Subordinate Clauses(从句)
英语语法作文从属分句
英语语法作文从属分句英语语法作文从属分句从属分句复合句(complex sentence)由一个主句(principal clause)和一个或一个以上的从属分句(subordinate clause)构成。
从属分句按语法功能可分为名词性从句(nominal clause)、关系从句(relative clause)和状语从句(adverbial clause)。
名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。
关系从句在传统语法里又被称为“定语从句”。
状语从句包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从句。
一、状语从句状语从句是从句中的一大类，在考题中更是频繁出现，它的主要功能是作主句的状语，由完整的主谓句构成。
状语从句和主句在语法上关系并不紧密，但在逻辑上是不可分割的。
1. 让步状语从句1) though, although, even if/though引导的让步状语从句最常见的让步状语从句是由though, although, even if/though引导的。
2) as引导的让步状语从句(a) as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装，如果动词或现在分词提前放在句首，谓语要补加助动词do/does/did, will等。
(b) 作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时，该名词前不可加冠词。
(c) as从句的主语是代词时，主谓无需倒装;如果主语是名词时，则要倒装。
3) while引导的让步状语从句while表示“尽管，虽然”时，可以引导让步状语从句，这时while表达并列的转折，即主句与从句间的动作是在同一时间发生的。
while引导的从句通常放在主句之前。
4) no matter how与however引导的让步状语从句no matter与疑问词what，when，where，how等连用，或上述疑问词加-ever，都可以引导让步状语从句，两者基本可以互换。
从属结构英语句子精品讲解(2014年7月4日)
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Prepositional Phrases 介词短语 for showing minor ideas
• If the speaker wants to further minimize the importance of the minor idea, he can even put it in a phrase, chiefly a prepositional phrase, eg: With curiosity, the Johnsons went and visited their new neighbors at the first opportunity.
10
Non-finite clauses for showing minor ideas 非限定从属分句
• 当你横过马路时，一定要小心。 • While crossing the street, you must be careful. • 在显微镜下观察，刚飘下来的雪花呈精巧的六 角形。 • Seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. • 我据顶不打电话而是写信。 • I decide to write rather than (to) telephone.
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Simple subordinator 简单从属连词
Also known as one-word subordinators
• • • • • • • after although because before directly for if • • • • • • • immediately lest like since that though till • • • • • • • unless until when(ever) where(ver) whereupon while whilst,etc
复合句讲解和练习
复合句（complex sentence）定义：用一个句子来充当某个句子成分（主、宾、表、定、状、同位），从而构成一个从句，该从句（subordinate clause）前需要使用“关系词（relative words）”来与主句（main clause）连接在一起，形成一个完整的句子。
从句类型：1）从句在主句的主语位置，称之为主语从句（subject clause），由于主语在句首，所以主语从句的位置通常为句首。
2）从句在主句的宾语位置，称之为宾语从句（object clause），由于宾语在谓语后面，所以谓语动词后面的句子通常是宾语从句。
3）从句在主句的表语位置，称之为表语从句（predicative clause），如果一个句子出现在系动词后面，通常是表语从句。
4）从句在主句的定语位置，称之为定语从句（attributive clause），由于超过一个单词的定语通常放在名词后面，修饰限定前面的面请，所以名词后面出现句子，通常是定语从句（当然同位语从句除外）。
5）从句在主句的状语位置，称之为状语从句（adverbial clause），由于状语通常出现在一个句子的句首或者句末，而且常有逗号隔开，所以如果一个带有关系词的句子出现在另一个句子的句首或者句末并用逗号隔开了，通常就是状语从句。
6）句子本身已有主语，如果主语后面再增加一个句子来对主语的性质和身份做具体的说明，则称之为主语同位语（appositive clause）。
而句子本身已有宾语，如果宾语后面再增加一个句子来对宾语的性质和身份做具体的说明，则称之为宾语同位语。
判断主从句：1）复合句中，句首不带关系词的句子为主句，带关系词的句子为从句（但是要注意关系词省略的情况：宾语从句的关系词通常可省略，定语从句所修饰的名词在定语从句充当宾语的话关系词可以省略），判断出主从句以后，就可以根据从句的位置判断属于哪类从句。
练习判断一下哪些句子是复合句，并标出从句部分，说明属于哪类从句。
从句_百度百科
从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。根据引导从句为主不同大概可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。前四类由于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句在句子的功用相当于名词，所以通称名词性从句；定语从句功能相当于形容词，称为形容词性从句；而状语从句功能相当于副词，称为副词性从句。状语从句还可以分为条件状语从句、原因状语从句、地点状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句和时间状语从句。
同位语从句
定语从句
状语从句 1、时间状语从句：
2、地点状语从句：
3、条件状语从句：
4、原因状语从句：
5、让步状语从句：
6、结果状语从句：
7、目的状语从句：
8、方式状语从句
9、比较状语从句：
comparison) (8)方式状语从句：(adverbial clause of manner) (9)结果状语从句：(adverbial
clause of result) 7.德语中的从句：状语从句和宾语从句均用 Dass 来引导
编辑本段宾语从句的结构
定义
宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。宾语从句在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后； Tell him which class you are in.
