Lexicon(1)
语言学教程第三章练习1
语⾔学教程第三章练习1Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1 Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. AllomorphII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An initialism is pronounced letter by letter, while an acronym is pronounced as a word22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with vocabulary.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: solid, hyphenated and open24. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to close class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to open class.26. Back-formation is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27.Conversion is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the morpheme level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a derivative, and a word formed by compounding is called a compound.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: affix and bound root.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological rule31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective. V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?36.What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN III II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculation。
term的同义词
term的同义词term表学期; 条款; 术语的意思，那么你知道term的同义词有哪些吗?接下来小编为大家整理了term的同义词，希望对你有帮助哦!term的同义词辨析1：term, semester这两个名词均有"学期"之意。
term和semester作"学期"解时，其主要差别在于使用地区的不同。
term多用于英国，semester主要在美国、德国使用。
term的同义词辨析2：word, vocabulary, language, term, lexicon这些名词均有"文字，词，语言"之意。
word ：普通用词，指语言的最小单位的单词、字，也可指话、整句话或一段话。
vocabulary ：集合名词，指词汇、语汇或词汇量。
language ：普通用词，指国家、民族或种族内部使用，已经系统化的语言。
term ：指有特定意义的词，词语或术语。
lexicon ：指某种语言、某人或某一知识领域的全部词汇。
词组习语：come to terms with1. 向…屈服;对…让步;与…妥协;与…和解;和…达成协议她对生活中的不幸已经逆来顺受了。
she had come to terms with the tragedies in her life.in terms of (或 in —— terms)1. 根据，按照; 在…方面，从…方面(说来)从成本方面很难说更换打印机是合算的。
replacing the printers is difficult to justify in terms of cost.实际上销售额降低了近7个百分点。
sales are down by nearly 7 per cent in &B{real terms}.the long/short/medium term1. 长/短/中期on terms1. 友好，关系良好;在平等地位上on —— terms1. 处于…关系(或状态)我们都相处友好。
lecture1(1)
Lecture 1 Introduction to lexicologyObjectivesAfter learning the lecture, you are expected to be able to answer the following questions:? How to interpret and distinguish the terms with ‘lexi-’?？What is lexicology?? How can lexicology be classified?? What does lexicology study?? What is English lexicology?? What are the two approaches to the study of English lexicology?? What is the character of the English language?? What are the characteristics of English words/vocabulary?? How is lexicology connected with other branches of linguistics?Interpretation of some terms in lexicology1.Lexicon & lexis: the total bank of words and phrases of a particular language, the artifact ofwhich is known as a lexicon.2.Lexeme: A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughlycorresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word. For example, in the English language, run, runs, ran and running are forms of the same lexeme, conventionally written as RUN.[1]In order to reduce the ambiguity of the term ‘word’, the term ‘lexeme’is postulated as an abstract unit which refers to the smallest unit that can be distinguished from other smaller units. A lexeme can occur in many different forms in actual spoken and written texts. For example, ‘write’ is the lexeme of the following words: write, writes, wrote, written, writing. 3.Lexical units: Lexical items composed of more than one word are also sometimes calledlexical chunks, gambits, lexical phrases, lexical units, lexicalized stems or speech formulae.4.Word is the smallest free form (an item that may be uttered in isolation with semantic orpragmatic content) in a language, in contrast to a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning. A word may consist of only one morpheme (e.g. wolf), but a single morpheme may not be able to exist as a free form (e.g. the English plural morpheme -s).Typically, a word will consist of a root or stem, and zero or more affixes. Words can be combined to create other units of language, such as phrases, clauses, and/or sentences.5.lexicology:●Lexicology (from lexiko-, in the Late Greek lexikon) is that part of linguistics which studieswords, their nature and meaning, words' elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon.●Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a givenlanguage. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.6.Lexicology has developed such branches asa)semantics——study of meaning of words (and sentences)b)etymology——study of origins of wordsc)historical lexicology——study of the development of vocabulary as a whole on the basisof etymology and other sciencesd)phraseology——study of individual words and set expressions, stock phrases, cast-ironidioms, i.e. the study of formation and usage, classification and characteristics of idiomse)lexicography——study of the form, meaning, usage, origin of vocabulary and themaking of dictionaries7.lexicographyA good example of lexicology at work, that everyone is familiar with, is that of dictionariesand thesaurus. Dictionaries are books or computer programs (or databases) that actually represent lexicographical work, they are opened and purposed for the use of public.A thesaurus is a work that lists words grouped together according to similarity ofmeaning (containing synonyms and sometimes antonyms), in contrast to adictionary, which contains definitions and pronunciations. The largest thesaurus in the world is the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary, which contains more than 920,000 words and meanings.A dictionary is a collection of words in a specific language, often listed alphabetically, withusage information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, and other information;or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon. Exercise 1Exercise 2accept (accepted, accepted, accepting)__________ lexemes__________ word forms__________ lexical units__________ wordsExercise 3Use examples to tell the different branches of lexicology. For example, in English, many roots and affixes are from Latin or Greek. This is the branch etymology.How can lexicology be classified?General lexicology & Special lexicologyDistinction is made between GENERAL LEXICOLOGY & SPECIAL LEXICOLOGY. General lexicology is a part of General linguistics. It is concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language. Special lexicology is the lexicology of a particular language (Russian, German, French, etc.).Research methods of English lexicologyThere are two main approaches to the study of English lexicology, that is, synchronic and diachronic.The term ‘synchronic’means describing a language as it exists at one point in time. The term diachronic means, concerned with historical development of a language.A synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time, whereas a diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time.Character of the English languageThe English language is of a mixed character. On the one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of historical development.Characteristics of English vocabulary or words1.Native words are the foundation and the core of the English vocabulary. In structure they aremostly monosyllabic words. In meaning they express the fundamental concepts dealing with everyday objects and things. In grammar they include most parts of speech. Native words have the following three characteristics: 1) the polysemous character; 2) the collocability; and3) word-formation ability.2.There is large amount of English vocabulary. There are3.There are various Englishes all over the world.4.and it is increasing at a surprising speed.5.…How is lexicology connected with other branches of linguistics?1)with phoneticsPhonetics is closely related wit lexicology. Without sound there is word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning.2)with grammarV ocabulary and grammar are originally related to one another. In learning language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary. The vocabulary of a language assumes tremendous importance when it comes under the control of grammar, which is concerned with the modification in form of words and the combination of words into sentences.3)with stylisticsLexicology studies stylistic variants on the basis of meanings of words and their changes, synonyms, antonyms, figures of speech etc.Exercise 41.The words such as ‘export’, ‘increase’, ‘process’ and ‘progress’ with different pronunciationserve different parts of speech, which indicates that lexicology is connected with __________.2.In the sentence ‘O ther school managers are also eyeing the program’, we study the word ‘eye’,which shows that lexicology is connected with _______.3.Bill Gates and his friend Paul Allen laid the first brick in the foundation of Microsoft.4.The word advisable in ‘It is advisable that we take immediate measures to enhance teaching’can’t be replaced by advise or advice, which demonstrates that lexicology is related to _______.Exercise 5Fill in the blanks to consolidate your