Liver Disease
实诊教学课件：肝脏疾病的实验室检查
的影响。
肝细胞，肝血窦，窦周隙及胆小管的关系图解
第一节：血清酶学检验
EExnazymmineastion of Serum 肝脏是酶含量最丰富的器官，肝细胞损伤时，许 多酶如ALT、AST、ALP、GGT释放入血，导致 血清酶水平升高
1.肝脏疾病时酶活力改变的机制
➢ 肝细胞释放增加
缓解的急性HBV感染的血清学表现
肝脏疾病常用实验室检查
Laboratory examination of liver disease 第二节：蛋白代谢的检验 Examination of
Protein Metabolism
一. 血清总蛋白和白蛋白,球蛋白比值测定
Serum total protein, TP; Albumin, A; Globulin, G
04/03 105 87
270.8 126.6 144.2
180.8 157.4 23.4
19.7 111 12.8 23.4 6.9 87.6
67.5 55.8 11.7
47.1 51.5
31.9 33.8
15.2 17.72.1Fra bibliotek1.91
47.1 51.7 31.1 33.2 16.0 18.5 1.94 1.79
位于肝脏肝细胞血窦侧和毛细胆管侧的微绒毛上，经胆汁排泄，血 清中ALP以肝脏、骨骼来源为主。
参考值：成人：40-110 U/L 儿童：＜250 U/L
临床意义： ➢肝胆系统疾病：
阻塞性黄疸、急、慢性黄疸肝炎、肝癌
➢协助黄疸的鉴别 ➢骨骼疾病：
纤维性骨炎、佝偻病、骨软化病、 骨转移癌、骨折愈合期
同工酶（Isoenzyme) ： ALP1: 细胞膜组分+ALP2 ALP2: 肝性ALP ALP3: 骨性ALP ALP4: 胎盘性ALP ALP5: 小肠性ALP ALP6：IgG+ALP2
肝脏疾病的实验室检查
Total Bili Direct Bili TP Alb ALT ALP
85 25 78 41 3140 144
μmol/L μmol/L g/L g/L U/L U/L
(<20) (<10) (60～80) (30～50) (<35) (30～120)
Hepatic：hepatocellular disease
The function of the liver
Carbohydrate metabolism:
Synthesis and storage of glycogen Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Protein metabolism:
Synthesis and degradation of proteins ( not immunoglobulins) Amino acid metabolism and urea formation
Total Bili Direct Bili TP Alb ALT ALP
139 75 77 41 35 550
μmol/L μmol/L g/L g/L U/L U/L
(<20) (<10) (60～80) (30～50) (<35) (30～120)
Post–hepatic :cholestasis (obstruction)
胆 红 素 的 代 谢 过 程
Classification of bilirubin (HPLC)
1. α(Alpha)—fraction bilirubin: unconjugated bilirubin+albumin
英文 肝硬化
Consequences of portal hypertension[II] 3. Ascites (腹水)
• • •
Theories of ascites formation Underfilling theory (灌注不足假说） Overflow theory (泛溢假说) Arterial vasodilation theory (动脉扩张假说)
Mechanisms of HRS[II]
Clinical features[I]
Compensated cirrhosis (代偿期)
Many people experience few symptoms at the onset of cirrhosis,symptoms are typically vague and nonspecific. ---Fatigue and loss of energy. ---Loss of appetite and nausea. ---Spider angiomas ---liver function is normal
degradation of matrix proteins
Pathogenesis: chronic, progressed,
diffuse • Hepatocyte injury leading to necrosis. • Chronic inflammation - (hepatitis). • Capillarization (肝窦毛细血管化) of the space of Disse is a key event. • Bridging fibrosis. • Regeneration of remaining hepatocytes proliferate as round nodules surrounded by fibrous septa. • Loss of vascular arrangement results in regenerating hepatocytes ineffective. • Cirrhosis may lead to liver failure, portal hypertension, or development of hepatocellular carcinoma
大内科科室中英文翻译