may think it strange that he would live there．
三要素：连接词
带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what,who,when,where,why,which,if,whether,how.
英语语法。复合句(从句)
2）宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
最近谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句：
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
3）表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于联系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语+ 系动词+ that从句。例如：
初中英语语法知识点整理
初中英语语法知识点整理中学阶段是英语学习的重要时期，语法知识是构建语言基础的关键。
掌握英语语法知识点可以帮助学生更好地理解和运用英语，提高阅读、写作和口语能力。
下面将介绍几个初中英语语法知识点。
一、词类（Parts of Speech）英语中的单词可以分为不同的词类，每个词类都具备一些特定的词法和语法特征。
1. 名词（Noun）：表示人、物、地点、植物、动物等的名称。
名词分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可以有单数和复数形式。
2. 动词（Verb）：表示动作或状态的词。
动词有时态和语态的变化。
3. 形容词（Adjective）：描述名词的性质或状态的词。
4. 副词（Adverb）：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词，用来表示时间、地点、方式等。
5. 介词（Preposition）：连接名词、代词或动词与其他词或短语，表示位置、时间、原因等关系。
6. 冠词（Article）：限定名词的词，在英语中有"the"、"a"和"an"三个冠词。
7. 代词（Pronoun）：用来代替名词的词，可以代替人称、物主、指示、不定等。
8. 连词（Conjunction）：用于连接词与词、短语与短语、从句与从句的词。
二、句子成分（Sentence Components）英语句子可以分为主谓结构和主谓宾结构。
句子中的主谓宾等成分在句子中起着不同的功能。
1. 主语（Subject）：句子中进行动作或被描述的主要对象。
2. 谓语（Predicate）：由一个或多个动词组成的核心部分。
3. 宾语（Object）：接受动作的对象，有直接宾语和间接宾语之分。
4. 定语（Adjective Modifier）：修饰名词或代词的词语，通常位于名词前面。
5. 状语（Adverbial）：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词语，表示时间、地点、方式等。
6. 补语（Complement）：补充说明主语和谓语之间关系的词，可以是名词、形容词、动词或介词短语。
SubordinationI语法教程章振邦上外
Simple subordinator 简单从属连词
Also known as one-word subordinators
从句
主句
从属：把次要思想置于结构上的从属地位，从而 突出句子的主要思想。
Subordinators 从属连词
Subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinators, which, in terms of word formation构词法, can be classified into.
•not so … as •no sooner … than
•such … as •whether … or
•the … the, etc
Marginal subordinators 边际从属连词
free lexical combinations.
