Unit+2+International+Trade
Unit 2 international trade__ theories
Language point 2
In order to export more than they imported, governments established monopolies over their countries’ trade, imposed restrictions on most imports, and subsidized many exports. 为了使出口超出进口，政府对该国的贸易建立垄断， 对进口产品加以限制，对许多出口产品进行补贴。 Note: imports/exports 在某些上下文中译成“进口/ 出口产品”
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Language point 7
They explained differences in comparative costs in terms of differences in the amounts of different factors with which countries were endowed and differences in the factor proportions required for the production of different goods.
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Language point 9
It (Country-Similarity theory) holds that once a producer has developed a new product in response to observed market conditions in the home market, it will turn to markets that are perceived to be the most similar to those at home.
2009版货代英语unit2的翻译
一、货运代理人的概述及其发展1、早期货运代理人履行的职责英文原文：Originally, a freight forwarder was a commission agent performing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasks such as loading/unloading of goods, storage of goods, arranging local transport, obtaining payment for his customer, and so on( 这句话是比较长，一句一段，核心句子：.....a freight forwarder was a commission agent performing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasks....)注释：freight forwarder 货运代理人commission agent 委托代理人perform: 履行，执行，完成on behalf of 代表.... routine tasks 日常工作(routine: 日常的，常规的)loading/unloading of goods 装载/卸载货物storage of goods 货物存放，货物存储转自环球网校中文意思：起初，货运代理是作为委托代理人，替进出口商履行一些常规业务，比如装载/卸载货物，货物的存储，安排地方运输，替客户收款等。
2、货运代理人的发展英文原文：However, the expansion of international trade and the development of different modes of transport over the years that followed enlarged the scope of his services.(核心句子：....A and B enlarged the scope of his services.A 是指：expansion of international trade 国际贸易的扩大B 是指：development of different modes of transport 不同运输方式的发展)注释：expansion: 扩大，扩展 development: 发展，改善 modes of transport: 运输方式over the years that followed 在随后的几年里 enlarge: 扩大，增大，扩展中文意思：但是，在随后的几年里，由于国际贸易的扩大和不同运输方式的发展也随之加大了货运代理的服务范围。
国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)课后答案解析
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreignsales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use ofa trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力 11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3加价，涨价 13间接投资4国内市场 14有形货物5制成品 15有形进出口6边际利润 16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率 17超额能力8贸易歧视 18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择 19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期 20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the moneyto buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of InternationalTrade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paidas a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want.A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrantremittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。
Chapter 2 Advantage of International Trade (1)
Answer
Difference:
Different supposed conditions absolute advantage: one country has an absolute cost advantage (that is, it can produce goods using fewer resources) in the production of one product, whereas the other country has absolute cost advantage in the other product. comparative advantage: one country has comparative advantage in production of goods A relative to its goods B, whereas the other country has comparative advantage in the production of goods B relative to its goods A.
(3) Illustration of the principle of comparative advantage (p284-285) (p284-
Question2: Try to compare absolute advantage with comparative advantage.
Exercise
proficient; trace; divert; sacrifice; devote
1.The location of the majority of industries today can be traced back to the distribution of fuel and power, raw materials and particular skills. 2.A nation with coal resources near the surface will need to devote smaller amounts of labor per ton to exploitation than a nation with coal resources at great depths. 3.Man should concentrate his efforts on the production of the goods in which he was particularly proficient and leave others to produce the goods that called for skills which he did not possess. 4.France should divert the labor from wine to textiles, which it can make more benefits with smaller sacrifices. sacrifices.
国际贸易简介ppt课件
完整最新ppt
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Lloyd 劳合船级社
• An famous institution in trade transportation.
• Leading：primary, dominants 主导的，主 要的
• Fee n.手续费，杂费 • Charge n.费用，收费
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Behelux 比荷卢经济体
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Economic benefit 经济利益
• Benefit (v.) from …从….中获利/获益 • Make profit from …从….中获利
– Benefit 利益，好处 – Interest 利益，利息
• At the cost of 以…的成本 • At the price of 以…的价格/代价
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Trade operation 贸易操作
• business, operation,service 业务 • Operation 操作、运作、业务 • Trade operation: exportation and
importation
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Resources
• Raw Material, geographical condition, population, traffic, technology, capital, etc
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• Mass-produce 大批量生产
• domestic demand/domestic supply 国内需 求/供给
• Efficient demand/ Efficient supply 有效需 求/供给
学术英语(社科)Unit2二单元原文及翻译
UNIT 2 Economist1.Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking. Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces. Psychologists talk about ego, id, and cognitive dissonance. Lawyers talk about venue, torts, and promissory estoppel.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。
数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。
心理学家谈论自我、本能、以及认知的不一致性。
律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。
2.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways. At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.经济学家也一样。
国际经贸法律英语Unit2
I. BACKGROUND∙INCOETERMS 2000INCOETERMS 的副标题为International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms，故译为“国际贸易术语解释通则”。
INCOETERMS这一缩略词则源于International Commercial Terms三词。
该套术语由国际商会ICC(International Chamber of Commerce)于1936年制订。
为了适应国际贸易的不断发展，国际商会于1953年、1967年、1976年、1980年、1990年先后对《INCOTERMS》作了修订和补充。
目前采用的是2000年版的《国际贸易术语解释通则》。
该通则共有13个贸易术语，就货物交付、风险转移、通关手续办理、主要费用划分、运输方式等作了明确的规定。
该套术语在国际上得到广泛的承认和采用，为国际货物买卖最为重要的贸易惯例。
与90年版相比，2000年版则对FCA、FAS、DES作了明显的补充或变动，使该套术语更易于实际操作。
此外，有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例还有《1932年华沙—牛津规则》(Warsaw—Oxford Rules 1932)及《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》(Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941)。
∙is not bound to没有义务。
∙to clear the goods for export办理货物出口清关手续。
此处主要是指买方应办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续，包括交纳关税及其他相关费用∙lighters驳船。
驳船通常在货轮不能靠港时使用，由其将货物从码头运至停于港外的货轮，再将货物从驳船装上货轮。
∙the charter party租船合同。
在FOB合同中，应有买方负责安排运输，办理租船或订舱手续，并支付运费。
在实务中，对于大宗货物，包括散装货，需作整船装运时，买方通常自行阻船，而货物只需部分舱位时，则常委托卖方向班轮公司订舱，而相关费用及风险则由∙the symbolic delivery of the goods象征性交货。
上海市商务英语等级考试BET中级教材练习及答案
上海市商务英语等级考试BET中级教材练习及答案Unit One International TradeIV. Translate the following sentences into English:1．在国际贸易中，国家间常常出售同类产品，在汽车业、纺织业、鞋类和食品业是这样，而且从长期看，任何产品都可能是这样。
Countries often sell each other the same products in international trade. This is true for automobiles, textiles, shoes, foodstuffs, and in the long-term, possibly for any products.2．外贸能促使两个贸易国增进了解，增加财富并建立平等互利良好关系。
Foreign trade enables two trading countries to promote understanding, increase prosperity and build up good relations on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.3．一旦商品出售后，公司就必须提供售后效劳来保证顾客满意，从而促进将来销售。
Once goods are sold, the company must provide after-sales service to ensure customer satisfaction and promote future sales.4．补偿贸易是当地公司或厂商取得外汇支付进口设备或技术一种间接融资方式。
Compensation trade is an indirect way for local companies or manufacturers to acquire foreign exchange to finance the import of equipment or technology.5．在国际贸易中业务成交与实际交货时间间隔较长，因此付款问题远比国内贸易复杂。
第二章 International Trade Policy 《国际贸易实务》PPT课件
Exports Subsidies
Export subsidies are payment made by the government to encourage the export of specified products.
• Domestic supply • Domestic demand • Price floors • Floor price • Shortfall of supply • EEP • DEIP
• Government Procurement Policies: a government procurement policies requires that a specified percentage of purchases by a government be made from domestic firms rather than foreign countries.
• Red-Tape Barriers refer to costly administrative procedures required for the importation of foreign goods.Export NhomakorabeaTaxes
• An export tax is a tax collected on exported goods. As with tariffs, export taxes can be set on a specific or an ad valorem basis.
• Domestic Content Requirements: a domestic content requirement mandates that a product produced and sold in a country must have a specified amount of domestic productive value, in the form of wage paid to local workers or material and components produced within the country.
international(国际经济学)课后习题及答案
international（国际经济学）课后习题及答案----------------------- Page 1-----------------------Review Questions and Condensed Answers forInternational Trade TheoriesChapter 1 World Trade and the National EconomyReview Questions::::1( What features distinguish international from domestic transactions?2( What can you say about the growth of world trade in both nominal and real terms? Was itfaster than the growth of output?3( Evaluate the statement,” the United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is ofno consequence to it.”4( Distinguish between export industries, import-competing industries and nontraded goods.Give examples of each.5( Using the figure in table 1-3, what can you say about the trade structure of the USA andJapan.Condensed Answers to Review Questions::::1. The text discusses ways that international transactions differfrom domestic ones.i. International trade requires that transactions be conductedbetween twocurrencies mediated by an exchange rate. Domestic transactions are conductedin a single currency.ii. Commercial policies that operate to restrict international transactions cannot, ingeneral, be imposed on domestic trade. Such policies include tariffs, quotas,voluntary export restraints, export subsidies, and exchange controls.iii. Countries pursue different domestic macroeconomic policieswhich result indivergent rates of economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.iv. More statistical data exist on the nature, volume, and value of internationaltransactions than exist in domestic trade.v. Factors of production are more mobile domestically than internationally.vi. Countries exhibit different demand patterns, sales techniques,and marketingrequirements. Many of these are due to culture and custom. Someresult fromdifferences in government regulations. Included here are health, safety,environmental, and technical rules.2. The real volume of world exports grew at an annual