understanding of the terms in the unit.1.The artifact of the total bank of words and phrases of a particular language is called_________.2. A _________is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughlycorresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word.3._________is the smallest free form (an item that may be uttered in isolation withsemantic or pragmatic content) in a language.4._________is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of agiven language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application.5._________ is a study of origins of words6._________ is a study of the form, meaning, usage, origin of vocabulary and the makingof dictionaries.7. A _________ is a work that lists words grouped together according to similarity ofmeaning (containing synonyms and sometimes antonyms), in contrast to a dictionary, which contains definitions and pronunciations.8._________lexicology is a part of General linguistics. It is concerned with the study ofvocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language.9._________lexicology is the lexicology of a particular language (Russian, German,French, etc.).10.There are two main approaches to the study of English lexicology, that is, _________and diachronic.11.The term ‘_________’ means describing a language as it exists at one point in time. Theterm _________ means, concerned with historical development of a language.12.A _________ approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time,whereas a diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time.13.Lexicology studies stylistic variants on the basis of meanings of words and their changes,synonyms, antonyms, figures of speech etc. in this case, we say that lexicology is connected with _________.。
语言学选择题(附答案)
语言学1.__A__ is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.A. PhonologyB. LexicographyC. LexicologyD. Morphology2. __C__ is defined as the scientific study of language, studying language in general.A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Phonetics3. Which of the linguistic items listed below is best described as the smallest unit of meaning? BA. the wordB. the morphemeC. the phonemeD. the clause4. A prefix is an affix which appears __B__.A. after the stemB. before the stemC. in the middle of the stemD. below the stem5. Which of the following is true? __C__A. Phonetics is the study of pronunciation.B. Phonetics is the scientific study of the movement of sound waves.C. Phonetics is the scientific study of the sounds of language.D. Phonetics is the scientific study of the organs of speech.6. ―What’s in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweetSo Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,‖ (Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2, 43~5)To what characteristic of language dose Shakespeare refer? __D__A. CreativityB. ProductivityC. DualityD. Arbitrariness7. Language, as a system, consists of two sets of structures or two levels, which is known as __A__, one of a design features of human language.A. DualityB. DisplacementC. ProductivityD. Arbitrariness8. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are __D__.A. phonemesB. phonesC. soundsD. allophones9. What is complementary distribution? __A__A. Different places of occurrence of allophones within a word.B. When a phone can only occur at the end of a word.C. When an allophone occurs at the beginning of a word.D. Contrastive distribution of allophones10. __D__ deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.A. MorphemeB. V ocabularyC. RootD. Lexicon1. Cold and hot are called __B__ antonyms.A. complementaryB. gradableC. reversalD. converse2. ―I regret that I can’t help you.‖ This is an example of __C__.A. representativesB. directivesC. expressivesD. commissives3. What is the duality of the language? __D__A. Letters and soundsB. Sounds and symbolsC. Symbols and meaningD. sounds and meaning4. ―I bought some roses‖ __A__ ―I bought some flowers‖.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with5. Of the following linguists, __C__ should be grouped into Prague School.A. BloomfieldB. SaussureC. JakobsonD. Firth6. Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writingability, which is often referred to as acquired __C__.A. diglossiaB. aphasiaC. dyslexiaD. dysgraphia7. __A__ A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for the spelling and word use.A. Samuel Johnson’sB. Bishop Lowth’sC. Firth’sD. Samuel John’s8. What is phonology? __B__A. The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and receivedB. The study of the function, behavior and organization of speech sounds as linguistic items.C. The study of the International Phonetic Alphabet.D. The study of all possible speech sounds.9. The morpheme ―cast‖ in the common word ―telecast‖ is a (n) __D__.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme10. A phoneme is __D__.A. a set of different realization of a phoneB. a set of contrastive allophones in free variationC. a set of phones in complementary distributionD. a set of phonetically similar noncontrastive phones1. Firstly, to which of these language groups dose English belong? __A__A. GermanicB. SlavonicC. romanceD. Baltic2. What is defined as ―the study of sentence structure‖? __D__A. MorphologyB. SemanticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax3. According to Krashen, __D__ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first languageby using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix ―ed‖ in the word ―learned‖ is known as a(n) __C__.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form5. __C__ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language, especially those items which have clear semantic references.A. PhonologyB. LexicologyC. MorphologyD. Lexicography6. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, __A__ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference,overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.A. interlanguageB. interferenceC. language transferD. linguistic relativity7. __A__ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.A. ArbitrarinessB. AbstractnessC. AmbiguityD. Fuzziness8. The term __B__ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language changeover various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative9. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound that follows or precedes it, it is said to be__D__.A. nasalizedB. voicedC. aspiratedD. assimilated10. F. de Saussure is a (n) __C__ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. Russian1. N. Chomsky is a (n) __A__ linguist.A. AmericanB. CanadaC. SwissD. French2. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: __B__ and ____.A. Linguistic description, Linguistic determinismB. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic relativityC. Linguistic relativity, Linguistic descriptionD. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic performance3. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and used by p eople who speak different language forrestricted purpose is __A__.A. pidiginB. creoleC. dialectD. blends4. By __B__, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, e.g. ―pin‖ and ―bin‖.A. complementally distributionB. minimal pairC. Adjacency pairD. code—switching5. When two sounds never occur in the same environment they said to be in __A__.A. complementary distributionB. free variationC. co-occurrenceD. minimal pair6. __D__ century is considered to be the beginning of Modern English.A. 18thB. 17thC. 19thD. 16th7. Conventionally a __B__ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phonemeC. phoneD. morpheme8. __D__ is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that the only things valid enough to confirm orrefute o scientific theory are interpersonally observable phenomena, rather than people’s introspections or intuitions.A. MentalismB. Functional grammarC. Case grammarD. Behaviorism9. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course ofaction are called __C__.A. expressivesB. directivesC. commisivesD. declaratives*10. A __C__ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.A. morphemeB. wordC. rootD. phoneme1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __C__.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human language in generalD. the system of a particular language2. __A__ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.A. InterlanguageB. IdeologyC. DialectD. Interference3. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called __ B__ rule.A. DeletionB. SequentialC. superasegmentalD. Assimilation4. ―There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to‖. This is the __B__ view concerning the study of meaning.A. naming theoryB. conceptualistC. contextualistD. behaviorist5. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of __A__.A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing6. According to Chomsky, __A__ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue7. __A__ is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone8. __A__ is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1language in their learning process.A. Language transferB. BlendingC. InterferenceD. Cooperative9. __C__ are affixes added to an existing form to create a new word, e.g. in-,-er.A. inflectional morphemeB. free morphemeC. derivational morphemeD. root10. Writing is the secondary language form based on __B__.A. soundB. speechC. gestureD. sign1. __C__ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.A. SemanticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Linguistics2. Morphemes that represent ―tense‖, ―number‖, ―gender‖, ―case‖ and so on are called __A__ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. Which of the following is not a compound word? __C__A. clearwayB. rainbowC. scarcityD. without4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by process of learning, and not genetically is referred to as __A__.A. culture transmissionB. performanceC. competenceD. acquisition5. __C__ is the language of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.A. Old NorseB. CleticC. Old EnglishD. Middle English6. A group of two or more consonants together in a syllable is called a (n) __C__.A. arresting clusterB. releasing clusterC. consonant clusterD. syllable7. The semantic features of the word ―woman‖ can be expressed as __C__.A. +ANIMA TE, -- HUMAN, +ADUL T, +MALEB. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, -- ADUL T, + MALEC. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, + ADULT, -- MALED. + ANIMA TE, -- HUMAN, -- ADUL T, -- MALE8. __A__ is to refer to an auxiliary language used to enable routine communication to take place between groups of people who speak different native languages.A. Lingua francaB. DialectC. PidginD. Ethnic dialect9. __A__ is the study of the relationship between brain and language, including research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning.A. NeurolinguisticsB. PsyhcholingisticsC. Applied LinguisticsD. Sociolinguistics10. Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally dates from the __B__ of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure.A. Syntactic structureB. Cours de Linguitique GeneralC. De Lingua LatinaD. Language and Mind1.According to the strong version of the __A__ hypothesis, language determines speakers’ perceptions andpatterns their way of life.A. Sapir WhorfB. inputC. GrimD.Innateness2. Which of the following is true? __D__A. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.B. A compound is the combination of only two words.C. The division of English into old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and notarbitrary.D. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully lateron.3. Which of the following statements is not true? __D__A. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.B. Language is human specificC. Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraintsD.The first language was invented by Adam, the first man.4. A group of people who do in fact have the opportunity to interact with each other and who share not just a single language with its related varieties but also attitudes to- ward linguistic norms are defined as __B__.A. speech varietyB. speech communityC. registerD. sociolect5. ―Y our money or your life?‖ is an example of __C__.A. representativeB. expressiveC. directivesmissives6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used to separate [p] and [b]? _D_A. stopB. fricativesC. bilabialD.voiced7. __D__ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language particularly those items which have clear semantic references.A. LexicographyB. PhonologyC. LexicologyD.Morphology8. __C__ theorized that acquisition of language is an innate process determined by biological factors which limit the important period for acquisition of a language from roughly two years of age to puberty.A. Input hypothesisB. Interaction hypothesisC. Critical period hypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis9. An example of __C__ would be the change in meaning undergone by the OE word, docga, modern day dog. In OE docga referred to a particular breed of dog, while in modern usage it refers to the class of dogs as a whole.A. semantic degradationsB. semantic reductionsC. semantic extensionsD. semantic elevation10. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a built – in set of rules, which have the specific function of enabling her to construct the grammar of her mother tongue. This view is to be seen as __C__.A. Input hypothesisB. X-theoryC. Language acquisition deviceD.Universal grammar1. ―Old‖ and ―Y oung‖ are a pair of __D__ opposites.A. complementaryB. relationalC. converseD. gradable2. Systemic-Functional Grammar, one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, is put forward by __B__.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. FirthD.Malinowski3. V owels that are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel are called __D__ vowel.A. backB. frontC. unroundedD.central4. From Halliday’s viewpoint, language is a form of realization of __D__ rather than a form of realizationof______.A. knowing, doingB. thinking, knowingC. doing, thinkingD.doing, knowing5. __D__ believes that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.A. The innatistB. The interactionistC. The behavioristD.The mentalist6.__C__studies the physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between mouth and ear.A. Articulatory phoneticsB. Physiological phoneticsC Acoustic phonetics D. Auditory phonetics7. Creativity refers to __B__.A. the unconscious knowledge that language users have in their mindsB. the capacity of language users to produce and understand an indefinitely large number of sentencesC. a property claimed to be characteristic of all languagesD. animals’ capacity to learn more than one human language8. Fossilization is a process _ A_.A. in which incorrect linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s competenceB. in which incorrect as well as correct linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s co mpetence,but the correct items gradually delete the incorrect itemsC. which can happen as a result of teachers’ disapproval of an incorrect itemD.A and C are correct9. ―Competence‖ refers to __B__.A. knowledge of meaning of words and sentencesB. a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her languageC. the actual use of a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her languageD. the laws that pertain to all languages throughout the world10. __A__ refers to unintentionally deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker.A. An errorB. A mistakeC. A slip of the tongueD. Fossilization1. __C__ is a multiword construction that is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituents.A. semantic componentB. collocationC. idiomD. reference2. The distinction between langue and parole is similar to that between __B__.A. prescriptive and descriptiveB. competence and performanceC. speech and writingD. synchronic and diachronic3. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as __A__.A. open class wordsB. grammatical wordsC. closed class wordsD. function words4. What is the meaning relationship between the two words ―furniture/bed‖? __B__A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. antonymy5. Which description of componential analysis for the word ―woman‖ is right? __B__A. +human,-adult, -maleB. +human, + adult, -maleC. +human, + adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +male6. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a __B__.A. regional dialectB. registerC. fieldD. repertoire7. In structural grammar, distributional analysis is used to define __D__, which are taken as the basic building blocks.A. morphemesB. wordsC. syllableD. phonemes8. ―Speech Act Theory‖ was proposed by __D__ in 1962.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. Jane AustinD. John Austin9. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was __D__ grammar.A. speculativeB. traditionalC. structuralD. transformational-generative10. __A__ refers to the tendency of many learners to stop developing their inter-language grammar in the direction of the target language.A. FossilizationB. Error analysisC. OvergeneralizationD. Interference1. The most recognizable difference between American English and British English are in __D__ and vocabulary.A. structureB. grammarC. usageD. pronunciation2. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of __C__, the nature of which is determined by context.A. contextB. pragmaticsC. speech actD. semantics3. A(n) __A__ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. ―pass away‖ for ―die‖.A. euphemismsB. deleteC. coinageD. taboo4. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, __B__ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.A. transferB. bilingualismC. diglossiaD. inter-language5. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in __D__.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context6.