2013考研英语(二)模拟试卷A
13年全国硕士研究生统一考试英语（二）试题及答案
英语（二）Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the the cashless cashless cashless society society society in in in which which which all all all payments payments payments are are are made made made electronically. electronically. 1 a a true true true cashless cashless society society is is is probably probably probably not not not around around around the the the corner. corner. Indeed, Indeed, predictions predictions predictions have have have been been 2 for for two two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only only to to 4 itself itself several several several years years years later. later. later. Why Why Why has has has the the the movement movement movement to to to a a a cashless cashless cashless society society society been been so 5 in coming? Although Although electronic electronic electronic means means means of of of payment payment payment may may may be be be more more more efficient efficient efficient than than than a a a payments payments payments system system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to to make make make electronic electronic electronic money money money the the 8 form form of of of payment payment payment Second, Second, Second, paper paper paper checks checks checks have have have the the advantage advantage that that that they they 9 receipts, receipts, something something something thai thai thai many many many consumers consumers consumers are are are unwilling unwilling unwilling to to 10 . Third, Third, the the the use use use of of of paper paper paper checks checks checks gives gives gives consumers consumers consumers several several several days days days of of of "float" "float" "float" - - - it it it takes takes takes several several days 11 11 a check is cashed and funds are a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the the writer writer writer of of of the the the check check check can can can cam cam cam interest interest interest on on on the the the funds funds funds in in in the the the meantime. meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, Fourth, electronic electronic electronic means means means of of of payment payment payment may may 14 security security and and and privacy privacy privacy concerns. concerns. concerns. W e W e often often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest dishonest persons persons persons might might might be be be able able able to to to access access access bank bank bank accounts accounts accounts in in in electronic electronic electronic payments payments payments systems systems and 17 from someone else's accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount amount of of of personal personal personal data. data. data. There There There are are are concerns concerns concerns that that that government, government, government, employers, employers, employers, and and and marketers marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy. 1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise 2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around 3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role 4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse 5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady 6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on 7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive 8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant 9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print 10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down 11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when 12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn 13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though 14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease 15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed 16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear 17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return 18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification 19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for 20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail Section II R eading Comprehension Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog . The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.” Davidson‟s article article is is is one one one of of of a a a number number number of of of pieces pieces pieces that that that have have have recently recently recently appeared appeared appeared making making making the the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker. In In the the the past, past, past, workers workers workers with with with average average average skills, skills, skills, doing doing doing an an an average average average job job ，could could earn earn earn an an an average average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won‟t earn you what it used to. It can‟t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment. es, Y es, new new new technology technology technology has has has been been been eating eating eating jobs jobs jobs forever, forever, forever, and and and always always always will. will. will. But But But there‟s there‟s been been an an acceleration. acceleration. As As As Davidson Davidson Davidson notes,” notes,” notes,” In In In the the the 10 10 10 years years years ending ending ending in in in 2009, 2009, 2009, [U.S.] [U.S.] [U.S.] factories factories factories shed shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared. There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs jobs will will will require require require workers workers workers to to to have have have more more more and and and better better better education education education to to to make make make themselves themselves themselves above above average. In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G .I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education. 21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______ [A] the impact of technological advances [B] the alleviation of job pressure [C] the shrinkage of textile mills [D] the decline of middle-class incomes 22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______ [A] work on cheap software [B] ask for a moderate salary [C] adopt an average lifestyle [D] contribute something unique 23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______ [A] gains of technology have been erased [B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed [C] factories are making much less money than before [D] new jobs and services have been offered 24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____ [A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution [B] to ensure more education for people [C] ro advance economic globalization [D] to pass more bills in the 21st century 25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text? [A] New Law Takes Effect [B] Technology Goes Cheap [C] Average Is Over [D] Recession Is Bad Text 2 A A century century century ago, ago, ago, the the the immigrants immigrants immigrants from from from across across across the the the Atlantic Atlantic Atlantic inclued inclued inclued settlers settlers settlers and and and sojourners. sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those those who who who had had had no no no intention intention intention to to to stay, stay, stay, and and and 7millin 7millin 7millin people people people arrived arrived arrived while while while about about about 2 2 2 million million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage. Today, we we are are are much much more more rigid rigid about about immigrants. immigrants. W e divide divide nemcomers nemcomers into into two two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political par alysis over how to fix it. We don‟t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges. Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today‟s birds of passage. They are energetic participant s in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as as opportunity opportunity opportunity calls calls calls them them them , They , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another. With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably. Accommodating Accommodating this this this new new new world world world of of of people people people in in in motion motion motion will will will require require require new new new attitudes attitudes attitudes on on on both both sides sides of of of the the the immigration immigration immigration battle .Looking battle .Looking beyond beyond the the the culture culture culture war war war logic logic logic of of of right right right or or or wrong wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires requires multiple multiple multiple paths paths paths and and and multiple multiple multiple outcomes. outcomes. outcomes. Including Including Including some some some that that that are are are not not not easy easy easy to to accomplish legally in the existing system. 26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic. [B] leave their home countries for good. [C] stay in a foregin temporaily. [D] find permanent jobs overseas. 27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____ [A] needs new immigrant categories. [B] has loosened control over immigrants. [C] should be adopted to meet challenges. [D] has been fixeed via political means. 28 According to the author, today‟s birds of passage want___[A] fiancial incentives. [B] a global recognition. [C] opportunities to get regular jobs. [D] the freedom to stay and leave. 29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __ [A] as faithful partners. [B] with economic favors. [C] with regal tolerance. [D] as mighty rivals. 30 选出最适合文章的标题选出最适合文章的标题[A] come and go: big mistake. [B] living and thriving : great risk. [C] with or without : great risk. [D] legal or illegal: big mistake. Text 3 Scientists Scientists have have have found found found that that that although although although we we we are are are prone prone prone to to to snap snap snap overreactions, overreactions, overreactions, if if if we we we take take take a a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses. Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. milliseconds. But But But we we we need need need more more more time time time to to to assess assess assess other other other factors. factors. factors. To To To accurately accurately accurately tell tell tell whether whether someone someone is is is sociable, sociable, sociable, studies studies studies show, show, show, we we we need need need at at at least least least a a a minute, minute, minute, preferably preferably preferably five. five. five. It It It takes takes takes a a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness. But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren‟t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. eating. W e W e unconsciously unconsciously unconsciously associate associate associate fast fast fast food food food with with with speed speed speed and and and impatience impatience impatience and and and carry carry carry those those impulses into whatever else we‟re doing, Subjects exposed to fast -food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long. Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners. John John Gottman, Gottman, Gottman, the the the marriage marriage marriage expert, expert, expert, explains explains explains that that that we we we quickly quickly quickly “thin “thin “thin slice” slice” slice” info info information rmation reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long -term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds. Our Our ability ability ability to to to mute mute mute our our our hard-wired hard-wired hard-wired reactions reactions reactions by by by pausing pausing pausing is is is what what what differentiates differentiates differentiates us us us from from animals: animals: doge doge doge can can can think think think about about about the the the future future future only only only intermittently intermittently intermittently or or or for for for a a a few few few minutes. minutes. minutes. But But historically historically we we we have have have spent spent spent about about about 12 12 12 percent percent percent of of of our our our days days days contemplating contemplating contemplating the the the longer longer longer term. term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn‟t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend. 31. The time needed in making decisions may____. [A] vary according to the urgency of the situation [B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction [C] depend on the importance of the assessment [D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment 32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____. [A] can be associative [B] are not unconscious [C] can be dangerous [D] are not impulsive 33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____. [A] trust our first impression [B] do as people usually do [C] think before we act [D] ask for expert advice 34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____. [A] critical assessment [B]……thin sliced ‟‟study[C] sensible explanation [D] adequate information 35. The author‟s attitude toward reversing the high -speed trend is____. [A] tolerant [B] uncertain [C] optimistic [D] doubtful Text 4 Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely completely family family family——friendly friendly until until until women women women are are are part part part of of of senior senior senior management management management decisions,and decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards. The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary voluntary action. action. action. Reding Reding Reding invited invited invited corporations corporations corporations to to to sign sign sign up up up for for for gender gender gender balance balance balance goal goal goal of of of 40 40 percent percent female female female board board board membership. membership. membership. But But But her her her appeal appeal appeal was was was considered considered considered a a a failure: failure: failure: only only only 24 24 companies took it up. Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family? “Personally, “Personally, I I I don‟t don‟t like like quotas,” quotas,” quotas,” Reding Reding Reding said said said recently. recently. recently. “But “But “But i i i like like like what what what the the the quotas quotas quotas do.” do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according according to to to Reding, Reding, Reding, a a a result result result seen seen seen in in in France France France and and and other other other countries countries countries with with with legally legally legally binding binding provisions on placing women in top business positions. I I understand understand understand Redi Redi Reding‟s ng‟s reluctance reluctance--and and her her her frustration. frustration. frustration. I I I don‟t don‟t like like quotas quotas quotas either; either; either; they they they run run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered. After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top top position position position—— no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do brea k through to the summit of corporate corporate power--as, power--as, power--as, for for for example, example, example, Sheryl Sheryl Sheryl Sandberg Sandberg Sandberg recently recently recently did did did at at at Facebook Facebook Facebook——they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule. If If appropriate appropriate appropriate pubic pubic pubic policies policies policies were were were in in in place place place to to to help help help all all all women---whether women---whether women---whether CEOs CEOs CEOs or or or their their children‟s caregivers --and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any --and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society. 36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____. [A] women take the lead [B] men have the final say [C] corporate governance is overwhelmed [D] senior management is family-friendly 37. The European Union‟s intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance [B] a reluctant choice [C] a response to Reding‟s call[D] a voluntary action 38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______. [A] get top business positions [B] see through the glass ceiling [C] balance work and family [D] anticipate legal results 39. The author‟s attitude toward Reding‟s appeal is one of _________. [A] skepticism [B] objectiveness [C] indifference [D] approval 40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______. [A] more social justice [B] massive media attention [C] suitable public policies [D] greater “soft pressure”Part B Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the the list list list A-F A-F A-F for for for each each each numbered numbered numbered paragraph paragraph paragraph (41-45).Mark (41-45).Mark (41-45).Mark your your your answers answers answers on on on ANSWER ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) [A] Live like a peasant [B] Balance your diet [C] Shopkeepers are your friends [D] Remember to treat yourself [E] Stick to what you need [F] Planning is evervthing [G] Waste not, want not The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ?60 a week to spend, ?40 of which goes on on food, food, food, but but but 10 10 10 years years years ago ago ago he he he was was was earning earning earning ?130,000 ?130,000 ?130,000 a a a I I I year year year working working working in in in corporate corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage marriage failed, his failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental mental health health health team team team saved saved saved my my my life. life. life. And And And I I I felt felt felt like like like that that that again, again, again, to to to a a a certain certain certain degree, degree, degree, when when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary literary agents. agents. agents. He's He's He's feeling feeling feeling positive, positive, positive, but but but he'll he'll he'll carry carry carry on on on blogging blogging blogging - - - not not not about about about eating eating eating as as cheaply cheaply as as as you you you can can can - - - "there "there "there are are are so so so many many many people people people in in in a a a much much much worse worse worse state, state, state, with with with barely barely barely any any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies. 41._____________________ Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy. 42____________________________________________________________ This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller. 43_________ You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced. 44___________________________________ Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, Theyil let you have for free. 45__________________ You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ?1.75 a week for three months gives you ?21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's ?16.95 there - or ?12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat. Section III T ranslation Translation Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I‟ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly. When I think of a sad memory, I I do do do what what what everyone everyone everyone does- does- does- try try try to to to put put put it it it to to to one one one side. side. side. I I I don‟t don‟t think think it‟s it‟s harder harder for for for me me me just just because because my my my memory memory memory is is is clearer. clearer. clearer. Powerful Powerful Powerful memory memory memory doesn‟t doesn‟t make make my my my emotions emotions emotions any any any more more acture or vivid. I I can recall the day can recall the day my my grandfather died grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptibal the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way. Section IV W riting Writing 47. 47. Suppose Suppose Suppose your your your class class class is is is to to to hold hold hold a a a charity charity charity sale sale sale foe foe foe kids kids kids in in in need need need of of of help. help. help. Write Write Write your your classmates an email to 。
英语二模考卷
绝密★启用前2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二考生须知1. 选择题的答案须用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上，其它笔填涂的或做在试卷或其它类型答题卡上的答案无效。
2.其他题一律用蓝色或者黑色钢笔或者圆珠笔在答题纸上按规定要求作答，凡做在试卷上或未做在指定位置的答案无效。
3.交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭据）。
否则，所产生的一切后果由考生自负。