This group is sometimes hard to distinguish from
Complex subordinators复杂从属连词 Also known as “multi-word subordinators” Some of these end in “that”
•assuming that •but that •considering (that) •except (that) •excepting (that) •for all (that) •given (that) •granted (that) •granting (that) •in that •in order that
英语中什么叫复合句
英语中什么叫复合句？复合句（Complex Sentence）由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。
主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。
从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。
所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。
复合句（The Complex Sentence）：句子中有一个或一个以上的从句，叫做复合句。
复合句可分为：1).定语从句（The Attributive Clause）；2).状语从句（The Adverbial Clause）；3).名词性从句（The Noun Clause）一、定语从句· 定语从句的定义定语从句在句子中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。
· 先行词和引导词被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词；在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。
引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。
· 关系代词和关系副词关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系副词有：when, where, why。
注意：关系副词里面没有how。
如果要修饰方式，用that或in which引导，或者不用引导词。
I don’t like the way (that, in which) he eyed me.我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。
· 关系代词：who关系动词who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。
He is the man who wants to see you.He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.· 关系代词：whomHe is the man （whom） I saw in the park yesterday.（whom在从句中作宾语）· 关系代词：whosewhose 用来指人或物，（只能用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。
英语复合句之定语从句
英语复合句之定语从句复合句（Complex Sentence）分为并列复合句和主从或从属复合句，并列复合句是有并列连词：and、or、but连接；从属复合句由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。
用疑问词作引导词，主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。
从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。
所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。
根据引导从句为主不同，大致可分为：名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句）、定语从句、状语从句等。
定语从句:定语从句在句中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。
被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词；在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。
引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。
关系副词有：when, where, why。
注意：关系副词里面没有how。
如果要修饰方式，用that或in which引导，或者不用引导词：I don’t like the way (不用引导词.that, in which) he eyed me.我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。
1）定语从句关系代词：who（关系代词who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语）He is the man who wants to see you.2）定语从句关系代词：whom（whom在从句中作宾语）He is the man（whom）I saw in the park yesterday.3）定语从句关系代词：whose（用来指人或物，只能用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。
Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （of which the cover/the cover of which）4）定语从句关系代词：which（1）which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。
英语语法从句基础知识大全
英语语法从句基础知识大全English:A subordinate clause, also known as a dependent clause, is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It is dependent on an independent clause, or main clause, to give it meaning and context. There are different types of subordinate clauses, including relative clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. Relative clauses provide more information about a noun in the main clause, and they often begin with relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, which, and that. Adverb clauses function as adverbs in a sentence, providing information about when, where, why, how, or to what degree something happened. They usually start with subordinating conjunctions such as although, because, if, or when. Noun clauses act as a single unit and function as a noun in a sentence. They can serve as the subject, object, or complement of the main clause. Subordinate clauses are essential for adding complexity and depth to sentences, and understanding how to use them correctly can greatly improve one's writing and communication skills.中文翻译:一个从属从句，也被称为依从从句，是一个有主语和动词但不能独立成句的单词组。
同位语从句英语表达
同位语从句英语表达英文回答：Appositive clauses are subordinate clauses that provide additional information about a noun or noun phrase that comes before it. They are also known as nonrestrictive clauses because they do not limit the meaning of the noun or noun phrase they modify. Instead, they add extra details or information that helps to identify or describe the noun or noun phrase.Appositive clauses are typically introduced by a comma and can be placed either before or after the noun or noun phrase they modify. For example:The boy, who was only ten years old, was the youngest member of the team.The team, which had been practicing for months, was ready for the big game.In the first example, the appositive clause "who was only ten years old" provides additional information about the noun "boy". It tells us that the boy is young, which helps to explain why he is the youngest member of the team.In the second example, the appositive clause "which had been practicing for months" provides additional information about the noun "team". It tells us that the team has been preparing for the big game, which helps to explain why they are confident that they will win.Appositive clauses can be used to provide a variety of information about a noun or noun phrase, including:Additional details: Appositive clauses can provide additional details about a noun or noun phrase, such as its size, shape, color, or location. For example:> The house, which was painted white, was located on a hill overlooking the town.Background information: Appositive clauses can provide background information about a noun or noun phrase, such as its history, purpose, or significance. For example:>The Declaration of Independence, which was adopted in 1776, is the founding document of the United States.Examples: Appositive clauses can provide examples of a noun or noun phrase, such as its different types, forms, or uses. For example:> Animals, which include mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish, are found all over the world.Definitions: Appositive clauses can providedefinitions of a noun or noun phrase, such as its meaning, purpose, or significance. For example:>Democracy, which is a form of government in which the people have the power, is an important value in many countries.Appositive clauses are a versatile tool that can beused to add a variety of information to a sentence. Theycan help to identify, describe, or explain a noun or noun phrase, and they can also provide additional details, background information, examples, or definitions.