大内科1、消化科: Department of Gastroenterology消化科简介: Introduction of Gastroenterology Dept.2、消化内镜科: Center of Digestive Endoscopy消化内镜简介: Introduction of Digestive Endoscopy Center3、肝病科：Department of Liver Disease肝病科简介: Introduction of Liver Disease Dept.4、心内科: Department of Cardiology心内科简介：Introduction of Cardiology Dept.5、呼吸科: Department of Respiration呼吸科简介: Introduction of Respiration Dept.6、脑病中心: Encephalopathy Center脑病中心简介: Introduction of Encephalopathy Center7、肾内科:Department of Nephrology肾内科简介: Introduction of Nephrology Dept.8、体检中心: Physical Examination Center体检中心简介: Introduction of Physical Examination Center9、儿科: Department of Pediatrics儿科简介: Introduction of Pediatrics Dept.10、针灸康复科:Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation 针灸康复科简介: Introduction of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation11、风湿病科: Department of Rheumatology风湿病科简介: Introduction of Rheumatology12、老年科: Department of Geriatrics老年科简介: Introduction of Geriatrics Dept.13、内分泌科: Department of Endocrinology内分泌科简介: Introduction of Endocrinology Dept.14、血液内科: Department of Hematology血液内科简介: Introduction of Hematology Dept.15、肿瘤内科: Department of Medical Oncology肿瘤内科简介：Introduction of Medical Oncology Dept.16、普内科: Department of Internal Medicine普内科简介: Introduction of Internal Medicine Dept.。
肝功能不全ctp评分标准
肝功能不全ctp评分标准英文回答：CTP (Child-Turcotte-Pugh) scoring system is commonly used to assess the severity of liver dysfunction inpatients with liver disease. It is a prognostic tool that helps in predicting the prognosis and guiding the management of patients with liver cirrhosis. The CTP score is based on five clinical and laboratory parameters: serum bilirubin level, serum albumin level, prothrombin time, presence of ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy.Each parameter is assigned a score from 1 to 3, with 1 indicating the mildest impairment and 3 indicating the most severe impairment. The scores for each parameter are then added up to calculate the total CTP score, which ranges from 5 to 15. The higher the CTP score, the worse the prognosis and the higher the risk of complications and mortality.Here is a breakdown of the CTP scoring system:1. Serum bilirubin level:<2 mg/dL (34 µmol/L) = 1 point.2-3 mg/dL (34-51 µmol/L) = 2 points.>3 mg/dL (51 µmol/L) = 3 points.2. Serum albumin level:>3.5 g/dL (35 g/L) = 1 point.2.8-3.5 g/dL (28-35 g/L) = 2 points.<2.8 g/dL (28 g/L) = 3 points.3. Prothrombin time (INR):<1.7 = 1 point.1.7-2.3 = 2 points.>2.3 = 3 points.4. Presence of ascites:None = 1 point.Mild/moderate = 2 points.Severe = 3 points.5. Hepatic encephalopathy:None = 1 point.Grade 1-2 = 2 points.Grade 3-4 = 3 points.The total CTP score is used to determine the patient's CTP class, which further helps in predicting the prognosis.The CTP class is divided into three categories:Class A: CTP score 5-6 (mild liver dysfunction)。
英文 肝硬化
Etiology of cirrhosis(II)
6. Hepatic venous outflow obstruction(肝血液循环 障碍)
veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome, constrictive pericarditis
7. Metabolic disorders (遗传代谢性疾病)
Pulmonary manifestations
Hepatic hydrothorax (肝性胸水) Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS, 肝肺综合征)
HRS is characterized clinically by the triad of pulmonary vascular dilatation causing arterial hypoxemia in the setting of advanced liver disease.