rate of more than 6 percent between1950 and 2000. Global output grew at an annual rate of 4 percent. Export growth inexcess of output growth reflects the increased openness to trade of many countries.3. The United States is a relatively closed economy since the share of trade in GDP issmaller than that of most other industrial nations. In 2000, U.S. exports of goods andservices were 11 percent of GDP. The U.S. economy is less dependent on the foreignsector than other major economies, but to say that foreign trade is of no consequence is anexaggeration. The U.S. economy has become increasingly open and, therefore, moreimpacted by trade developments over time. This trend is likely to continue. Curtailingimports would, for example, have a big effect on consumers' ability to buy some goods----------------------- Page 2-----------------------(e.g. tropical products) and would raise the prices of others. The absence of certain keycommodities and material inputs would greatly disrupt areas of U.S. industry.4. a. Export industries send a substantial share of their output abroad. Ratios ofexports to GDP are much higher than the average ratio for all industries. Netexporting industries are those for which exports exceed imports. U.S. netexporting industries include farm products, chemicals, certain types of machinery,and aerospace products.b. Import-competing industries are domestic industries that sharethe domesticmarket with a substantial import presence. These activities haveratios ofimports to GDP that are much higher than the average ratio for all industries.U.S. import-competing industries include fuels, automobiles,clothing, footwear,and iron and steel.c. Nontraded goods are those which, because of their nature and characteristics, arenot easily exported or imported. Examples are hair-dressing, movie theaters,meals, construction activity, and health-care.5. Table 1.3 contains figures on the trade structure of the U.S. and Japan. The U.S. is a netexporter of food, certain ores, chemicals, and other machinery and transport equipment,and is a net importer of raw materials, mining products, fuels, nonferrous metals, iron andsteel, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotive products,textiles and clothing, and other consumer goods. Japan is a net exporter of iron and steel,chemicals, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotiveproducts, other machinery and transport equipment, and other consumer goods. Importsexceed exports in food, raw materials, and textiles and clothing.----------------------- Page 3-----------------------Chapter 2 Why Nations TradeReview Questions::::1( a. In what sense are the cost data of footnote 4 related to the figures of scheme 1?b. Based on the figures of footnote 4, determine the:Direction of trade once it develops.Limits to mutually beneficial trade.Limits to a sustainable exchange trade.2. Evaluate the following statements:a. In international trade, domestic cost ratios determine the limits of mutually beneficial trade,whereas demand considerations show where, within these limits, the actual exchange ratio will lie.b. Comparative advantage is a theoretical concept. It cannot be used to explain any real-worldphenomena.c. The opening up of trade raises the price of export goods; hence trade is inflationary.d. The concept of absolute advantage offers explainations for East Germany’s high unemploymentrates in the 1990s.3. a. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain why it pays for:The USA to export grains and import oil.Russia to export oil and import grains.b. Why does the popular press believe that grain exports are inflnationary? What is wrongwith this porposition?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. a. Scheme 1 is based on labor productivity comparisons, while Footnote 4presentsper unit cost data. Production cost ratios are inversely related to productivitymeasures.b. i. Textiles will be exported from the U.K. and wheat from the U.S.ii. The U.S. will trade only if one yard of textiles costs less than3 bushels ofwheat. The U.K. will trade only if 1 yard of textiles can be exchangedfor more than 2 bushels of wheat.iii. The value of the ? must be between $1 and $1.502. a. Consider Figure 2.2. The domestic cost ratios define limits of mutually beneficialtrade. Within the region of mutually beneficial trade the actual exchange rate willbe determined by the relative intensity of each country's demand for the othercountry's product. A full analysis requires an understanding of reciprocal demandcurves, but the following general principle might help heuristically. If the Britishare more eager to buy U.S. wheat than the Americans are eager for British textiles,the exchange ratio falls close to the U.K. domestic cost ratio and the U.S. can beviewed as capturing a greater share of the gains from trade.b. Since the real world does not conform to the convenienttwo-country, two-goodassumptions, the simple theoretical model is not immediately applicable.However, we can generalize the model to many goods and many nations. Thefundamental truth remains. Countries export those goods in which their relativeproduction costs are lower and import those goods for which the relative costs arehigher.----------------------- Page 4-----------------------c. While trade tends to raise the prices of exportables in the domestic economy, theeffect of trade is to lower the average price level of all goods. Trade givesconsumers an opportunity to consume at lower world prices. Many goods will becheaper when purchased from foreign supply sources. Trade also conveysprocompetitive effects, stimulates the adoption of new technologies, and allowsfirms to achieve efficient scale production levels. Thus, trade is anti-inflationary.d. The reunification of the Germany economy in 1990 was undertaken on the basisthat a unit of the deutschmark, the West German currency, should be equal in valueto a unit of the ostmark, the East German currency. At this exchange rate, goodsproduced in East Germany were almost universally more expensive to producethan their counterparts in the West. Labor productivity in East Germanmanufacturing was found to be about 35% of the West German level. Underthese conditions the East German manufacturing sector collapsed. Investors werereluctant to purchase East German factories and large scale closures and dismissalsresulted.3. a. The U.S. enjoys a comparative advantage in grains. It also produces oil, but will gain byspecializing in grain production and using proceeds of exported agriculturalproducts to purchase oil from nations that produce oil relatively more efficiently.Russia is relatively more efficient in the production of oil and will gain bypurchasing grain from the U.S. in exchange for oil.b. The popular press asserts that by exporting grain from the U.S. (say to the former U R)we are lowering the domestic supply of grain and raising the domestic U.S. price of grain. Sincegrain is an important ingredient in many food products, grain exports are believed to increase theprice of those products. However, the price of grain is determined in world markets. U.S.exports alone cannot permanently raise the domestic U.S. price. If the domestic U.S. grainpricerose above the world price, the U.S. would be a net importer of grains and the domestic price wouldfall.----------------------- Page 5-----------------------Chapter 3 The Commodity Composition of TradeReview Questions::::1( Does the factor proportions theory provide a good explanation of intraindustry trade? Ifnot, can you outline an alternative explaination for the growing phenomenon?2( Explain the dynamic nature of comparative advantage using Japan’s experience as anexample.3( Once the United States acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft production it canbe sure of a dominant position in the global market forever. Do you agree with thisstatement? Explain.Condensed Answers to Review Questions1. The factor proportions theory is better suited to explain interindustry trade, or the exchangebetween countries of totally different commodities, than intraindustry trade, which is thetwo-way trade of similar commodities. The growth of intraindustry trade is greatest inimperfectly competitive industries characterized by economies of scale. Here, scaleeconomies force firms in each industry to specialize in a narrow range of products withineach industry to achieve efficient scale operations. Intraindustry specialization combinedwith diverse consumer tastes gives rise to two-way trade within the same industryclassification.2. Japan's comparative advantage in the immediate post-war period was in labor intensivegoods. The high level of saving and investment transformed Japan into a relatively capitalabundant country. Its advantage in the labor-intensive industries was lost as wages rose.Moreover, Japan increased its technological capability through high spending on R&D.Now Japan's advantage lies in the production of high-tech, capital intensive goods similar tothe U.S. This in large part explains the increasing trade friction between the twocountries.3. Once the U.S. acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft, it is likely to enjoy a dominantposition in the global marketplace for years, but not forever. Jet aircraft production is characterizedby huge economies of scale due largely to research and development costs. High capitalrequirements and scale economies pose large entry barriers. It is extremely difficult for a countryto enter into aircraft production once the U.S. has the lead. The new firm would initially have asmall market share and would be unable to compete on a cost basis. The new market entrant wouldrequire considerable government support and encouragement. This was the case with the EuropeanAirbus.----------------------- Page 6-----------------------Chapter 4 Protection of Domestic Industries: The TariffReview Questions::::1( A tariff on textiles is equivalent to a tax on consumers and a subsidy to the textileproducers and workers.2( Explain the concept of effective rate of protection.a. What does the effective rate on final goods depend upon and how?b. In what way does the effective rate analysis help to illuminate these policy issues:Deepening of production in LDCsEscalation of tariff rates by degree of processing in industrial countries3. A tariff lowers the real income of the country, while at the same time it distributes income fromconsumers to the governments and to the import-competing industry.Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. The effect of a tariff is comparable to the combined effects of a tax on consumers and a subsidy toproducers. Using Figure 4.3, one can show a tariff results in a transfer of resources from theconsumers (who lose P P fd ) to the producers (who gain P P ec). With a non-prohibitive tariff, the2 3 2 3government will also gain revenue efmn. Whether the two schemes are equivalent depends on theexact nature of the tax and subsidy scheme.2. a. The effective rate of protection measures the percentage increase in domesticvalue added per unit of output made possible by tariffs on the output and onmaterial inputs. Determinants of the effective rate include thetariff on the finalproduct, tariffs on the imported material inputs, and the free trade value added perunit of output which is influenced by intermediate input coefficients. Effectiverates are positively related to the tariff on the final product and negatively related toboth tariffs on imported inputs and the free trade value added. A derivation ofthe formula appears in footnote 10, and footnote 12 interprets that formula.b. "Deepening" of production in LDCs involves import substitution industrializationpolicy. A final assembly plant is given a protective tariff and imported inputs areaccorded duty free treatment. As a second stage, the LDC begins to deepenproduction by manufacturing inputs and according them protection. By imposingtariffs on imported inputs, the LDC is reducing effective protection for the finalgood.Because of relatively high rates of protection on finished goods and low protectionon unfinished goods and raw materials, effective tariff rates in developed countriesmay be as much as double their nominal counterparts. Developing countriesmaintain that such tariff structures fatally harm their efforts to increase exports offinished manufactures.3. Again using Figure4.3, the loss in real income is shown by triangles cen and mfd.Redistribution has been given in 8a.----------------------- Page 7-----------------------Chapter 5 Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) to TradeReview Question::::Suppose the USA steel industry is seeking protection from foreign imports. Compare andcontrast the following measures of restricting steel industries: a tariff, a quota, and voluntaryexport restraints.Condensed Answers to Review Question:There are a variety of ways in which a tariff may be considered to be less harmful than an equivalentquota:i. The revenue effect. Tariffs provide revenue. Quotas do not automatically providerevenue. Under a quota, revenue accrues to holders of import licenses.Depending on the quota scheme, licenses may be held by domestic importers, foreign exporters, foreign governments, or domestic officialswho may use them to encourage bribery. Only through auctioning or selling licenses can the government capture quota rents.ii. Performance under demand and supply changes. Any amount of imports can enterunder a tariff, but with a quota import volumes are fixed. When demandgrows, or there is a shortfall in supply, the quota does not permit a quantityadjustment. The domestic price can depart significantly from the worldprice. Under a tariff, the domestic price cannot rise above the worldprice by more than the tariff rate. Thus, a tariff is less harmful than aquota.iii. Impact on Exporters. When a tariff is levied on an imported good it is usually rebatedwhen the good is exported. The same is not true for a quota. Quotas maytherefore be more harmful to export performance.iv. Curbing monopoly power. Quotas curtail monopoly power less than an equivalent tariff.v. Terms of Trade Effects. Quotas provide no incentive for exporting nations to absorb partof the price increase; tariffs do if the exporting nation wishes to retainmarket share.vi. Quality Upgrading. Quotas give an incentive for the exporting country to engage in qualityupgrading. Ad valorem tariffs do not provide an incentive for this behavior but specific duties do.VERs share all of the undesirable effects of quotas. When the exporter does the restricting, there isno opportunity to sell import licenses. Quota rents accrue toforeign exporters orgovernments under a VER. Therefore, VERs are more costly to society than anequivalent quota with licenses sold or a tariff. Quantitative restrictions like VERsare discriminatory. VERs are also hard to monitor. Since shipments from thirdparty countries are unrestricted, transshipment throughnonrestricted countries is amajor problem. One advantage of VERs is they do not invite retaliation sincethey are profitable to foreign exporters and governments.Tariffs, quotas and VERs may be equivalent in terms of effects on the domestic price and thevolumeof imports. This may be shown using diagram 5-1. However, there are important differencesdiscussed in 1a. above.----------------------- Page 8-----------------------Chapter 6 International and Regional Trade Organizations Among Developed CountriesReview Questions::::1. Explain the following terms:Trade creation of a customs union.Trade diversion of a customs union.2.What are the conflicts between the WTO and the environmental movement?Condensed Answers to Review Questions:1. Trade creation refers to the replacement of high cost production in each member by importsfrom another member. This effect is favorable to world welfare. Tradediversion is the diversion of trade from a nonmember to a higher cost member.This is unfavorable because it reduces worldwide resource allocative efficiency(See Figure 4-8).The basic approach to calculating welfare effects associated with customs union formation is toconstruct hypothetical estimates of what member country trade patterns wouldhave been in the absence of integration, comparing these with actual trade flows,and attributing any difference to integration. Effects ofintegration can be isolatedby using trade flow data pertaining to nonmember "normalizer" countries over thesame period to suggest what trade patterns would have been expected for memberswithout integration. Assume, in the absence of integration, both total (internalplus external) and external member imports would have grown at the same rates asthe corresponding imports in the normalizer. The normalizer's external importsrefer to its imports from third countries (i.e. intra-trade is excluded). Thenormalizer's internal imports are imports of normalizer countries from each other(e.g. intra-trade). The preintegration member country total import level ismultiplied by the corresponding normalizer import growth rate to yield an estimateof hypothetical total imports without integration. When compared with actualtotal imports, an estimate of trade creation is obtained. Trade diversion isestimated by multiplying the member country preintegration external import levelby the normalizer's rate of change of external imports to yield hypothetical membercountry external imports. The excess of hypothetical over actual external importsconstitutes trade diversion. The European Union (EU) is a customs unioncomprised of 15 West European countries.2. WTO rules often conflict with both international environmental agreements and nationalenvironmental laws. For example, a 1991 GATT panel upheld a Mexican challenge to aU.S. law banning importation of tuna caught indolphin-killing purse-seine nets.GATT/WTO provisions are concerned with products and not production methods.----------------------- Page 9-----------------------Chapter 7 International Mobility of Productive FactorsReview Question::::What is the meaning of DFI? List some of the factors that induce companies to invest abroad.Condensed Answers to Review Question:Direct Foreign Investment refers to international capital movement that gives a company controlover a foreign subsidiary. It may be the purchase of an existing company, a substantial part of itsshares, or the establishment of a new enterprise. It should be contrasted with portfolio investmentthat gives, by and large, no control over foreign assets.The motives are diverse and any particular investment may involve one or more of the followingi. investment in extractive industries to secure raw material supplies;ii. investment in manufacturing industry to take advantage of cheaper foreign labor;iii. to locate production close to foreign markets and avoid transportation costs;iv. to take advantage of incentives offered by host countries;v. to circumvent tariff barriers;vi. changes in the exchange values of currencies; andvii. marketing considerations.。
国际贸易名词解释英文及简答论述期末考试复习
国际贸易英文名词解释International Trade国际贸易International trade is the international exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events.Free Trade自由贸易The main idea of free trade is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that production happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically.Protectionism贸易保护主义In contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Production Possibilities Curve /Frontier生产可能性曲线/边界A Production Possibilities Frontier is a graph that shows the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce, given the available factors of production and the existing technology . Opportunity Cost机会成本Opportunity Cost means whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Supply Curve供给曲线A Supply Curve is a graph that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Demand Curve 需求曲线A Demand Curve is a graph that describes the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Excess Supply Curve出口供给曲线Because Excess Supply is a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded, Excess Supply Curve can be defined as a graph that depicts the relationship between the price and the available quantity for export of a product. Excess Supply Curve can be derived from subtracting a supply curve with a corresponding demand curve.Excess Demand Curve进口需求曲线Because Excess Demand is a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied, Excess Demand Curve can be defined as a graph that depicts the relationship between the price and the desirable quantity for import of a product. Excess Demand Curve can be derived from subtracting a demand curve with a corresponding supply curve.Consumer Surplus消费者剩余Consumer Surplus means a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays. Consumer surplus measures the benefit to buyers of participating in a market.Producer Surplus 生产者剩余Producer Surplus is the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost. Producer surplus measures the benefit to sellers of participating in a market.Economies of Scale规模经济Economies of Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost falls as the quantity of output increases.Diseconomies of Scale规模不经济Diseconomies of Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost rises as the quantity of output increases.Constant Returns to Scale规模报酬不变Constant Returns to Scale means the property whereby the long-run average cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes. Indifference Curve无差异曲线Indifference Curve is a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction.The Gravity Model引力模型In its basic form, the gravity model assumes that only size and distance 经济规模和距离 are important for trade in the following way：Tij = A x Yi x Yj /Dij两国之间的贸易规模与经济规模成正比,与两国之间的距离成反比;Service Outsourcing服务外包Service outsourcing occurs when a firm that provides services moves its operations to a foreign location.