中文回答：同位语从句是提供它前面名词或名词短语附加信息的从属从句。
主句和从句
you haven’t told me. 定语从句
A.why;that
B.that; why
c.because;which
D.of which;that
B 2.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us. 主语从句
当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时，必需用which 或whom,而当介词移到句尾时，则可以使用 that或who
A 1.I don’t know the reason ____you were absent from the meeting, but I am sure
that someone will tell me the season ____
8. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. 条件状语从句，常用现在时替代将来时(主将从 现〕
6.定语从句
在复合句中作定语，用于修饰句子中某一名 词或代词的从句叫定语从句
1.The man(who has an umbrella in his hand) 被修i饰s m的y名u词nc或le.代词称为先行词；引导定语从句的 连接词称为关系词，其中that,which,who,whom, whose,as称为关系代词,where,when,why为关系副词
D 4.After five hours’ drive, they reached ____they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of. 宾语从句
A.What B.which C.when D.that
A 5.There is no doubt ______ China is always
英语壮语从句知识点总结
英语壮语从句知识点总结Types of Subordinate ClausesThere are several different types of subordinate clauses, each serving a specific purpose in a sentence. The main types of subordinate clauses include:1. Adverbial Clauses: These clauses function as adverbs, providing information about the time, place, manner, reason, or condition of the action in the independent clause. For example, "When the rain stopped, we went outside."2. Adjective Clauses: These clauses modify nouns or pronouns in the independent clause, providing additional information about them. For example, "The girl who is wearing a red dress is my sister."3. Noun Clauses: These clauses function as a noun in the sentence, often serving as the subject or object of the main clause. For example, "What you said makes sense." Identifying Subordinate ClausesSubordinate clauses can be identified by key words or subordinating conjunctions that introduce them. These words signal that the clause cannot stand alone and is dependent on the main clause. Some common subordinating conjunctions include:- Adverbial Clauses: after, before, since, until, when, while, because, if, although, as, even though, in order to, so that, unless, etc.- Adjective Clauses: who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when, why, etc.- Noun Clauses: what, that, who, whom, whoever, whose, which, where, when, why, how, whether, etc.Using Subordinate ClausesUnderstanding how to use subordinate clauses correctly is essential in writing and speaking in English. Here are some key points to keep in mind:1. Punctuation: When a subordinate clause comes before the independent clause, it is followed by a comma. For example, "Although he was tired, he went to the party." If the subordinate clause comes after the independent clause, no comma is needed. For example, "He went to the party although he was tired."2. Verb Tenses: The verb tense in the subordinate clause depends on the context and timing of the action in relation to the main clause. For example, "When I arrived, they were already eating dinner."3. Relative Pronouns: In adjective clauses, relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, which, and that are used to connect the subordinate clause to the main clause. For example, "The book that I bought is on the table."4. Positioning: The placement of the subordinate clause in a sentence can affect the meaning and emphasis. It is important to consider the flow and clarity of the sentence when using subordinate clauses.Common Mistakes with Subordinate ClausesThere are several common mistakes that learners of English often make when using subordinate clauses. Here are some of the most frequent errors to avoid:1. Run-On Sentences: Failing to connect a subordinate clause to an independent clause can result in a run-on sentence. For example, "I was tired I went to bed," should be "I was tired, so I went to bed."2. Misplacing Subordinate Clauses: Placing a subordinate clause in the wrong position in a sentence can lead to confusion or ambiguity. It is important to consider the logical flow and meaning of the sentence when using subordinate clauses.3. Comma Splices: Using a comma to join two independent clauses, instead of a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon, is a common error. For example, "I went to the store, I bought some bread," should be "I went to the store and bought some bread."Benefits of Using Subordinate ClausesUsing subordinate clauses effectively can enhance the quality of writing and communication in English. They allow for more complex and detailed sentences, providing additional information and creating a richer understanding of the topic. Subordinate clauses also help to vary sentence structure, making writing more interesting and engaging for the reader.In conclusion, subordinate clauses are an essential part of English grammar, adding depth and complexity to sentences. Understanding how to use and identify different types of subordinate clauses is key to effective communication. By mastering the use of subordinate clauses, learners of English can improve their writing and speaking skills, and convey their intended meaning with clarity and precision.。