Clinical features[II]
---Tendency to hemorrhage(出血倾向) and anaemia(贫血): Due to reduced synthesis of coagulation factors (II,V,VII,IX,X), hypersplenism(脾亢), low platelet count, poor absorption，gastrointestinal bleeding. ---Hormonal abnormalities gynecomastia(男性乳房发育), telangiectases (毛细血管扩张症), spider nevi(蜘蛛痣), palmar erythema(肝掌) ---Jaundice(黄疸)
7 肝性脑病 英文
Grade 3 - Somnolence to semistupor, but responsive to verbal stimuli; confusion; gross disorientation
3）causes 4）Lab test：liver disfunction, blood ammonia ↑ 5）EEG：abnormal
25
minimal HE
severe liver diseases, portacaval collateral circulation
Psychometric test , evoked potential, CT, MRI
30
3. Promote metabolism of ammonia
L-ornithine-L-aspartic acid (OA): urea cycle ornithine-α-oxoglutarate Sodium Glutamate, Potassium Glutamate
31
28
UGIB：lactulose, lactulose for drinking, Acetic acid solution for cleaning enema
Infection： antibiotics for large ascites, varix bleeding
Others：constipation, protein food, hypoglycemia
目为肝之外候
目为肝之外候中医认为“肝主目，目为肝之外候。
”沙眼曾经是我国致盲的首要原因。
2015年，我们基本消灭了致盲性沙眼。
虽然单纯疱疹病毒性角膜炎（HSK）等感染性眼病仍在增多，近视眼等非感染性眼病是我国致盲的主要原因。
从眼病看肝脏健康，我国是HSK和近视眼与青光眼等眼病大国，也是病毒性肝炎和脂肪肝与肝癌等肝病大国。
我国乙肝疫苗接种取得重大成就，然而乙肝抗病毒治疗依然艰难，丙肝疫苗尚未研制成功。
虽然病毒感染仍然是国人肝脏健康的严重危害，不良环境与生活习惯已经成为国人肝病的首要原因，肝病防治亟待战略创新。
上医医国，建设健康中国是我国国家战略。
深入贯彻卫生方针，临床医学与公共卫生并举，中西医并重，建立健全我国肝病防治体系，推动肝病医学模式创新，促进国人肝脏与视力和身心健康，是我国肝脏医学的神圣使命和正确发展方向。
Abstract：Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）believes that：the liver controls eyes，eyes are the external reflection of the liver. Trachoma had been the leading cause of blindness in China. In 2015，we have eliminated blinding trachoma. Although Infectious eye disease such as herpes simplex keratitis（HSK）still harm Chinese people’s eye health seriously，Myopia and other non infectious eye disease is the major cause of blindness in China. To see liver health from the eye disease，China is a big country of eye disease such as HSK，myopia and glaucoma，a big country of liver disease such as viral hepatitis，fatty liver and liver cancer also. Hepatitis B vaccination in China has made great achievements，however，hepatitis B antiviral treatment is still difficult. Hepatitis C vaccine has not been developed successfully yet. Although viral infection is still a serious hazard to the liver health of Chinese people，bad environment and living habits have become the leading cause of liver disease in China. The prevention and treatment of liver disease needs strategic