__C__ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.A. cultural transmissionB. dualityC. displacementD. productivity7. Traditional grammarians begin with __B__ definition of the sentence and components.A. structuralB. notionalC. descriptiveD. prescriptive8. __A__ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. Speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country9. __A__ invasions established three major groups in England: Saxons, Angles and Jutes.A. GermanicB. NormanC. FrenchD. Roman10. Japanese is the only major language that uses __D__ writing system.A. a word-writingB. a logographicC. an alphabeticD. a syllabic1. __C__ is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e. a word or group of words, which serves as a definable ―center‖ or ―head‖.A. Exocentric constructionB. CoordinationC. Endocentric constructionD. Collocation2. Of the following linguists, __A__ should not be grouped into American school.A. FirthB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Boas3. When people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, we say they learn a foreign language with a (n) __D__.A. intrinsic motivationB. resultative motivationC. integrative motivationD. instrumental motivation4. What is the sense relation in the sentence ―M y unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.‖ __B__A. PresupposeB. ContradictionC. EntailmentD. Inconsistent5. ---TRUTH.---Do not say what you believe to be false.---Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Those can be defined as the features of __B__ of Gricean maxims.A. maxim of quantityB. maxim of qualityC. maxim of relationD. maxim of manner6. __C__ caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words.A. IntonationB. StressC. ToneD.Aspiration7. __C__ is a socially prestigious dialect that is supported by institutions.A. Ethnic dialectB. IdeolectC. Standard dialectD. Creole8. Which of the following country are those loanwords ―garage, champion, beauty, parliament‖ borrowed from__D__.A. LatinB. DutchC. GermanD.French9. In the sentence ―The angry man went furiously through the rooms.‖ The first division into immediate constitute should be between __B__.A. angry and manB. man and wentC. furiously and throughD. The and angry10. __C__ refers to the effect of the utterance.A. Illocutionary actB. Locutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech act1. The consonant sound /p/ is described as __A__.A. voiceless bilabial stopB. voiceless alveolar stopC. voiced bilabial stopD.voiced alveolar stop2. A new word created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part is referred to as __C__.A. acronymB. borrowingC. clippingD.blending3. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in__C__.A. right hemispheresB. front hemispheresC. left hemispheresD.back hemispheres4. ―A language pattern which occurs in all known language‖ is called __C__.A. a phonemic representationB. a phonetic representationC. a language universalD. language change5. In the sentence-------―The child found the puppy‖, __C__ is not a constituent.A. The childB. found the puppyC. found theD. the puppy6. A __A__ is a word or phrase which people use in place of terms which they consider to be more disagreeable or offensive to themselves and /or to their audience.A. EuphemismB. metaphorC. denotationD.jargon7. __C__ is the learner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community.A. AcquisitionB. AssimilationC. AcculturationD. Articulation8. What is the relationship between the two words ―flower / rose‖? __C__A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. hyponymyD. Polysemy9. The function of the sentence ―How are you?‖ __D__A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic10. Homonyms __C__.A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic featuresB. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic featuresC. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic featuresD. are two words that all but one of semantic features in common1. The distinction between language and parole is proposed by __B__.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Firth2. In the following dialogue, the maxim of __C__ is not observed.A. What time is it?B. It’s terribly cold in here.A. qualityB. quantityC. relevanceD. manner3. __B__ are linguistic units larger than sentences.A. MovesB. DiscoursesC. TopicsD. Tendencies4. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? _A_A. single/marriedB. big/smallC. hot / coldD. old /young5. Usually __A__ refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well.A. applied linguisticsB. theoretical linguisticsC. contextual linguisticsD. general linguistics6. Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as ―cat‖ and ―rat‖, are known as a __D__.A. distinctive featureB. argumentC. codeD. minimal pair7. __D__ is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics.A. SaussureB. HallidayC. ChomskyD. Labov8. __C__ is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue.A. IPAB. IC AnalysisC. SLAD. TG9. The __C__ is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.A. bound morphemeB. affixC. rootD. prefix10. In terms of S earle’s classification system of illocutionary acts, the sentence ―Ten bucks say that The Y ankee will win the game.‖ used to bet belongs to __A__.A. representativeB. commissiveC. directiveD. declaration1. Three factors involved in describing vowels are __B__.A. place of articulation / part of the tongue raised / voicingB. tongue height / part of the tongue raised / lip roundingC. articulators / extreme vowel positions / tongue positionD. teeth position / alveolar ridge position / voicing2. In __C__ the structure of words is studied.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. morphologyD. syntax3. Which one is not a source of error? __D__A the native language B. the target languageC. learner’s style of thinkingD. none4. ―Love‖ and ―hate‖ are __C__.A. binary antonymsB. complementary pairsC. gradable antonymsD. relational opposites5. __A__ refers to sentences not only describe or report information, but also help speakers accomplish things.A. Speech actB. DiscourseC. ContextD. Communication6. The feature that distinguishes ―hotdog‖ and ―hot dog‖ is __B__.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. aspiration7. __A__ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. NeurolinguistcsD. Anthropological linguistics8. The study of language at some point of time is generally termed as __D__ linguistics.A. appliedB. diachronicC. comparativeD. synchronic9. Of the following linguists, __A__ should be grouped into London school.A. FirthB. BloomfieldC. BoasD. Trubetzkoy10. __C__ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language1. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the __D__ period for the first language acquisition.A. initialB. one-word stageC. pubertyD. critical2. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called __A__.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. syntaxD. language change3. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the __D__ principle proposed by J. Grice.A. comprehensiveB. generativeC. discourseD. cooperative4. __C__ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.A. referenceB. lexical meaningC. senseD. word5. ―Autumn‖ and ―fall‖ are used respectively in Britain and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are __B__ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic6. __D__ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.A. surface structureB. syntactic ambiguityC. syntactic componentD. deep structure7. London speech that was illustrated by Shakespeare’s writing was generally termed __C__.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Early Modern EnglishD. Late Modern8. If we begin interpretation of a sentence spontaneously and automatically on the basis of whatever information is available to us, that is called __A__.A. top-down processingB. bottom-up processingC. inductive analysisD. comparative analysis9. __B__ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.A. DialectB. IdiolectC. Ethnic dialectD. Linguistic repertoire10. Of the following words, __A__ is an initialism.A. UNB. NA TOC. BASICD. UNESCO。
Lexicon 莱斯康 数字效果处理器使用说明
L exicon 莱斯康数字效果处理器使用说明Alex 数字效果处理器为你提供了具有世界先进水平的混响与效果，可对所有音频性能进行加强。
16种预置效果提供了范围广阔，音质超群的效果，三个可调参数使你能够对每一预置效果进行细微或剧烈的改变，16种存储器可用来存储自行设计的各种效果，脚踏开关控制使你能够设定出满足性能要求的存储环和存储链。
预置PresetsAlex数字效果处理器具有16个为下列效果而专门设计的永久性预置：大厅和房间（Hall and Room）［1—6］，该预置范围从大型自然空间，如带有扩展，上升和声音丰满的音乐厅到带有突然上升和窄小空间声音染色特征的小型房间，除一般乐器与声乐用途外，大厅（Hall）预置是为分别录制的声轨提供属于相同性能的感觉的一种良好选择。
反相（Inverse）[7]，除了在陡峭的混响切断前建立混响包络的初始部分外，，其作与噪声门相似，反相（Inverse）和噪声门（Gate）均为用于打击乐，特别是小鼓的优良效果。
噪声门（Gate）[8]，具有无衰减的十分恒定的声音，直到混响被突然切断为止。
金属板（Plates）[9—12]这些效果用高初始漫射和相对较明亮，染色的声音模仿金属板的声音，这种效果在各种打击乐器及铜管乐和声乐中都很有效，这种效果的设计目的是使其作为音乐的一部分，使声源材料更浑厚丰满。
合唱（Chorus）[13]，这是带回声的六声立体声合声，该效果的预置可对回声延时与再循环进行控制，是用于吉它及声乐的绝妙效果。
镶边（Flange）[14]，是带有谐振控制和镶边浓度与速度控制的立体声镶边效果。
回声（Echo）[15]，这是数字音频最基本的效果，所有声音均可尝试这种效果。
延时（Delays）[16]，这是一个四抽头跳动延时，跳动在左与右输出这间来回进行。
每个预置都包括三个参数的独特组合；衰减、延时和固定电平（FXL VL）。
每一预置的参数均可在面板调整的整个范围中得到。
English Lexicology chapter1 (2)
• When we talk about a language, we are actually talking about three things: sounds(phonology), words(morphology) and rules (grammar). Compared with the other two, vocabulary is obvious the most active and sensitive one and it changes the fastest and the most.
