance with Han Fei's interpretation, could encouraged the state to be a militaristic autarky. The philosophy was highly progressive, and extremely critical of the Confucian and Mohist schools. This would be used to justify Li Si's large scale persecutions of the other schools of thought during the Qin dynasty, and the invariable denunciation by Confucian scholars from the Han dynasty and onwards.BuddhismBuddhism is a religion, a practical philosophy, and arguably a psychology, focusing on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, who lived on the Indian subcontinent most likely from the mid-6th to the early 5th century BCE. When used in a generic sense, a Buddha is generally considered to be someone who discovers the true nature of reality.Although Buddhism originated in India, it has had the most lasting impact on China. Since Chinese traditional thought focuses more on ethics rather than metaphysics, it has developed several schools distinct from the originating Indian schools. The most prominent examples with philosophical merit are Sanlun, Tiantai, Huayan, and Chán (a.k.a. Zen). They investigate consciousness, levels of truth, whether reality is ultimately empty, and how enlightenment is to be achieved. Buddhism has a spiritual aspect that compliments the action of Neo-Confucianism, with prominent Neo-Confucians advocating certain forms of meditation. the Buddha showed people what was right or wrong. the teaching still lives on today.MohismMohism (Moism), founded by Mozi (墨子), promotes universal love with the aim of mutual benefit. Everyone must love each other equally and impartially to avoid conflict and war. Mozi was strongly against Confucian ritual, instead emphasizing pragmatic survival through farming, fortification, and statecraft. Tradition is inconsistent, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are acceptable. The moral guide must then promote and encourage social behaviors that maximize general benefit. As motivation for his theory, Mozi brought in the Will of Heaven, but rather than being religious his philosophy parallels utilitarianism.LogiciansThe logicians (School of Names) were concerned with logic, paradoxes, names and actuality (similar to Confucian rectification of names). The logician Hui Shi was a friendly rival to Zhuangzi, arguing against Taoism in a light-hearted and humorous manner. Another logician, Gongsun Long, told the famous When a White Horse is Not a Horse dialogue. This school did not thrive because the Chinese regarded sophistry and dialectic as impractical.The following is an illustration of Chinese philosophy by an Indian professor, what do you think?General characteristics of Chinese philosophy (CP)1. CP is neither inward looking or outward looking. It keeps a balance between the two and is more at home with man in society than the ultimate problems. No problem is probed too deep, pressed to its logical conclusion. Chinese thought affirms man first and never forgets its commitment to man. Confucianism affirms man in society and Taoism man by himself, although Taoism was inclined to belittle his material existence. On the whole CP is outward looking if Confucianism is considered typically Chinese.2. Although a few questions about the ultimate nature of Tao were raised, the inquiry was not very thorough and everything is related to Human Nature. None probed into the mind systematically or deep and what was found within mind were good feelings, sentiments, all that which contributes to a happy social life. They are few found in every society and were not unique to China. Hence CP is somewhat superficial and unsystematic.3. CP, however, has made a distinct contribution to world philosophy. It persistently tries to build ethics and even metaphysics on the emotional nature of man but not on his rational nature. Neither Indian nor Western philosophy consider this aspect.4. CP is concerned with the immediate life of man, not his past or future birth as is the case with Indian philosophy. If a doctrine works on building a good state and society, it is not; when it does it is accepted. The Chinese adopted Communism hoping that it would improve their quality of life. When it did not achieve its objective, they adopted the capitalistic model and their success is for all to see.5. CP is more concerned with the Good than with the Beautiful and less with the Truth than with the Beautiful. It finds the Good in normal human life not necessarily in communication with God but with other men. It finds Good, not by controlling nature but in controlling oneself with reference to others.6. There is some mysticism but not of the kind that we in India are familiar with, a kind of nature mysticism, concerned with human nature only. Taoism has elements in it and Buddhism deepened it but it was repeatedly brought to the human level in the history of Chinese thought.7. China does not have a well-developed materialistic philosophy. It was human nature that was elevated to the Tao of the early Taoists or to the material Tao of the later Confucians. They were interested in human nature but not in spiritual or material nature. This has an important lesson for Indians. We were excessively concerned with the realization of Atman, in the process we ignored the well being of man, building of state and society, political thought.8. Because nature meant human nature, China did not feel the need to develop a method for understanding nature. There are always examples of men with good nature so there was found no need to study it as good nature was observed and studied. Accordingly, China did not develop systems of logic and epistemology. The need for both is felt only when we want to study more. The Chinese were not interested in the outward or inward so what was the need to study, probe. 