服务外包是指一个企业将原本由自己提供的服务转移给国外供应商;Mercantilism重商主义Belief that nation could become rich and powerful only by exporting more than it imported.Mercantilists measured wealth of a nation by stock of precious metals it possessedAbsolute Advantage绝对优势A nation has absolute advantage over another nation if it can produce a commodity more efficiently. When one nation has absolute advantage in production of a commodity, but an absolute disadvantage with respect to the other nation in a second commodity, both nations can gain by specializing in their absolute advantage good and exchanging part of the output for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage.Comparative Advantage比较优势Even if one nation is less efficient than has absolute disadvantage with respect to the other nation in production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.Production Possibilities生产可能性The production possibility frontier PPF of an economy shows the maximum amount of a goods that can be produced for a fixed amount of resources.Factor Endowment 要素禀赋the overall amount of productive factors , such as capital, labor, and land, available to one nation.Factor Abundance要素丰裕度There are two ways to define factor abundance. One way is in terms of physical units., in terms of the overall amount of capital and labor available to each nation. Another way is in terms of relative factor price., in terms of the rental price of capital and the price of labor time in each nation.Factor Intensity 要素密集度In a world of two commodities X and Y and two factors labor and capital, at any given wage-interest, we say that commodity Y is capital intensive if the capital-labor ratio K/L used in the production of Y is greater than K/L used in the production of X.Heckscher-OhlinTheoremH-O定理An economy is predicted to export goods that are intensive in its abundant factors of production and import goods that are intensive in its scarce factors of production.一个国家将出口密集使用其相对丰富要素的商品,进口密集使用其相对稀缺要素的商品;Stolper-Samuelson theorem S-S定理:长期内,出口产品生产部门密集使用的生产要素本国的充裕要素的报酬提高；进口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素本国的稀缺要素的报酬下降;The factor price equalization theorem要素价格均等化定理Because relative output prices are equalized and because of the direct relationship between output prices and factor prices, factor prices are also equalized. 由于产品价格和要素价格的一一对应关系,贸易后,产品相对价格的趋同会导致土地和劳动的相对价格的趋同Economies of scale规模经济Economies of scale could mean either that larger firms or a larger industry is more efficient: the cost per unit of output falls as a firm or industry increases output.Internal economies of scale内部规模经济Internal economies of scale occur when the cost per unit of output depends on the size of a firm.随着工厂或企业规模的扩大,单位产品成本下降; External economies of scale外部规模经济External economies of scale occur when cost per unit of output depends on the size of the industry.是指行业规模经济,由于行业内企业数量的增加和产业集聚所引起的产业规模的扩大,使行业中的单个企业获得单位成本下降的好处;Monopolistic competition垄断竞争Monopolistic competition is a model of an imperfectly competitive industry 垄断竞争是一个不完全竞争产业模式Inter-industry Trade产业间贸易Trade occurs only between industries贸易只在产业之间发生Intra-industry Trade产业内贸易Trade occurs within the industry由于产品的多样化或经济规模的扩大等原因,贸易在产业内发生Index of intra-industrial trade, IIT产业内贸易指数表示产业内贸易在国际贸易中所占比重,用来衡量产业内贸易的发展程度; Dumping 倾销Dumping is the practice of charging a lower price for exported goods than for goods sold is an example of price discrimination价格歧视: the practice of charging different customers different prices.倾销的前提条件：imperfect competition exists: firms are able to influence market prices.不完全竞争的存在：企业能够影响价格markets are segmented so that goods are not easily bought in one market and resold in another. and Anti-Dumping;市场是分割的,以至于商品Anti-Dumping反倾销Dumping as well as price discrimination in domestic markets is widely regarded as unfair. 倾销被认为是一种不公平的贸易行为The Commerce Department may impose an “anti-dumping duty反倾销税,” or tax, as a precaution against possible injury.External Economies外部经济External economies: a country that has a large industry will have low average costs of producing that industry’s good or service.当规模经济存在于一个行业内部而不是单个厂商内部时,就被称作外部经济Dynamic Increasing Returns动态收益递增Dynamic increasing returns to scale exist if average costs fall as cumulative output over time rises.当平均成本随着累积产量而非当前产量的增加而下降的情形就是动态规模报酬递增learning curve学习曲线A graphical representation of dynamic increasing returns to scale is called a learning curve学习曲线.The efficiency case for free trade自由贸易的效率.The first case for free trade is the argument that producers and consumers allocate resources most efficiently when governments do not distort market prices through trade policy.Political argument for free trade主张自由贸易的政治依据Political argument for free trade,says that free trade is the best feasible political policy, even though there may be better policies in principle.The Terms of Trade Argument for a Tariff赞成关税的贸易条件改善论For a “large” country, a tarif f or quota lowers the price of imports in world markets and generates a terms of trade gain. In fact, a small tariff will lead to an increase in national welfare for a large country.The Optimum Tariff最优关税For a large country, there is an optimum tariff t0 at which the marginal gain from improved terms of trade just equals the marginal efficiency lossfrom production and consumption distortion.A tariff rate tp that completely prohibits imports leaves a country worse off, but tariff rate t0 may exist that maximizes national welfare: an optimum tariff.The Domestic Market Failure Argument Against Free Trade反对自由贸易的国内市场失灵论A second argument against free trade is that domestic market failures 国内市场失灵 may exist that cause free trade to be a suboptimal policy 次优政策.theory of the second best次优理论The domestic market failure argument against free trade is an example of a more general argument called the theory of the second best次优理论.次优理论认为,在任何一个市场上,只有所有其他市场都能正常发挥作用时,自由放任才是最理想的政策；如果不是这样,政府干预虽会扭曲市场激励,但有可能通过抵消市场失灵的影响而增加国家福利;Median Voter Theorem中点选民理论The median voter theorem predicts that democratic political parties may change their policies to court争取 the voter in the middle of the ideological spectrum意识形态范围 ., the median voter. 越接近中点选民意见的政策越能得到大多数选民的支持;Collective Action 集体行动While consumers as a group have an incentive to advocate free trade,each individual consumer has no incentive because his benefit is not large compared to the cost and time required to advocate free that impose large losses for society as a whole but small losses on each individual may therefore not face strong opposition.国际贸易简答题1. 贸易引力模型的主要内容及运用;在其他条件不变的情况下,两个国家间的贸易与两国的国内生产总值成正比,与两国间的距离成反比;引力模型的重要用途之一就是有助于明确国际贸易中的异常现象;运用：贸易引力模型不是万能的,对于服务贸易和资本贸易领域验证效果不显着,对于商品贸易领域的验证效果显着;实例比较：中国与日本&中国与越南的商品贸易量对比比较生产总值,中国与东盟&中国与美国的商品贸易量对比比较距离2. 重商主义、绝对优势理论、比较优势理论的贸易思想及贸易政策主张;重商主义认为,一个国家的财富由其拥有的贵金属代表,拥有的贵金属越多,这个国家就越富有;由于世界资源是有限的,因此,国与国之间的经济交往是一种零和博弈,即一方所得为另一方所失;对于国际贸易,贸易盈余是贸易所得,而贸易赤字为贸易所失,因此重商主义主张贸易要实现盈余;在当时的金属本位币制度下,贸易盈余意味着贵金属的流入,这将有助于缓解货币缺口;绝对优势理论：当两个国家生产两种商品,使用一种生产要素——劳动时,如果刚好A国家在一种商品上劳动生产率高,B国家在这种商品上劳动生产率低,则A国该商品生产上具有绝对优势;两国按各自的绝对优势进行专业生产分工并参与贸易,则两国都能从贸易中得到利益;这种贸易利益来自专业化分工促进劳动生产率的提高;比较优势理论：如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本低于在其他国家生产该种产品的机会成本,则这个国家在生产该种产品上就拥有比较优势;贸易政策：每个国家都出口本国具有比较优势的商品;3. 衡量比较优势的主要指标;如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本用其他产品来衡量低于在其他国家生产该种产品的机会成本的话,则这个过家在生产该种产品上就拥有比较优势;4. 要素禀赋理论的贸易思想、政策主张以及贸易对收入分配的影响;要素禀赋理论：根据生产要素禀赋理论,在各国生产同一产品的技术水平相同的情况下,两国生产同一产品的价格差来自于产品的成本差别,这种成本差别来自于生产过程中所使用的生产要素的价格差别,这种生产要素的价格差别则决定于该国各种生产要素的相对丰裕程度;一个国家供给相对多的生产要素,称为这个国家的充裕要素；供给相对少的要素,称为这个国家的稀缺要素;国际贸易收入分配效应的一般结论如下：一个国家充裕要素的所有者可以从贸易中获利,稀缺要素的所有者会因贸易而受损;5. H-O理论和S-S定理的主要内容及其运用;H-O理论：一个国家将出口密集使用其相对丰富要素的商品,进口密集使用其相对稀缺要素的商品;S-S定理：长期内,出口产品生产部门密集使用的生产要素本国的充裕要素的报酬提高；进口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素本国的稀缺要素的报酬下降;6. 要素价格均等化定理的主要内容及要素价格均等化实现的前提条件;要素价格均等化定理：由于产品价格和要素价格的一一对应关系,贸易后,产品相对价格的趋同会导致土地和劳动的相对价格的趋同前提条件：1 两个国家同时生产两种相同的产品；2 两国的技术水平相同； 3 贸易会使得两个国家的产品价格相等;7. 产业内贸易的基础;产业内贸易是产业内国际贸易的简称,是指一个国家或地区,在一段时间内,同一产业部门产品既进口又出口的现象;产业内贸易还包括中间产品的贸易,即是某项产品的半制成品、零部件在两国间的贸易;产业内贸易是建立在不完全竞争的基础上的;8. 产业内贸易发生需要具备的条件;造成产业内贸易现象的主要原因基础：1、产品差异2、规模经济3、消费者需求偏好差别 4、国家之间产品层次结构和消费层次结构的重叠10. 倾销以及反倾销需要满足的前提条件;倾销：指一国或地区的生产商或出口商以低于其正常价格或低于成本将其商品销售到另一国或地区市场的行为;确定某出口产品是否存在倾销,主要看这一产品是否以低于它的正常价格在国外市场销售;倾销实际是一种国际间的价格歧视,出口企业实施倾销必须具备三个条件：1企业在国内市场上有一定的垄断力量,有能力决定其销售价格;2本国和外国市场是分割的,本国出口产品不能回流;3出口商在国外市场面临较高的需求弹性;反倾销：是指进口国主管当局根据受到损害的国内企业的申诉,按照一定的法律程序对以低于正常价格在进口国进行销售的、并对进口国生产相似产品的产业造成法定损害的外国产品,进行立案、调查和处理的过程和措施;进口国实施反倾销措施必须满足三个条件：1 倾销成立；2 国内产业受到实质性损害；3 倾销与损害有因果关系;11.结合名义关税率和有效保护率评价关税的贸易保护作用;名义保护率：表示实施保护政策后一种商品的国内价格高于国际价格的百分率; 有效保护率：指一个国家的一整套贸易政策使某一产业每单位产出的增加值提高的百分率;评价:当最终产品的名义保护率大于原材料等中间产品的名义保护率时,最终产品的有效保护率就大于其名义保护率；当最终产品的名义保护率小于原材料等中间产品的名义保护率时,最终产品的有效保护率就小于其名义保护率；只有当最终产品的名义保护率等于原材料等中间产品的名义保护率时,最终产品的有效保护率才等于其名义保护率;研究关税结构,区分名义保护率与实际保护率的差异,具有重要的意义;当最终产品名义税率一定时,对所需的原材料等中间投入品征收的名义税率越低,则最终产品名义税率的保护作用就越大有效保护率越高;因此,如果要保护某产业,不仅要考虑对该产业最终产品的关税率,而且要把整个关税结构与该产业的生产结构结合起来进行考虑,再来制定相应的政策措施;基于有效保护率的考虑,发达国家常常采用逐步升级的关税结构关税升级：对初级产品进口免税或只征很低的关税,对半成品征收较高的关税,但对制成品,特别是劳动密集型制成品征收更高的关税;关税升级的结果是：国内加工程度越深,有效保护率超出名义保护率的比率就越大;12. 从量关税与从价关税的比较;从价关税ad valorem tariff是以进口商品的价格为标准计征的关税,其税率表现为货物价格的一定百分率;从价税随商品价格的变动而变动,商品价格上涨,从价税额也随之增加,因此其保护作用受价格变动的影响较大;在通货膨胀时,从价税有较强的保护作用;从价税不具有累进性和累退性,按照商品价格的一定比例征收;一些特殊商品如绘画等艺术品的价格相差悬殊,适合从价税;从量关税specific tariff是根据商品的的实物单位重量、数量、长度、容积和面积等征收的关税;从量税操作简单,海关人员只需要将商品按照重量、体积等进行分类即可;在征收从量税的情况下,商品价格下跌时,实际上等于增加了关税,因而从量关税对外国出口商的低价倾销有着较高的保护作用;从量税具有累退性,对发展中国家的出口不利;因为发展中国家出口的制成品和半制成品大多属于低档货,如果进口国仍按一定数量征收一定的关税,这与同一种商品中的高档货相比,等于提高了关税税率;13. 进口配额与关税的比较;进口配额import quota又称进口限额,是一国政府在个一定时期如一个季度、半年或一年内,对某些商品的进口数量或金额加以直接的数量控制;在规定的期限内,配额以内的货品可以进口,超过配额的不能进口,或者征收较高的关税或罚款;它是众多国家实行进口数量限制的重要手段之一;关税是对通过一国关境海关的贸易商品课征的税收,是历史上最重要的一类贸易壁垒;在竞争条件下,进口配额对本国生产、消费、价格的影响与征收同样数量的进口关税相似,只不过关税是通过提高进口商品的价格来减少进口和增加国内生产,而配额则从相反的途径,即先减少进口造成价格上涨从而增加国内生产;对政府收入的影响：配额对国内经济福利的影响与关税不同之处主要反映在政府税收上;关税给政府带来收益,而配额带来的“经济租”c则不一定归政府所有;“经济租”的归属取决于政府如何分配进口配额;配额相对于关税的优点:第一,配额可以比关税更有效地控制进口；第二,实施配额更灵活,政府可以通过发放进口许可证随时调节进口数量；第三,配额给政府更多的权力；第四,配额比关税承受相对小的国际贸易自由化压力;14. “自愿”出口配额的优点及其本质;国家一般都是鼓励出口的,某些国家往往用配额来限制资源性产品和农产品的出口;除了保护本国的资源供给以外,现实世界中的出口配额往往是出口国家或地区在进口国的要求或压力下“自动”制定的;所以出口配额又称“自愿”出口配额; 优点：增强企业的出口竞争力;如果企业通过获得出口许可证,将获得的额外出口利润用于再投资,则可能增强企业竞争力;实施自愿出口配额,在出口国可能形成既得利益集团;“自愿”出口配额是由出口国直接控制这些商品对指定进口国家的出口;但是就进口国单方面来说,自动出口配额象绝对进口配额一样,起到了限制商品进口的作用,因而其实质还是进口配额,具有等效进口配额的所有经济效应;15. 产业补贴政策与关税、配额的比较;出口补贴,又称出口奖金,它是政府为了降低出口商品的价格,增强出口商品在国外市场上的竞争力,在出口某种商品时给予出口厂商的补贴;包括直接补助和间接补助;直接补助是政府直接向出口商提供现金补助,或津贴;间接补助是政府对选定商品的出口给予财政税收上的优惠;关税是对通过一国关境海关的贸易商品课征的税收,是历史上最重要的一类贸易壁垒;配额是指对进出口商品的数量或金额加以限制,分为进口配额和出口配额两种; 进口配额import quota指一国政府在一定时期内,对某些商品的进口数量或金额加以直接的限制,在规定的配额内,商品可以进口,超过的则不准进口,或征收较高的关税,甚至罚款;它分为绝对配额和关税配额两种形式;关税、配额与补贴是一个国家用来保护国内市场、帮助国内厂商抵御国外对手竞争的常用措施;由于保护机制不同,关税、配额与补贴对不同利益主体的利益再分配会产生不同的影响：1.关税措施有利于生产者和政府,不利于消费者；2.配额措施有利于生产者,不利于消费者,政府利益影响则视乎配额的分配方式而定；3.补贴措施有利于生产者和消费者,不利于政府;一个国家可以根据其要保护的利益主体不同采取相应的保护措施;进口配额与关税的比较对需求变化的反应不同;进口配额将进口限定到一个确定的水平,而进口关税的贸易效果则不确定;进口配额涉及进口配额的发放,而关税则没有内在作用机制不同;对生产者的保护程度不同对消费者福利的损失程度不同16. 小国和大国征收进口关税的经济效应;所谓小国指不是某种商品的重要的进口国；大国,指某种商品的重要进口国;大小国征收关税上消费效应,生产效应和贸易效应等等;1.消费效应;小国征收关税后,国内市场价格上升造成需求下降,人们消费水平收缩或减少；大国征收关税后,因国内市场价格上涨,使消费水平减少;2.生产效应;小国征收关税后,国内市场价格因进口减少而上升,国内厂商扩大生产,产量增加；大国征收关税后,国内产品价格上升,产量提高,生产者剩余增加;3.税收效应;小国征收的税收将由政府获得,形成政府的财政收入；大国征收关税后,政府财政收入增加;4.保护效应;小国征收关税后,国内价格上升,原来在世界价格下因成本太高而退出生产的厂商,这时在较高价格下又重新进入生产,国内供给增加;而,大国征收关税,税率越高,关税的保护作用越大;除此之外,大国征收关税后产生的效应不同于小国的有：1大国征收关税后,使该进口商品的的国内价格上升,而国内该进口商品的价格上升会引导国内生产扩大,消费减少,总体效果会使进口需求下降;该大国进口的下降又使得该商品的国际市场供应量增加,直接导致该商品的世界市场价格下降;大国的贸易条件改善,即会产生贸易条件效应,这是在小国情形下所没有的效应;2大国征收关税所得财政税收效应比小国情形时大;18. 小国实施进口配额的经济效应;进口配额是指一国政府在一定时期内,对于某些商品的进口数量或金额加以直接限制的措施,它对于进口的阻碍作用是十分明晰的;一、进口配额的含义指一国政府在一定时期内,对于某些商品的进口数量或金额加以直接限制的措施; 在实践中存在着超过配额不得进口绝对配额与对超额进口部分实行惩罚性关税关税配额,以及针对国别与全球发放进口配额的做法;二、进口配额的效应1、贸易小国进口配额的效应小国模型国内价格从到；生产者剩余：增加了部分；消费者剩余减少：配额的净福利效应：配额净损失：：一种垄断利润;也许归之于获得进口配额的企业,也许进入政府;2、贸易大国进口配额的效应消费者剩余：减少了图a中的P1P0FB 部分；生产者剩余：增加了图a中的P1P0CA 部分;在大国条件下,由于大国对一种商品的供求变化会影响到商品出口国的国内供求变化,因此大国实施配额限制不仅会减少本国的福利,而且还将减少外国的福利;19. 支持贸易自由化和支持贸易保护的主要观点及其理由;支持贸易自由化的主要观点：1、支持自由贸易效率的观点：生产者和消费者最有效地分配资源时,政府通过贸易政策不扭曲市场的价格;2、自由贸易的额外收益：1自由贸易避免了寻租所带来的效率损失;2在被保护的市场中,不仅生产被分割,而且由于减少了竞争和提高了利润,从而吸引了太多的厂商进入被保护的行业;在一个狭小的国内市场中拥挤着那么多的厂商,各厂商的生产规模都很小;3自由贸易后,企业可以寻求新的出口途径和参与同进口产品的竞争,从而获得比管理贸易下多得多的学习和革新的机会;3、支持自由贸易的政治依据：尽管理论上可能还有比自由贸易更好的政策,但现实中,从政治上认可和支持自由贸易的原则也许更重要;理由：自由贸易可以避免保护政策所带来的效率损失;除了消除生产与消费的扭曲,自由贸易还能产生额外的收益;即使在认为自由贸易并非绝对完美之策的经济学家中,仍有许多人相信在通常情况下自由贸易比其他任何可供采取的替代政策都要好;支持贸易保护的主要观点：1赞成关税的贸易条件改善论;支持非自由贸易政策的论据之一就直接来自成本——收益分析：对一个能够影响出口国价格的大国而言,关税可以降低进口产品的价格从而使贸易条件得到改善,但这一收益必须抵补剔除关税带来的成本,因为它扭曲了生产与消费的动因,但是,在某些情况下,贸易条件改善的收益可能会超过其成本;2反对自由贸易的国内市场失灵论;国内市场失灵论实质上是经济学中所说的次优理论的特例;该理论认为,在任何一。