innovation. The superior doctor promotes people’s health of the whole country. Building healthy China is China’s national strategy. Implementing the health policy thoroughly，promoting clinical medicine and public health simultaneously，paying same attention to western medicine as well as TCM，establishing and improving the prevention and cure system of liver disease in China，promoting medical model innovation of liver disease，promoting the liver，visual，physical and mental health of the Chinese people，is the sacred mission and the correct development direction of Chinese hepatology.Key words：Liver disease theory of TCM；Systemic whole concept of TCM；Liver controlling eyes；Eyes are the external reflection of the liver；Eye disease；Chinese hepatology development；Integration medicine近年来，随着乙肝疫苗的推广，我国儿童乙肝防治取得举世瞩目的伟大成就。
肝炎综合症的诊断标准
肝炎综合症的诊断标准英文回答：Diagnostic Criteria for Hepatitis Syndrome.Hepatitis is a liver disease that can be caused by a variety of factors, including viruses, bacteria, toxins, and autoimmune disorders. The most common types ofhepatitis are viral hepatitis A, B, and C.The diagnosis of hepatitis is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory tests.Clinical Symptoms.The clinical symptoms of hepatitis can vary depending on the underlying cause. However, some common symptoms include:Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)。
Dark urine.Fatigue.Nausea and vomiting.Abdominal pain.Loss of appetite.Joint pain.Physical Examination Findings.The physical examination findings of hepatitis can also vary depending on the underlying cause. However, some common findings include:Enlarged liver.Tender liver.Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)。
plague和disease区别
plague和disease区别
plague和disease在含义、词性、用法和侧重点上存在区别。
1.含义：
plague作为名词时，含义为“灾害”、“瘟疫”，还可以作为及物动词，表示“给…造成长时间的痛苦”。
disease作为名词时，含义为“疾病”，还可以表示“弊端”或“痼疾”。
2.词性：
plague既可作名词也可作及物动词。
disease主要用作名词，用作不可数名词时，是“疾病”的通称；作可数名词时，指某种具体的疾病。
3.用法：
plague常用于表示具有破坏性的状态或情况，尤其是给人类带来痛苦和死亡的疾病。
disease更常用于描述生理上的疾病，但也用于比喻说明社会、心理方面有害的状态。
4.侧重点：
plague侧重于描述造成大量死亡和痛苦的传染病，强调其破坏性和致命性。
disease更侧重于描述生理上的不健康状态，既包括传染性疾病也包括非传染性疾病。
综上所述，plague和disease在含义、词性、用法和侧重点上
有所不同。
在具体使用时，需要根据语境选择合适的词语。
脂肪肝病历模板范文