• Features of lexeme 1）form: people can tell a lexeme from its form (length, combination) 2) grammar: Lexeme can play a role in the sentence to make it grammatically 3) stability 4) independence
• 1) new words are created quickly with the development of the society and the advancing of history. e.g. Google, blog. (from noun to verb, from a proper name to a common word) Reaganomics (n. 里根经济学) ; euro; winwin; stakeholder(负责任的利益攸关方)； mouse potato（计算机迷），couch potato； PK（对决）
• 2) the new development of English lexicon shows a trend of briefer, clearer and more explicit. People are enjoying more and more freedom in creating new words. e.g. network; online; cyber; internet; www; hypertext; hypermedia; home page; telnet(远程登入)；browser； firewall；domain name/DN; spyware; electronic shopping; internet addiction disorder; digital divide; web intelligence;
language的同义词
language的同义词language表陆地; 国家; 地产的意思，那么你知道language的同义词有哪些吗?接下来小编为大家整理了language的同义词，希望对你有帮助哦!language的同义词辨析：word, vocabulary, language, term, lexicon这些名词均有"文字，词，语言"之意。
word ：普通用词，指语言的最小单位的单词、字，也可指话、整句话或一段话。
vocabulary ：集合名词，指词汇、语汇或词汇量。
language ：普通用词，指国家、民族或种族内部使用，已经系统化的语言。
term ：指有特定意义的词，词语或术语。
lexicon ：指某种语言、某人或某一知识领域的全部词汇。
词组习语：speak the same language1. 有共同语言be as good as one's word1. 信守诺言have a word1. 简短地和某人说话我只想和他说一两句话。
I'll just &B{have a word with} him.have a word in someone's ear1. 和某人咬耳朵;和某人私下谈;私下警告某人in other words1. 换句话说，也就是说keep one's word1. 守信，遵守诺言a man/woman of his/her word1. 守信的人，遵守诺言的人(on/upon) my word1. 我敢保证;说实在话(表示惊讶或强调)说真的，你到这儿真快!。
my word, you were here quickly!.put something into words1. 用言语表达他感到些许无法用言语表达的失望之情。
he felt a vague disappointment which he couldn't put into words.put words into someone's mouth1. 硬说某人说过某些话take someone at their word1. 相信某人说的话是真的take the words out of someone's mouth1. 先说出某人想讲的话take someone's word (for it)1. 轻信某人的话too —— for words1. (非正式)很，极绕着路走上一圈真是乏味。
Chapter 1-1
3
Language is ……
What is language?
4
Comments on the following ideas
1. Language is a means of communication. 2. Language has a form-meaning correspondence. 3. The function of language is to exchange information.
The subject matter of linguistics
• The subject matter of linguistics is all natural languages, living or dead. • It studies the origin, growth, organization, nature and development of languages. • It discovers the general rules and principles governing languages.
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Phonetics (语音学)
• It is the scientific study of speech sounds, including the articulation, transmission and reception of speech sounds, the description and classification of speech sounds. • [b] 双唇爆破辅音
• Linguistics differs from traditional grammar at least in three basic ways:
精益术语汇编(Lean-Lexicon)
精益术语汇编(Lean Lｅｘｉcon）Labｏr Lｉnearity (劳动力线性化)一种在生产工序(特别是一个生产单元)中,随着产量的变化灵活调动操作员人数的方法。
按照这种方法，制造每个零件所需人数，随产量的变化，可以接近于线性。
参见：投资线性化。
Lｅａn Ｅｎtｅrprｉsｅ (精益企业)一个产品系列价值流的不同部门同心协力消除浪费,并且按照顾客要求，来拉动生产。
这个阶段性任务一结束,整个企业立即分析结果,并启动下一个改善计划。
Lean Ｐｒoduction (精益生产)一种管理产品开发、生产运作、供应商、以及客户关系的整个业务的方法。
与大批量生产系统形成对比的是，精益生产强调以更少的人力，更少的空间，更少的投资，和更短的时间,生产符合顾客需求的高质量产品。
精益生产由丰田公司在第二次世界大战之后首创，到1990年的时候，丰田公司只需要用原来一半的人力，一半的制造空间和投入资金，生产相同数量的产品。
在保证质量和提高产量的同时，他们所花费的在产品开发和交货的时间,也远比大批量生产更有效益。
(Woｍack，Joneｓ和Rｏos1９9０， P.１3）“精益生产”这个术语由ＭIＴ国际机动车辆项目的助理研究员John Ｋrafcik于2０世纪８0年代最先提出。
Ｌeaｎ Loｇiｓｔics （精益物流)在沿着价值流的各个公司和工厂之间，建立一个能够经常以小批量进行补给的拉动系统。
我们假设A公司（一个零售商)直接向顾客销售产品，而且从B公司(一个制造商）大批量、低频率的补给货物。
精益物流将会在零售商(A公司）安装一个拉动信号,当他售出若干的货物之后，这个信号就会提示制造商,补充相同数量的货物给A，同时制造商会提示他的供应商补充相同数量的原料或半成品，以此一直向价值流的上游追溯。
精益物流需要拉动信号（ＥDI，看板，网络设备，等等),来保证价值流各工序之间的平衡生产,举个例子,用频繁的小批量装运方法，将零售商、制造商、以及供应商，联成一条“送牛奶”的供应链。
语言学教程（第四版）练习题
语⾔学教程（第四版）练习题语⾔学教程（第四版）测试题Quiz 1 LexiconI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. T2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. F3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. T4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes. T5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. T6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. T7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root or a free morpheme. F8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. F9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. F10. Loanwords are: both form and meaning are borrowed. TII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a grammatical meaning.13. Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.15. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. Compounding is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called morphological rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems toform new words.20. A stem can be a bound root or a free morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _____.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound _____.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD. None of the above23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _____.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements24. _____ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that _____.A. have to be used independentlyB. cannot be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes28. _____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the originalword.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is _____.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology: Morphology is a branch of linguistics which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.32. morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.33. bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently buthave to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.34. root: A root is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroying itsmeaning.35. stem: a stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can beadded, like Friend- in friends, and friendship- in friendships.V. Answer the following question:36. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.In terms of their capacity of occurring alone, morphemes can be categorized into 2 types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-”in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”.Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in theword “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be d ivided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word suchas “-less” in the word “friendless”.Poly-morphemic words other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes.A root is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without destroying its meaning. Inter-nation-al-ismAn affix is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). Affix is naturally bound. Affixes are generally classified into three subtypes, prefix, suffix, and infix.Prefix: para-, mini- un-Suffix: -ise, -tionInfix: abso-bloomingly-lutelyA stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.Friend- in friends, and friendship- in friendshipsQuiz 2 SyntaxI. Choose the best answer.1. Relation of co-occurrence is _____.A. only syntagmaticB. only paradigmaticC. complexD. both syntagmatic and paradigmatic2. The syntactic rules of any language are _____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. The _____ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. syntactic4. A sentence is considered _____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5. Several constituents together form a _____.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. construction6. Phrasal constituent can be embedded within another constituent having the same category.Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of embedding of one clause into another clause. This is the _____ properties of sentences.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Syntax allows us to better understand _____.A. how words and phrases form sentencesB. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above8. The head of the phrase “the handsome boy” is _____.A. handsomeB. boyC. theD. the handsome boy9. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to _____ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a _____sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. subordinateII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.11. The phrase of swimming in the lake is headed,the head is swimming. T12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number ofsentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. T13. In a compound sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. T14. Tag question always contains a pronoun which refers back to the subject, and never to any otherelement in the sentence. T15. Predicate is the major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatoryconstituent other than the subject. T16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed,namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. T18. The disadvantage of IC Analysis is that it cannot reveal some ambiguities effectively. F19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. T20. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or moreof its constituents, i.e. a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable CENTRE or HEAD.TIII. Fill in the blanks.21. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and standsalone as its own sentence.22. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form acomplete statement, question or command.23. A subject may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says somethingabout the subject is grammatically called predicate.25. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an embeddedclause.27. A class item can perform several functions, and a function can be fulfilled by several classes.28. Phrase is a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking thesubject-predicate structure typical of clauses.29. A constituent with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence, is a clause.30. A sentence is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thoughtIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.31. syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in alanguage, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.32. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of asentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents (theoretically, morpheme; practically, word)are reached.33. cohesion: Cohesion is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax. It refers torelations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text.34. category: Narrowly, the classes and functions, e.g. n., v.; subject, predicate; NP, VP, etc.More specifically, the defining properties of these general units:n.: gender, number, case and countability, etc.v.: tense, aspect and voice, etc.V. Answer the following questions.35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.36. Distingu ish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis.(1) more beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful flowersVI. Analyze the following situation.37. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in the following sentence.The lonely boy in the bedroom was crying silently.((The) (((lonely) (boy)) ((in) ((the) (bedroom))))) ((was) ((crying) (silently))).Quiz 3 SemanticsI. Choose the best answer.1. The 7 types of meaning are proposed by _____.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth2. _____ meaning is also called cognitive meaning.A. ConceptualB. ConnotativeC. StylisticD. Reflected3. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Referential Theory is the theory of meaning, which relates the meaning of a word to the thing itrefers to.B. Sense refers to the properties an entity has.C. Reference refers to the concrete entity having the properties.D. Every word has a sense, and every word has a reference4. “Can I borrow your bike?” _____ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes5. _____ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis6. “Alive” and “dead” are _____.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above7. _____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense8. Words that are opposite in meaning are _____.A. antonymyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. Words that are close in meaning are called _____.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _____.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English. T12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. F13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. T14. Semantic triangle was proposed by Geoffrey Leech in The Meaning of Meaning. F15. According to Semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. Itis mediated by reference. F16. Sense refers to the abstract properties of an entity, and reference refers to the concrete entity having these properties. T17. No two words share exactly the same meaning. T18. Complementary Antonyms can be modified by “Very”. F19. “Give” is a two-place predicate. F20. Actions or events involved in entailment are synchronic, but that in the presupposition is diachronic. TIII. Fill in the blanks.21. Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.22. Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or phrase suggests in people’s mind.23. Social / stylistic meaning is the meaning which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.24. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.25. Hyponymy is a kind of inclusiveness relation.26. Relational opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.27. Componential analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.28. Gradable antonyms refer to those which are not absolutely opposite, there are often intermediate forms between these two extreme forms.29. A superordinate may be a superordinate to itself. We call this auto-hyponym.30. The meaning of duck can be analyzed with Componential Analysis as adult and female.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples.31. complementary antonymy: Complementary antonymy is the sense relation between two antonymswhich are complementary to each other. That is, they divide up the whole of a semantic field completely. Denial of one implies the assertion of the other and the assertion of one implies the denial of the other. He is single means “He is not married”.32. superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy, i.e. the class name, is called superordinate, and thelower terms, the members, hyponyms. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms. Under flower, for example, there are orchid, lily, peony, sunflower, tulip, and many others apart from rose.33. componential / compositional analysis: An approach by linguists to describe the meaning of wordsand phrases. According to Leech, the analysis of word meaning is often a process of breaking down the sense of word into its minimal components. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed into HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.34. proposition: It is the result of the abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairsand which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. For example, the two sentences “Caesar invaded Gaul” and “Gaul was invaded by Caesar” hold t he same proposition.V. Answer the following questions.35. Please give a superordinate in the following list.A. man, stallion, boy, bull, boar Male.B. dogs, cats, parrots Pets.36. Write out the synonyms of the following words.Youth, automobile, remember, buy, vacation, bigyouth (adolescent), automobile (car), remember (recall), buy (purchase), vacation(holiday), big (large)VI. Analyze the following situation.37. For the following two groups of words, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the(a) words and the (b) words, and what semantic property or properties distinguish between theclasses of (a) words and (b) words.(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chiefb. bull, rooster, drake, ram(2) a. table, stone, pencil, cup, ship, carb. milk, alcohol, rice, soup(1) The (a) words and (b) words are male.The (a) words are human, while the (b) words are non-human.(2) The (a) words and (b) words are inanimate.The (a) words are instrumental, while the (b) words are edible.。
1.LexicologyWords&Vocabulary
Examples of disagreement between sound and spelling
• • • • • Plough Cough Comb Have Cave
Reasons for Sound-form Disagreement
• The internal reason that the English alphabet was adopted from Latin. • Pronunciation changed more rapidly than spelling. • Early scribes(抄写员) created some differences. • In the late 1500, printing helped to freeze spelling. • Borrowing of words.
Compare the following pairs:
• • • • • Condemn, condemnation , bombard Hymn, hymnal Resign, resignation Paradigm, paradigmatic
Word and Vocabulary
• What evidence is given in the text to prove that the sound-meaning relationship of words is arbitrary?
P8
Sound and Form (spelling)
声音与形式
• The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. • The written form should agree with the oral form. • But in fact English spelling is often an imperfect representation of the spoken form.
68-习题作业-Exercises in Chapter 3(Lexicon)
the rest has been borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed. （ ）
are attached. （ ）
25. Bound morphemes can be used independently under certain circumstance. （ ） 26. Inflectional morphemes can always change the classes of the words to which they
II .Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper word. 11.“Gentle” is the ___________ of the word “gentlemanliness. 12.Some morphemes like “water”, “desire”, “work”, “able” and “like” constitute
morphemes. （ ）
23. All words have morphs but not necessarily allomorphs. （ ） 24. Derivational morphemes can never change the class of the words to which they
D. clipped words
6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is .