报关英语答案
ANSWERSUnit1I Questions1 Under the leadership of the State Council, to lead and organize Customs offices throughout the country in the enforcement of the “Customs Law” and related state policies and regulations, and in the promotion and protection of socialist modernization.2 (1)To administer organizations, staffing, vocational training and appointments and removals of directors of Customs Offices throughout the country; and to exercise leadership in Customs schools and colleges;(2)To organize the work of research and development, introduction and management of Customs technological facilities;(3)To administer audit and supervise all Customs financial affairs. equipments, fixed assets and capital construction;(4)To strengthen ties and co-operation and external exchanges with overseas Customs Services, international Customs organizations and other international organizations concerned.(5)To draft and enact the policies and principles on Customs work to participate in drawing up and amending the Customs Import and Export Tariff; to enact other statutes on Customs operation; and to inspect, supervise and direct the enforcement of them by the Customs offices throughout the country;(6)To participate in drafting international treaties and agreements on Customs affairs;(7)To conduct the unified handling of tariff reductions and exemptions;(8)To organize and guide the preventive work of the Customs offices throughout the country;(9)To examine applications for reviewing disputes on duty payments and applications for reviewing customs decisions on penalties;(10)compile Customs statistics;3 The Customs establishments is set up by State at ports opening to foreign countries and at places which call for concentrated Customs operation.4 The image of the Customs officer is enhanced by his appearance，style，courteous actions，conduct，and safety procedures.5 Intelligence is information about an individual or a situation，which indicates the possibility thata violation may occur.6 Those five Ws are WHO，WHERE，WHEN，WHA T and WHY.II filling the blanks1 for2 over3 with4 throughout5 forIII Put the follow Chinese(English) sentences into English(Chinese)1 To exercise supervision and control over inward and outward goods and means of transport, passenger’ s luggage and personal postal articles.2 To collect Customs duties and other taxes and fees3 To compile Customs statistics.4 The Customs officer examines the merchandise and determines whether the declared value is accurate.5 Today’s Customs officer is faced with an ever-changing complex working environment．6 在执行职务时，海关人员应有条不紊，穿戴干净整洁。
国际贸易实务双语教程(第版)答案
第一章练习答案Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To see out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens,copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV. Case Study.Batteries called “white elephant” exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, but in United States no one was interested in the goods. Why?Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. Please try to find out some cases about cultural differences in doing international business. (Open)VI. Please determine whether the following statements are TRUE or FALES. Then put T for TRUE or F for FALES in the bracket at the end of each statement.1. ( T )2. ( F )3. ( F )4. ( T )5. ( F )6. ( T )7. ( T )8. ( F )9.（T ）10.（T）11.（F）12.（F）13.（T）14.（T）15.（F）Ⅶ.Translate the following into English1.Trade is often said to be the "engine" of development. Although this analogy is too simple, itdoes illustrate the importance of foreign trade in economic development. Although the healthy growth of exports is not always sufficient for rapid and sustained economic growth, it is undeniable that there is a positive and close link between the two. The role of trade development in economic growth is manifested in many ways. Among them are: the benefits of professional division of labor, the role of international competition in promoting domestic economic efficiency and the ability to pay for the import of goods needed for development, as well as more generally , the encouragement of investment and entrepreneurship.2.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced by one country withgoods and services produced by another country. In addition to the visible trade, that is, the import and export of goods and cargos, there are also invisible trade, which refers to the exchange of labor between countries. Countries such as Greece and Norway, which have vast maritime fleets and provide transport services, reflect a form of invisible trade. For some countries, invisible trade is just as important as raw materials and commodity exports for some other countries. In both cases, these countries can make money to buy the goods they need.3.International trade is varied in a variety of ways. Underwriting refers to the seller , in aparticular area and within a certain period of time , to give foreign customers the exclusive right to sell the designated commodity trade. In this deal, the goods are taken over by the underwriter, sold on their own and are self-financing. This is different from a commission-only agent, and because the underwriter enjoys a franchise in a particular area, making it distinct from the general sale and purchase agreement.4.No country in the world can produce all the products it needs, so all countries participate inthe international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes , a country can buy goods and services abroad from a barter, which refers to the exchange of onegood for another and not for money. Barter trade by itself is not enough to meet the needs ofa country's imports. However, as a mode of trade, it is attractive to developing countries thathave a shortage of foreign exchange or shortage of inflow of foreign capital to meet the demand for foreign trade.Ⅷ. Multiple Choices1-5 D D A D B 6-10 A A A B A第二章练习答案Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions1.Please tell us the procedures of international trade.The procedures of an export or import business are so complicated that it may take quite a long time to conclude a transaction. Varied and complicated procedures have to be gone through in the course of export or import transaction. From the very beginning to the end of the transaction, the whole operation generally undergoes four stages: preparing for exporting or importing, business negotiation, implementation of the contract, and settlement of disputes(if any). Each stage covers some specific steps. Since the expo rt and import trades are two sides of the same coin, and one country’s export is another country’s import.2.What are the parties involved in export and import transaction?The parties who are involved in export and import transactions are numerous and can be described as variously. The basic parties are the buyer who purchases the goods and the seller who provides the goods.3.What are the specialists involved in export and import transaction?Many specialists may be involved in export and import transaction, including:(1) A shipping agent and /or foreign forwarder (forwarding agent) will take responsibility for the documentation and arrange for the goods to be shipped by air, sea, rail or road. These services may be carried out by the supplier’s own export department, if they have the expertise.(2) Airlines, shipping lines, railway companies or haulage contractors will actual transport the goods.(3) Both the importer’s and exporter’s banks will be involved in arranging payments if a letter of credit or bill of exchange is used.(4) Customs and Excise officers may need to examine the goods, check import or export licensing and charge duty and /or V AT.(5) A chamber of Commerce may need to issue a Certificate of Origin, if this is required by the importer’s country.(6) An insurance company insures goods in transit.(7) A lawyer if a special contract has to be drawn up.4. What are the documents needed in export and import transaction?An import/export transaction usually requires a lot of complicated documents because it is difficult to make many different arrangements when one firm is dealing with another on the other side of the world. The number and type of documents needed depend on the specific requirements of the exporter and importer. Generally, the documents needed include:(1) Bill of Lading.(2) Commercial Invoice.(3) Proforma Invoice.(4) Consular Invoice.(5) Packing List.(6) Weight Memo.(7) Certificate of Inspection.(8) Certificate of Origin.(9) Insurance Policy (Certificate).(10) Sales Contract.(11) Sales Confirmation.II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. T 11. T 12.F 13. T 14. F 15.TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:Messrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:Dear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight,but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Case StudyQuestions:(1) What is your opinion? Give the reasons to support your opinion.(2) How to prevent such dispute?(1) The first letter of Company A and Company B can be considered as an offer, during which Company A made a request for packaging. While Company B modified the terms of the offer, which can be considered as a counter offer or a new offer. After the counter offer was issued by Company B, Company A did not reply. Although it indicated that it was bound by the offer of the company B, yet Company A did not expressly accept to Company B,(2)At this time , the contract is not established. Therefore, Company B refused to honor the contract on this ground. Company A would fall into the passive status. In order to avoid this situation, Company A, in receipt of the B Company's offer, should promptly accept it.Ⅸ.Multiple Choices1. BCE2. AB3. BCD4. ABE5. ADE6. BCDE7. CD8. ABC9. ABC 10. ABC第三章练习答案Unit 3 Contracts for the International Sale of GoodsI. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance,commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的，而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结果。