各种从句的英语表达方式
从句clause从属句subordinate clause并列句coordinate clause名词从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause状语从句adverbial clause宾语从句object clause主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition句子sentence简单句simple sentence并列句compound sentence复合句complex sentence并列复合句compound complex sentence陈述句declarative sentence疑问句interrogative sentence一般疑问句general question特殊疑问句special question选择疑问句alternative question附加疑问句tag question反义疑问句disjunctive question修辞疑问句rhetorical question感叹疑问句exclamatory question存在句existential sentence肯定句positive sentwence否定句negative sentence祈使句imperative sentence省略句elliptical sentence感叹句exclamatory sentence基本句型basic sentence patern句子成分members of sentences主语subject谓语predicate宾语object双宾语dual object直接宾语direct object间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补subject complement宾补object complement表语predicative定语attribute同位语appositive状语adverbial人称person第一人称first person第二人称second person第三人称third person时态tense一般现在时 present simple tense一般过去时 past simple tense一般将来时 future simple tense现在完成时 present perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去完成时 past perfect tense过去进行时 past continuous tene过去将来时 past future tense将来完成时 future perfect tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense 过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense语态 voice主动语态 active voice被动语态 passive voice语气 mood陈述语气 indicative mood祈使语气 imperative mood虚拟语气 subjunctive mood否定 negation否定范围 scope of negation全部否定 full negation局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation语序 order自然语序 natural order倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion部分倒装 partial inversion直接引语 direct speech间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech一致 agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement就近原则 principle of proximity（注：文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，供参考。
从句 subordinate clause
从句subordinate clause 之Harry Potter and deathly hallowsHarry Potter and the deathly hallows is the movie that I watched with my girlfriend last week.Main clause subordinate clause名词性从句noun clause （主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）形容词性从句（即定语从句）attributive clause副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）adverbial clause定语从句：attributive clause一.概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句,称为定语从句,也叫形容词性从句二.相关知识点精讲1.关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that 代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。
例如：Is Harry Potter or Ron the boy who/that has a crush on Hermione?（who/that 在从句中作主语）Cho Chang is the girl whom/ that Harry really loves.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。
例如： Hermione rushed over to help the Harry whose wand had been broken down by the python.3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
Suborinate Clauses
Suborinate Clauses (定语从句)Clauses (分句)分句必备的两大要素：主语、动词分句的分类：◆独立分句（independent clause）：能表达完整的意思并能独立成句的分句。
I was doing my homework at 9:00. I love stories.◆从属分句（dependent/ subordinate clause）：不能表达完整意义，不能独立成句的分句。
when I was doing my homework because I love storiesObject Clauses (宾语从句)仔细分析以下例句：Our teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.Tom said that he was reading a book.I don’t know whether/ if he’ll come tonight.Do you know who will buy new books for us?Do you know whom they are waiting for?He told me where the hospital was.I don’t know what happened.宾语从句的引导词：当宾语从句为陈述句时，用that引导，that无词意，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。
当宾语从句为一般疑问句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。
当宾语从句为特殊疑问句时，用相应的特殊疑问词引导。
宾语从句的时态：主句为一般现在时、一般将来时，从句可根据句意选用任意时态。
主句为一般过去时，从句要选择与原句相对应的过去时态。
当从句内容为客观事实、真理、自然现象等，从句时态一律用一般现在时。
宾语从句的语序为陈述句语序。
当引导词为疑问词时，有时可转换为“疑问词+不定式”的形式：•I don’t know what I should wear.I don’t know what to wear.•I don’t know when I should leave. I don’t know when to leave.动词的宾语从句：•大多数动词都可带宾语从句：We all expect that they will win, for members of their team are stronger.He told us that they would help us through the whole work.•部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句：I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.介词的宾语从句：•宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.I walked over to where she sat.•that引导的从句很少直接接在介词后作宾语，通常只作except、but、in的宾语。
Subordinate clauses
A
dependent clause or subordinate clause is a complete sentence which works as a part of a main sentence.It falls into several types:
主语从句不可位于句首的情况：
• 1.if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 • 2.It is said/rumored...（p.p）结构中的 主语从句不可提前。e.g It is rumored that he stole the wallet. • 3. 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语 从句不可提前e.g Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
About "that"
当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that（无词义）引导.在 口语或非正式文体中常省略。He said that he could finish his work before supper． 但在以下情况下不能省略 当主句谓语动词带有两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第 一个that，其他不能省略。 I believe (that)you have done your best and that things will get better. 当it作形式宾语时 She made it clear that she had nothing to do with• • • Translation: 1.他昨晚上干了些什么正在调查之中。 2.他测试没有通过，难道不奇怪吗？ 3.很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 4.他们明天不来很要紧吗？
• 1.What he did last night is being investigated. • 2.Isn’t it strange that he did not pass the test? • 3.That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. • 4.Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow?