脂肪肝病历模板范文英文回答：Fatty liver is a condition where there is an accumulation of fat in the liver cells. It is a commonliver disease that can be caused by various factors such as obesity, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and highcholesterol levels. In my case, I was diagnosed with fatty liver due to my sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits.When I first found out about my fatty liver, I was shocked and worried. I didn't fully understand the implications of this condition and how it could affect my overall health. However, my doctor explained to me that fatty liver is reversible and can be managed through lifestyle changes.I was advised to make some changes to my diet and increase my physical activity. I started incorporating morefruits, vegetables, and whole grains into my meals, while cutting back on processed foods, sugary drinks, and saturated fats. Additionally, I started exercising regularly, including activities like jogging, swimming, and cycling.Over time, I noticed significant improvements in my liver function and overall health. My energy levels increased, and I started losing weight as well. It was a gradual process, but with perseverance and determination, I was able to reverse my fatty liver.It's important to note that managing fatty liver is an ongoing process. I still have to be mindful of my diet and exercise regularly to maintain a healthy liver. I have also learned the importance of moderation when it comes to alcohol consumption, as excessive drinking can worsen fatty liver.中文回答：脂肪肝是一种肝脏细胞中脂肪积聚的疾病。
肝硬化临床研究进展
作者单位:100034北京市北京大学第一医院感染性疾病科第一作者:徐京杭,女,45岁,主任医师,副教授,硕士生导师㊂E-mail:ddcatjh@通讯作者:徐小元,E-mail:xiaoyuanxu6@ ㊃述评㊃肝硬化临床研究进展徐京杭,于岩岩,徐小元㊀㊀ʌ关键词ɔ㊀肝硬化;病因;诊断;治疗㊀㊀DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2024.02.001㊀㊀Liver cirrhosis:Current state of the art㊀Xu Jinghang,Yu Yanyan,Xu Xiaoyuan.Department of Infectious Diseases,First Hospital,Peking University,Beijing100034,China㊀㊀ʌKey wordsɔ㊀Liver cirrhosis;Etiology;Diagnosis;Treatment㊀㊀多种慢性肝病均可导致肝纤维化和假小叶形成,导致肝硬化(liver cirrhosis,LC),成为沉重的疾病负担㊂全球约有1.23亿LC患者[1,2],我国有700万LC及数亿LC高危人群,包括约2.7亿非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)㊁6500万慢性HBV感染㊁6200万酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease,ALD)和1000万慢性HCV感染者[3]㊂近年来,LC的自然史和临床分期理念逐步在更新,其诊断及评估手段㊁病因治疗㊁并发症管理措施和疾病预防方面也在不断取得进展㊂1㊀肝硬化临床分期与再代偿传统上,LC分为代偿期和失代偿期㊂出现腹水㊁食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)和肝性脑病(HE)等并发症前称为代偿期LC;一旦出现上述并发症之一,则诊断为失代偿期LC㊂这种临床分期简单易行,易于临床使用㊂近来,还提出要重视LC失代偿亚临床形式,即轻微肝性脑病㊁超声发现2cm 