姓名：听课证号：2013年管理类专业学位全国联考Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)An important factor of leadership is attraction. This does not mean attractiveness in the ordinary sense, for that is a born quality 1 our control. The leader has, nevertheless, to be a magnet; a central figure towards whom people are 2 . Magnetism in that sense depends, first of all, 3 being seen. There is a type of authority which can be 4 from behind closed doors, but that is not leadership. 5 there is movement and action, the true leaders is in the forefront and may seem, indeed, to be everywhere at once. He has to become a legend; the 6 for anecdotes, whether true or7 ; character. One of the simplest devices is to be absent8 the occasion when the leader might be9 to be there, enough in itself to start a rumor about the vital business10 has detained him. To11 up for this, he can appeal when least expected, giving rise to another story about the interest he can display12 things which other folks might13 as trivial. With this gift for14 curiosity the leader always combines a reluctance to talk about himself. His interest is15 in other people; he questions them and encourages them to talk and then remembers all16 is relevant. He never leaves a party17 he has mentally field a minimum dossier (档案) on18 present, ensuring that he knows19 to say when he meets them again. He is not artificially extrovert but he would usually rather listen 20 talk. Others realize gradually that his importance needs no proof.1. [A]in [B]beyond [C]under [D]of2. [A]united [B]dragged [C]drawn [D]hauled3. [A]at [B]in [C]about [D]on4. [A]looked [B]recognized [C]exercised [D]respected5. [A]Where [B]Though [C]Because [D]When6. [A]minor role [B]subject [C]joke [D]supplement7. [A]incorrect [B]wrong [C]false [D]bad8. [A]in [B]on [C]at [D]under9. [A]refused [B]suspected [C]expelled [D]expected10.[A]which [B]when [C]what [D]where11.[A]take [B]make [C]come [D]give12.[A]on [B]in [C]about [D]at13.[A]look [B]think [C]view [D]deal14.[A]decreasing [B]possessing [C]inspiring [D]urging15.[A]directly [B]obscurely [C]scarcely [D]plainly16.[A]which [B]that [C]what [D]one17.[A]after [B]when [C]until [D]before18.[A]someone [B]everyone [C]men [D]one19.[A]when [B]where [C]which [D]what20.[A]and [B]or [C]than [D]butSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A B C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Passage 1YOUNGER Americans will have to take our word for it: there was a time, way back when Ronald Reagan was president, when your countrymen ordered coffee by simply asking for ―coffee‖. Ordering a ―venti skinny chai latte‖ or a ―grande chocolate cookie crumble frappuccino‖ would have earned, at best, a blank stare.But that was before Howard Schultz took Starbucks from a single coffeehouse in downtown Seattle to a chain with more than 17,000 shops in 55 countries. The chain grew so quickly, and in some areas seemed so ubiquitous, that as early as 1998 a headline in The Onion, a satirical American newspaper, joked, ―New Starbucks Opens in Rest Room of Existing Starbucks‖. After suffering through lean years in 2008 and 2009, the company is again going strong. In the 2011 fiscal year the company served 60m customers per week—more than ever. It also had its highest-ever earnings-per-share ($1.62) and global net revenue ($11.7 billion).Yet in 2011 Starbucks decided to do away with something important: it dropped the word ―Coffee‖ from its logo. While coffee remains as central to Starbucks’s business and identity as hamburgers are to McDonald’s, the company’s recent American acquisitions have moved it beyond coffee. In November 2011 it acquired Evolution Fresh, a small California-based juice company, for $30m, giv ing the company a foothold in America’s $1.6-billion high-end juice market. And in June Starbucks bought a bakery, Bay Bread, and its La Boulange-branded cafes, for $100m. Starbucks’s customers ―have never been as satisfied with our food as our coffee,‖ ex plained Troy Alstead, Starbucks’s chief financial officer.On November 14th Starbucks made it largest acquisition yet, buying Teavana, an Atlanta-based tea retailer, for $620m. This is not the firm’s first spread into the tea market—its stores sell tea, of course, and it bought Tazo, a tea manufacturer and distributor, back in 1999—but it is by far its boldest. When Starbucks bought Tazo it was simply a brand, but Teavana has some 300 shops, largely mall-based, throughout North America. Mr Alstead hopes that scale will allow Starbucks ―to do for tea what we did for coffee.‖This may seem, as they say at Starbucks, a tall order. Americans drink far more coffee than tea. In 2011 the average coffee consumption was 9.39 pounds per person, while tea was a small 0 .9 pounds. That said, since 1980 America’s coffee consumption has fallen, and is forecast to fall further. Consumption of tea, on the other hand, has grown, and is forecast to keep growing—perhaps benefiting from the perception that it has health benefits that coffee lacks, perhaps driven partly by immigration from tea-drinking countries. The Tea Association of the USA put the value of the tea market in America at $8.2 billion in 2011, up from $1.8 billion just 20 years earlier, and forecasts that it will nearly double in value again by 2014. The sharpest growth will come from tea that is green—which also happens to be the colour of money and the logo of Starbucks.21. By "ordering ... would have earned a blank stare"(Paragraph 1), the author means .[A] there were fewer types of coffee on offer [B] people had strong preference to coffee [C] coffee used not to be in popularity [D] coffeehouse was filled with more people22. The joke in The Onion is intended to show _____.[A] the extensive influence of Starbucks[B] the fast penetration of coffee shops[C] the huge profit earned in selling coffee[D] the unlimited expansion of Starbucks23. "Coffee" is deleted from Starbucks' logo mainly because ______.[A] its coffee was not served as well as other goods[B]customers' other demands should be met as well[C] juice was proven a more profitable market than coffee[D] bread might be the priority food with most customers24. In paragraph 4, the purchase of Teavana was regarded as "the boldest" because _ .[A] Starbucks could take advantage of its wide distribution network[B] Teavana is the largest tea seller in the whole North America area[C] It is the first chance Starbucks has ever had in the tea market[D] Tea selling would pose the greatest challenge to Starbucks' business25. Which of the following is the reason for tea market rise according to the last paragraph?[A] the green color of tea is a sign of good fortune[B]the number of coffee drinkers is on the decline[C] new immigrants prefer tea to coffee in general[D] tea is more often associated with human healthPassage 2Twice in the past four years surges in the price of oil have hit the world economy. In 2008 the cost of a barrel of Brent crude soared to $147, enfeebling global growth even before the financial crisis killed it. A year ago supply disruptions from Libya sent the price to $127, enough to stall America's beginning recovery. With oil now back above $120 a barrel, and tensions with Iran running high, the worries are back. Will an oil shock, once again, upend the global economy?For now, the answer is no. The cost of crude is back where it caused trouble in the past. But global growth is affected less by the level of the oil price than the rate of its rise. And so far that rise has been more modest. A barrel of crude costs some 15% more than it did at the beginning of the year. In the first three months of 2011, the oil price surged by almost 35%.Entirely a result of actual or feared problems with supply. Output disruptions have indeed pushed up prices. Rich-country oil stocks are at a five-year low and Saudi Arabia, the only OPEC producer with significant spare capacity, is already pumping at a near-record rate. But part of the recent rise is demand-related. The world economy looks less fragile than it did at the beginning of the year, as the odds of an imminent euro catastrophe have diminished and America's recovery looks to be on stronger ground. The optimism about global growth that has boosted share prices has also buoyed the oil price.Still, this is no cause for complacency. One obvious risk is that worries about supply increase, especially if relations with Iran deteriorate to the point of an Iranian attempt to close the Strait of Hormuz. Even if America's navy ensured that such a closure did not last long, the potential disruption would be great: the price of oil rose by 80% in the initial stages of the first Gulf war. An oil price of $200 is yet another reason for America to steer Israel away from an attack.A second risk is that economic policymakers overreact even to the relatively modest price rises so far. The European Central Bank (ECB) tends to worry more about the inflationary impact of dearer oil than other rich-world central banks do, not least because more wages in Europe are automatically indexed to inflation. Last year it raised interest rates in response to costlier oil,hardly helping its weak economies. With output in the euro zone shrinking, the ECB is unlikely to repeat that error. The danger this time is that the rise in oil prices will deter it from easing monetary policy further. That would be a mistake. Inflation is far less of a threat than a deepening recession, not least because the weakest euro-zone economies are also the ones most dependent on imported energy. The right European response to dearer oil is not just cheaper money, but also less strict fiscal austerity.26. In the beginning we learn that the current oil price rise might be _____.[A] due to the supply cut by Libya [B] derived from the financial crisis[C] attributed in part to Iranian issue [D] enough to pull American economy27. According to the author, those who are worried about oil shock can be relieved by ______.[A] economic growth rate [B] 15% in cost rise[C] actual price of oil [D] a small rise rate28. Which of the following is NOT true of oil price rise according to Paragraph 3?[A] low oil stocks in Saudi Arabia [B] global optimism in economy[C] oil output in some troubles [D] better turn in share prices29. In response to inflation caused by oil price rise, the writer advocates ______.[A] gradual lifting of interest rates [B] a more import-dependent euro[C] somewhat softer fiscal policy [D] flexible appreciation of currency30. The best title of this text can be summarized as _____.[A] Oil price rise: disaster for global economy![B] oil price risk: silly reactions from Europe![C] oil demand: what Americans should do?[D] oil price rise: threat, but no worry yet!Passage 3Managers would be well advised to choose their words carefully according to new research. Academics have discovered that careful use of language can make the world of difference in the workplace and may well encourage employees to behave more ethically.The research has found that linguistic subtleties, such as describing an individual as a cheater, rather than terming their behaviour as cheating had a marked impact on how that individual would behave.―This research is exciting because it suggests that a very simple way leaders might control unethical behaviour is with subtle linguistic cues that highlight the implications that the behaviour might have for a person’s identity,‖ says Gabrielle Ad ams an assistant professor of organisational behaviour at London Business School.With fellow academics Christopher Bryan an assistant professor in the psychology department at the University of California San Diego and Benoît Monin, an associate professor of organisational behaviour and psychology at Stanford University, Prof Adams. conducted experiments in which participants had the opportunity to claim money that they were not entitled to.However while some participants received instructions that highlighted the individual’s identity –―Please don’t be a cheater‖ others were given instructions that focused on the action –―Please don’t cheat‖.Where the language focused on identity –the cheater–participants were far less likely to cheat. But when the behaviour was described – cheating – the academics found that individualswere more prone to take the money. The results held true for both face-to-face interaction and in an online setting.The academics suggest that it is possible to invoke an individual’s ―desire to maintain a self-image as good and ho nest‖ by manipulating language and using self-relevant nouns such as cheater. Self-relevant nouns they add ―should cause people to avoid the behaviour‖.The writers say that subtle linguistic cues can prevent dishonesty ―by harnessing people’s desire to ma intain a view of themselves as ethical and honest‖. In turn they add that their research suggests that simple linguistic interventions could help prevent dishonest behaviour in society.31. The example of "cheating" in the 2nd paragraph shows the function of ____.[A] words [B] behavior [C] academics [D] employers32. According to Gabrielle Adams, bad behaviors can be preventable if ____.[A] leaders point them out directly[B] the survey is interesting enough[C] one's identity is involved in them[D] language is carelessly employed33. "prone"(Para. 6) is closest in meaning to ______.[A] relevant [B] true [C] entitled [D] possible34. It can be concluded that language is effective in ______.[A] keeping a positive image of oneself [B] curing behavior ills in whole society[C] imposing a limit on people's desires [D] getting rid of bad language behaviors35. In general the author's attitude towards the role of language seems _____.[A] realistic [B] objective [C] approved [D] subjectivePassage 4Will it be a century before female managers in Britain earn the same as men? That is the claim today from the Chartered Management Institute (CMI). It has released the results of a survey, which shows that male executives earn, on average, over £10,500 more than their female counterparts for doing the same job—£42,441 compared with £31,895. Women’s s alaries may be rising faster than men’s (2.4% in 2010 compared with 0.3%) but even so, says CMI, at those rates it will take 98 years for women to catch up—thus giving the headline-writer an irresistible angle.In truth, this figure does not pretend to take into account factors that will change over the next hundred years, such as culture, legislation and demography. Nor, seemingly, does it draw from historical trends. Nevertheless, it contains some thought-provoking insights. Most intriguingly, the survey found that among junior executives there does in fact seem to be pay parity: indeed, the average pay for female managers at the bottom of the ladder, £21,969, is slightly more than the £21,367 average for males. Since there are more junior executives than senior ones, that means that for the majority of women in all management grades, equality has arrived. However, as soon as they start to climb the ladder, the discrimination returns.So what should we conclude from this? There are several contributing explanations. Firstly, one shouldn’t doubt the existence of a glass ceiling. Male-dominated boards like to fast-track managers who look a bit like them, and may accordingly pay higher salaries to retain talented men. Older men in high places may also be upset about mentoring young women, fearing how that might be perceived, leaving females without champions within a company. And added to all of this, men often have the advantage of a continuous career, uninterrupted by childbirth, during which they can nurture their network.Research from Harvard Business School has also suggested that women face a double setback in salary negotiations. Not only are those who set compensation less likely to give in to wome n’s demands, but women themselves are also less likely to be pushy. And even when they are, it can work against them. According to Hannah Riley Bowles, who conducted the research: It’s a natural thing to say, ―Buck up a little bit. You’ve got to act more like the guys.‖ But there’s a good deal of evidence to show that telling women to act more like men isn’t always good advice. One reason why we see gender differences is that the world treats men and women differently. People have different expectations and reinforce different types of behavior by men and women. If a man and a woman are self-promoting, both are perceived as equally competent, but the woman is seen as less socially aware and so is less likely to be hired.36. In the beginning the news about female salary rise suggests that _____.[A] men's salary is raised faster than the women's[B] the rise for women used to be kept at a low rate[C] there is still a long way to go for female rights[D] women should not do the same job as men do37. The most surprising discovery from the survey is that _____.[A] gender equality is more likely to be achieved at the junior level[B] more executives at the lower ranks are male rather than female[C] male managers tend to be discriminated at the junior positions[D] management ladder is more difficult to climb for women38. "glass ceiling"(Para. 3) may refer to ______.[A] discrimination against male managers[B] prejudice against women executives[C] advantage at the high rank positions[D] bias held by the old against the young39. According to Harvard Business School research, an aggressive woman may _____.[A] be faced with different type of salary[B] be better made up for their salary loss[C] be confronted with similar problems[D] be regarded as less socially competent40. Towards those women managers, the writer seems ______.[A] disappointed [B] sympathetic [C] indifferent [D] detachedPart BDirections: Directions: Y ou are going to read a text about the tasks of leaders and the skills required for leadership. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A－G for each numbered paragraphs (41－45). The first and the last paragraph of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points).Negligence that results to malpractice has become increasingly common due to the advancement of medical procedures that cure numerous diseases and the advent of new ones that alter the entire body to suit the patient's taste and needs. As physicians work on live human-beings, their work allows very little margin of error. But this is not often the case. More and more people are coming out with clumsy medical operations and in other occasions, medical misdiagnosis. These kinds of malpractices may be life-threatening or may have already led to the death of some patients. Moreover, medical misdiagnosis subjects a patient to delayed appropriate treatment and increased health risks for the wrong treatment that the patient receives. Most physicians get away with these malpractices because of the rule of confidentiality, wherein what happens in a theater remains in that place no matter what happens. Medical team members will guarantee each other until the end.The responsibility of the personal injury lawyer is to prove the existence of malpractice. This is a difficult task because lawyers may need to study about entirely different terms than they are used to. The medical profession uses extensive and highly specific medical terms for each procedure, disease, condition, etc. A good personal injury lawyer will search everything that a client has undergone under a medical malpractice case. Survivors of medical malpractice and relatives of patients who died from such malpractices must know their rights to prevent medical practitioners from getting away with a personal injury case.Medical malpractice is not limited to misdiagnosis and erroneous operations. It may also include wrongful prescription of drugs. This is also a very common incident that may grant a client the right to file compensation to the risk for injury that they have incurred. Moreover, this may not only involve physicians and surgeons but also nurses, pharmacists, therapists, dentists, assistants, basically anybody who was there when the malpractice was committed. Every year, more than a million people get prescribed with the wrong medication without them knowing that they are entitled for settlement and half of these people die from these errors.Some malpractices that are not brought to attention are failure to secure a diagnosis, delayed diagnosis, failure to determine allergies and drug- and food-related adverse reactions to medications, experimentation, birth injuries and practicing with expired licenses. Most of the time, patients and relatives are unaware of these conditions, naturally because they go to the hospital to get treated among other things. When they get more than what they bargained for, that's the only time that they seek a personal injury lawyer's help and by that time, it may already be too late. This is why it is important to take note of every procedure done to a patient in a hospital, especially in the emergency room. It is also important to ask about everything that doctors, nurses and therapists are administering a patient. It is better to inquire and get the angry health workers than be sorry later on for not asking about something that should not have been given to a patient. Most importantly, when a patient undergoes a suspicious medical operation, do not falter and seek the help of a personal injury lawyer who has relevant experience dealing with this kind of suits as soon as possible.41. Most physicians are protected from those malpractices _______.42. The responsibility of the personal injury lawyer is _______.43.Medical malpractice may not only involve physicians and surgeons but also ____.44. It is important for patients and relatives _______.45.When a suspicious medical operation occurs, _______[A] to learn entirely different words than they are used to.[B] to write down every procedure that a patient received in a hospital, especially in the emergency room[C] those who are able to deal with this kind of suits as soon as possible[D] because there is the rule of keeping secret.[E] those who witnessed the act of malpractice.[F] it is advisable to look for the assistance of a personal injury lawyer[G] to find evidence for the existence of doctor's malpracticePart III Translation46. DirectionsIn this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Nor is the proliferation of regional trade agreements an entirely good thing. They have flourished, in part, because of the failure of the multilateral Doha trade round, which was launched back in 2001 and is going nowhere slowly. Regional deals can divert trade rather than create it. There are too many regional deals: Britain is a member of over 30. Although they do lower some barriers, most do nothing to tackle the highest tariffs. And each deal tends to support the preferences of its largest member, making it harder to bring regional blocks together within a whole set of global trade rules.The WTO should resist that, and keep sounding the alarm at signs of G20 backsliding. But Mr Lamy can do little about the biggest threat to free trade, which comes from the crisis in the euro zone. Until now the European Union's single market, though far from perfect, has been a shining example of a sustained and determined effort to bring trade barriers down and of the benefits that brings. The current crisis, if it leads to the break-up of the euro, could bring about a disastrous break-up of the single market—repeating the mistakes of the 1930s after all. If ever there was a time to remember the dangers of protectionism, it is now.Section IV WritingPart ASuppose you have found a loop of keys in the library the other day. Write a notice to1)make it known, and2) ask for claim at your dorm.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2DO not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use ―ZHANG WEI‖ instead(10 points)Part BWrite an essay based on the following graph. In your writing you should1) Describe the table, and2) Give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words (15points)。
2013考研英语二真题及答案详解
慕课考研
4. [A] reward 5. [A] silent 6. [A] for [B] resist [B] sudden [B] against [C] resume [C] slow [C] with [D] reverse [D] steady [D] on [C] sensitive [D] productive
Use of English
பைடு நூலகம்
Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy. 1. [A] However 2. [A] off 3. [A] power [B] Moreover [B] back [B] concept [C] over [C] history [C] Therefore [D] around [D] role [D] Otherwise
2013年考研英语(二)真题校对版及全文翻译
2013 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns.We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] copy [C] provide [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Because [C] Until [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] ease [D] raise15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D]displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] unclear [D] uncommon17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] call for [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] cope with20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] trail [D] pathSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software,cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, ne w technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] adopt an average lifestyle[B] work on cheap software[C] ask for a moderate salary[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to advance economic globalization[C] to ensure more education for people[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] Technology Goes Cheap[B] New Law Takes Effect[C] Recession Is Bad[D] Average Is OverText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “Uccelli di passaggio ,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, homehealth-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____[A] stay in a foreign temporarily.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] immigrate across the Atlantic.[D] find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D] has been fixed via political means.[A] financial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] the freedom to stay and leave.[D] opportunities to get regular jobs.[A] as faithful partners.[B] with regal tolerance.[C] with economic favors.[D] as mighty rivals.[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.Text 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapi d stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing,Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it ha sn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] vary according to the urgency of the situation32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should____.[A] trust our first impression[B] think before we act[C] do as people usually do[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A] critical assessment[B]‘thin sliced’study[C] adequate information[D] sensible explanation35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant[B] optimistic[C] uncertain[D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe's top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considereda failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the q uotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I unders tand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When w omen do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.[A] women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance[B] a response to Reding’s c all[C] a reluctant choice[D] a voluntary action38. According to Reding, quotas may help women ______.[A] get top business positions[B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family[D] anticipate legal results39. The auth or’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.[A] skepticism[B] objectiveness[C] indifference[D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.[A] more social justice[B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies[D] greater “soft pressure”Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] Shopkeepers are your friends[B] Remember to treat yourself[C] Stick to what you need[D] Live like a peasant[E] Balance your diet[F] Planning is everything[G] Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ?60 a week to spend, ?40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ?130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.41._____________________Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42_______________________This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarketchiller.43______________________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.44________________________Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, Theyil let you have for free.45__________________You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ?1.75 a week for three months gives you ?21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's ?16.95 there - or ?12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’sharder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Ham opened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.47 .Writingsuppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. write your classmates an email to1) inform them about the details and2)encourage them to participate 100 words use Liming. Don't write your address.48 Write an essay based on the following chart in your writing, you should(1)interpret the chart ,and(2)give your commentsYou should write about 150 words.2013 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（二）答案1．【答案】A However【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