subordinateclause从句
subordinateclause从句What Is a Subordinate Clause? (with Examples)A subordinate clause (or dependent clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought.Like all clauses, a subordinate clause has a subject and verb.Examples of Subordinate ClausesHere are some examples of subordinate clauses (shaded). You will notice that none of the shaded clauses could stand alone as a sentence. This is how a subordinate clause (or a dependent clause) is different from an independent clause.She had a pretty gift for quotation, which is a serviceable substitute for wit. (W Somerset Maugham, 1874-1965)A musicologist is a man who can read music but can't hear it. (Sir Thomas Beecham, 1879-1961)Always be nice to those younger than you because they are the ones who will be writing about you. (Cyril Connolly, 1903-1974)Personally I'm always ready to learn, although I do not always like being taught. (Sir Winston Churchill, 1874-1965)Types of Subordinate ClauseSubordinate clauses can act as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.The Adjective Clause. Here is an example of a subordinate clause acting as an adjective:The bull that charged us is back in the field.(The subordinate clause that charged us describes the bull. It is an adjective clause.)The Adverbial Clause. Here is an example of a subordinate clause acting as an adverb:I fished until the sun went down.(The subordinate clause until the sun went down modifies the verb to fish. It is an adverbial clause.)The Noun Clause. Here is an example of a subordinate clause acting as a noun:Whoever dislikes the new timings is more than welcome to leave.(The subordinate clause Whoever dislikes the new timings is the subject of this sentence. It is a noun clause.)。
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Connective words
• There are 2 types of connective words in use. • One belongs to empty words, or functional words, called subordinating conjunctions; • while the other belongs to substantives, and they are actually pronouns and adverbs, • some called connective pronouns or connective adverbs and • the others called relative pronouns or relative adverbs.
1. Classification of subordinate clauses • According to functions, we have 6 types, that is, subject, object, predicative, attributive, adverbial and appositive clauses; • while based on formation, we have only 3, that is, noun clauses (including sub., ob., pred., and appo. clauses, for the 4 types are formed in the same ways), adjective clauses (attributive), and adverb clauses (adverbial).
3. How to form
Noun Clauses
• That: No meaning, no function in the clause, this conjunction is used to introduce an originally declarative sentence, that is, when trying to transform a declarative sentence into a noun clause, simply put a “that” ahead. • E.g.: “He is a student.” “I work here.” “John owned a beautiful car.”
Connective words
• Whenever an empty word is used as a connective word, it has to be followed by a complete declarative sentence, for such a connective word serves no function in a sentence, and we cannot omit any one member of a sentence; • while whenever a substantive is used, it can only be followed by an incomplete declarative sentence, because such a word must serve as a member in a sentence and we cannot either add an extra member to a sentence. • Find out what type of connective word is used in a subordinating clause, and we know the structure of the clause.
2. Formation of subordinate clauses in general
• A subordinate clause consists of a connective word and a complete or incomplete declarative sentence, depending on what kind of connective word it is given. • So here, we have to know what kinds of such words can be used.
3. How to form
Noun Clauses
• Now let’s see the first type, that is, Noun Clauses. • 1) Connective words used in noun clauses. • 2) Positions of Noun Clauses.
3. How to form
Noun Clauses
• 1) Connective words used in noun clauses. • Two types of connective words are used in introducing a noun clause: • A. subordinating conjunctions, and • B. connective pronouns and adverbs. • In group A, conjunctions “that” and “whether” (or sometimes “ if ” instead) are mainly in use.
3. How to form different types of sub-clauses
• This problem can further be divided into 2 sub- problems, that is, • 1) connective words and the transformation of a type of subordinate clause; and • 2) how to join it to a main clause, that is, its position in the whole sentence.
Subordinate Clauses
• When we integrate two or more sub.-pred. structures, that is, clauses, into a sentence, we have a compound, a complex or a compoundcomplex sentence. • Since we have previously discussed how to form a compound sentence, or a parallel construction, we have only to discuss how to form a complex one. •
• And since we know a complex consists of a main clause and one or more subordinate ones, we can divide the problem into 3 sub-problems: • 1. Classification of subordinate clauses. • 2. Formation of subordinate clauses in general. • 3. How to form different types of subclauses.
3. How to form
Noun Clauses
• E.g.: “Is he a student?”, “Do you work here?” are both general questions, and they can be transformed into noun clauses as the follows: “whether he is a student”, and “whether you work here”.
• The 3 are all simple declarative sentences. If we try to transform them into noun clauses, just put them this way: • “that he is a student”, “that I work here”, and “that John owned a beautiful car”, and then they can be used in a complex sentence as any kind of noun clauses. • e.g.: That I work here is known to all. (sub. clause) • The fact is that I work here. (pred. clause) • He doesn’t know that I work here. ( ob. clause) • You have to notice the fact that I work here. (appo. clause)
3. How to form
Noun Clauses
• Whether ( If ): No function, but with a meaning of demanding an answer of “yes” or “no”, this conjunction is used to introduce a sentence of an originally general question, • that is, when trying to transform a general question into a noun clause, change it into a declarative sentence first, and then put a “whether” (or “if” sometimes, especially in object clauses) and you have a perfect noun clause.