单件流(一个流)
单件流(一个流)单件流｜干货什么是单件流什么是单件流：照精益大师沃麦克主持的美国精益研究院LEI编著的精益词典《Lean Lexicon》给单件流或连续流的定义是：“每次生产和移动一个（或一个小的、固定批量的）工件，使得工件尽可能连续的通过一系列的加工步骤，并且每一步都刚刚在下一步需要的时候完成。
连续流可以采用从移动式装配线到手工转移的生产单元等多种方式实现。
连续流也称为一个流、单件流和完一个走一个等等”。
这个的定义来看，单件流包括几个要素：•每次生产和转移一个、或一个固定的小批量（如一箱）零件；•尽可能的连续流动；•上下工序刚刚好的衔接。
从单件流的定义出发，对单件流的需要有更清楚的理解：1 单件流强调的是“流”和单件或小批的流转，而不是整批的转移、间歇和等待。
单件流是构成精益价值链的最高境界。
在精益的各种组织方式中，凡是工序之间用“超市店面”连接的，并不是单件流。
2 单件流过程是自动（由工人自主）流动，不设置工序间的间歇和人工的控制，零件进入单元后自动周转，直至完工或流出单元；3 在实现单件流时，在同一台设备上加工不同的品种零件的快速换装和快速转移是最基本的条件。
但是连续的流动和各工序之间刚刚好衔接是单件流更本质的特征。
4 单件流和按箱或按小批流动是不矛盾的。
实际上，在多数实行JIT生产的企业中，看板拉动的单位都是标准容器（箱）。
并且根据企业的产品特点——体积小、数量相对较大，使用一件一件的转移并不方便。
为什么要推行单件流为什么要推行单件流？1、缩短生产周期，由于单件流是所有生产人员分制程的同步作业，最大程度的减少了人力资源的浪费，生产效率的提高大大的缩短了生产周期。
2、降低在制品库存：由于单件流生产形式是后拉式的生产模式，既最后一道工序需要多少，前工序才生产多少，所以它的制造过程中就是每工序同步运作一次即一个成品出车间，如无特殊情况，几乎可达到无库存。
3、节省生产空间：由于单件流是快速出成品的制程，在生产过程中无需库存任何材料，大大节省了生产空间。
如何使用莱斯康LEXICON MPX500效果器
如何使用莱斯康LEXICON MPX500效果器一、首先设定声频信号电平输入1、首先将所有的效果旁路，对于系统参数，旁路方式（BYPASS MODE）必须设成通过干的声频信号。
为此应该：按下SYSTEM，进入系统方式。
转动EDIT旋钮1.显示BYPASS MODE。
转动EDIT旋钮3.选择DRY（干信号）。
在按SYSTEM，推出系统方式。
按BYPASS（旁路）。
2、对于很大电平的节目素材，先从极低的输入电平开始，然后漫漫提高输入电平。
3、当听出有可闻失真时，或当显示中的削波指示灯持续点亮时，将输入电平降低，直至削波表只在出现最高峰值时点亮为止。
输入电平调整控制可使MPX500由电平范围在+20DB至+8DB输入信号来驱动，最低的设定（逆时针旋到底）对于+4DB（平衡式）输入最佳的，最高设定（顺时针旋到底）对于-10DB（非平衡）输入是最佳的。
输出：1、按SYSTEM，进入到系统方式。
将显示出OUTPUT LEVEL（输入电平）（第一个系统参数）。
2、转动EDIT旋钮3，设定OUTPUT LEVEL。
对于+4DB输入设备，0DB 应为增益单位。
对于-10DB输入设备，-12DB应为增益单位。
3、在按SYSTEM，退出系统方式。
二、选择和安装程序MPX500的程序被组织到24个工厂记忆库和一个用户库中。
当开启电源时，单元将显示和装入所使用的最近一个程序。
要想显示MPX500中的任何程序，只需要简单转动前面板的PROGRAM（程序）旋钮，旋钮会快速选择当前库中的其它程序，然后在继续检索其它剩下的程序。
要想在库间进行切换，则要在转动的同时，按下PROGRAM旋钮。
如果所选的程序不是当前装入的程序，则LOAD（安装）LED点亮。
在4秒之后，显示将转回到显示当前的程序，但是L OAD LED将还会亮着，以表示上一个所选程序已提示用来安装，被提示的程序的号码将出现在显示屏中当前库的名字的左边，并反白显示，要想安装提示的程序，则按下LOAD。
艾伦sq5调音台说明书
艾伦sq5调音台说明书【详细过程】话筒/线路输入1-4 输入插孔每通道均有Direct Out直接输出（或称，输入环路输出），用作多轨录音或信号送出，平衡式。
XLR话筒输入，设有幻像供电，平衡式1/4插座线路输入，连接电子乐器，键盘或轨录音机，经处理后的信号可经INS插入点返回信号路途。
5 增益控制容许60db范围的增益调校。
6 高能波波器18db/Oct的100Hz高能滤波器切除无用的低音，减少干扰，提高语言清晰度。
7 均衡器部分三段均衡，中频可选频，高频选点在12khz，+/-15dB。
低频选点在60Hz，+/-15dB，中频可在250Hz-6kHz中选择。
Q值1.5,+/-15dB。
8 辅助输出三组辅助输出。
Aux 1是推子前EQ后，用作返送监听，Aux 2可以选择是推子后EQ后，连接Lexicon效果器。
9 声象控制（PAW）控制立体声声象的位置10 信号路途选择将通道信号送至主输出（MIX）或编组输出（SUB0。
当ON开关键未按下时，通道是在哑音状态。
11 直接输出前/后选择选择直接输出是在推子或推子后送出。
若用作录音，应该放在推子前，这现，现场扩声的音量调校就不会影响录音电平。
12 推子前选听（PFL）用来检查每个通路的电平和EQ设定，不会影响输出信号，按下PFL开关就会通道信号送至耳机和电平表。
13 100mm Aips推子高质素的100mm推子，在零刻度上还有10dB 的动态余量。
编组/主控部分14 编组输出二组阻抗平衡的1/4输出，一般用来接录音机或另一组辅助音箱。
15 主输出二组阴抗平衡的1/4输出，一般用来接主扩声系统，或主录音机。
16 辅助输出二组阴抗平衡的1/4输出，接舞台返送或周边效果设备。
17 单声道“和”信号这是左右声道的“和”信号（左右相加），可独立控制电平，用途非常广泛，例如控制超低音箱，耳光补声，单声道中置音箱，会议系统耳机输入。
18 输出插入点经处理后的信号返回信号路途上。
vocabulary 词根
vocabulary 词根单词：dictionary1. 定义与释义1.1词性：名词1.2中文释义：字典，是一种工具书，用于查询单词的拼写、发音、释义、用法等信息。
1.3英文释义：A book or electronic resource that lists the words of a language (usually in alphabetical order) and gives their meaning, or gives the equivalent words in a different language, often also providing information about pronunciation, origin, and usage.1.4相关词汇：thesaurus（同义词词典，近义词为synonym dictionary）、lexicon（词汇表、词典，派生词有lexicographical形容词，编词典的、词典编纂学的）2. 起源与背景2.1词源：“dictionary”源于中世纪拉丁语“dictionarium”，由“dictio”（意为“说、讲、用词”）演变而来，表示与单词相关的集合。
2.2趣闻：世界上最早的字典可以追溯到公元前2300年左右的苏美尔人的楔形文字词汇表。
这些词汇表记录了当时苏美尔人使用的文字符号及其对应的含义，虽然形式简单，但已经具备了字典的基本功能。
在古代中国，也有《尔雅》等辞书，是中国古代最早的词典，对后世的字典编纂有着深远的影响。
3. 常用搭配与短语3.1短语：(1) electronic dictionary：电子词典例句：I always carry my electronic dictionary with me when I study English.翻译：我学英语的时候总是带着我的电子词典。
(2) pocket dictionary：袖珍词典例句：This pocket dictionary is very convenient for traveling.翻译：这本袖珍词典旅行的时候很方便。
校考英语专八和国考英语专八
校考英语专八和国考英语专八以下为您生成20 个关于校考英语专八和国考英语专八的相关内容，包括英语释义、短语、单词、用法和双语例句：---1. "校考" - "School examination"- 释义：由学校组织的考试- 短语：pass the school examination（通过校考）- 单词：examinee（考生）- 用法：The examinee was nervous before the school examination.（这位考生在校考前很紧张。
）- 双语例句：The school examination is coming soon, and studentsare busy preparing.（校考即将来临，学生们正忙着准备。
）2. "国考" - "National examination"- 释义：全国性的考试- 短语：sit for a national examination（参加国考）- 单词：candidate（候选人，考生）- 用法：Many candidates are striving for success in the national examination.（许多考生都在为国考成功而努力。
）- 双语例句：The national examination is highly competitive.（国考竞争很激烈。
）3. "英语专八" - "English Test for English Majors - Band 8"- 释义：针对英语专业学生的八级考试- 短语：prepare for English Test for English Majors - Band 8（准备英语专八考试）- 单词：certificate（证书）- 用法：She got the certificate of English Test for English Majors - Band 8.（她获得了英语专八证书。
lexicon的用法和解析
lexicon的⽤法和解析 ⼤家会运⽤“lexicon”这个词吗？“lexicon”有着“词典”的意思哦！下⾯是店铺为⼤家整理了lexicon的⽤法和解析，希望能帮到⼤家！ ⼀、详细释义： n. 全部词汇，词汇表 [C] 例句： In the Arab lexicon, the concept of justice means more than democracy. 在阿拉伯的词汇中，公正的概念⽐民主更加意味深长。