2013考研英语真题及答案解析(英语二)完整版 (一)
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and fundsare 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We。
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题(答案解析版)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题（答案解析版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)；敬人者化学教案人恒敬之”“要学会宽恕化学教案甚至是对曾经伤害过你的人化学教案因为只有放下才能得到真正Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. ___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself,” only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has t he movement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the ___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"-it takes several days ___11___ a check is cashed and funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there.Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___ funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts i nto their own. The___18___ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.时间先后顺序化学教案③后适宜用感叹号试卷试题5试卷试题B试卷试题【解析】A项的“拙作”是谦辞、1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail文化活动试卷试题人有恒言曰：“百闻不如一见试卷试题”“读万卷书不如行万里路试卷试题”游学之益在于体验化学教案答案：1-5: ADBDC6-10: BBDBA11-15: ADCCC16-20: CABAD苞之生二十六年矣化学教案使蹉跎昏忽常如既往化学教案则由此而四十、五十化学教案岂有【答案详解】1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 本题考察逻辑关系[选项分析] 因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：填空之后的信息为”a true cashless society is probably not around the corner .”（一个无现金社会不太可能马上出现），而文章之前的信息都是在说我们可能马上就进入一个无现金社会，两者之间出现了明显的转折关系，因此只有however符合题意。
2013年考研英语二真题答案及解析
2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)答案详解SectionⅠUse of English文章分析本篇文章是一篇议论文。
阐述了当代社会电子支付方式已日益成为人们生活中不可或缺的生活方式之一。
由此引发的问题是我们是否会迎来一个无现金社会(社会中不存在现金交易，电子支付方式完全将其取代)。
作者认为这样的无现金社会还需很长时间才可实现。
因为虽然电子支付方式相较于现金支付方式有很多优势，但仍存在一定的安全隐患，比如可能泄漏用户信息，不能保障用户的隐私安全等。
试题解析Given the advantages of electronic money,you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.__1__a true cashless society is probably not around the corner.Indeed, predictions have been__2__for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.For example,Business Weekpredicted in1975that electronic means of payment would soon“revolutionize the very__3__of money itself，”only to __4__itself several years later.Why has the movement to a cashless society been so__5__in coming?【译文】鉴于电子化付款方式的优势，你或许会认为，我们将很快进入一个无现金社会，所有的交易都由电子支付方式完成。
《英语(二)》2013考研真题及答案解析
2013考研英语（二）真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount ofpersonal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Billfor the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] ro advance economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration todayrequires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.[D] find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D] has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___[A] fiancial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D] the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance.[D] as mighty rivals.30 选出最适合文章的标题[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.Text 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. Buthistorically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.[A] trust our first impression[B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A] critical assessment[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study[C] sensible explanation[D] adequate information35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant[B] uncertain[C] optimistic[D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelminglymale .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position— no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.[A] women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance[B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding’s call[D] a voluntary action38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______.[A] get top business positions[B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family[D] anticipate legal results39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.[A] skepticism[B] objectiveness[C] indifference[D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.[A] more social justice[B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies[D] greater “soft pressure”Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)[A] Live like a peasant[B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends[D] Remember to treat yourself[E] Stick to what you need[F] Planning is evervthing[G] Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ?60 a week to spend, ?40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ?130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.41._____________________Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42____________________________________________________________This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them,there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a littlegreengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.43_________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's notgood enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.44___________________________________Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, Theyil let you have for free.45__________________You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every fewmonths treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ?1.75 a week for threemonths gives you ?21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch atMichelin-starred Arbutus. It's ?16.95 there - or ?12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acture or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptibal the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section IV Writing47. Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale foe kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1) inform them about the details and encourage them to participate .2) Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead. Don’t write your address.(10 points)48 write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET .试题解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】A(However)【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
2013年考研英语模拟试题及答案（全国卷）
2013年考研英语模拟试题及答案2013年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语 答题注意事项 1.本试卷考试时间150分钟，满分100分。
2.试卷后⾯附有参考答案，供学员测试后核对。
Section I Structure and Vocabulary In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice on the answer sheet. (20 points) 1. A variety of small clubs can provide _____ opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful group dynamics. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple 2. By turning this knob to the right you can _____ the sound from this radio. [A] amplify [B] enlarge [C] magnify [D] reinforce 3. Under the _____ confronting them it was impossible to continue the strike any longer. [A] surroundings [B] settings [C] circumstances [D] environments 4. We have the system of exploitation of man by man. [A] cancelled [B] abolished [C] refused [D] rejected 5. We shall probably never be able to _____ the exact nature of these sub-atomic particles. [A] assert [B] impart [C] ascertain [D] notify 6. This diploma _____ that you have completed high school. [A] proves [B] certifies [C] secures [D] approves 7. Up until that time, his interest had focused almost _____ on fully mastering the skills and techniques of his craft. [A] restrictively [B] radically [C] inclusively [D] exclusively 8. That sound doesn’t _____ in his language so it’s difficult for him to pronounce. [A] happen [B] take place [C] occur [D] run 9. The security guard _____ two men who were yelling in the courtroom. [A] expelled [B] propelled [C] repelled [D] dispelled 10. In most cases politicians are _____ as they seldom tell the truth. [A] credible [B] credulous [C] incredulous [D] incredible 11. He soon received promotion, for his superiors realized that he was a man of considerable _____. [A] future [B] possibility [C] ability [D] opportunity 12. Britain has the highest _____ of road traffic in the world—over 60 cars for every mile of road. [A] density [B] intensity [C] popularity [D] prosperity 13. CCTV programs are _____ by satellite to the remotest areas in the country. [A] transferred [C] transformed [D] transmitted 14. An energy tax would curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports and cut the budget _____. [A] disposition [B] deficit [C] defect [D] discrepancy 15. The government will _____ a reform in the educational system. [A] initiate [B] initial [C] initiative [D] intimate 16. Estimates _____ anywhere from 600 000 to 3 million. Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another mater: that the number of the homeless is increasing. One of the federal government’s studies predicts that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. [A] cover [B] change [C] differ [D] range 17. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as institutional, with display becoming sharper and storage _____ increasing. [A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty 18. It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic _____ is the function of the particular space. For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and too few entries and exits will not work for its purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be decorated. [A] care [B] concern [C] attention [D] intention 19. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more mysterious. The new experiments, such as those _____ for the first time at a recent meeting or the society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations for the purpose of non-REM sleep. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled 20. Changes in the social structure may indirectly _____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] check [D] reflect Section II Use of English Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) Health implies more than physical fitness. It also implies mental and emotional well-being. An angry, frustrated, emotionally 21 person in good physical condition is not 22 healthy. Mental health, therefore, has much to do 23 how a person copes with the world as s/he exists. Many of the factors that 24 physical health also affect mental and emotional well-being. Having a good self-image means that people have positive 25 pictures and good, positive feelings about themselves, about what they are capable 26 , and about the roles they play. People with good self-images like themselves, and they are 27 like others. Having a good self-image is based 28 a realistic, as well as positive, or optimistic 29 of one’s own worth and value and capabilities. Stress is an unavoidable, necessary, and potentially healthful 30 of our society. People of all ages 31 stress. Children begin to 32 stress during prenatal development and during childbirth. Examples of stress-inducing 33 in the life of a young person are death of a pet, pressure to 34 academically, the divorce of parents, or joining a new youth group. The different ways in which individuals 35 to stress may bring healthful or unhealthy results. One person experiencing a great deal of stress may function exceptionally well 36 another may be unable to function at all. If stressful situations are continually encountered, the individual’s physical, social, and mental health are eventually affected. Satisfying social relations are vital to 37 mental and emotional health. It is believed that in order to 38 , develop, and maintain effective and fulfilling social relationships people must 39 the ability to know and trust each other, understand each other, influence, and help each other. They must also be capable of 40 conflicts in a constructive way. 21. [A] unstable [B] unsure [C] imprecise [D] impractical 22. [A] normally [B] generally [C] virtually [D] necessarily 23. [A] on [B] at [C] to [D] with 24. [A] signify [B] influence [C] predict [D] mark 25. [A] intellectual [B] sensual [C] spiritual [D] mental 26. [A] to be doing [B] with doing [C] to do [D] of doing 27. [A] able better to [B] able to better [C] better to able [D] better able to 28. [A] on [B] from [C] at [D] about 29. [A] assessment [B] decision [C] determination [D] assistance 30. [A] ideality [B] realization [C] realism [D] realityd s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > 0 0 3 1 . [ A ] o c c u r [ B ]e n g a g e [ C ] c o nf r o n t [ D ] e n c o u n t e r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 9 " > 0 03 2 . [ A ] t o l e r a t e [ B ] s u s t a i n [ C ] e x p e r i e n c e [ D ] u n d e r t a k e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 0 " > 0 0 3 3 . [ A ] e v id e n c e [ B ] a c c i d e n t s [ C ] a d v e n t u r e s [ D ] e v e n t s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 1 " > 0 0 3 4 . [ A ] a c q u i r e [ B ] a c h i e v e [ C ] o b t a i n [ D ] f u l f i l l / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 2 " > 0 0 3 5 . [ A ] r e s p o n d [ B ] r e t u r n [ C ] r e t o r t [ D ] r e p l y / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 3 " > 0 0 3 6 . [ A ] w h y [ B ] w h e n [ C ] w h i l e [ D ] w h e r e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 4 " > 0 0 3 7 . [ A ] s o u n d [ B ] a l l - r o u n d [ C ] e n t i r e [ D ] w h o l e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 5 " > 0 0 3 8 . [ A ] i l l u m i n a t e [ B ] e n u n c i a t e [ C ] e n u m e r a t e [ D ] i n i t i a t e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 6 " > 0 0 3 9 . [ A ] a c c e s s [ B ] a s s e s s [ C ] p r o c e s s [ D ] p o s s e s s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 7 " > 0 0 4 0 . [ A ] r e s o l v i n g [ B ] s a l u t i n g [ C ] d i s s o l v i n g [ D ] s o lv i n g S e c t i o n I I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 8 " > 0 0 R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r t e x t s . A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w e a c h t e x t b y c h o o s i n g [ A ] , [ B ] , [ C ] o r [ D ] M a r k y o u r a n s w e r s o n A N S W E R S H E E T ( 4 0 p o i n t s ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 9 " > 0 0 T e x t 1 / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 0 " > 0 0 T h e p e r i o d o f a d o l e s c e n c e , i . e . , t h e p e r i o d b e t w e e n c h i l d h o o d a n d a d u l t h o o d , m a y b e l o n g o r s h o r t , d e p e n d i n g o n s o c i a l e x p e c t a t i o n s a n d o n s o c i e t y s d e f i n i t i o n a s t o w h a t c o n s t i t u t e s m a t u r i t y a n d a d u l t h o o d . I n p r i m i t i v e s o c i e t i e s a d o l e s c e n c e i s f r e q u e n t l y a r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e , w h i l e i n i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t i e s w i t h p a t t e r n s o f p r o l o n g e d e d u c a t i o n c o u p l e d w i t h l a w s a g a i n s t c h i l d l a b o r , t h e p e r i o d o f a d o l e s c e n c e i s m u c h l o n g e r a n d m a y i n c l u d e m o s t o f t h e s e c o n d d e c a d e o f o n e s l i f e . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e l e n g t h o f t h e a d o l e s c e n t p e r i o d a n d t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f a d u l t h o o d s t a t u s m a y c h a n g e i n a g i v e n s o c i e t y a s s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s c h a n g e . E x a m p l e s o f t h i s t y p e o f c h a n g e a r e t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e f r o n t i e r i n t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , a n d m o r e u n i v e r s a l l y , t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f a n a g r i c u l t u r a l s o c i e t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 1 " > 0 0 I n m o d e r n s o c i e t y , c e r e m o n i e s f o r a d o l e s c e n c e h a v e l o s t t h e i r f o r m a l r e c o g n i t i o n a n d s y m b o l i c s i g n i f i c a n c e a n d t h e r e n o l o n g e r i s a g r e e m e n t a s t o w h a t c o n s t i t u t e s i n i t i a t i o n c e r e m o n i e s . S o c i a l o n e s h a v e b e e n r e p l a c e d b y a s e q u e n c e o f s t e p s t h a t l e a d t o i n c r e a s e d r e c o g n i t i o n a n d s o c i a l s t a t u s . F o r e x a m p l e , g r a d e s c h o o l g r a d u a t i o n , h i g h s c h o o l g r a d u a t i o n a n d c o l l e g e g r a d u a t i o n c o n s t i t u t e s u c h a s e q u e n c e , a n d w h i l e e a c h s t e p i m p l i e s c e r t a i n b e h a v i o r a l c h a n g e s a n d s o c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n , t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f e a c h d e p e n d s o n t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t a t u s a n d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l a m b i t i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l . C e r e m o n i e s f o r a d o l e s c e n c e h a v e a l s o b e e n r e p l a c e d b y l e g a l d e f i n i t i o n s o f s t a t u s r o l e s , r i g h t , p r i v i l e g e s a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . I t i s d u r i n g t h e n i n e y e a r s f r o m t h e t w e l f t h b i r t h d a y t o t h e t w e n t y - f i r s t t h a t t h e p r o t e c t i v e a n d r e s t r i c t i v e a s p e c t s o f c h i l d h o o d a n d m i n o r s t a t u s a r e r e m o v e d a n d a d u l t p r i v i l e g e s a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a r e g r a n t e d . T h e t w e l v e - y e a r - o l d i s n o l o n g e r c o n s i d e r e d a c h i l d a n d h a s t o p a y f u l l f a r e f o r t r a i n , a i r p l a n e , t h e a t e r a n d m o v i e t i c k e t s . B a s i c a l l y , t h e i n d i v i d u a l a t t h i s a g e l o s e s c h i l d h o o d p r i v i l e g e s w i t h o u t g a i n i n g s i g n i f i c a n t a d u l t r i g h t s . A t t h e a g e o f s i x t e e n t h e a d o l e s c e n t i s g r a n t e d c e r t a i n a d u l t r i g h t s w h i c h i n c r e a s e s h i s s o c i a l s t a t u s b y p r o v i d i n g h i m w i t h m o r e f r e e d o m a n d c h o i c e s . H e n o w c a n o b t a i n a d r i v e r s l i c e n s e ; h e c a n l e a v e p u b l i c s c h o o l s ; a n d h e c a n w o r k w i t h o u t t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s o f c h i l d l a b o r l a w s . A t t h e a g e o f e i g h t e e n t h e l a w p r o v i d e s a d u l t r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a s w e l l a s r i g h t s ; t h e y o u n g m a n c a n n o w b e a s o l d i e r , b u t h e a l s o c a n m a r r y w i t h o u t p a r e n t a l p e r m i s s i o n . A t t h e a g e o f t w e n t y - o n e t h e i n d i v i d u a l o b t a i n s h i s f u l l l e g a l r i g h t s a s a n a d u l t . H e n o w c a n v o t e , h e c a n b u y l i q u o r , h e c a n e n t e r i n t o f i n a n c i a l c o n t r a c t s , a n d h e i s e n t i t l e d t o r u n f o r p u b l i c o f f i c e . N o a d d i t i o n a l b a s i c r i g h t s a r e a c q u i r e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f a g e a f t e r m a j o r i t y s t a t u s h a s b e e n a t t a i n e d . N o n e o f t h e s e l e g a l p r o v i s i o n s d e t e r m i n e a t w h a t p o i n t a d u l t h o o d h a s b e e n r e a c h e d b u t t h e y d o p o i n t t o t h e p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d o f a d o l e s c e n c e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 2 " > 0 0 4 1 . T h e p e r i o d o f a d o l e s c e n c e i s m u c h l o n g e r i n i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t i e s b e c a u s e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f m a t u r i t y h a s c h a n g e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z e d s o c i e t y i s m o r e d e v e l o p e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] m o r e e d u c a t i o n i s p r o v i d e d a n d l a w s a g a i n s t c h i l d l a b o r a r e m a d e ( C ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] c e r e m o n i e s f o r a d o l e s c e n c e h a v e l o s t t h e i r f o r m a l r e c o g n i t i o n a n d s y m b o l i c s i g n i f i c a n c e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 7 " > 0 0 4 2 . F o r m e r s o c i a l c e r e m o n i e s t h a t u s e d t o m a r k a d o l e s c e n c e h a v e g i v e n p l a c e t o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 8 " > 0 0 [ A ] g r a d u a t i o n s f r o m s c h o o l s a n d c o l l e g e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 9 " > 0 0 [ B ] s o c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 0 " > 0 0 [ C ] s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t a t u s ( A ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 1 " > 0 0 [ D ] c e r t a i n b e h a v i o r a l c h a n g e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 2 " > 0 0 4 3 . N o o n e c a n e x p e c t t o f u l l y e n j o y t h e a d u l t h o o d p r i v i l e g e s u n t i l h e i s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] e l e v e n y e a r s o l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] s i x t e e n y e a r s o l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] t w e n t y - o n e y e a r s o l d ( C ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] b e t w e e n t w e l v e a n d t w e n t y - o n e y e a r s o l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 7 " > 0 0 4 4 . S ta r t i n g f r o m 2 2 , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > pb d s f i d = " 2 2 8 " > 0 0 [ A ] o n e w i l l o b t a i n m o r e b a s ic r i g h t s / p > pb d s f i d = " 2 2 9 " > 0 0 [ B ] t h e o l d e r o n e b ec o m e s , t h e m o r e b a s i c r i g h t s h e w i l l h a v e / p > p bd s f i d = " 2 3 0 " > 0 0 [ C ] o ne w o n t g e t m o r e b a s i c r i g h t s t h a n w h e n h e i s 2 1 ( C ) / p > p b d sf i d = " 2 3 1 " > 0 0 [ D ] o n e w i l l e n j o y m o r e r igh t s g r a n t e d b y s o ci e t y / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 2 " > 0 0 4 5 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a s s a g e , i t i s t r u e t h a t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] i n t h e l a t e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t h e d i v i d i n g l i n e b e t w e e n a d o l e s c e n c e a n d a d u l t h o o d n o l o n g e r e x i s t e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] n o o n e c a n m a r r y w i t h o u t t h e p e r m i s s i o n o f h i s p a r e n t s u n t i l t h e a g e o f t w e n t y - o n e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] o n e i s c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e r e a c h e d a d u l t h o o d w h e n h e h a s a d r i v e r s l i c e n s e ( A ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] o n e i s n o t f r e e f r o m t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s o f c h i l d l a b o r l a w s u n t i l h e c a nj o i n t h e a r m 0 T e x t 2 / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 7 " > 0 0 W e l l , n o g a i n w i t h o u t p a i n , t h e y s a y . B u t w h a t a b o u t p a i n w i t h o u t g a i n ? E v e r y w h e r e y o u g o i n A m e r i c a , y o u h e a r t a l e s o f c o r p o r a t e r e v i v a l . W h a t i s h a r d e r t o e s t a b l i s h i s w h e t h e r t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y r e v o l u t i o n t h a t b u s i n e s s m e n a s s u m e t h e y a r e p r e s i d i n g o v e r i s f o r r e a l . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 8 " > 0 0 T h e o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s a r e m i l d l y d i s c o u r a g i n g . T h e y s h o w t h a t , i f y o u l u m p m a n u f a c t u r i n g a nd se r v i c e s t o g e t h e r , p r o d u c t i v i t y h a s g r o w n o n a v e r a g e b y 1 . 2 % s i n c e 1 9 8 7 . T h a t i s s o m e w h a tf a s t e r t h a n t h e a v e r ag e d u r i n g th e p r e vi o u s d e c a d e . A n d s i n c e 1 9 9 1 , p r o d u c t i v i t y h a s i n c r e a s e d b y a b o u t 2 % a y e a r , w h i c h i s m o r e t h a n t w i c e t h e 1 9 7 8 - 1 9 8 7 a v e r a g e . T h e t r o u b l e i s t h a t p a r t o f t h e r e c e n t a c c e l e r a t i o n i s d u e t o t h e u s u a l r e b o u n d t h a t o c c u r s a t t h i s p o i n t i n a b u s i n e s s c y c l e , a n d s o i s n o t c o n c l u s i v e e v i d e n c e o f a r e v i v a l i n t h e u n d e r l y i n g t r e n d . T h e r e i s , a s R o b e r t R u b i n , t h e t r e a s u r y s e c r e t a r y , s a y s , a d i sj u n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m a s s o f b u s i n e s s a n e c d o t e t h a t p o i n t s t o a l e a p i n p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d t h e p i c t u r e r e f l e c t e d b y t h e s t a t i s t i c s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 9 " > 0 0 S o m e o f t h i s c a n b e e a s i l y e x p l a i n e d . N e w w a y s o f o r g a n i z i n g t h e w o rk pl a c e a l l t h a t r e - e n g i n e e r i n g a n d d o w n s i z i n g a r e o n l y o n e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e o v e r a l l p r o d u c t i v i t y o f a n e c o n om y , w h i c h i s d r i v en b y m a n yo t h e r f a c t o r s s u c h a s j o i n t i n v e s t m e n t i n e q u ip m e n t a n d m a c h i n e r y , n e w t e c h n o l o g y , a n d i n v e s t m e n t i n e d u c a t i o n a n d t r a i n i n g . M o r e o v e r , m o s t o f t h e c h a n g e s t h a t c o m p a n i e s m a k e a r e i n t e n d e d t o k e e p t h e m p r o f i t a b l e , a n d t h i s n e e d n o t a l w a y s m e a n i n c r e a s i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y : s w i t c h i n g t o n e w m a r k e t s o r i m p r o v i n gq u a l i t y c a n m a t t er j ust a s mu c h . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 0 " > 0 0 T w o o t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n s a r e m o r e s p e c u l a t iv e . F i r s t , s o m e o f t h e b u s i n e s s r e s t r u c t u r i n g o f r e c e n t y e a r s m a y h a v e b e e n i n e p t l y d o n e . S e c o n d , e v e n i f i tw a s w e l l d o n e , i t m a y h a v e s p r e a d m u c h l e s s w i d e l y t h a n p e o p l e s u p p o s e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 1 " > 0 0 L e o n a r d S c h l e s i n g e r , a H a r v a r d a c a d e m i c a n d f o r m e r c h i e f ex e c u t i v e o f A u B o n g P a i n , a r a p i d ly g r o w i n g c h a i n o f b a k e r y c a f e s , s a y s t h a t m u c h r e - e n g i n e e r i n g h a s b e e n c r u d e . I n m a n y c a s e s , h e b e l i e v e s , t h e l o s s o f r e v e n u e h a s b e e n g r e a t e r t h a n t h e r e d u c t i o n s i n c o s t . H i s c o l l e a g u e , M i c h a e l B e e r , s a y s t h a t f a r t o o m a n y c o m p a n i e s h a v e a p p l i e d r e - e n g i n e e r i n g i n a m e c h a n i s t i c f a s h i o n , c h o p p i n g o u t c o s t s w i t h o u t g i v i n g s u f f i c i e n t t h o u g h t t o l o n g t e r m p r o f i t a b i l i t y . B B D O s A l R o s e n s h i n e i s b l u n t e r . H e d i s m i s s e s a l o t o f t h e w o r k o f r e - e n g i n e e r i n g c o n s u l t a n t s a s m e r e r u b b i s h t h e w o r s t s o r t o f a m b u l a n c e c a s h i n g . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 2 " > 0 0 4 6 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e a u t h o r , t h e A m e r i c a n e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n i s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] n o t a s g o o d a s i t s e e m s / p > p b d s f i d = "2 4 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] a t i t s t u r n i n g p o i n t / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] m u c h b e t t e r t h a n i t s e e m s ( A ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] n e a r t o c o m p l e t e r e c o v e r y / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 4 7 " > 0 0 4 7 . T h e o f f i c i a l s ta t i s t i c s o n p r o d u c t i v i t y g r o w t h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > pb d s f i d = " 2 4 8 " > 0 0 [ A ] e xc l ude t h e u s u a l r eb o u n d i n a b u s i n e s sc y c l e / p > p bd s f i d = " 2 4 9 " > 0 0 [ B ] f a l l s h o r t o f b u s i ne s s m e n s a n t i c i p a t i o n / p > p b d sf i d = " 2 5 0 " > 0 0 [ C ] m e e t t h e e x p e c t a t i o n o f b u s i n e s s p e o p l e ( B ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 51 " > 0 0 [ D ] f a i l t o r e f l e c t t h e t r u e s t a t e o f e c o n o m y / p > p b d s f i d = "2 5 2 " > 0 0 4 8 . T h e a u t h o r r a i se s t h e q u e s t i o n w h a t a b o u t p a i n w i t h o u t g a i n ? b e c a u s e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d sf i d = " 2 5 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] h e q u e s t i o n s t h e t r u t h o f n og a i n w i th o u t p ai n / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] h e d o e s n o t t h i n k t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y r e v o l u t i o n w o r k s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] h e w o n d e r s i f t h e o f f i c i a l s t a t i s t i c s a r e m i s l e a d i n g ( B ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] h e h a s c o n c l u s i v e e v i d e n c e f o r t h e r e v i v a l o f b u s i n e s s e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 7 " > 0 0 4 9 . W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s N O T m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p a s s a g e ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 8 " > 0 0 [ A ] R a d i c a l r e f o r m s a r e e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e i n c r e a s e o f p r o d u c t i v i t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 5 9 " > 0 0 [ B ] N e w w a y s o f o r g a n i z i n g w o r k p l a c e s m a y h e l p t o i n c r e a s e p r o d u c t i v i t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 0 " > 0 0 [ C ] T h e r e d u c t i o n o f c o s t s i s n o t a s u r e w a y t o g a i n l o n g t e r m p r o f i t a b i l i t y . ( A ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 1 " > 0 0 [ D ] T h e c o n s u l t a n t s a r e a b u n c h o f g o o d - f o r - n o t h i n g s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 2 " > 0 0 5 0 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p a s s a g e , t h e a u t h o r s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y r e v o l u t i o n i n t h e U . S . A i s _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] b i a s e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] o p t i m i s t i c / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] a m b i g u o u s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] n e g a t i v e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 7 " > 0 0 T e x t 3 / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 8 " > 0 0 M o n e y s p e n t o n a d v e r t i s i n g i s m o n e y s p e n t a s w e l l a s a n y I k n o w o f . I t s e r v e s d i r e c t l y t o a s s i s t a r a p i d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f g o o d s a t r e a s o n a b l e p r i c e , t h e r e b y e s t a b l i s h i n g a f i r m h o m e m a r k e t a n d s o m a k i n g i t p o s s i b l e t o p r o v i d e f o r e x p o r t a t c o m p e t i t i v e p r i c e s . B y d r a w i n g a t t e n t i o n t o n e w i d e a s i t h e l p s e n o r m o u s l y t o r a i s e s t a n d a r d s o f l i v i n g . B y h e l p i n g t o i n c r e a s e d e m a n d i t e n s u r e s a n i n c r e a s e d n e e d f o r l a b o u r , a n d i s t h e r e f o r e a n e f f e c t i v e w a y t o f i g h t u n e m p l o y m e n t . I t l o w e r s t h e c o s t s o f m a n y s e r v i c e s : w i t h o u t a d v e r t i s e m e n t s y o u r d a i l y n e w s p a p e r w o u l d c o s t f o u r t i m e s a s m u c h , t h e p r i c e o f y o u r t e l e v i s i o n l i c e n s e w o u l d n e e d t o b e d o u b l e d , a n d t r a v e l b y b u s o r t u b e w o u l d c o s t 2 0 p e r c e n t m o r e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 6 9 " > 0 0 A n d p e r h a p s m o s t i m p o r t a n t o f a l l , a d v e r t i s i n g p r o v i d e s a g u a r a n t e e o f r e a s o n a b l e v a l u e i n t h e p r o d u c t s a n d s e r v i c e s y o u b u y . A p a r t f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t t w e n t y - s e v e n a c t s o f P a r l i a m e n t g o v e r n t h e t e r m s o f a d v e r t i s i n g , n o r e g u l a r a d v e r t i s e r d a r e p r o m o t e a p r o d u c t t h a t f a i l s t o l i v e u p t o t h e p r o m i s e o f h i s a d v e r t i s e m e n t s . H e m i g h t f o o l s o m e p e o p l e f o r a l i t t l e w h i l e t h r o u g h m i s l e a d i n g a d v e r t i s i n g . H e w i l l n o t d o s o f o r l o n g , f o r m e r c i f u l l y t h e p u b l i c h a s t h e g o o d s e n s e n o t t o b u y t h e i n f e r i o r a r t i c l e m o r e t h a n o n c e . I f y o u s e e a n a r t i c l e c o n s i s t e n t l y a d v e r t i s e d , i t i s t h e s u r e s t p r o o f I k n o w t h a t t h e a r t i c l e d o e s w h a t i s c l a i m e d f o r i t , a n d t h a t i t r e p r e s e n t s g o o d v a l u e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 7 0 " > 0 0 A d v e r t i s i n g d o e s m o r e f o r t h e m a t e r i a l b e n e f i t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y t h a n a n y o t h e r f o r c e I c a n t h i n k o f . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 7 1 " > 0 0 T h e r e i s o n e m o r e p o i n t I f e e l I o u g h t t o t o u c h o n . R e c e n t l y I h e a r d a w e l l - k n o w n t e l e v i s i o n p e r s o n a l i t y d e c l a r e t h a t h e。
2013年考研英语二真题及答案
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alterinformation 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts.The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C]Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B]back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C]history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C]sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C]copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C]stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C]manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adaptto [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,”a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an averagelifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] ro advance economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think aboutcategories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.[D] find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D] has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___[A] fiancial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D] the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance.[D] as mighty rivals.30 选出最适合文章的标题[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.Text 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.[A] trust our first impression[B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A] critical assessment[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study[C] sensible explanation[D] adequate information35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant[B] uncertain[C] optimistic[D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position— no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.[A] women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance[B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding’s call[D] a voluntary action38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______.[A] get top business positions[B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family[D] anticipate legal results39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.[A] skepticism[B] objectiveness[C] indifference[D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.[A] more social justice[B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies[D] greater “soft pressure”Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] Live like a peasant[B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends[D] Remember to treat yourself[E] Stick to what you need[F] Planning is evervthing[G] Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.41._____________________Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42____________________________________________________________This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them,there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a littlegreengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350gof shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in thesupermarket chiller.43_________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's notgood enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planningahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do avegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.44___________________________________Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers,delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soonyou'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews,or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often thannot, Theyil let you have for free.45__________________You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every fewmonths treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - £1.75 a week for threemonths gives you £21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch atMichelin-starred Arbutus. It's £16.95 there - or £12.99 for a large pizza fromDomino's: I know which I'd rather eat.Section III TranslationDirections:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acture or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptibal the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section IV Writing47. Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale foe kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1) inform them about the details and encourage them to participate .2) Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead. Don’t write your address.(10 points)48 write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET .2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题解析Section I Use of English1．【答案】A（However）【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电子支付。
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考研英语二真题
2013 年考研英语二真题Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronicpayments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security andprivacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trailSection II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.” Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemploymentand declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that everyAmerican has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] ro advance economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money andideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a whilewithout committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.[D] find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in theUS[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D] has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want[A] fiancial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D] the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance.[D] as mighty rivals.30 which is the most title?[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.Text 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusiveto the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-orhire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may .[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should .[A] trust our first impression[B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on .[A] critical assessment [B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study[C] sensible explanation[D] adequate information35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is .[A] tolerant[B] uncertain[C] optimistic[D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t likequotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position— no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example,Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally .[A] women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union’s intended legislation is .[A] a reflection of gender balance[B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding’s call[D] a voluntary action38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women .[A] get top business positions[B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family[D] anticipate legal results39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of .[A] skepticism[B] objectiveness[C] indifference[D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of.[A] more social justice[B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies[D] greater “soft pressure”Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose themost suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] Live like a peasant[B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends[D] Remember to treat yourself[E] Stick to what you need[F] Planning is evervthing[G] Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ?60 a week to spend, ?40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ?130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.41. 41.Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu inadvance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say,350gof shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in thesupermarket chiller. 43You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish.Planningahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'lldo avegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced. 44Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop atbutchers,delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly.Soonyou'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups andstews,or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often thannot, Theyil let you have for free. 45You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ?1.75 a week forthreemonths gives you ?21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's ?16.95 there - or ?12.99for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.Section III Translation Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly.When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acture or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptibal the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section IV Writing47. Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale foe kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1) inform them about the details and encourage them to participate .2) Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead. Don’t write your address.(10 points)48 write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should 1)interpret the chart and2)give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET .。
2013年考研英语二真题及答案
2013全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题MBA, MPA, MPAcc 专业硕士统一考试Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)（本题答案在题号后）Given the advantage of electronic money, you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. _1 However , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2around_ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very 3.concept of money itself,” only to 4.reverse itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5.slow in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6.against the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7.expensive to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8.dominant form of payment.Second, electronic means of payment 14.raise security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15.stored there.Because this is not an 16.uncommon occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17.steal funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own. The 18.prevention of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to 19.cope with security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20.trail that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay, entitled “Making It in America,” in the latest issue of The Atlantic, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recent ly appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and sagging middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the quantum advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, ave rage is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra — their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment. Average is over.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. As they say, if horses could have voted, there never would have been cars. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs — about 6 million in total —disappeared.”And you ain’t seen nothin’ yet. Last April, Annie Lowrey of Slate wrote about a start-up called “E la Carte” that is out to shrink the need for waiters and waitresses: The company “has produced a kind of souped-up iPad that lets you order and pay right at your table. The brainchild of a bunch of M.I.T. engineers, the nifty invention, known as the Presto, might be found at a restaurant near you soon. ... You select what you want to eat and add items to a cart. Depending on the restaurant’s preferences, the console could show you nutritional information, ingredients lists and photographs. You can make special requests, like ‘dressing on the side’ or ‘quintuple bacon.’ When you’re d one, the order zings over to the kitchen, and the Presto tells you how long it will take for your items to come out. ... Bored with your companions? Play games on the machine. When you’re through with your meal, you pay on the console, splitting the bill i tem by item if you wish and paying however you want. And you can have your receipt e-mailed to you. ... Eachconsole goes for $100 per month. If a restaurant serves meals eight hours a day, seven days a week, it works out to 42 cents per hour per table — making the Presto cheaper than even the very cheapest waiter.”What the iPad won’t do in an above average way a Chinese worker will. Consider this paragraph from Sunday’s terrific article in The Times by Charles Duhigg and Keith Bradsher about why Apple doe s so much of its manufacturing in China: “Apple had redesigned the iPhone’s screen at the last minute, forcing an assembly-line overhaul. New screens began arriving at the [Chinese] plant near midnight. A foreman immediately roused 8,000 workers inside the company’s dormitories, according to the executive. Each employee was given a biscuit and a cup of tea, guided to a workstation and within half an hour started a 12-hour shift fitting glass screens into beveled frames. Within 96 hours, the plant was produc ing over 10,000 iPhones a day. ‘The speed and flexibility is breathtaking,’ the executive said. ‘There’s no American plant that can match that.’ ”And automation is not just coming to manufacturing, explains Curtis Carlson, the chief executive of SRI International, a Silicon Valley idea lab that invented the Apple iPhone program known as Siri, the digital personal assistant. “Siri is the beginning of a huge transformation in how we interact with banks, insurance companies, retail stores, health care providers, information retrieval services and product services.”There will always be change — new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average. Here are the latest unemployment rates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for Americans over 25 years old: those with less than a high school degree, 13.8 percent; those with a high school degree and no college, 8.7 percent; those with some college or associate degree, 7.7 percent; and those with bachelor’s degree or higher, 4.1 percent.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to buttress employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] ro advance economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is BadText 2Imagine a new immigration policyA century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, "uccelli di passaggio," birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens fit for deportation. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it.We don't need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and particle physicists are among today's birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Imagine life with a radically different immigration policy: The Jamaican woman who came as a visitor and was looking after your aunt until she died could try living in Canada for a while. You could eventually ask her to come back to care for your mother.The Indian software developer could take some of his Silicon Valley earnings home to join friends in a little start-up, knowing that he could always work in California again. Or the Mexican laborer who busts his back on a Wisconsin dairy farm for wages that keep milk cheap would come and go as needed because he could decide which dairy to work for, and a bi-national bank program was helping him save money to build a better life for his kids in Mexico.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.A new system that encourages both sojourners and settlers would not only help ensure that our society receives the human resources it will need in the future, it also could have an added benefit: Changing the rigid framework might help us resolve the status of the estimated 11 million unauthorized migrants who are our shared legacy of policy failures.Currently, we do not do gray zones well. Hundreds of thousands of people slosh around in indeterminate status because they're caught in bureaucratic limbo or because they have been granted temporary stays that are repeatedly extended. President Barack Obama created a paler shade of gray this summer by exercising prosecutorial discretion not to deport some young people who were brought to this country illegally as children. But these are exceptions, not rules.The basic mechanism for legal immigration today, apart from the special category of refugee, is the legal permanent resident visa, or green card. Most recipients are people sponsored by close relatives who live in the United States. As the name implies, this mechanism is designed for immigrants who are settling down. The visa can be revoked if the holder does not show "intent to remain" by not maintaining a U.S. address, going abroad to work full time or just traveling indefinitely. Legal residents are assumed to be on their way to becoming Americans, physically, culturally and legally. After five years of living here, they become eligible for citizenship and a chance to gain voting rights and full access to the social safety net.This is a fine way to deal with people who arrive with deep connections to the country and who resolve to stay. That can and should be most immigrants. But this mechanism has two problems: The nation is not prepared to offer citizenship to every migrant who is offered a job. And not everyone who comes here wants to stay forever.It may have once made sense to think of immigrants as sodbusters who were coming to settle empty spaces. But that antique reasoning does not apply when the country is looking at a long, steep race to remain competitive in the world economy, particularly not when innovation and entrepreneurship are supposed to be our comparative advantage. To succeed, we need modern birds of passage.The challenges differ depending on whether you are looking at the high end of the skills spectrum, the information workers or at low-skilled laborers.A frequent proposal for highly skilled workers comes with the slogan, "Staple a green card to the diploma." That is supposed to ensure that a greater share of brainy international students remain in the United States after earning degrees in science and technology. But what if they are not ready for a long-term commitment? No one would suggest that investment capital or design processes need to reside permanently in one nation. Talent today yearns to be equally mobile. Rather than try to oblige smart young people from abroad to stay here, we should allow them to think of the United States as a place where they can always return, a place where they will spend part, not all, of their lives, one of several places where they can live and work and invest.Temporary-worker programs are a conventional approach to meeting low-skilled labor needs without illegal immigration. That's what President George W. Bush proposed in 2004, saying the government should "match willing foreign workers with willing American employers." An immigrant comes to do a particular job for a limited period of time and then goes home. But such programs risk replacing one kind of rigidity with another. The relatively small programs currently in place don't manage the matchmaking very well.Competing domestic workers need to be protected, as do the migrant workers, and the process must be nimble enough to meet labor market demand. Nobody really has pulled that off, and there is no reason to believe it can be done on a grand scale. Rather than trying to link specific migrants to specific jobs, different types of temporary work visas could be pegged to industries, to places or to time periods. You could get an engineering visa, not only a visa to work at Intel.Both short-term visas and permanent residence need to be part of the mix, but they are not the whole answer. Another valuable tool is the provisional visa, which Australia uses as a kind of intermediary stage in which temporary immigrants spend several years before becoming eligible for permanent residency. The U.S. system practically obliges visitors to spend time here without authorization when they've married a citizen, gotten a job or done something else that qualifies them to stay legally.We also could borrow from Europe and create long-term permission to reside for certain migrants that is contingent on simply being employed, not on having a specific job. And, legislation could loosen the definitions of permanent residency so that migrants could gain a lifetime right to live and work in the United States without having to be here (and pay taxes here) more or less continuously.The idea that newcomers are either saints or sinners is not written indelibly either in our hearts or in our laws. As the size of the unauthorized population has grown over the past 20 years or so, the political response has dictated seeing immigration policy through the stark lens of law enforcement:Whom do we lock up, kick out, fence off? Prominent politicians of both parties, including both presidential candidates, have engaged in macho one-upmanship when it comes to immigration. So, President Obama broke records for deportations. Mitt Romney, meanwhile, vows to break records for border security.Breaking out of the either/or mentality opens up many avenues for managing future immigration. It could also help break the stalemate over the current population of unauthorized migrants. No election result will produce a Congress that offers a path to citizenship for everybody, but there is no support for total deportation, either.If we accept that there are spaces between legal and illegal, then options multiply.Citizenship could be an eventual outcome for most, not all, people here illegally, but everyone would get some kind of papers, and we can engineer a way for people to work their way from one status to another. The newly arrived and least attached could be granted status for a limited time and receive help with returning to their home countries. Others might be offered life-long privileges to live and work here, but not citizenship. We'd give the fullest welcome to those with homes, children or long time jobs.By insisting that immigrants are either Americans or aliens, we make it harder for some good folks to come and we oblige others to stay for the wrong reasons. Worse, we ensure that there will always be people living among us who are outside the law, and that is not good for them or us.26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.[D]find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D]has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___[A] fiancial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D]the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance.[D]as mighty rivals.30 which is the most title?[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D]legal or illegal: big mistake.Text 3Beyond the BlinkWhen the Supreme Court announced its decision on the Affordable Care Act last month, the media went wild. The rush to judgment took seconds. CNN and Fox News initially described the decision incorrectly, saying five justices had struck down the law. Even after corrections, the snap analysis that followed wasn’t very helpful. The multipart decision is complex, and its ramifications will take months or even years to understand.The blink response to this case is only the latest example of a troubling increase in the speed of our reactions. E-mail, social media and the 24-hour news cycle are informational amphetamines, a cocktail of pills that we pop at an increasingly fast pace — and that lead us to make mistaken split-second decisions. Economists lab el the problem “present bias”: we are vulnerable to fast, salient stimulation.Fortunately, there is an antidote: the conscious pause. Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.For example, countless studies have shown that physicians’ immediate, unconscious reactions to racial minorities lead them to undertreat black patients. In one study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine in 2007, researchers asked several hundred doctors about a hypothetical 50-year-old male patient who showed up with chest pain. The researchers gave the doctors a photograph of the man, randomly varying his race. Half saw him as white; half saw him as black.Sure enough, although the doctors insisted they were not racially biased, they were more likely to prescribe thrombolysis, an anti-blood-clotting procedure, for the white patient, while giving the black patient a less-aggressive prescription. The doctors didn’t appear racist, yet their unconscious snap reactions led them to treat blacks differently — the very definition of racism.However, about one in four of the doctors guessed that the study was designed to test racial bias. They stopped for a moment and considered how they might react differently depending onrace. The researchers found that this “aware” subgroup did not treat patients differently. Once they paused to consider whether race was an issue, race was no longer an issue.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness. If we need to understand how nine justices resolved a difficult legal issue, we need even more time.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid, even subliminal stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Sanford DeVoe and Chen-Bo Zhong, psychologists at the University of Toronto, found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into what ever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, as a study by the economists Bradley Ruffle and Ze’ev Shtudin er shows, we can help screeners understand their biases — or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage guru made famous in Malcolm Gladwell’s best-selling book “Blink,” explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we groun d such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: primates and dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term.The beginning of summer is supposed to be the time for us to slow down and take a breath. Go to the beach with a few books. Spend downtime with family. Tune out. But instead of jumping into the swimming pool, we have leapt into a whirlpool of news.Still, alt hough technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend. There are a couple of summer months left, and no time to waste.Frank Partnoy is a law professor at the University of San Diego and the author of “Wait: The Art and Science of Delay.”31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.[A] trust our first impression[B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A] critical assessment[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study[C] sensible explanation[D] adequate information35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant[B] uncertain[C] optimistic[D] doubtfulText4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frus tration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the。
2013年考研英语二真题及问题详解
2013全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题MBA, MPA, MPAcc 专业硕士统一考试Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)（本题答案在题号后）Given the advantage of electronic money, you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. _1 However , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2around_ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very 3.concept of money itself,” only to 4.reverse itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5.slow in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6.against the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7.expensive to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8.dominant form of payment.Second, electronic means of payment 14.raise security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15.stored there.Because this is not an 16.uncommon occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17.steal funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own. The 18.prevention of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to 19.cope with security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20.trail that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay, enti tled “Making It in America,” in the latest issue of The Atlantic, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and sagging middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the quantum advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra — their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment. Average is over.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. As they say, if horses could have voted, there never would have been cars. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed work ers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs — about 6 million in total —disappeared.”And you ain’t seen nothin’ yet. Last April, Annie Lowrey of Slate wrote about a start-up called “E la Carte” that is out to shrink the need for waiters and waitresses: The company “has produced a kind of souped-up iPad that lets you order and pay right at your table. The brainchild of a bunch of M.I.T. engineers, the nifty invention, known as the Presto, might be found at a restaurant near you soon. ... You select what you want to eat and add items to a cart. Depending on the restaurant’s preferences, the console could show you nutritional information, ingredients lists and photographs. You can make special requests, like ‘dressing on the side’ or ‘quintuple bacon.’ When you’re done, the order zings over to the kitchen, and the Presto tells you how long it will take for your items to come out. ... Bored with your companions? Play games on the machine. When you’re through with your meal, you pay on the console, splitting the bill item by item if you wish and paying however you want. And you can have your receipt e-mailed to you. ... Eachconsole goes for $100 per month. If a restaurant serves meals eight hours a day, seven days a week, it works out to 42 cents per hour per table — making the Presto cheaper than even the very cheapest waiter.”What the iPad won’t do in an above average way a Chinese worker will. Consider this paragraph from Sund ay’s terrific article in The Times by Charles Duhigg and Keith Bradsher about why Apple does so much of its manufacturing in China: “Apple had redesigned the iPhone’s screen at the last minute, forcing an assembly-line overhaul. New screens began arriving at the [Chinese] plant near midnight. A foreman immediately roused 8,000 workers inside the company’s dormitories, according to the executive. Each employee was given a biscuit and a cup of tea, guided to a workstation and within half an hour started a 12-hour shift fitting glass screens into beveled frames. Within 96 hours, the plant was producing over 10,000 iPhones a day. ‘The speed and flexibility is breathtaking,’ the executive said. ‘There’s no American plant that can match that.’ ”And automation is not just coming to manufacturing, explains Curtis Carlson, the chief executive of SRI International, a Silicon Valley idea lab that invented the Apple iPhone program known as Siri, the digital personal assistant. “Siri is the beginning of a huge transfor mation in how we interact with banks, insurance companies, retail stores, health care providers, information retrieval services and product services.”There will always be change — new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average. Here are the latest unemployment rates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for Americans over 25 years old: those with less than a high school degree, 13.8 percent; those with a high school degree and no college, 8.7 percent; those with some college or associate degree, 7.7 percent; and those with bachelor’s degree or higher, 4.1 percent.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to buttress employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] ro advance economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is BadText 2Imagine a new immigration policyA century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, "uccelli di passaggio," birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens fit for deportation. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it.We don't need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and particle physicists are among today's birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Imagine life with a radically different immigration policy: The Jamaican woman who came as a visitor and was looking after your aunt until she died could try living in Canada for a while. You could eventually ask her to come back to care for your mother.The Indian software developer could take some of his Silicon Valley earnings home to join friends in a little start-up, knowing that he could always work in California again. Or the Mexican laborer who busts his back on a Wisconsin dairy farm for wages that keep milk cheap would come and go as needed because he could decide which dairy to work for, and a bi-national bank program was helping him save money to build a better life for his kids in Mexico.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.A new system that encourages both sojourners and settlers would not only help ensure that our society receives the human resources it will need in the future, it also could have an added benefit: Changing the rigid framework might help us resolve the status of the estimated 11 million unauthorized migrants who are our shared legacy of policy failures.Currently, we do not do gray zones well. Hundreds of thousands of people slosh around in indeterminate status because they're caught in bureaucratic limbo or because they have been granted temporary stays that are repeatedly extended. President Barack Obama created a paler shade of gray this summer by exercising prosecutorial discretion not to deport some young people who were brought to this country illegally as children. But these are exceptions, not rules.The basic mechanism for legal immigration today, apart from the special category of refugee, is the legal permanent resident visa, or green card. Most recipients are people sponsored by close relatives who live in the United States. As the name implies, this mechanism is designed for immigrants who are settling down. The visa can be revoked if the holder does not show "intent to remain" by not maintaining a U.S. address, going abroad to work full time or just traveling indefinitely. Legal residents are assumed to be on their way to becoming Americans, physically, culturally and legally. After five years of living here, they become eligible for citizenship and a chance to gain voting rights and full access to the social safety net.This is a fine way to deal with people who arrive with deep connections to the country and who resolve to stay. That can and should be most immigrants. But this mechanism has two problems: The nation is not prepared to offer citizenship to every migrant who is offered a job. And not everyone who comes here wants to stay forever.It may have once made sense to think of immigrants as sodbusters who were coming to settle empty spaces. But that antique reasoning does not apply when the country is looking at a long, steep race to remain competitive in the world economy, particularly not when innovation and entrepreneurship are supposed to be our comparative advantage. To succeed, we need modern birds of passage.The challenges differ depending on whether you are looking at the high end of the skills spectrum, the information workers or at low-skilled laborers.A frequent proposal for highly skilled workers comes with the slogan, "Staple a green card to the diploma." That is supposed to ensure that a greater share of brainy international students remain in the United States after earning degrees in science and technology. But what if they are not ready for a long-term commitment? No one would suggest that investment capital or design processes need to reside permanently in one nation. Talent today yearns to be equally mobile. Rather than try to oblige smart young people from abroad to stay here, we should allow them to think of the United States as a place where they can always return, a place where they will spend part, not all, of their lives, one of several places where they can live and work and invest.Temporary-worker programs are a conventional approach to meeting low-skilled labor needs without illegal immigration. That's what President George W. Bush proposed in 2004, saying the government should "match willing foreign workers with willing American employers." An immigrant comes to do a particular job for a limited period of time and then goes home. But such programs risk replacing one kind of rigidity with another. The relatively small programs currently in place don't manage the matchmaking very well.Competing domestic workers need to be protected, as do the migrant workers, and the process must be nimble enough to meet labor market demand. Nobody really has pulled that off, and there is no reason to believe it can be done on a grand scale. Rather than trying to link specific migrants to specific jobs, different types of temporary work visas could be pegged to industries, to places or to time periods. You could get an engineering visa, not only a visa to work at Intel.Both short-term visas and permanent residence need to be part of the mix, but they are not the whole answer. Another valuable tool is the provisional visa, which Australia uses as a kind of intermediary stage in which temporary immigrants spend several years before becoming eligible for permanent residency. The U.S. system practically obliges visitors to spend time here without authorization when they've married a citizen, gotten a job or done something else that qualifies them to stay legally.We also could borrow from Europe and create long-term permission to reside for certain migrants that is contingent on simply being employed, not on having a specific job. And, legislation could loosen the definitions of permanent residency so that migrants could gain a lifetime right to live and work in the United States without having to be here (and pay taxes here) more or less continuously.The idea that newcomers are either saints or sinners is not written indelibly either in our hearts or in our laws. As the size of the unauthorized population has grown over the past 20 years or so, the political response has dictated seeing immigration policy through the stark lens of law enforcement:Whom do we lock up, kick out, fence off? Prominent politicians of both parties, including both presidential candidates, have engaged in macho one-upmanship when it comes to immigration. So, President Obama broke records for deportations. Mitt Romney, meanwhile, vows to break records for border security.Breaking out of the either/or mentality opens up many avenues for managing future immigration. It could also help break the stalemate over the current population of unauthorized migrants. No election result will produce a Congress that offers a path to citizenship for everybody, but there is no support for total deportation, either.If we accept that there are spaces between legal and illegal, then options multiply.Citizenship could be an eventual outcome for most, not all, people here illegally, but everyone would get some kind of papers, and we can engineer a way for people to work their way from one status to another. The newly arrived and least attached could be granted status for a limited time and receive help with returning to their home countries. Others might be offered life-long privileges to live and work here, but not citizenship. We'd give the fullest welcome to those with homes, children or long time jobs.By insisting that immigrants are either Americans or aliens, we make it harder for some good folks to come and we oblige others to stay for the wrong reasons. Worse, we ensure that there will always be people living among us who are outside the law, and that is not good for them or us.26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.