《英语听力教程3》第二版_Unit2_答案
Part I Getting ready A. B. Keys:
1: International Union for the Conservation of Nat,ure United Nations, wildlife, policies
2: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Spec,ies trade, animals and plant,s 1975, prohibits, 8000, controls, 30000
Part III Dolphin captivity A. B. Keys:
1: 1 2: 3 3: 4 4: 5 5: 2 6: Dolphins should be kept in captivity. 7: There are educational benefits of keeping marine mammals in captivity. C. Keys: 1: stress (family-oriented) 2: sonar bouncing off 3: average age of death; life getting better for captive dolphins 4: natural behabior patterns-altered
2023年国际货运代理常用英语
国际货运代理有关英语体现（上）Unit 11. freight forwarder 货运代理人2. letter of credit 信用证3. the mode of transport 运送模式4. freight cost 运费5. the Forwarder’s Certificate of Receipt 货运代理人收货证明书6. the Forwarder’s Certificate of Transport 货运代理人运送证明书7. container cargo 集装箱货品8. foreign exchange trading 外汇交易9. exporting strategy 出口战略10. cargo transportation 货品运送11. customs clearance 清关12. commission agent 委托代理人13. country of transshipment 转运国14. movements of goods 货品运送15. shipping space 舱位16. a bill of lading 提单17. transit country 转口国18. trade terms 贸易条款19. general cargo 杂货20. special cargoes 特殊货品21. a comprehensive package of service 全面旳一揽子服务22. trade contract 贸易协议23. relevant documents 有关单据24. take delivery of the goods 提货Unit 2.1. FOB (FREE ON BOARD) 船上交货2. CIP (COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT) 运费，保费付至3. CFR (COST AND FREIGHT ) 成本加运费4. FCA (FREE CARRIER) 货交承运人5. CPT (CARRIAGE PAID TO) 运费付至6. CIF (COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT) 成本，保费加运费7. insurance premium 保险费8. multi-modal transport 多式联运9. inland waterway transport 内河运送10. amendment 修改11. carrier 承运人12. ICC- International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会13. Incoterms 国际贸易术语通则14. insurance policy 保险单15. packing costs 包装费用16. transfer of risks 风险转移17. ship’s rail 船舷18. clear the goods for export 办理货品出口清关手续19. sea transport 海运20. the named of shipment 指定装运港21. exchange control 外汇控制22. seller’s premise 卖方所在地23. the named port of destination 指定目旳港Unit 31. time of shipment 装船时间2. partial shipment 分批装运3. transshipment 转船4. shipping documents 运送单据5. ports of call 停靠港6. expiry date 有效期7. obligation 责任，义务8. terms of shipment 装运条款9. presentation of documents 交单10. remittance 汇付11. UCP-Uniform Customs and Practice of Documentary Credit, Icc Publication N500,1993 《跟单信用证统一通例》国际商会第500号出版物12. liner transport 班轮运送13. sailing schedule 船期表14. dispatch money 速遣费15. bunker surcharge 燃油附加费16. shipping by chartering 租船运送17. liner freight tariff 班轮运价表18. weight ton 重量吨19. measurement ton 尺码吨20. transshipment additional 转船附加费21. port of loading 装运港22. shipment date 装运有效期23. the latest date fro shipment 最迟装运期Unit 4.1. insurable interest 保险利益原则2. utmost good faith 最大诚信原则3. indemnity 赔偿原则4. Insurance certificate 保险凭证5. Endorsement 批单6. PICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses 中国人民保险企业海上货品运送保险条款7. Constructive total loss 推定全损8. general average 共同海损9. With Particular Average/ With Average 水渍险10. the subject matter insured 保险标旳11. Natural Calamities 自然灾害12. particular average 单独海损13. bulk cargo 散货14. insurance broker 保险经纪人15. inherent vice 内在缺陷16. actual total loss 实际全损17. the insure 保险人18. the insured 被保险人19. heavy weather 恶劣天气20. Free of Particular Average 平安险21. in transit 运送中22. All risks 一切险23. partial loss 部分损失24. War Risks 战争险25. Perils of the sea 海上风险26. insurance coverage 承保范围27. salvage charges 救济费用28. theft, pilferage &non-delivery risks 盗窃提货不着险29. fresh water and/or rain damage risks 淡水雨淋险30. shortage risks 短量险31. intermixture and contamination risks 混杂，玷污险32. leakage risks 渗漏险33. clash and breakage risks 碰损，破碎险34. taint of odour risks 串味险35. sweat and heating risks 受潮，受热险36. hook damage risks 钩损险37. breakage of packing risks 包装，破裂险38. rust risks 锈损险39. grounding 坐浅40. overturn 翻船41. port of distress 避难港42. volcanic eruption 火山爆发43. consideration 对价44. tsunami 海啸45. strand 搁浅Unit 51. carriage of goods by sea 海上货品运送2. endorsement 背书，签注3. mate’s receipt 大副收据，收货单4. shipping conference 班轮公会5. shipping documents 货运单证，船运单据6. shipper 托运人7. tariff 运价表8. containerization 集装箱化9. manifest 舱单10. liner service 班轮运送11. tramp service 不定期船运送12. trans-shipment paint 转运地13. freight rate 运费率14. tariff rate 运费表15. freight manifest 运费清单16. shipping note 托运单17. shipping order 装货单18. port authorities 港务局19. supply and demand 供求20. conference lines 班轮公会航线21. non-conference lines 非班轮公会航线22. non-vessel operating common carries(NVOCC) 无营运船公共承运人23. common carrier 公共承运人24. sea waybill 海运单25. a document of title 物权凭证26. stowage plan 积载图27. international trade 国际贸易28. shipping market 航运市场29. delivery order 提货单30. contract of carriage 货品运送协议31. pattern of international trade 国际贸易方式32. receipt of goods 货品收据33. scheduled service 定期航运34. trade routes 贸易路线35. member lines 会员企业36. price competition 运价竞争37. pose a challenge to 对……提出了挑战38. be attributable to 可归因于39. come to terms with 达到协议40. non-negotiable document 不可流通单证Unit61. bank draft 银行汇票2. documentary credit 跟单信用证3. issuing bank 开证行4. negotiating bank 议讨银行5. terms of the credit 信用证条款6. methods of payment 付款方式7. electronic data processing 电子数据处理8. interest rate 利息率9. an irrevocable confirmed L/C 不可撤销旳，保兑旳使用证10. blank bill of lading 不记名提单11. title to the goods 货品所有权12. straight bill of lading 记名提单13. order bills of lading 指示提单14. on-board bill of lading 已装船提单15. received-for-shipment bill of lading 备运提单16. clean bill of lading 清洁提单17. foul bill of lading 不清洁提单18. direct bill of lading 直达提单19. transshipment bill of lading 转船提单20. through bill of lading 联运提单21. long form bill of lading 全式提单22. short form bill of lading 略式提单Unit 71. bale/or grain capacity 包装容积2. time chartering 定期租船3. bareboat chartering 光船租船4. NYPE-The New York Produce Exchange Time Charter 土产格式5. hire/purchase contract 租购协议6. Voyage chartering 航次租船7. Grain capacity 散装容积8. Time charter on trip basis 航次期租9. Contract of afreightment 包运协议10. TCT-Trip Chartering 航次期租11. Operating expense 经营费用12. charter party 租船协议13. nautical operation 航行操作14. maintenance of the vessel 船舶维修15. supervision of the cargo 货品监管16. Gencon form 金康格式17. payment of hire 支付租金18. a designated manned ship 一艘特定旳配置船员旳船19. maintenance of the vessel 船舶维修20. trading limits 航区限制21. BIMCO 波罗地海国际航运协会22. BALTIME form-Baltime Uniform Time Charter Party波尔旳姆统一定期租船协议23. BARECON form-The BARECON Standard Bare boat Charter贝尔康原则光船租船协议Unit 81.contract of affreightment /contract of carriage (COA)货品运送协议2.insufficient packing 包装不良3.international sales of goods 国际货品销售4.negotiable document 可转让单据5.shipped bills of lading 已装船提单6.shipping company 船企业7.ship’s name 船名8.short shipment 短装9.carrier 承运人10.shipper 托运人11.endorsement in blank 空白背书12.special endorsement 记名背书13.transfer of bill of lading 提单转让14.holder of bill of lading 提单持有人15.anti-dated bill of lading 倒签提单16.advanced bill of lading 预借提单17.received for shipment bill of lading 收货待运提单18.multi-modal/combined/intermodal bill of lading 多式联运提单19.through/transshipment bill of lading 海洋联运提单Unit 91. pre-printed form 预订格式2. freight and other charges 运费和其他费用3. letter of credit transactions 信用证交易4. Arrival Notice 到货告知5. letter of indemnity 保函6. Cargo’s apparent order and condition 货品外表状态7. original bill of lading 正本提单8. Notify Party 告知方9. paramount Clause 首要条款10. Unknown clause 不知条款11. Jurisdiction clause 管辖权12. Refrigerated cargo clause 冷藏货条款13. bulk cargo clause 散装货条款14. port of discharging 卸货港15. shipping mark 运送标志16. EDI-Electronic Data Interchange 电子数据互换17. seaworthiness 适航18. cargo worthiness 适货19. copy 副本20. full set 全套1. liner freight rate 班轮运费率2. stowage factor 积载因数3. break bulk cargo 杂货，散件货品4. bunker adjustment factor (BAF) 燃油价风格整因数5. currency adjustment factor (CAF) 货币贬值调整因数6. ocan freight rate 海运运费率7. ocan freight 海运运费8. liner operator 班轮营运人9. maintenance 维护保养10. surcharge 附加费11. stores 物料12. tramp rate 不定期船运费率13. fixed costs 固定成本14. variable costs 可变成本15. adjustment factors 调整因数16. port congestion surcharges 港口拥挤附加费17. conference tariff 公会运价表18. non-conference tariff 非公会运价表19. freight prepaid 预付运费20. freight to collect 到付运费21. bilateral tariff 双边运价表22. freight agreement 运价协议23. heavy lift additional 超重附加费国际货运代理有关英语体现（下）Unit 101. liner freight rate 班轮运费率2. stowage factor 积载因数3. break bulk cargo 杂货，散件货品4. bunker adjustment factor (BAF) 燃油价风格整因数5. currency adjustment factor (CAF) 货币贬值调整因数6. ocean freight rate 海运运费率7. ocean freight 海运运费8. liner operator 班轮营运人9. maintenance 维护保养10. surcharge 附加费11. stores 物料12. tramp rate 不定期船运费率13. fixed costs 固定成本14. variable costs 可变成本15. adjustment factors 调整因数16. port congestion surcharges 港口拥挤附加费17. conference tariff 公会运价表18. non-conference tariff 非公会运价表19. freight prepaid 预付运费20. freight to collect 到付运费21. bilateral tariff 双边运价表22. freight agreement 运价协议23. heavy lift additional 超重附加费Unit 111. Entry Inwards 进口报关单2. Entry Outwards 出口报关单3. Export Declaration 出口申报单4. Import Manifest 进口舱单5. Inward Permit 进口许可证6. Bill of Entry 报关单7. Crew list 船员名单8. Customs clearance 结关（证书）9. Customs Declaration 海关申报10. Export Manifest 出口舱单11. customs tariff 关税税则12. customs examination 海关检查13. bonded warehouse 保税仓库14. port clearance 结关单15. procedural and documentary details 程序和文献旳细则16. customs invoice 海关发票17. goods (held ) in the bond 保税货品18. customs frontier 关境19. customs broker 报关行20. customs drawback 海关退税21. health certificate （检疫）健康证书22. load line 载重线23. Outward Export Permit 进口许可证24. packaging list 包装单25. policy of insurance 保险单26. safety equipment 安全设备27. safety radio telegraphy 安全无线电报28. stores list 物料清单29. Shipping Bill 出口货品明细单；装船告知单Unit 121. limitation of liability 责任范围限制2. intermodal transport 多式联运3. inherent vice 固有缺陷4. long haul 长途运送5. carriage of goods by road 国内经济6. rail transport 铁路运送7. road transport 公路运送8. consignor 发货人9. distribution 分发，赔销10. domestic economy 国内经济11. Conventional de Merchandises PAR Routes (CMR) 国际公路货品运送协议公约12. railway consignment note 铁路托运单13. cash on delivery 现款交货14. railway advice 铁路货运告知单15. carriage of goods by road 公路货品运送16. free on rail 铁路交货价17. special marks 特殊标识18. railroad bill of lading 铁路货运提单19. right of disposal 处置权Unit 131. combined transport 合并运送2. carrying capacity 运载能力3. international forwarder 国际货运代理4. freight charges 货品运费5. consolidation services 合并运送服务6. tariff rates 关税率7. cargo transportation 货品运送8. groupage transport 合并运送9. full container load 整箱货10. container freight station 集装箱货运站11. Master Ocean Bill of Lading 船长海运提单12. marine division 航运处13. House Bill of Lading 货运代理提单14. unloading port 卸货港15. general cargo 杂货16. inland waterway 