以下的少量腹水和粪便潜血试验阳性(排除其他原因)等情况㊂分期预测病死率可采用6期法:1期无食管胃静脉曲张或腹水,2期有食管胃静脉曲张但无腹水,3期有腹水伴/不伴有食管胃静脉曲张,4期有食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血伴/不伴有腹水或肝性脑病,5期出现脓毒症㊁难以控制的消化道出血或顽固型腹水㊁急性肾损伤-肝肾综合征及肝性脑病等多器官损伤,6期为肝功能晚期失代偿[4]㊂在LC的分期方面,近年来的研究突出了LC可逆转及再代偿的观点㊂既往认为,一旦发生LC病变则不再可逆,尤其进入失代偿期后病情逐渐加重,难以再回到代偿期㊂随着相关临床证据逐渐丰富,上述传统观念已经被摈弃,失代偿期患者可再代偿的观念也逐渐被接受[5]㊂我国‘慢性乙型肝炎防治指南“已将 再代偿 列入诊断范畴[6]㊂多个临床研究证实LC可被逆转㊂在有效的抗HCV治疗后, 49%~61%丙型肝炎导致的肝硬化(HCV-LC)可被逆转;在抗HBV治疗5年后,74%乙型肝炎导致的肝硬化(HBV-LC)可被逆转,6年后100%逆转;非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH)导致的LC(NASH-LC)患者接受腹腔镜袖状胃切除术后随访30个月,68%LC被逆转[7]㊂但不同研究中采用的LC逆转组织病理学标准不完全相同,如METAVIR评分或ISHAK评分,有可能导致研究结果的差异[5]㊂即便进入失代偿期,只要积极进行病因治疗和并发症管理,相当部分LC患者可以在较长时间内不再出现失代偿表现,即再代偿㊂120周治疗后56.2%HBV-LC患者达到Baveno VII共识的再代偿标准[8]㊂立即开始抗HBV治疗,约40%在6年抗病毒治疗期间保持稳定的再代偿[9]㊂新近发表的回顾性研究结果显示,196例失代偿期HBV-LC患者接受抗病毒治疗12个月㊁24个月㊁36个月㊁48个月和60个月时,无腹水再代偿比例分别为59.7%㊁70.0%㊁52.3%㊁59.4%和46.2%[10]㊂为尽早识别不能再代偿者,多项研究分析了再代偿的预测因素,发现治疗前较好的肝功能水平㊁治疗早期应答㊁尽早接受病因治疗等因素影响再代偿的实现㊂回顾性多中心研究发现早期再代偿预测因子包括基线较低的血清胆红素水平(ɤ85.5μmol/L)㊁无严重并发症㊁较好的凝血功能,如国际标准化比率(internationalnormalized ratio,INR)ɤ1.5㊁较高的血清甲胎蛋白水平(ȡ50ng/mL)㊁较高的丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)水平(ȡ200U/L)和较早开始抗病毒治疗的BC2AID模型预测价值优于Child-Pugh㊁MELD和MELD-Na等[11]㊂另一项研究发现,治疗2年时再代偿者可以预测远期的稳定再代偿,远期病死率和肝移植率显著下降[9]㊂LC的再代偿标准中病原㊁临床症状和体征的评估相对清晰,而门静脉压力梯度(HVPG)㊁白蛋白㊁INR和胆红素的改善程度等标准需更多的探讨[5]㊂2㊀肝硬化诊断和评估LC的诊断和评估进展主要表现在病因㊁肝纤维化精准检测和并发症无创评估等方面㊂此外,需鉴别恶性肿瘤肝转移等情况下的假性LC[12]㊂LC的病因分布存在地区差异[13]㊂随着抗HBV治疗的推进和HBV母婴传播阻断措施的开展,HBV的构成比在逐渐下降,而其他原因,如NASH逐渐增加[14]㊂更重要的是,NASH-LC比HBV-LC预后可能更差㊂与HBV-LC腹水患者比,NASH-LC腹水患者稀释性低钠血症㊁难治性腹水㊁LC相关死亡和肝移植累积发生率也更高[15],提示LC防治领域将面临更严峻的挑战,早期诊断和干预NASH-LC非常必要㊂肝组织病理学检查是评估肝纤维化的金标准,治疗前后重复检查可准确判断LC的发展趋势,但其有创性和花费等限制了临床应用㊂我国学者根据肝组织纤维间隔特征变化提出了 北京标准 :将治疗后肝纤维化和LC的动态变化分为进展为主型㊁不确定型和逆转为主型,仅依据治疗后肝组织病理学检查结果即可判断LC发展趋势,避免两次肝穿刺带来的风险和经济负担[16]㊂组织病理学评分相同的患者可具有不同的临床特征,亟需对肝纤维化进行精准评估[17]㊂我国学者应用单细胞RNA测序等技术建立了基于肝纤维化特异性基质基因的纤维化分类新方法,揭示了传统组织学评估无法检测到的隐藏信息,将有助于深入了解肝纤维化的发病机制㊂通过非侵入性方法评估门脉高压并发症,如脾硬度测量㊁血小板计数和影像学检查等具有创伤小和可重复等优点的方法,其应用越来越广㊂脾硬度测量在筛查高危静脉曲张(high-risk varices,HRV)㊁减少胃镜检查方面具有重要的价值[18,19]㊂我国多中心研究验证了Baveno VII共识中提出的采用脾硬度测量值(ɤ40kPa)排除HRV的良好价值[20]㊂3㊀肝硬化治疗和并发症预防既重视LC的病因治疗,也应关注其他治疗,如抗纤维化㊁应用非选择性β受体阻滞剂(NSBBs)㊁阿司匹林㊁他汀类药物㊁监测出凝血功能和补充人血白蛋白等㊂抗HBV治疗给HBV-LC患者带来的获益包括抑制HBV复制,促进肝小叶结构恢复,改善肝功能储备,减少失代偿,降低HCC发生风险,逆转LC,促进LC再代偿,降低病死率,减少肝移植需求等[21,22]㊂目前,尚缺乏上市相对较晚的艾米替诺福韦(TMF)在本领域的大样本长疗程治疗数据㊂在抗HBV药物可及性显著提高和抗HBV治疗适应证扩大的背景下,将有更多的临床研究结果涌现,以对临床结局进行更好的分析[21]㊂针对HCV-LC伴临床显著门脉高压者,有效抗病毒治疗后长期随访,少有失代偿发生[23]㊂NAFLD合并肝纤维化和LC者经过治疗可带来肝脏和肝外获益[7,24,25]㊂肝纤维化的消退缓慢[26],且抗病毒联合抗纤维化治疗1年后仍有一定比例患者存在肝纤维化[27],目前认为抗纤维化疗程不能短于1年㊂抗纤维化治疗中成药具有较好的应用证据,研究证实安络化纤丸㊁鳖甲软肝片和扶正化瘀等不仅可改善纤维化本身[28,29],还可改善硬终点[30,31]㊂慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)伴ISHAK纤维化ȡ3分患者在抗病毒治疗的基础上联用鳖甲软肝片可进一步降低肝癌发生风险和肝病相关死亡,联用组7年累积肝癌发生和肝病相关死亡率分别为4.7%和0.2%,均显著低于抗病毒单药治疗组(分别为9.3%和2.2%)[31]㊂此外,多中心㊁随机㊁双盲㊁安慰剂对照的II期临床试验研究显示,恩替卡韦联合口服羟尼酮可促进肝纤维化改善[32]㊂Baveno