9. For the same reason, there is very little categorization of reality. There is some categorization of human virtues, of which human-heartedness is the highest. To the Chinese, reality, is human nature? But as the categorization is not carried out methodically and systematically, we find very little importance attached to categories.10. Because of a keen interest in human affairs and achievements, China had a strong sense ofhistory and constructed some philosophies of history, besides a few doctrines of evolution. The Chinese did not regard history as unreal or insignificant. The aim of the Chinese mind is universal peace and it interpreted human achievements as progressing towards universal peace. This statement baffles me. The Chinese continue their march towards becoming a world military power, arm Pakistan to the teeth, and aid its nuclear program and Universal Peace!11. CP considers Man as the highest object of creation, not because he alone can attain salvation as the Indian philosophers thought but because he alone can build up culture and civilization. 12. Because of this deep abiding interest in man, culture, civilization China could develop good social, political thought as also good life-affirming ethics.The ideal of democracy started with Confucius and the French Revolution seems to have influenced by his ideas, whether directly or indirectly. Even semantics must have been discovered by the Chinese school of Names. China was the first to invent paper, printing, and gunpowder but could develop none of these for the want of systematic methodology. She has to be, therefore, content with only so much credit for her inventions as Egypt received for the discovery of geometry. Because of her humanistic interest, China pushed her inquiries in political and social thought, rather than in inventions.13. In spite of a deep interest in human nature, it appears that pre-communist Chinese thought viewed man as an emotional and social animal but not as a rational animal. The thought that the soul in full or in part is immortal never occurred to the Chinese. This explains the lack of the development of logic and epistemology in Chinese thought.14. Another interesting feature is the absence of a definite conception of the spirit, soul in Chinese thought. They referred to the spirits of the ancestors, spirits of water, mountain and so on but did not think of the spirit of the man.Notes on Chinese Philosophy (CP)1. In no other philosophy are state and society given so much importance as in the Chinese. Man and society are the preoccupation of every Chinese philosopher. CP believes that it is to be tested by the concept of good government. History and philosophy are very closely connected unlike Western, Indian philosophies.2. How to become a complete man is the question of Chinese wisdom. The idle man is one with sageliness within and kingliness without. Unlike the West, where Plato’s philosopher became king unwillingly, the Chinese sage willingly became king. It is his duty to become king and set right state and society.3. Macaulay laid the blame for the Fren ch Revolution upon some distorted notions of China’s political institutions. Man is the same everywhere, provided he is ethically perfect and complete. Equality of man must be the basis of political and social structure (was that one of the reasons why the Chinese took to Communism). No philosophy in China could ignore this principle.4. If a sage is to be king all the administrators must be philosophers. The philosopher is a wise man, since wisdom is obtained from the study of books and training according to their teachings. (Slight similarity with Indian thought, concept of Knowledge as enunciated in the Bhagwad Geeta). Hence, there is the famous examination system of China of which the Civil Service of England is a copy.5. Nature is an important to the Chinese. It does not mean external nature, hills etc, as we understand it but is something deep within man. It is not asceticism in the Indian context but it relates to Human Nature. How can we make this life pleasant, happy and useful in itself?。
Unit 2 Chinese Philosophy
Edited By Juan Yong
中国 文化
Error Correction
• They created a more complete metaphysic than that had existed before. • The main doctrines of Confucius can be summarized as following. • An autocratic ruler is re exhorted to refrain acting inhumanely towards the subjects. • Despite of its loss of influence during the Tang dynasty, Confucius doctrine was the dominant force in Chinese thought for two millennia until the end of the Empire in 1911. • The Confucian philosophy, most encoded in the Confucian classics — namely the “Four Books” and “Five Classics”, form the foundation of much of the subsequent Chinese speculation for the education and comportment of the ideal men.
March 2014
Edited By Juan Yong
中国 文化
• 子曰：“学而时习之，不亦乐乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而 不温，不亦君子乎？” • 子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”
中国传统哲学智慧英语作文
China, a country with a long history and splendid culture, possesses profound and extensive traditional philosophical wisdom. This philosophical wisdom has not only influenced the development of Chinese civilization for thousands of years, but has also contributed unique wisdom to world civilization. This article aims to explore the core of traditional Chinese philosophical wisdom and how it guides us to achieve harmony between the inner self and the universe.I. The Core of Traditional Chinese Philosophical WisdomThe core of traditional Chinese philosophical wisdom lies in the concept of "harmony between man and nature." This philosophy believes that there is a close connection and interaction between humans and nature, humans and society, as well as humans and themselves. Under this concept, people pursue harmonious coexistence with nature, harmonious coexistence with society, and harmonious balance within the self.Confucianism, an important representative of traditional Chinese philosophy, emphasizes "benevolence" and "rule by rites." Confucianism believes that through self-cultivation, family harmony, proper governance, and world peace, harmony among people can be achieved. Taoism advocates "governing by non-action," emphasizing conforming to nature, returning to one's true nature, and pursuing inner tranquility and freedom. Buddhism focuses on cultivation and enlightenment, believing