内陆水道17. merchant service 商船营运18. less than carload lot (LCL) 零担货品运送Unit 141. multimodal transport 多式联运2. transshipment point 转运点3. insurance coverage 保险责任范围4. full container loads 集装箱整箱货5. liability insurance 责任保险6. air freight 空运货品7. flat rate 统一费用8. freight rate 货运价格9. land bridge 陆桥运送10. tying-up of capital 资金紧张11. Bill of health 健康证书12. cargo survey 货检13. cargo handling 货品装卸14. mini-bridge 小陆桥运送15. carriage of goods by sea 海上货品运送16. shipping agency 航运代理企业17. cargo declaration 货品申报18. sea train 火车车厢运送船19. the settlement of claims 货品索赔20. inter-containental 洲际间旳Unit 151. logistics 物流2. warehousing 仓储3. fleet 船队4. enterprise 企业5. work-in-process 正在加工旳产品6. inventory 库存7. carrier 承运人8. procurement 采购9. finished product 制成品10. assembly plant 装配厂11. manufacturing support 制造支持12. the work of logistics 物流模块13. transportation integration 运送整合14. facility network 设备网络15. strategic positioning 战略定位16. competitive performance 竞争性绩效17. the Council of Logistics Management 美国物流管理协会18. supply chain management 供应链管理19. order processing 定单处理20. collection 收货21. value chain 价值链22. market distribution 市场分销23. retail store 零售店Unit 161. business correspondence 商务通信，商务信函2. complimentary close 结尾敬语3. copy notations 抄送4. inside address 封内地址5. modified block style 改良齐头式6. official title 官衔，头衔7. return address 回信地址，发信人地址8. subject line 事由9. reference initials 写信人及秘书姓名旳首字母缩写（作后来参照）10. letterhead 信头11. diplomacy 外交手腕，交际手腕12. format/style 格式13. conciseness 简洁14. salutation 称呼15. enclosure 附件16. postscript 附笔17. Re: 事由18. signature 签名19. proofread 校对Unit 171. target audience 目旳客户2. vendor 卖主3. mortgage 抵押4. copyright infringement 侵犯著作权5. litigation 诉讼6. e-business 在线企业7. sales representative 销售代表8. currency conversion 货币兑换9. outsourcing 外包10. intellectual property 知识产权11. business partner 商业伙伴12. sector of the economy 经济部门13. write checks 开发票14. digital certificate 数字证书15. online transaction 在线交易16. smart card 智能卡17. virtual office 虚拟办公室18. e-commerce 电子商务19. shipment provider 收货人20. real-time trading 实时交易21. financial activity 金融活动22. seasoned professional 经验丰富旳专业人士23. privacy invasion 侵犯隐私24. digital signature 数字签名25. vice president 副总裁26. geographic boundary 地理边界27. cash checks 兑现支票28. trade tocks 买卖股票29. digital cash 数字现金30. voice mail 语音邮件31. individual preference 个人偏好Unit 181. passive voice 积极语态2. tele-printer 电传打字机3. recipient 收件人/收信人4. abbreviation 缩写/缩写词5. layout 格式/布局6. fax7. punctuation marks 标点符号8. transmission 传播，传送9. common practices 一般做法10. CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade) 中国对外贸易增进委员会11. ASAP (as soon as possible) 尽快12. SHIPMT (shipment) 装运13. BK (bank) 银行14. UR (your) 你方是15. S.S. East Wind 东风轮16. a full signature 签全名17. salutation 标题18. complimentary close 礼貌结束语19. telex message 电传20. fax message21. simplified word （电传）简化字22. Best RGDS 祝商安23. telecommunication 电子通讯24. layout of telexes 电传布局Unit 191. Cargo Manifest 货品舱单2. Neutral AWB (The Air Waybill) 中性航空运送单3. Check list 核查单4. Consolidated shipment 集运货品5. Master Air Waybill 主运单6. House Air Waybill 分运单7. fully loaded aircraft 满载飞机8. non-negotiable/nontransferable 不可转让旳9. air transportation 空运10. documentary credit 跟单信用证11. shipping documents 货运文献12. consolidated airfreight 集运货品/合并装运货品13. air transportation regulations 航空运送规则Unit 201. Class Rates 等级运价2. Hazardous goods 危险品3. General Cargo Rates 一般运价4. Minimum Charges 最低运价5. Valuable cargo 珍贵货品6. Special Commodity Rates 指定商品运价7. Insurance costs 保险费8. Chargeable Weight 计费重量9. currency adjustment 货币调整10. gross weight 毛重11. high density cargo 高密度货品12. volume weight 体积重量13. contract FAK rates (freight-of- all-kinds) FAK协议运价Unit211. FIATA 国际货运代理协会2. Non-governmental organization 非政府性组织3. Fastest-changing industry 发展最迅速旳产业4. International Air Transport Association 国际航空运送协会5. Global airline network 全球航空企业网络6. Advisory bodies 征询机构7. Private international organization 国际民间组织8. Freight forwarding industry 货运代理业9. Airline cooperation 航空企业协作10. Airfreight Institute 航空货品研究机构11. Multimodal Transport Institute 多式联运研究机构12. Advisory Body Legal Matters 法律事务征询委员会13. Forwarders Certificate of Transport 货运代理运送证书14. International Union of railways 国际铁路工会15. Advisory Body Dangerous Goods 危险货品征询委员会16. FIATA Warehouse Receipt （货运代理）仓库收据17. FIATA Forwarding Instructions （货运代理）运送指示390种外贸单证名称中英文互译mercial invoice 商业发票2.Proforma invoice形式发票3.Received invoice收讫发票4.Certificate invoice证明发票5.Detailed invoice详细发票6.Neutral invoice 中性发票7.Manufacture invoice 厂家发票8.Bank’s invoice 银行发票9.Preliminary /provisional invoice 临时发票10.Customs invoice 海关发票11.Consular invoice 领事发票12.Packing list 装箱单13.Weight list 重量单14.Measurement list 尺码单15.Insurance poliy 保险单16.Insurance Certificate 保险凭证bined Insurance Certificate 联合保险凭证18.Open policy 预约保险单19.Cover note暂保单20.Endorsement批单21.Certificate oforigin of the Pepoles’ Republic of China中华人民共和国原产地证22.Generalized system of preferences certificate of orgin from A 普惠制产地证23.Ispection certificate商检证书24.Qulity certificate品质检查证书25.Quanty certificate数量检查证书26.Weight certificate重量检查证书27.Phytosanitary certificate植物检疫证书28.Veterinary certificate兽医检查证书29.Sanitary/Health certificate卫生/健康检查证书30.Disinfection certificate 消毒检查证书31.Fumigation certificate熏蒸证书32.Certificate of analysis 分析证34.Export /import license进出口许可证35.Special customs invoice 美国海关发票36.Canada customs invoice 加拿大海关发票bined certificate of value and origin 澳大利亚海关发票38.From59A certificate of origin for export to Newzealand新西兰海关发票39.FromC 西非海关发票40.L/C=letter of credit 信用证41.Bill of exchange / draft 汇票42.Beneficiary’s certificate/statement 受益人证明/寄单证明43.Booking note 托运单/下货纸44.B/L提单45.Direct B/L直达提单46.Transhipment B/L转运提单bined transport B/L联合提单48.Container B/L集装箱提单49. Charter Party B/L）租船提单50.Airway bill 空运单51.Shipper’s letter of instruction 货品托运书52.Railway bill 铁路运单53.Shipping advice/ Declaration of shipment 装运告知54.Captain receipt 船长收据55.Itinerary certificate航程证明56.Certificate of sample寄样证明57.Shipping order (s/o) 装货单58.Mate’s receipt大副收据59.Dock receipt 集装箱场站数据60.Delivery order 提货单61.Equipment intechange receipt 设备交接单62.Manifest载货清单/舱单63.Cargo receipt 承载货品收据64.Sea way bill海运单65.Master air way bill航空主运单66.House air way bill航空分运单67.Numerical container list集装箱装载清单68.Export freight manifest出口载货运费清单69.Entry inwards进口报关单70. Authoriztion letter for customs declaration/ Power of attorney（POA）报关委托书72. Telex release /Surrendered B/L 电放提单73. Instrument for the collecting/verifying and writing-off of exportproceeds in foreign exchange/verifying and writing- off instrument外汇核销单74. Export drawback出口退税单75.Bank statement/note/receipt 银行水单76.Electronic bill of lading电子提单77.Letter of indemnity保函78.Original bill of lading正本提单79.Customs clearance结关证书80.Entry outwards出口报关单81.Export manifest 出口载货清单/出口舱单82.Inward permit 进口许可证83.Outwards Export permit 出口许可证84.Shipping bill 出口货品明细单/装船告知单85.Export declaration 出口申报单86.Stores list 物料单87.Railway consignment note 铁路托运单88.Cargo declaration 货品申请表89.Railway advice铁路货运告知单90.consignment note 运单91.Bill of health 健康证书92.Straight B/L 记名提单93.Order B/L 指示提单94.On-board B/L 已装船提单95.Received-for-shipping B/L备运提单96.Clean B/L 清洁提单97.Foul B/L不清洁提单98.Black B/L 不记名提单99.Through B/L 联运提单100.Long form B/L 全式提单101.Short B/L略式提单102.Valued policy 定值保险单103.Voyage policy 航次保险单104.Loading list or cargo list 装货清单105.Damgerous cargo list 危险品清单106.Damage cargo list 货品残损单107.Cargo tracer货品查单108.Notice of readiness 准备就结告知书nding permit card登陆卡110.On deck B/L 舱面提单111.Minimun freight B/L 最底运费提单112.Standby L/C 备用信用证113. Irrevocable L/C 不可撤销旳信用证114. Revocable L/C 可撤销旳信用证115. Confirmed L/C 保兑信用证116. Documentary L/C跟单信用证117. Sight L/C既期信用证118. Usance L/C远期信用证119. Transferable Credit 可转让信用证120. Revolving Credit 循环信用证121. Reciprocal Credit 对开信用证122. Rack to Back Credit 背对背信用证123. MultimodaL Transport B/L or Intermodal Transport B/L多式联运提单124. Anti-dated B/L 倒签提单125. Advanced B/L 预借提单126. Stale B/L 过期提单127. Freight Prepaid B/L运费预付提单128. Freihgt to Collect B/L 运费到付提单129. Minimum B/L 最低运费提单130. Omnibus B/L 合并提单131. Combined B/L并装提单132. Separte B/L 分提单133. Switch B/L 互换提单134. Parcel Receipt B/L包裹提单135.货运代理给进口代理旳告知 forwarder's advice to import agent 136. 货运代理给出口商旳告知 forwarder's advice to exporter137.货运代剪发票 forwarder's invoice138.货运代理收据证明 forwarder's certificate of receipt139. 货运代理人仓库收据 forwarder's warehouse receipt140.货品收据 goods receipt141.港口费用单 port charges documents142.入库单 warehouse warrant143. 装卸单 handling order144.通行证 gate pass145.运单 waybill146.通用(多用)运送单证 universal (multipurpose) transport document 147.承运人货品收据 goods receipt, carriage148.全程运单 house waybill149.副本提单 bill of lading copy150.空集装箱提单 empty container bill151.油轮提单 tanker bill of lading152.内河提单 inland waterway bill of lading153.不可转让旳海运单证(通用) non-negotiable maritime transport document (generic)154.无提单提货保函 letter of indemnity for non-surrender of bill of lading155.货运代理人提单 forwarder's bill of lading156.陆运单 road list-SMGS157.押运正式确认 escort official recognition158.分段计费单证 recharging document159.公路托运单 road cosignment note160.分空运单 substitute air waybill161.国人员物品申报 crew's effects declaration162.乘客名单 passenger list163.铁路运送交货告知 delivery notice(rail transport)164.邮递包裹投递单 despatch note (post parcels)165.货运代理人运送证书 forwarder's certificate of transport166.联运单证(通用) combined transport document (generic)167.多式联运单证(通用) multimodal transport document (generic)168.订舱确认 booking confirmation169.规定交货告知 calling foward notice170.运费发票 freight invoice171.货品抵达告知 arrival notice(goods)172.无法交货旳告知 notice of circumstances preventing delvery (goods) 173.无法运货告知 notice of circumstances preventing transport (goods) 174.交货告知 delivery notice (goods)175.载货清单 cargo manifest176.公路运送货品清单 bordereau177.集装箱载货清单 container manifes (unit packing list)178.铁路费用单 charges note179.托收告知 advice of collection180.船舶安全证书 safety of ship certificate181. 无线电台安全证书 safety of radio certificate182.设备安全证书 safety of equipment certificate183.油污民事责任书 civil liability for oil certificate184. 载重线证书 loadline document185. 免于除鼠证书 derat document186.航海健康证书 maritime declaration of health187. 船舶登记证书 certificate of registry189. 船用物品申报单 ship's stores declaration190.出口许可证申请表 export licence, application191. 出口结汇核销单 exchange control declaration, exprot192.T出口单证(海关转运报关单)(欧共体用) despatch note moder T193.T1出口单证(内部转运报关单)(欧共体用) despatch note model T1194.T2出口单证(原产地证明书) despatch note model T2195.T5管理单证(退运单证)(欧共体用) control document T5196.铁路运送退运单 re-sending consigment note197.T2L出口单证(原产地证明书)(欧共体用) despatch note model T2L198.出口货品报关单 goods declaration for exportation199. 离港货品报关单 cargo declaration(departure)200.货品监管证书申请表 application for goods control certificate201.货品监管证书申请表 goods control certificate202.商品检查申请表 application for inspection certificate203. 原产地证书申请表application for certificate of origin,204. 原产地申明 declaration of origin205. 地区名称证书 regional appellation certificate 206. 优惠原产地证书 preference certificate of origin207.危险货品申报单 dangerous goods declaration208.出口记录报表 statistical doucument, export209.国际贸易记录申报单 intrastat declaration210. 交货查对证明 delivery verification certificate211. 进口许可证申请表application for import licence,212.无商业细节旳报关单 customs declaration without commercial detail 213.