VII肯定了卡维地洛相对于其他NSBBs 在改善门脉高压方面的优势[33,34]:代偿期HBV-LC 合并中度食管静脉曲张患者在核苷(酸)类(NUCs)抗病毒治疗的基础上联用卡维地洛可进一步改善门脉高压,延缓食管静脉曲张的进展[35]㊂血压㊁脉搏正常的肝硬化腹水患者,特别是顽固性腹水伴急性肾损伤(AKI)患者,在一级或二级预防食管胃静脉曲张出血时,可谨慎使用NSBBs[36,37]㊂临床研究提示非传统肝病药物可使肝病患者获益:CHB患者应用阿司匹林与肝癌发生风险下降相关;他汀可降低NAFLD发生肝纤维化风险[38],降低转氨酶异常率㊁肝脏硬度和失代偿风险[39]㊂重视出凝血功能的动态平衡被用于对门静脉血栓发生风险的监测[40]㊂白蛋白具有重要的生理功能,是LC并发症管理方面的重要药物,不仅要关注其数量,也要关注其质量㊂入院时有效白蛋白(effective albumin, eAlb)水平比总白蛋白水平更能预测LC急性失代偿患者的预后[41],有望成为预测LC结局的新指标㊂期待eAlb检测方法的商业化和便利化,以实现其指导肝硬化患者治疗和管理的价值[42]㊂2023年发表的荟萃分析认为利福昔明可改善轻微肝性脑病患者的生活质量,并可能改善肝性脑病[43],提示其预防肝性脑病的价值㊂ʌ参考文献ɔ[1]Collaborators GC.The global,regional,and national burden of cir-rhosis by cause in195countries and territories,1990-2017:A sys-tematic analysis for the global burden of disease ncet Gastroenterol Hepatol,2020,5(3):245-266.[2]Devarbhavi H,Asrani SK,Arab JP,et al.Global burden of liverdisease:2023update.J Hepatol,2023,79(2):516-537. 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（完整版）肝病常用英文
（完整版）肝病常用英文【原创】一起学习肝病专业英语词汇肝硬化并发症：The complications of liver cirrhosis核苷类似物：Nucleoside analoguesNucleoside analogs乙肝肝硬化：Hepatitis B cirrhosis肾功能：renal function肾小球滤过率(GFR，glomerular filtration rate)指南：guide 亚肝会指南APASL guide慢加急性肝衰竭：Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure长期：over a long period of time;long-term Hemochromatosis：血色沉着病Phlebotomy：放血, 静脉切开放血术Copper Chelator：铜螯合剂Penicillamine：青霉胺Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency alpha-1：抗胰蛋白酶缺陷症Ribavirin：三(氮)唑核苷,病毒唑(抗病毒药) Deferoxamine：去铁胺Pruritus：搔痒症Osteoprosis：骨质疏松症Scleroderma：硬皮病gallbladder distention 胆胀hypochondriac pain[disease] 胁痛[病]hepatic insufficiency肝衰竭hepatic lobule肝小叶hepatic tumor 肝瘤hepaptosis 肝下垂heparinization 肝素化heparinocyte 肝素细胞hepatalgia 肝痛hepatargia 肝衰竭hepatatrophia 肝萎缩hepatectomy 肝切除术hepatic amebiasis 肝阿米巴病hepatic bile 肝胆汁hepatic cell 肝细胞hepatic cirrhosis 肝硬变hepatic coma 肝性昏迷hepatic cords 肝细胞索hepatic echography 肝回波描记术hepatic failure 肝衰竭hepatic fetor 肝病性口臭hepatic insufficiency 肝衰竭hepatic lobule 肝小叶hepatic tumor 肝瘤hepatico duodenostomy 肝十二指肠吻合术hepatico enterostomy 肝小肠吻合术hepatico gastrostomy 肝管胃吻合术hepatico jejunostomy 肝管空肠吻合术hepaticotomy 肝管切开术hepatitis virus 肝炎病毒hepatization 肝样变hepatoblastoma 肝胚细胞瘤hepatocarcinoma 