例句： Chocolate equals sin in most people's lexicon. 巧克⼒在⼤多数⼈的词汇表⾥等同于罪恶。
词典，字典 [C] 例句： According to the Lexicon, Bill was born in1970. 根据百科全书，⽐尔⽣于1970年。
例句： Categorization in mental lexicon is an intriguing phenomenon. 范畴化是⼼理词典研究中⼀个⾮常有趣的`现象。
⼆、词义辨析： word,vocabulary,language,term,lexicon 这些名词均有“⽂字，词，语⾔”之意。
word普通⽤词，指语⾔的最⼩单位的单词、字，也可指话、整句话或⼀段话。
vocabulary集合名词，指词汇、语汇或词汇量。
language普通⽤词，指国家、民族或种族内部使⽤，已经系统化的语⾔。
term指有特定意义的词，词语或术语。
lexicon指某种语⾔、某⼈或某⼀知识领域的全部词汇。
三、参考例句： They are lexicon of surrealist art. 它们是超现实主义艺术的词汇。
Categorization in mental lexicon is an intriguing phenomenon. 范畴化是⼼理词典研究中⼀个⾮常有趣的现象。
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Pro-forms: substitutes for other terms. ProPronoun: he, she, I, they, everyone Pro-adjective: Your car is red. So is his. ProPro-verb: He speaks English better than he Prodid. Pro-adverb: He hopes to win and I hope so Protoo. Pro-locative: He went there. Pro-
*their all trouble *five the all boys *all this boy *all both girls
2. Morphology
Morphology: the study of word-formation, or wordthe internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components -- morphemes.
Predeterminers: all, both; half, one-third, onethreethree-quarters …; double, twice, three times …; such, what (exclamative) Central determiners: the; this, these, that, those; PossP; we, us; you; which, what (relative), what (interrogative); a, another,
2.3 Word-formation Word-
Morphology
Inflectional Morphology Derivational/ Lexical Morphology
Grammatical vs. Lexical Words: Grammatical/Function words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns. Lexical/Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
Word class: known as Parts of Speech in traditional grammar. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection, article, etc. Some new terms in word class: Particle: infinitive to, negative not, subordinate units in phrasal verbs “get by”, “look back”, etc. Auxiliary: do, have Modal verbs: can, will, may, must, etc.
Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg friend as in unfriendliness. Roots may be free: those that can stand by themselves, eg black+board; nation+-al; or nation+bound: those that cannot stand by themselves, eg -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.
Base: a morpheme to which an affix is added, eg friend root>base friendly root/base+suffix>base unfriendly prefix+base>base unfriendliness base+suffix>base?
some, any, no, either, neither; each, enough, much, more, most, less; a few, a little Postdeterminers: every; many, several, few, little; one, two, three …; (a) dozen
A lexical item or a lexeme
A lexical item is an entry in a dictionary. A lexeme WRITE includes all of its grammatical forms:
write, writes, writing, wrote, written
Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided into prefix (dis-, un-) and dissuffix (-en, -ify).
2.2 Types of morphemes
Free vs. Bound morphemes: Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves, eg bion.
Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-. dis- un-
A grammatical unit: unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme Problem: blackboard
1.2 Identification of words
Stability: stable linguistic units. chairman, but not *manchair Relative uninterruptibility: though we recognize three components in the word disappointment, we cannot pause and add another component in between, as in *disinterestappointment. But we can add another word between words: Paul, (John) and Mary ...
2.1 Morphemes
The smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
ClosedClosed-class vs. Open-class Words: OpenClosedClosed-class words: New members cannot normally be added, eg pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliaries. OpenOpen-class words: New members can be added, eg nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
Stem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix friend+- write+may be added, eg friend+-s; write+-ing, possibility+possibility+-es. Inflection: grammatical endings, eg plural, tense, comparative, etc. Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, eg friend+-ly > friend+friendly.
A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, eg
--Is Jane coming tonight? --Is --Possibly. --Possibly. Hi. Wonderful.
Pre all all
Central her her her
Post many many
Modifier Noun
many all what a the one a few both my father’s
good good good good good good good good
ideas ideas ideas ideas ideas ideas idea idea ideas parents
1.3 Classification of words
Variable vs. Invariable Words: Variable words: write, writes, writing, wrote,