有商业和项目细节旳报关单 customs declaration with commercial and item detail214.无项目细节旳报关单 customs declaration without item detail215. 有关单证 related document216.调汇申请 application for exchange allocation217.调汇许可 foreign exchange permit218.进口外汇管理申报 exchange control declaration (import)219.内销货品报关单 goods declaration for home use220.海关即刻放行报关单 customs immediate release declaration221. 海关放行告知 customs delivery note222.到港货品报关单 cargo declaration (arrival)223.邮包报关单 customs deciaration (post parcels)224. 增值税申报单 tax declaration (value added tax)225. 一般税申报单 tax declaration (general)226. 催税单 tax demand227. 禁运货品许可证 embargo permit228. 海关转运货品报关单 goods declaration for customs transit229. TIF国际铁路运送报关单 TIF form230. TIR国际公路运送报关单 TIR carnet231. 欧共体海关转运报关单 EC carnet232. EUR1欧共体原产地证书 EUR 1 certificate of origin233.ATA 暂准进口海关文献 ATA carnt234. 欧共体统一单证 single administrative document235. 海关一般答复 general response (Customs)236. 海关公文答复 document response (Customs)237. 海关误差答复 error response (Customs)238. 海关一揽子答复 packae response (Customs)239. 海关计税／确认答复tax calculation ／confirmation response (Customs)240. 配额预分派证书 quota prior allocation certificate241. 最终使用授权书 end use authorization242. 政府协议 government contract243. 进口记录报表 statistical document, import245. 跟单信用证开证申请书 application for documentary credit246. 先前海关文献／报文 previous Customs document／message247. 一致性证书 cettificate of conformity248. 测试汇报 test report249. 产品性能汇报 product performance report250. 产品规格型号汇报 product specification report 251. 工艺数据汇报 process data report252. 首样测试汇报 first sample test report253. 价格／销售目录 price ／sales catalogue254. 参与方信息 party information255. 农产品加工厂证书 mill certificate256. 家产品加工厂证书 post receipt257. 邮政收据 post receipt258. 价值与原产地综合证书 combined certificate of value adn origin 259. 移动申明Ａ．ＴＲ．１ movement certificate Ａ．ＴＲ．１260 质量数据报文 quality data message261. 查询 query262. 查询答复 response to query263. 订购单 purchase order264. 制造阐明 manufacturing instructions265. 领料单 stores requisition266. 产品售价单 invoicing data sheet267. 包装阐明 packing instruction268. 内部运送单 internal transport order269. 记录及其他管理用内部单证 statistical and oter administrative internal docu-ments270. 直接支付估价申请 direct payment valuation request 271. 直接支付估价单 direct payment valuation272. 临时支付估价单 rpovisional payment valuation273. 支付估价单 payment valuation274. 数量估价单 quantity valuation request275. 数量估价申请 quantity valuation request276. 协议数量单 contract bill of quantities-BOQ277. 不祭价投标数量单 unpriced tender BOQ278. 标价投标数量单 priced tender BOQ279. 询价单 enquiry280. 临时支付申请 interim application for payment281. 支付协议 agreement to pay282. 意向书 letter of intent283. 订单 order284. 总订单 blanket order285. 现货订单 sport order286. 租赁单 lease order287. 紧急订单 rush order288. 修理单 repair order289. 分订单 call off order290. 寄售单 consignment order291. 样品订单 sample order292. 换货单 swap order293. 订购单变更祈求 purchase order change request 294. 订购单答复 purchase order response295. 租用单 hire order296. 备件订单 spare parts order297. 交货阐明 delivery instructions298. 交货计划表 delivery schedule299. 准时交货 delivery just-in-time300. 发货告知 delivery release301. 交货告知 delivery note302. 发盘／报价 offer／quotation303. 报价申请 request for quote304. 协议 contract305. 订单确认 acknowledgement of order306. 形式发票 proforma invoice307. 部分发票 partial invoice308. 操作阐明 operating instructions309. 铭牌 name／product plate310. 交货阐明祈求 request for delivery instructions311. 订舱申请 booking request312. 装运阐明 shipping instructions313. 托运人阐明书(空运) shipper's letter of instructions(air)314. 短途货运单 cartage order(local transport)315. 待运告知 ready for despatch advice316. 发运单 despatch order317. 发运告知 despatch advice318. 单证分发告知 advice of distrbution of documents 319. 贷记单 credit note320. 佣金单 commission note321. 借记单 debit note322. 改正发票 corrected invoice323. 合并发票 consolidated invoice324. 预付发票 prepayment invoice325. 租用发票 hire invoice326. 税务发票 tax invoice327. 自用发票 self-billed invoice328. 保兑发票 delcredere invoice329. 代剪发票 factored invoice330. 租赁发票 lease invoice331. 寄售发票 consignment invoice332. 代理贷记单 factored credit note333. 银行转帐指示 instructions for bank transfer334. 银行汇票申请书 application for banker's draft335. 托收支付告知书 collection payment advice336. 跟单信用证支付告知书 documentary credit payment advice337. 跟单信用证承兑告知书 documentary credit acceptance advice338. 跟单信用证议付告知书 documentary credit negotiation advice339. 银行担保申请书 application for banker's guarantee 340. 银行担保 banker's guarantee341. 跟单信用证赔偿单 documentary credit letter of indemnity。
国际贸易实务双语教程(第三版)Unit 02
Parties involved in export and import transaction
* the exporters * the importers * the port authority * the shipping company (for sea freight) * the airline (for air freight) * the insurance company or brokers * the exporter’s bank * the importer’s bank * the railways (in some cases) in the importer’ country * the road hauler ( in some case) in the importer’ country * the shipping agent at the port or airport of discharge * the shipping agents at the port or airport of loading * the railway (in some cases)in the exporters’ country * the road hauler (in some cases) in the exporter’s country
Export Procedures under CIR on the side of Seller
Acceptance
Signing Contract
Applying Import License
Procedures of Import Transaction
Opening L/C
Chartering Space Ship
国际贸易术语International Trade Terms
Incoterms Do Not . . .
Not sufficient on their own to express the full intent of the parties. They will not: Apply to contracts for services. Define contractual rights and obligations other than for delivery. Specify details of the transfer, transport, and delivery of the goods. Determine how title to the goods will be transferred. Protect a party from his/her own risk of loss. Cover the goods before or after delivery. Define the remedies for breach of contract.
Group C CFR Main Carriage Paid CIF CPT CIP
Group D Arrival
International Trade Practices Regarding Trade Terms
1.Warsaw — Oxford Rules 1932《1932年华沙——牛津规 则》《CIF买卖合同的统一规则》 2.Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 《1941年美国对外贸易定义修正本》 3. INCOTERMS 2000《国际贸易术语解释通则》
4. The Structure of Incoterms 2000
UNIT2
5. Generally: adv.通常，广泛地，概括地 Generally speaking：一般来说，总得来说 general: adj.广泛的，总体的，大概的 n. 将军，上将（General） Generalize: V. 概括，归纳；推广，普及 eg. They generalized the use of a new invention
• 6.propound:提出，提议 eg. to propound a theory • 7. dub: vt. 给·· ·起外号；把·· ·称为；配音 • eg. The film is dubbed.
• 8. hegemonic stability:霸权稳定理论 • 国际政治经济学中新现实主义者的理论核心 ，来源于美 国，具有鲜明的美国色彩。
12.Maximize：v. 最大化 Maximization n. 最大化值 maximum： adj.最大值/量的；n.最大量 Antonym：minimize: v 最小化 minimization: ~of cost:成本最小化 minimum：adj. 最小的，最低的 n. 最小量
• 13. Pareto optimality: • Pareto： 帕雷托 意大利经济学家，1848-1923. Optimal： 最优的，最佳的 • 帕累托最优，也称为帕累托效率、帕累托改善，是博 弈论中的重要概念 ；指资源分配的一种理想状态，假 定固有的一群人和可分配的资源，从一种分配状态到 另一种状态的变化中，在不使任何人境况变坏的情况 下，而不可能再使某些人的处境变好。 • 帕累托改进是指一种变化，在没有使任何人境况变坏 的前提下，使得至少一个人变得更好。一方面，帕累 托最优是指没有进行帕累托改进的余地的状态；另一 方面，帕累托改进是达到帕累托最优的路径和方法
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斯密主张，苏格兰、意大利两国根据专业化的 原则进行分工，在此基础上进行相互贸易苏格 兰输出布到意大利换取葡萄酒，意大利输出葡 萄酒到苏格兰换取布。我们假定两国分别拿出 一半的产出进行交换，则苏格兰可以得到3单 位的酒，意大利可以得到2.5单位的布，则两 国都可以从国际贸易中获益。
（3）Comparative Advantage(相对 ） 相对 比较优势理论) 比较优势理论 ——David Ricardo
重商主义是16世纪的经济理论。它认为一国的 财富由它所持有的金银来衡量。根据重商主义 的理论，一国的目的在于扩大金银的持有量， 为了达到这个目的，政府必须通过促进出口， 抑制进口来扩大进出口之间的差额。
(2)Absolute Advantage(绝对比较优 绝对比较优 势理论)——Adam Smith 势理论
（5）Favorable Geographic ） Location and Transport Costs（良 （ 好的地理位置和运输成本） 好的地理位置和运输成本）
Many countries have developed close economic relationships chiefly because they are geographically close to each other. Such as US 、Canada and EU. 许多国家主要是因为地理接近而发展经济关系。 例如美国与加拿大、欧盟。
二、国际贸易的理由(Reasons for 国际贸易的理由 International Trade)
1、Resource Reasons(资源因素) The uneven distribution of resources around the world is one of the basic reasons why nations began and continue to trade with each other. 世界各地资源的分配不均是国家间进行贸易的 基本原因之一。
（6）Insufficient Production（不足 ） （ 的生产能力） 的生产能力）
Some countries cannot produce enough items they need and therefore have to import them. 许多国家不能生产足够他们所需的产品，因此 只能进口。
（2）Natural Resources（自然资源） ） （自然资源）
Some countries are the major suppliers of certain natural resources because the distribution of natural resources around the world is somewhat haphazard. 由于自然资源的分布存在着偶然性，致使一些 国家成为某些自然资源的主要供应国。
（1）Favorable Climatic Conditions ） and Terrain(良好Байду номын сангаас气候与地形 良好的气候与地形) 良好的气候与地形
The difference in Climatic Conditions and Terrain enables some countries to grow certain plants and leaves other countries with the only choice to import the produces they consume. 良好的气候与地形的差异使一些国家种植某些 植物，其他国家的唯一选择只能进口这些产品 来消费。
2、Economic Reasons（经济原因） 、 （经济原因）
It is made possible by varied prices for the same commodity around the world, reflecting the differences in the cost of production. 在世界范围内，同种商品的价格可能是不一样 的，这反映了生产成本的不同。
一、国际贸易的定义(What is 国际贸易的定义 International Trade?)
International trade involves movements of products or commodities or services from sellers located in one nation to buyers located in another nation. International trade can also be understood as export and import of goods or technology or services.
Ricardo showed that absolute cost advantages are not a necessary condition for two nations to gain from trade with each other. Instead, trade will benefit both nations provided only that their relative costs, that is, the ratios of their real costs, are differences in comparative cost, and one nation can profitably trade with another even though its real costs are higher(or lower) in every commodity.
国际贸易是指产品或服务由一国的卖方转移到 另一国的买方。 国际贸易也可以理解成进出口货物、技术以及 服务。
visible trade and invisible trade
(1)Trade in products or commodities are called visible trade, it includes Exporting and Importing.（有形贸易又称为商品贸易，包括 出口与进口。） (2)Trade in services is called invisible trade, which are intangible products such as travel, banking and insurance.（无形贸易又称为服 务贸易）
亚当斯密认为，每个国家可以以低于其贸易 伙伴的成本产生一个或多个商品。然后每个国 家能从专业化生产这些的商品中得利，他称之 为“绝对优势” （能够以比其他国家较低的 成本生产产品），出口这些产品，进口其他比 别的国家成本高的商品。
根据这个案例，我们可以得出苏格兰在生产布 料方面有绝对优势，生产单位布料需要30天， 而意大利在生产酒方面有绝对优势，生产单位 酒需要20天。因此，苏格兰应该专门生产布料 ，意大利应该专门生产酒，然后两者进行交换 。在分工后，苏格兰专门生产布料，可以生产 （30+120）/30=5单位布料；意大利专门生产 酒，可生产（100+20）/20=6单位酒。
A country has a comparative advantage if it can make a product relatively more cheaply than other countries. A country should make the product that yields the greatest advantage or the least comparative disadvantage.
Absolute-Cost Example Country Days of Labor Required to Produce Cloth(1 bolt)卷 Wine(1 barrel) 30 100 120 20
Scotland Italy
Adam Smith assumed that each country could produce one or more commodities at a lower real cost than its trading partners. It then follows that each country will benefit form specialization in those commodities in which it has an “absolute advantage” (being able to produce at a lower real cost than another country), exporting them and importing other commodities which it produces at a higher real cost than does another country.
(1) Mercantilism(重商主义 重商主义) 重商主义
Mercantilism is a sixteenth—century economic philosophy. It maintains that a country’s wealth is measured by its holdings of gold and silver. According to mercantilists, a country’s goal should be to enlarge those holdings. To do this it should try to maximize the difference between its exports and its imports by promoting exports and discouraging imports.