that through purifying the mind and eliminating afflictions, one can attainnirvana.II. How Traditional Chinese Philosophical Wisdom Guides Us to Achieve Harmony Between the Inner Self and the Universe1.Respect Nature and Live in HarmonyTraditional Chinese philosophical wisdom teaches us to respect nature and conform to its laws. We should cherish natural resources, protect the environment, and live in harmony with nature. Only by doing so can we have a beautiful home and achieve the goal of sustainable development.2.Advocate Harmony and Promote UnityIn social life, we should advocate harmony and promote unity. By respecting, understanding, and包容each other, we can resolve conflicts, enhance friendship, and achieve social harmony and stability. This harmonious social atmosphere is conducive to personal growth and development, as well as the prosperity and strength of the country.3.Cultivate One's Moral Character and Pursue Inner HarmonyOn a personal level, we should focus on cultivating our moral character and pursuing inner harmony. By cultivating our moral qualities, improving our personal cultivation, and enriching our inner world, we can achieve self-improvement and enhancement. At the same time, we should also learn to adjust our mindset, maintain a peaceful and optimistic attitude, and face various challenges anddifficulties in life.III. ConclusionThe wisdom of traditional Chinese philosophy is a precious cultural heritage that teaches us how to respect nature, advocate harmony, and cultivate one's moral character. These wisdoms not only help us achieve harmony between the inner self and the universe, but also provide beneficial guidance for our lives and work. We should cherish and inherit these wisdoms, allowing them to radiate new vitality and vigor in the new era.。
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Chinese Philosophy and Religion
Confucianism
The Three Cardinal Guides:
Ruler guides subject; father guides son; and husband guides wife
Chinese Philosophy and Religion
Chinese Philosophy and Religion
Confucianism
II. Major Theories of Confucius 1. Confucianism– ethic-political system in ancient China 2. The ethical principle of Confucianism – the moral character 3.His central doctrine: the virtue of goodness, benevolence, humanity, and human-heartedness. 4.He focuses on affection and love. 4. Five Relationships Theory
Chinese Philosophy and Relef Introduction of Lao Zi 1. 604B.C., the state of Chu 2. Li-family name; Er- given name; 3. Founder of Taoism 4. the father of Chinese philosophy 5.Dao De Jing, (The Classics of the Ways and Virtues), 5000 words. 6. search a way to avoid the constant feudal
warfare and other social conflict during his time
Chinese Philosophy and Religion
Taoism
II. Lao Zi’s Opinion 1.Tao – the origin of all creation and of all the force and it lies behind all the fuctions and changes of the natural world 2. Tao – a way of harmony, integration and cooperation 3. Tao – the natural tendency is heaven,
History and Culture of China
An Introductory Course By Xiaoou Li School of English Studies, XISU
Confucianism
I. A Brief Introduction of Confucius II. Major Theories of Confucius III. The Progressive Aspects and Limitation of His Thinking IV. Confucius’ Famous Words and Principles V. The Health-Preservation Theory Of Early Confucianism VI. Confucian Temple, Confucian Grove VII. Mencius
Chinese Philosophy and Religion
Confucianism
VII. Mencius 1.the second sage in the Confucian school 2. ideas --- more articulate cation --- every person can be a sage 4. “mind nourishing means having less desires” 5. “people rank the highest, land and grain comes next, and the ruler counts the least”
(ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-and-younger, friend-friend)
Chinese Philosophy and Religion
Confucianism
III. The Progressive Aspects and Limitation of His Thinking
Chinese Philosophy and Religion
Buddhism
I. The Origin of Buddhism II. Main Teachings of Buddhism III. Buddhism in China IV. The Spread of Buddhism to Other Asian Countries V. Development of Chinese Buddhism VI. Influence of Buddhism on Chinese Culture
mankind, and the earth would form a single, harmonious unit, with each and every part cooperating toward universal well-being.
Chinese Philosophy and Religion
Taoism
II. Lao Zi’s Opinion 4. “Wuwei” :
Chinese Philosophy 5. “De”: a power of morality; and a power of good; Religion the power of naturalness, simplicity, and
Chinese Philosophy and Religion
Confucianism
I. A Brief Introduction of Confucius 1. 551 B.C., Shandong Province 2. Kong-family name; Qiu- given name; Zhongni-middle name. 3. a low ranking official 4. 3000 students (70--- well-known) 5. Purpose of his teaching: to help his students acquire necessary skill to get into politics. 6. 50’s, Lu State
Chinese Philosophy and Religion
乎？有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎？人不知而 有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎？ 不慍，不亦君子乎？ 不慍，不亦君子乎？” Xue Er:The Master said, "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?“
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Confucianism
V. The Health-Preservation Theory Of Early Confucianism Science of health preservation “longevity comes from benevolence” (peace & harmony) Cultivation & mentality Nourishing the mind and the body– as a whole Introduce the private school system– offer physical education The Book of Rites:
Three Obedience and Four Virtues for woman
Confucianism
IV. Confucius’ Famous Words and Principles The Book of Great Learning The Analects: eg…學而 子曰：“學而時習之，不亦說 學而:子曰 子曰： 學而時習之，
Confucians on medical care & Chinese Medicine
Chinese Philosophy and Religion
Confucianism
VI. Confucian Temple, Confucian Grove 1. The Confucius Temple in Qufu of Shandong. 2. 478B.C., 9 courtyards, 460 halls, pavilions and rooms. 1994, UNESCO World Heritage Site
1.good &capable people—official posts 2.emphasized the importance of benevolence—high ideal of morality 3. Failed to use new ideas to replace the old formality 4. Defend the interests of the slaveowning nobles 5. He shaped the Chinese character and national soul.