[D]find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D]has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the autho r, today’s birds of passage want___[A] fiancial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D]the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance.[D]as mighty rivals.30 which is the most title?[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D]legal or illegal: big mistake.Text 3Beyond the BlinkWhen the Supreme Court announced its decision on the Affordable Care Act last month, the media went wild. The rush to judgment took seconds. CNN and Fox News initially described the decision incorrectly, saying five justices had struck down the law. Even after corrections, the snap analysis that followed wasn’t very helpful. The multipart decision is complex, and its ramifications will take months or even years to understand.The blink response to this case is only the latest example of a troubling increase in the speed of our reactions. E-mail, social media and the 24-hour news cycle are informational amphetamines, a cocktail of pills that we pop at an increasingly fast pace — and that lead us to make mistaken split-second decisions. Economists label the problem “present bias”: we are vulnerable to fast, salient stimulation.Fortunately, there is an antidote: the conscious pause. Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.For example, countless studies have shown that physicians’ immediate, unconscious reactions to racial minorities lead them to undertreat black patients. In one study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine in 2007, researchers asked several hundred doctors about a hypothetical 50-year-old male patient who showed up with chest pain. The researchers gave the doctors a photograph of the man, randomly varying his race. Half saw him as white; half saw him as black.Sure enough, although the doctors insisted they were not racially biased, they were more likely to prescribe thrombolysis, an anti-blood-clotting procedure, for the white patient, while giving the black patient a less-aggressive prescription. The doctors didn’t appear racist, yet thei r unconscious snap reactions led them to treat blacks differently — the very definition of racism.However, about one in four of the doctors guessed that the study was designed to test racial bias. They stopped for a moment and considered how they might react differently depending onrace. The researchers found that this “aware” subgroup did not treat patients differently. Once they paused to consider whether race was an issue, race was no longer an issue.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness. If we need to understand how nine justices resolved a difficult legal issue, we need even more time.But snap decisions in react ion to rapid, even subliminal stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Sanford DeVoe and Chen-Bo Zhong, psychologists at the University of Toronto, found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, as a study by the economists Bradley Ruffle and Ze’ev Shtudiner shows, we can help screeners understand their biases — or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage guru made famous in Malcolm Gladwell’s best-selling book “Blink,” explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: primates and dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term.The beginning of summer is supposed to be the time for us to slow down and take a breath. Go to the beach with a few books. Spend downtime with family. Tune out. But instead of jumping into the swimming pool, we have leapt into a whirlpool of news.Still, although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend. There are a couple of summer months left, and no time to waste.Frank Partnoy is a law professor at the University of San Diego and the author of “Wait: The Art and Science of Delay.”31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.[A] trust our first impression[B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A] critical assessment[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study[C] sensible explanation[D] adequate information35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant[B] uncertain[C] optimistic[D] doubtfulText4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the。
2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语二真题及参考答案
实用标准文档文案大全2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语二真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. __1__ ，a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been ___2__ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon revolutionize the very __3__ of money itself, only to __4___ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so___5___ in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7__ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the___8__ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to __10__ . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of float - it takes several days __11___ a check is cashed and funds are __12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13__ electronic payments are immediate; they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may __14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there. The fact that this is not an __16___ occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and __17___ from someone else's accounts. The __18__ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic __20___ that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1 [A] However [B] Moreover [C]Therefore [D]2 [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] off3 [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4 [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5 [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6 [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on7 [A] expensive [B] imaginative [C] sensitive [D] productive 8 [A] dominant [B] original [C] temporary [D] similar 9 [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10 [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down 11 [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] before 12 [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] withdrawn [D] released 13 [A] Unless [B] Because [C] Until [D] Though 14 [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D] ease实用标准文档文案大全15 [A] analyzed [B] shared [C]displayed [D]stored16 [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] unclear [D] uncommon 17 [A] choose [B] steal [C] benefit [D] return18 [A] consideration [B] manipulation [C] prevention [D] justification 19 [A] call for[B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] cope with 20 [A] chunk [B] chip [C] trail [D] path完形填空参考答案1．However 2．Around 3．History 4．Reverse 5．Slow6．Against 7．Experience 8．Similar 9．Provide 10．Give up 11．Before 12．Withdrawn 13．Though 14．Raise 15．Stored 16．Uncommon 17．Steal 18．Prevention 19．Cope with 20．ChipSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,”a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson's article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advantages in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreignIn the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won't earn you what it used to. It can't when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra - their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment. Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there's been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs - about 6 million in total -disappeared.”There will always be changed - new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21stcentury that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______实用标准文档文案大全 [A] the impact of technological advances [B] the alleviation of job pressure [C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______. [A] adopt an average lifestyle[B] work on cheap software [C] contribute something unique [D] ask for a moderate salary23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______ [A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed [C] factories are making much less money than before [D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____ [A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution [B] to ensure more education for people [C] to advance economic globalization [D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title forthe text? [A] Technology Goes Cheap [B] New Law Takes Effect [C] Recession Is Bad[D] Average Is OverText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don't need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today's birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths实用标准文档文案大全and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26. “Birds of passage” refers to those who___[A] find permanent jobs overseas[B] leave their home countries for good [C] immigrate across the Atlantic [D] stay in a foreign temporarily27. It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US____ [A] needs new immigrant categories[B] has loosened control over immigrants [C] should be adapted to meet challenges [D]has been fixed via political means28. According to the author, today's birds of passage want___[A] financial incentives [B] a global recognition[C] opportunities to get regular jobs [D]the freedom to stay and leave29. The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __ [A] as faithful partners [B] with regal tolerance[C] with economic favors [D]as mighty rivals30. the most appropriate title for this text would be . [A] Come and Go: Big Mistake[B] Living and Thriving : Great Risk [C] Legal or Illegal: Big Mistake [D] With or Without : Great RiskText 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren't exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we're doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long. Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thinslice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman实用标准文档文案大全really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds. Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn't changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend. 31. The time needed in making decisions may____. [A] vary according to the urgency of the situation [B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction [C] depend on the importance of the assessment [D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions____.[A] can be associative [B] are not unconscious [C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should . [A] trust our first impression [B] do as people usually do [C] think before we act [D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on____.[A] critical assessment [B] “thin sliced” study [C] sensible explanation [D] adequate information35. The author's attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____. [A] tolerant [B] uncertain [C] optimistic [D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe's topcorporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 per cent of positions on Europe corporate boards. The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women - up to 60 per cent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 per cent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family? “Personally, I don't like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way toequality and they break through the glass ceiling,”according to Reding,a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.实用标准文档文案大全I understand Reding's reluctance- and her frustration. I don't like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government bythe capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporationsin Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiringand promotion of women to top position - no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summitof corporate power - as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently didat Facebook - they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women - whether CEOs or their children's caregivers--and all families, Sandberg wouldbe no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person livingin a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____. [A] women take the lead [B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed [D] senior managementis family-friendly37. The European Union's intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance [B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding's call[D] a voluntary action38. According to Reding, quotas may help women ______. [A] gettop business positions [B] see through the glass ceiling [C] balance work and family [D] anticipate legal results39. The author's attitude toward Reding's appeal is one of _________.[A] skepticism [B] objectiveness [C] indifference [D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lackof ______. [A] more social justice[B] massive media attention [C] suitable public policies [D] greater “soft pressure”阅读理解A节参考答案21．The impact of technological advances 22．Contribute something unique23．Job opportunities are disappearing at high speed 24．To ensure more education for people 25．Average is over实用标准文档文案大全26．Stay in a foreign country temporarily 27．Should be adapted to more challenges 28．The freedom to stay and leave 29．With economic favors 30．Legal or Illegal:Big mistake31．Predetermine the accuracy of our judgment 32．Can be associated 33．Think before we act 34．Adequate information 35．Doubtful36．Men have the final say37．A reflection of gender balance 38．Get top business positions 39．Approval 40．Suitable public policies Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] Live like a peasant [B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends [D] Remember to treat yourself [E] Stick to what you need [F] Planning is everything [G] Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London's best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing. Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can –“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”- but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.41. _______ __Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being human, you'll sometimes change 实用标准文档文案大全your mind about what you fancy.42. _______ __This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying onecarrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.43. _______ __You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to go off' will be cooked or juiced.44. _______ __Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they'll let you have for free.45. _______ __You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ￡1.75 a week for three months gives you ￡21 —more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's ￡16.95 there ─ or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.阅读理解B节参考答案41．Planning is everything 42．stick to what you need 43．waste not, want not 44．shopkeepers are your friends 45．Remember to treat yourself 46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week, I've been able to do this, since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does - try to put it to one side. I don't think it's harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn't make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day - they both just pop into my mind in the same way.翻译参考答案实用标准文档文案大全我可以随便从过去53年中挑出1天立刻知道我在哪里，新闻中报道了什么，甚至那是哪周的哪一天。
2013考研英语二真题和答案解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it need to be. To the men and women who 1 in World War Ⅱand the people they liberated, the GI was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who 3 all the burdens of battles, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4 of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5 an average guy up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies in centuries.His name isn’t much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac…a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or vice- president or secretary of state Joe.GI. Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Emie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Poly 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about thedirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, GI. Joe was American soldiers, 20 the most important person in their lives.1. [A]performed[B]served[C]rebelled[D]betrayed2. [A]actual[B]common[C]special[D] normal3. [A]bore[B]caused[C]removed[D] loaded4. [A]necessities[B]facilities[C]commodities[D] properties5. [A]and[B]nor[C]but[D]hence6. [A]for[B]into[C]from[D]against7. [A]meaning[B]implying[C]symbolizing[D]claiming8. [A]handed out[B]turned over[C]brought back[D]passed down9. [A]pushed[B]got[C]made[D]managed10. [A]ever[B]never[C]either[D]neither11. [A]disguised[B]disturbed[C]disputed[D]distinguished12. [A]company[B]collection [C]community[D]colony13. [A]employed[B]appointed[C]interviewed[D]questioned14. [A]ethical[B]military[C]political[D]human15. [A] ruined[B] commuted[C] patrolled[D] gained16. [A]paralleled[B] counteracted[C] duplicated[D] contradicted17. [A] neglected[B] avoided[C]emphasized[D] admired18. [A] stages[B]illusions[C] fragments[D] advances19. [A] With [B] To[C] Among[D] Beyond20. [A] on the contrary[B] by this means[C] from the outset[D] at that pointSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recently years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct. The homework rules should be put on hold while the shool board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22. L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A] tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23. According to Paragraph 3’one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students’ indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict te achers’ power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4 a key question unanswered about homework is_____.[A] it should be eliminated[B] it counts much in schooling[C] it places extra burdens on teachers[D] it is important for grades25. A suitable title for this text could be____.[A] wrong Interpretations of an Educational Policy[B] A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C] Thorny Questions about Homework[D] A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText 2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmlyfuses girls’ identi ty to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attracti on to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s,when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase wassomething experts developed after years of research into children’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they sho uld create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences-or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying “it is … the rainbow” (Line3, Para.1), the author means pink____.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls’ innocence[C]cannot explain girls’ lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls’ lives and interests27. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?[A] Colours are encoded in girls’ DNA.[B] Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C] Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D] White is preferred by babies.28. The author suggests that our perception of children’s psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children’s nature[C]researches into children’s behaviour[D]studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids’ clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers’ terms30. It can be concluded that girls’ attra ction to pink seems to be____.[A]clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C]mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In2010, a federal judge shook Ame rica’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented .But in March 2012 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battleOn July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Muriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer .The chief executive of Mytiad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably notover. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriads A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature…than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are unlikely patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win paten ts for “connecting the dots,” explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyer on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like_____.[A] their executives to be active[B] judges to rule out gene patenting[C] genes to be patentable[D] the BIO to issue a warning32. Those who are against gene patents believe that_____.[A] genetic tests are not reliable[B] only man-made products are patentable[C] patants on genes depend much on innovation[D] courts should restrict access to genetic tests33. According to Hans Sauer , companies are eager to win patents for_____.[A] establishing disease correlations[B] discovering gene interactions[C] drawing pictures of genes[D] identifying human DNA34. By saying“Each meeting was packed”(Line 4,Para.6), the author means that______.[A] the supreme court was authoritative[B] the BIO was a powerful organisation[C] gene patenting was a great concern[D] lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is______.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] scornful[D] objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them - especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economic at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36. By saying “to find silver linings”(Line 1,Para.2)the author suggests that the jobless try to ___.[A] seek subsidies from the government[B] explore reasons for the unemployment[C] make profit from the troubled economy[D] look on the bright side of the recession37. According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people___.[A] realize the national dream[B] struggle against each other[C] challenge their prudence[D] reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may___.[A] impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B] bring out more evils of human nature[C] promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D] ease conflicts between races and classes39. The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from elite universities tend to___.[A] lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B] catch up quickly with experienced employees[C] see their life chances as dimmed as the others[D] recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is _____.[A] certain[B] positive[C] trivial[D] destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by reading information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Make your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)“University history, the history of what man has ac complished in the world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian Thomas Carlyle Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favorite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing Debins Illustribus-on Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders. Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and author of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist’s person experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smile wrote self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. “The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self -help, of patient purpose resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit.” wrote Smile,“what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself.” His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josian Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life. This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engel in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle, As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the soc ial contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transm itted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of greatmen. Whole new realms of understanding - from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day. Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint, and2)demand a prompt solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use“ZhangWei”instead.Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should1) describe the table, and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15point)某公司员工工作满意度调查2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(微博)英语(二)试题答案详解Section I Use of English1.【答案】B 【解析】从空后的句子“他们解放的人们”可以看出，空前的句子表示的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人。