肝癌hepatocele 肝突出hepatocellular carcinoma 肝细胞癌hepatocellular jaundice 肝细胞性黄疸hepatocerebral syndrome 肝脑综合征hepatocholangioduodenostomy 肝管十二指肠吻合术hepatocholangioenterostomy 肝管肠吻合术hepatocholangiogastrostomy 肝管胃吻合术hepatocholangiostomy 胆管造口术hepatocirrhosis 肝硬变hepatocyte 肝细胞hepatodynia 肝痛hepatogenous diabetes 肝原性糖尿病hepatogram 肝搏动图hepatography 肝x 线照相术hepatolenticular degeneration 肝豆状核变性hepatolith 肝石hepatolithectomy 肝石切除术hepatolithiasis 肝石病hepatology 肝脏病学hepatoma 肝细胞瘤hepatomegalia 肝大hepatomegaly 肝大hepatomelanosis 肝黑变病hepatomphalocele 脐部肝突出hepatomphalos 脐部肝突出hepatonephritis 肝肾炎hepatopexy 肝固定术hepatorenal syndrome 肝肾综合征hepatorrhagia 肝出血hepatorrhaphy 肝缝术hepatorrhea 肝液溢hepatorrhexis 肝破裂hepatoscintigram 肝闪烁图hepatoscopy 肝检查hepatosis 肝机能障碍hepatosplenography 肝脾x 线照相术hepatosplenomegaly 肝脾大hepatotherapy 肝剂疗法hepatotomy 肝切开术hepatotoxemia 肝性毒血病hepatotoxicity 肝毒性BILIRUBIN -Chemical breakdown product of hemoglobin. Measured in blood specimen by laboratory to assess function of liver.胆红素——血色素化学损坏的产物。
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YOO YOUNG SEOK
原来不是白就是黑 只不过是天真的以为 要醉得清醒 要无辜的犯罪 现实的世界只有灰 坚强得太久好疲惫 想抱爱的人沉沉的睡 卷来的风暴 凶猛里有种美 死了心痛就没感觉 灰色空间我是谁 记不得幸福是什么滋味 无路可退你是谁 怎么为我流泪 梦见发着光的草原 一身伤回到很久以前 我选择不恨带着平静走远 醒来后夜还是长夜 灰色空间我是谁 记不得幸福是什么滋味 无路可退你是谁 怎么为我流泪 紧抱着我流泪
• It is any disturbance of liver function that causes illness
• It is a broad term that covers all the potential problems that may occur to cause the liver to fail to perform its designated functions.
What are the causes of liver disease?
• Cells can become inflamed (such as hepatitis [hepə'taitis] )
• Bile flow can be obstructed (such as cholestasis[kəuli'steisis] 胆汁淤积症) • Cholesterol or triglycerides can accumulate (such as steatosis脂肪肝） • Liver tissue can be damaged by chemicals and minerals, or infiltrated by abnormal cells
What are the symptoms of liver disease?
• • • • • • Nausea Vomiting Right upper quadrant abdominal pain Jaundice Fatigue, weakness and weight loss may also be occur However, since there are a variety of liver diseases, the symptoms tend to be specific for that illness until latestage liver disease and liver failure occurs.
Can liver disease be prevented?
• Moderate alcohol consumption（适度饮酒） • a healthy lifestyle including a well balanced diet, weight control • Vaccination（接种疫苗）
Liver Disease
What is liver disease? What are the causes of liver disease? What are the symptoms of liver disease?
Can liver disease be prevented?
What is liver disease?