2013年英语二考研真题及答案精校版
2013 年考研英语（二）真题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very 3 of money itself,” only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else’s accounts. The18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a largeamount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1.[A] Moreover [B] However [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2.[A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3.[A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4.[A] reverse [B] resist [C] resume [D] reward5.[A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6.[A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on7.[A] expensive [B] imaginative [C] sensitive [D] productive8.[A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9.[A] collect [B] copy [C] provide [D] print10.[A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11.[A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12.[A] kept [B] borrowed [C] withdrawn [D] released13.[A] Unless [B] Because [C] Until [D] Though14.[A] hide [B] express [C] ease [D] raise15.[A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16.[A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] unclear [D] uncommon17.[A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18.[A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19.[A] call for [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] cope with20.[A] chunk [B] chip [C] trail [D] pathSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America,” the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that h ave recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “In the 10 years ending in 2009, U.S. factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”There will always be changed—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I. T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G. I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high schooleducation.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate _______.[A] the impact of technological advances [B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills [D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to _______.[A] work on cheap software [B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average lifestyle [D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that _______.[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is _______.[A] to accelerate the I. T. revolution [B] to advance economic globalization[C] to ensure more education for people [D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect [B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over [D] Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need morecategories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26. “Birds of passage” refers to those who _______.[A] stay in a foreign country temporarily [B] leave their home countries for good[C] immigrate across the Atlantic [D] find permanent jobs overseas27. It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US _______.[A] needs new immigrant categories [B] has loosened control over immigrants[C] should be adapted to meet challenges [D] has been fixed via political means28. According to the author, today’s birds of passage want _______.[A] financial incentives [B] a global recognition[C] the freedom to stay and leave [D] opportunities to get regular jobs29. The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated _______.[A] as faithful partners [B] with legal tolerance[C] with economic favors [D] as mighty rivals30. The most appropriate title for this text would be _______.[A] Come and Go: Big Mistake [B] Living and Thriving: Great Risk[C] With or Without: Great Risk [D] Legal or Illegal: Big MistakeText 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing. Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explai ns that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may _______.[A] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] vary according to the urgency of the situation32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions _______.[A] can be associative [B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous [D] are not impulsive33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should _______.[A] trust our first impression [B] think before we act[C] do as people usually do [D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on _______.[A] critical assessment [B] “thin sliced” study[C] adequate information [D] sensible explanation35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is _______.[A] tolerant [B] optimistic [C] uncertain [D] doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe’s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on European corporate boards.The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, European Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a callto voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goals of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance—and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate public policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally _______.[A]women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union’s intended legislation is _______.[A] a reflection of gender balance [B] a response to Reding’s call[C] a reluctant choice [D] a voluntary action38. According to Reding, quotas may help women _______.[A] get top business positions [B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family [D] anticipate legal results39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _______.[A] skepticism [B] objectiveness [C] indifference [D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of _______.[A] more social justice [B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies [D] greater “soft pressure”Part BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitle from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Live like a peasant[B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends[D] Remember to treat yourself[E] Stick to what you need[F] Planning is everything[G] Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a we ek. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literaryagents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”—but eating well on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical foodies.41. _______________________Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, becau se, being human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42. _______________________This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.43. _______________________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off” will be coo ked or juiced.44. _______________________Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’v e any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you have for free.44. _______________________You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once ev ery few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—￡1.75 a week for three months gives you ￡21—more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s ￡16.95 there—or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat.Section ⅢTranslation46. Directions：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (15points)I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does—try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on the Broadway on the same day—they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section ⅣWritingPart A47. Directions：Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1) inform them about the details, and2) encourage them to participate.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” inste ad.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions：Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)2013年考研英语（一）真题答案解析Section Ⅰ Use of English1.【答案解析】正确答案是B。
2013年考研英语二真题
2013年考研英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) Given the advantages of electronic money,you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.___1___,a true cashless society is probably not around the corner.Indeed,predictions of such a society have been___2___for two decades but have not yet come to fruition.For example,Business Week predicted in1975that electronic means of payment“would soon revolutionize the very___3___of money itself,”only to___4___itself several years later.Why has the movement to a cashless society been so___5___in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper,several factors work__6___the disappearance of the paper system.First,it is very___7___to set up the computer,card reader,and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the___8___form of payment.Second,paper checks have the advantage that they___9___receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to___10___.Third,the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of"float"-it takes several days___11___a check is cashed and funds are___12___from the issuer's account,which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.___13___ electronic payments are immediate,they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment___14___security and privacy concerns.We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information___15___there.Because this is not an___16___occurrence,unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and___17___funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own.The___18___of this type of fraud is no easy task,and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___security issues.A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic___20___that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits.There are worries that government,employers,and marketers might be able to access these data,thereby encroaching on our privacy.1.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise2.[A]off[B]back[C]over[D]around3.[A]power[B]concept[C]history[D]role4.[A]reward[B]resist[C]resume[D]reverse5.[A]silent[B]sudden[C]slow[D]steady6.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]on7.[A]imaginative[B]expensive[C]sensitive[D]productive8.[A]similar[B]original[C]temporary[D]dominant9.[A]collect[B]provide[C]copy[D]print10.[A]give up[B]take over[C]bring back[D]pass down11.[A]before[B]after[C]since[D]when12.[A]kept[B]borrowed[C]released[D]withdrawn13.[A]Unless[B]Until[C]Because[D]Though14.[A]hide[B]express[C]raise[D]ease15.[A]analyzed[B]shared[C]stored[D]displayed16.[A]unsafe[B]unnatural[C]uncommon[D]unclear17.[A]steal[B]choose[C]benefit[D]return18.[A]consideration[B]prevention[C]manipulation[D]justification19.[A]cope with[B]fight against[C]adapt to[D]call for20.[A]chunk[B]chip[C]path[D]trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40 points)Text1In an essay entitled“Making It in America”,the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated:The average mill only two employees today,”a man and a dog.The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in bothglobalization and the information technology revolution,which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past,workers with average skills,doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle,But,today,average is officially over.Being average just won’t earn you what it used to.It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor,cheap robotics,cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius.Therefore,everyone needs to find theirextra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes,new technology has been eating jobs forever,and always will.But there’s been an acceleration.As Davidson notes,”In the10years ending in2009,[U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous70 years;roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about6million in total-disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs,new products,new services.But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution,the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over,there are many things we need to do to support employment,but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the21st century that ensures that every American has access topoet-high school education.21.The joke in Paragraph1is used to illustrate_______[A]the impact of technological advances[B]the alleviation of job pressure[C]the shrinkage of textile mills[D]the decline of middle-class incomes22.According to Paragraph3,to be a successful employee,one has to______[A]work on cheap software[B]ask for a moderate salary[C]adopt an average lifestyle[D]contribute something unique23.The quotation in Paragraph4explains that______[A]gains of technology have been erased[B]job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C]factories are making much less money than before[D]new jobs and services have been offered24.According to the author,to reduce unemployment,the most importantis_____[A]to accelerate the I.T.revolution[B]to ensure more education for people[C]ro advance economic globalization[D]to pass more bills in the21st century25.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A]New Law Takes Effect[B]Technology Goes Cheap[C]Average Is Over[D]Recession Is BadText2A century ago,the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners.Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay,and7millin people arrived while about2million departed.About a quarter of all Italian immigrants,for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good.They even had an affectionate nickname,“uccelli di passaggio,”birds of passage.Today,we are much more rigid about immigrants.We divide nemcomers into two categories:legal or illegal,good or bad.We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories,but we need to change the way we think about categories.We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal.To start,we can recognize the new birds of passage,those living and thriving in the gray areas.We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers,violinists,construction workers,entrepreneurs,engineers,home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage.They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work,money and ideas.They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them,They can manage tohave a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission,they straddle laws,jurisdictions and identities with ease.We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever.We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle.Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes.Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26“Birds of passage”refers to those who____[A]immigrate across the Atlantic.[B]leave their home countries for good.[C]stay in a foregin temporaily.[D]find permanent jobs overseas.27It is implied in paragraph2that the current immigration stystem in theUS____[A]needs new immigrant categories.[B]has loosened control over immigrants.[C]should be adopted to meet challenges.[D]has been fixeed via political means.28According to the author,today’s birds of passage want___[A]fiancial incentives.[B]a global recognition.[C]opportunities to get regular jobs.[D]the freedom to stay and leave.29The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated__[A]as faithful partners.[B]with economic favors.[C]with legal tolerance.[D]as mighty rivals.30which of the best title for the passage?[A]come and go:big mistake.[B]living and thriving:great risk.[C]with or without:great risk.[D]legal or illegal:big mistake.Text3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions,if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react,we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick,hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms;if we are judging whether someone is dangerous,our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds.But we need more time to assess other factors.To accurately tell whether someone is sociable,studies show,we need at least a minute,preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality,like neuroticism oropen-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm.Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read20percent faster,even though reading has little to do with eating.We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences.If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face(one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling),we can take a moment before buying.If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants,we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman,the marriage expert,explains that we quickly“thin slice”information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in“thick sliced”long-term study.When Dr.Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together,he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation;two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates usfrom animals:doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about12percent of our days contemplating the longer term.Although technology might change the way we react,it hasn’t changed our nature.We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31.The time needed in making decisions may____.[A]vary according to the urgency of the situation[B]prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C]depend on the importance of the assessment[D]predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32.Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.[A]can be associative[B]are not unconscious[C]can be dangerous[D]are not impulsive33.Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.[A]trust our first impression[B]do as people usually do[C]think before we act[D]ask for expert advice34.John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A]critical assessment[B]‘‘thin sliced’’study[C]sensible explanation[D]adequate information35.The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A]tolerant[B]uncertain[C]optimistic[D]doubtfulText4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular,the corporate workplacewill never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male.indeed,women hold only14percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to60percent.This proposed mandate was born of st year,Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action.Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of40percent female board membership.But her appeal was considered a failure:only24companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally,I don’t like quotas,”Reding said recently.“But i like what the quotas do.”Quotas get action:they“open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,”according to Reding,a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration.I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy,government by the capable.But,when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal,it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all,four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much“soft pressure”is put upon them.When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as,for example,Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families,Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36.In the European corporate workplace,generally_____.[A]women take the lead[B]men have the final say[C]corporate governance is overwhelmed[D]senior management is family-friendly37.The European Union’s intended legislation is________.[A]a reflection of gender balance[B]a reluctant choice[C]a response to Reding’s call[D]a voluntary action38.According ti Reding,quotas may help women______.[A]get top business positions[B]see through the glass ceiling[C]balance work and family[D]anticipate legal results39.The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of_________.[A]skepticism[B]objectiveness[C]indifference[D]approval40.Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of______.[A]more social justice[B]massive media attention[C]suitable public policies[D]greater“soft pressure”Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph(41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)[A]Live like a peasant[B]Balance your diet[C]Shopkeepers are your friends[D]Remember to treat yourself[E]Stick to what you need[F]Planning is evervthing[G]Waste not,want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits.After bills,Tony has£60a week to spend,£40of which goes on food,but10years ago he was earning£130,000a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'"at least twice a week.Then his marriage failed,his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life.And I felt like that again,to a certain degree,when people responded to the blog so well.It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost.But it's still a day-by-day thing."Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents.He's feeling positive,but he'll carry on blogging-not about eating as cheaply as you can-"there are so many people in a much worse state,with barely any money to spend on food"-but eating well on a budget.Here's his advice for economical foodies.41._____________________Impulsive spending isn't an option,so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities.I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast,lunch and dinner.Stop laughing:it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet.It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly,because,being-human,you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42____________________________________________________________This is where supermarkets and thci;anonymity come in handy.With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly,you'll know that you only need,say,350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon,not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.43_________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer-that's not good enough.Mine is filled with leftovers,bread,stock,meat and fish.Planning ahead should eliminate wastage,but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup,and all fruits threatening to"go off'will be cooked or juiced.44___________________________________Everyone says this,but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters.Shop at butchers,delis and fish-sellers regularly,even for small things,and be super friendly.Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews,or beef bones,chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which,more often than not, Theyil let you have for free.45__________________You won't be eating out a lot,but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant-£1.75a week for three months gives you£21-more than"enough for a three-course lunch atMichelin-starred Arbutus.It's£16.95there-or£12.99for a large pizza from Domino's:I know which I'd rather eat.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English to Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)I can pick a date from the past53years and know instantly where I was,what happened in the news and even the day of the week,I’ve been able to do this,since I was4.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs.My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly.When I think of a sad memory,I do what everybody does–try to put it to one side.I don't think it's harder for me just because my memory is clearer.Powerful memory doesn't make my emotions any more acute or vivid.I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before.I also remember that the musical Hair opened on Broadway on the same day–they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section IV Writing47.Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help.Write your classmates an email to1)inform them about the details and2)encourage them to participate100words use Li Ming.Don't write your address.(10points)48.Write an essay based on the following chart in your writing,you should(1)interpret the chart,and(2)give your commentsYou should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
绝密★启用前2013 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试卷（A）考生注意事项：1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。
2. 答题前，考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考生编号”等信息。
3. 答案必须按要求填涂或书写在指定的答题卡上。
(1) 英语知识运用，阅读理解 A 节、B 节的答案填涂在答题卡 1 上。
填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求用 2B 铅笔完成。
如需改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。
(2) 英译汉和写作部分必须用蓝黑色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡 2 上做答。
字迹要清楚。
4. 考试结束，将试题，答题卡 1 和答题卡 2 一并装入试题袋中交回。
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. 1 the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are 2 . Paper is alsobio-degradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. 3 45out of every 100 tons of wood fiber used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the restcomes directly from virgin fiber from forests and plantations. By world standards this is a good 4 since the world-wide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged wastepaper collection and 5 schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have 6 even greater utilization of used fiber. 7 ,industry’s use of recycled fibers is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fiber over the comingyears.Already, waste paper 8 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology 9 to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled 10 in newsprint and writingpaper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also 11 . We need to accept achange in the quality of paper products; 12 stationery may be less white and 13 a roughertexture. There also needs to be 14 from the community for waste paper collection programs. Notonly do we need to make the paper 15 to collectors but it also needs to be separated into differenttypes and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous 16 .There are technical 17 to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paperproducts cannot be collected for reuse. These include paper 18 books and permanent records,photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common 19 of paperfor recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material 20 goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paperconverters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. Thepaper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.1．A．Despite B．Unlike C．With D．Even2．A．replaceable B．removable C．respectable D．responsible3．A．While B．When C．If D．Because4．A．function B．quality C．consequence D．performance5．A．tidying B．classifying C．placing D．selecting6．A．given rise to B．thrown light on C．paved the way for D．made use of7．A．As a result B．In the end C．All in all D．In conclusion8．A．consumes B．consults C．constructs D．constitutes9．A．inquired B．required C．resorted D．indicated10．A．contest B．contact C．content D．contend11．A．contribute B．pay C．award D．reward12．A．such as B．just as C．other than D．for example13．A．by B．in C．of D．for14．A．encouraged B．supported C．defended D．bred15．A．available B．compatible C．durable D．negligible16．A．compounds B．compositions C．mixtures D．items17．A．requests B．needs C．limitations D．problems18．A．in the form of B．in the light of C．in the case of D．in the name of 19．A．materials B．resources C．substances D．sources20．A．to which B．in which C．by which D．through whichSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1What exactly was the historical significance of Nov. 9, 1989? Having spent much of the summer of that year in Berlin, I have long bitterly regretted that I was not there to join in the party the night the wall came down. I mean, what kind of an aspirant historian misses history being made?But two Berlin friends recently made me feel better by confessing that, despite being in the right city on the right date, they too missed the fall of the wall. One simply slept through the tumultuous events that unfolded after an East German official casually stated that the border was open. Her brother tried to rouse her, but she assumed he was joking when he shouted through her bedroom door: "The wall's coming down!" My other friend deliberately went to bed early to be fresh for a morning yoga class. It took her a while the next morning to work out why she was the only one to show up.That set me thinking. Could it be that my friends and I didn't in fact miss an event ofworld-historical importance? Was the fall of the Berlin Wall not really History with a capital H, but just news with a lower-case n—a wonderful story for journalists but, 20 years on, actually not that big a deal? Could it be that what happened 10 years earlier, in the annus mirabilis 1979, was the real historical turning point?Sure, it was nice for East Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, and Poles—not to mention the peoples ofthe Baltics, the Balkans, Ukraine, and the Caucasus—that they got rid of dreary communism and discovered the pleasures (and occasional pains) of free markets and free elections. What the British historian and eye-witness Timothy Garton Ash has called the "refolution" (reform plus revolution) that swept Central and Eastern Europe was a splendid thing, not least because the communist regimes were toppled with amazingly little bloodshed. Only in Yugoslavia, where the communists clung to power in the guise of Serbian nationalists, was there the kind of celebration that usually accompanies the end of empire—and Yugoslavia, paradoxically, was the Eastern European country that had been the first to break free of Moscow, and the first to introduce market reforms.It may seem perverse to question the historical significance of the collapse of the Soviet empire in Mitteleuropa, and then the collapse of the Soviet Union itself. I suspect most Americans today share the Yale historian John Lewis Gaddis's view that 1989 saw the triumphant end of the Cold War, a victory achieved above all by President Ronald Reagan, though nobly assisted by Margaret Thatcher—despite her deep reservations about the unintended consequences of German reunification—and the Polish Pope John Paul II.21. In the very beginni ng, the author‟s experience is mentioned to _____.A. reveal his status of being a historianB. introduce the topic of this essayC. call attention to the historical eventD. take pride in his being a witness22. According the second paragraph, which of the following is TRUE?A. two Berlin residents accompanied the writer to the fall of the wallB. the event was started first on the western side of the famous wallC. one friend was warming up for a yoga class for that special nightD. most people were absent from the class the day after the fall-down23. By …paradoxically”, the author means ______.A. the last communist regime turned out to be the first one against communismB. Yugoslavia remained a communist loyalty even after the Soviet collapseC. A British scholar created a funny word which was really splendid in EuropeD. The fact that little blood was spilled over this revolution surprised most scholars24. In the view of J.L.Gaddis, the end of Cold War _____.A. was brought about by the collapse of the Soviet UnionB. was accomplished with the assistance of GermansC. was notably attributed to the leadership of ReaganD. was deeply doubted by the British prime minister25. The author seems to be mainly concerned with ______.A. significance of historical eventsB. story of the toppled Berlin wallC. reporting of some witnessesD. suspicion of historiansText 2On Wednesday, the Iowa Department of Public Health reported the first confirmed case of H1N1 ina house pet, a 13-year-old domestic shorthaired cat. The animal likely contracted the virus from its owners, veterinarians say, since two of the three family members living in the cat's household had recently suffered from influenza-like illness. Late last week, when the cat came down with flu-like symptoms — malaise, loss of appetite — its owners brought it to Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine for treatment. The family mentioned to the vet that they had also recently battled illness, which led to testing the pet for H1N1.It's not yet clear how vulnerable cats, dogs and other household animals may be to the new virus, but the Iowa cat's case reinforces just how different H1N1 is from seasonal flu viruses. Although some household cats and certain wild cats in zoos have gotten ill with avian influenza, and dogs have their own canine version of the flu virus, pets don't normally get sick with the regular human flu. "There has never been a report of human seasonal influenza affecting cats or dogs," says Dr. Julie Levy, director of Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program at the College of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Florida. It's possible that the Iowa cat's case may be a bellwether of future pet disease, but it's also possible it was just a fluke event. At the cat's advanced age, its immune system may not have been as adept at fending off influenza as that of a younger animal — similar to the vulnerability seen in aging humans. Still, says Dr. Ann Garvey, state public-health vet at the Iowa Department of Public Health, "We just don't know. We really don't."Garvey notes that despite nearly 25,000 cases of positive, lab-confirmed H1N1 in people reported in the U.S. since last spring, the Iowa cat is the first pet to be documented with the virus. But before pet owners start suspecting Fido and Fluffy of being H1N1 hotbeds, Garvey stresses that so far, no cases of influenza of any kind in pets — including cases of bird flu — are known to have moved from animals into people. And even among the animals, the virus does not appear to spread easily, which may further suggest that pets are not ideal reservoirs for influenza.That's good news for pet lovers and flu worriers. And so is the fact that the cat seems to be recovering well from its bout with H1N1. "Both the owners and the cat are recovering," says Garvey. As for anyone else who is worried about spreading H1N1 flu to their pets, vets recommend followingthe same guidelines that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest for protecting family members — wash your hands frequently, cover your coughs and try to avoid close contact with your furry friends until you're well.26. Which of the following can be diagnosed as flu according to the passage?A. constant coughB. running noseC. decreased desire for eatingD. loss of weight27. Dr. Levy maintains that ______.A. human virus is unlikely to pass on to household pets.B. H1N1 can be treated likewise to regular seasonal flu.C. wild cats can be particularly vulnerable to flu virus.D. Canine version of the flu virus is shared among cats.28. From paragraph 3, we may learn that ______.A. H1N1 may not be the sole contributor to the Iowa cat‟s conditionB. Smaller animals are more proficient to defeat the invasion of fluC. The fact that aged people have higher risk is not proved true yet.D. The immune system of the Iowa cat has already been destroyed29. According to Dr. Garvey, the flu virus _____.A. was first documented in the Iowa catB. could be easily transferred to human beings.C. spread faster than any other type of bird fluD. might be effortlessly fended off by various pets.30. The tone used by the author seems to be_____.A.neutralB.optimisticC.subjectiveD.worriedText 3Do you think you're more likely to look at an online ad if it contains 1) a picture, 2) an animation, or 3) just text? The answer: just text. Surprised? Well, now consider the man who was checking hiswhen he came across a dating-service ad featuring a picture of a bikini-clad woman. He looked at the woman's face and chest once — and then at the surrounding text five times. The Internet has cracked open a brave new world for folks whose job it is to spend ad dollars. The ability to track where aWeb-user clicks provides a sort of precision intelligence advertisers could have only dreamed of in decades past. But before a click comes a look, and according to new research, advertisers are often wrong about what attracts our attention.The findings are presented in a chapter of a new book, Eyetracking Web Usability, by Jakob Nielen and Kara Pernice of the consultancy Nielsen Norman Group. Don't let the bland title fool you — what Nielsen and Pernice have done is track the eye movements of hundreds of people as they navigate Web sites, looking up advice on how to deal with heartburn, shopping for baby presents, picking cell-phone features, learning about Mikhail Baryshnikov. By bouncing infrared beams off a person's retinas and recording head movement with a camera, the researchers were able to deduce what sort of ads garner attention in real time — a methodology that runs laps around later asking people to recall what they saw. Now, looking at an ad and being vaguely aware of it are two different things. Plenty passes throughour peripheral vision, but because of the way the eye works, we only thoroughly see things that westop at and observe deliberately. By that measure, people in the study saw 36% of the ads on the pages they visited — not a bad hit rate. The average time a person spent looking at an ad, though, was brief — one-third of a second.Interestingly, people who were just browsing the Web only looked at 5% more ads than those tryingto accomplish a specific task. Even when we're on a mission, we're still fairly willing to stop and lookat an ad. Though there was one sort of web site where ads rarely registered: pages built around search boxes, Google's tribute to white space on its home page might be sleek design.Then there was the result that most surprised the researchers: Text-only ads received the most looks. Part of that might be because we accidentally think text-only ads are part of the information we're looking for. But as Nielsen explains it, the nature of the Web itself might be coming into play, as well. Unlike television, which is a passive medium, the Web is all about taking action.31. It can be inferred from the beginning that _____.A. it takes longer for a man to observe a woman than to read the text ad.B. the customer attention is more often than not ignored by advertisers.C. Tracing back to the user used to be thought of as an impossibility.D. A brave new world is open to those who enjoy spending money32. Ordinary people browse the internet for the sake of ____A. buying gifts for kidsB. offering professional adviceC. exchanging mobile phonesD. studying Russian history33. “peripheral”(Paragraph 3) probably means _____.A. accurateprehensiveC.mistyD.intentional34. It can be concluded that ads. attract the most attention because _____.A. information tends to be disguised in text ads.B. we‟re willing to stop a task and to read ads.C. search boxes are designed for catching attention.D. the interactive Internet plays an undeniable role.35. What is going to be discussed in the following paragraphs?A. An example to show how Web works for text-only ads.B. A summary of what those researchers have discovered.C. An introduction to TV channels showing text ads.D. A transition to online ads in the form of animationText 4Depending on who you are, where you grew up, and, frankly, the color of your skin, you'll mostlikely react in one of two ways to Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire The film tells the story of Claireece (Precious) Jones and her struggle to survive a life overfull with misery. Pregnant for the second time with a child fathered by her own father, abused physically, emotionally, and sexually by her mother, Precious is also illiterate, obese, and friendless. Precious is not an easy movie to watch, and there are people in the black community who wish that you wouldn't. They insist that it is yet another stereotypical, demonizing representation of black people. The other camp, however, is thrilled to see a depiction of a young African-American woman that, while heartbreaking, is a portrait of the black experience that has been overlooked on the sunny horizon that stretches from The Cosby Show to House of Payne. Unfortunately, both of those reactions miss the movie's most searing message.I wish I could agree with those who say Precious is just one more movie that feeds our vision of ourselves as victims. Even that would have been better than what lies underneath: the fact that black people have begun to accept as unchangeable the lot of those stuck in the ghetto.How else to explain that while the film is set in 1987, no one seems outraged that so little has changed in the inner city in the more than 20 years since? Precious is a period piece that feels like a documentary. The public-education system is still failing to raise graduation rates above 50 percent in the worst neighborhoods. The public-welfare system has yet to offer a real path out of poverty, andchild-protection services is still struggling to protect children. While I agree that we've gotten too comfortable seeing ourselves on film as martyrs and underdogs, so what? The real devastation at the heart of this film is that it can't offer Precious a more concrete way out of her predicament. Yes, Precious is changed at the end of the movie, able not only to read and write but also to move toward a better life. But that isn't enough. I wanted just a hint that she would also escape the hell that was (is) urban poverty. Precious was lucky to find the alternative school that could help her. But that's fiction. In reality, there are far more Preciouses than there are teachers to help them. Movies such as this one allow us to forget that.36. One reaction to Precious is that____.A. it often ignored the black experienceB. there was a distorted image of blacksC. the story exhibited too much miseryD. it broke the heart of American women37. The basic attitude towards blacks in The Cosby Show can be described as ______.A. typicalB.positiveC.indifferentD.objective38. “lot”(Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to _____.A.lotteryB.hardshipC.futureD.destination39. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.less than half of the students can graduate in some areasB. poor people can‟t receive enough support from the systemC. kids are still under-protected and prey to family abuseD. Precious is more than fortunate to get rid of her misfortune40. This piece of writing seems to be taken from _____.A.a film review C.a newspaper clipB.a book commentary D.a story reportPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A Further StudyB Length of CoursesC High SchoolD GenderE Student SourceF Educational BackgroundG Student AgeA recently published analysis of a major survey taken of international students in Australia is providing up-to-date data for teachers and marketers of English language training programs.41._______________________________________________The major regions of student representation in the survey were Asia with 73.4% of students, Europe 10.2%, Pacific 0.5%, and Other 7%. Japanese students formed the largest national group, representing 34% of the student population. Other national regional groups represented, in descending order, were Taiwan, Korea, Indonesia, Switzerland, Hong Kong, Thailand, other European countries, China, and Iran. Increases in arrivals since the early 1990s have occurred from all China, with an increase ofalmost 50% form Western Europe.42._______________________________________________Approximately one-third of the students questioned, three-quarters were 25 and under, Only 8%were aged over 20 years and under, and almost 30, and fewer than 3% were over 35. Almost half of all students aged between 31 and 35 were students in Australia on student visas. As expected, a very high proportion (79%) of working holiday visa holders were aged between 21 and 25. Tourist visa holders ranged from under 20 to 31. The oldest students were from Iran, with 60% aged over 30 and 25% over 35. Students from China also tended to be older than other nationalities, with 25% in the over 30 age bracket. More than half the Korean students were in their early 20s, with only a few over 25. Students from Hong Kong were also predominantly young, with over half aged under 20. At least 20% of students from all major national groups, except Korea and China, were under 20 years of age. Indonesian students were the youngest, with over 60% under 20.43._______________________________________________Overall, female students outnumbered male students in the survey. However, there were more males than females from four countries: Iran, Indonesia, Korea, and, to a lesser extent, China. Females accounted for 60% of students from Taiwan, Switzerland, and Japan. Gender differences concerning the responses to questions were noticed, but varied widely according to nationality.44._______________________________________________A very high proportion (87%) of students had completed senior high school or better. Just underone-third had completed a university degree, and 5% had completed a postgraduate degree. Over a third had at least completed high school, and over 20% had completed a technical diploma or junior college. Students with a maximum middle school education formed less than 7% of all respondents, and came predominantly from Hong Kong, Indonesia, and Taiwan. Iranian students were among the highest educated, with more than half having already completed a postgraduate degree. Koreans, Thais, and Chinese were also particularly well educated, with over 60% of each national group having completed at least a first a university degree. Almost half of the Japanese and more than half of the Swiss respondents had completed education to senior high school level or less.45._______________________________________________While student visa holders took either 10-29 week or 40 week courses, most students on working holiday and tourist visas took courses of less than 10 weeks, or from 10 to 19 weeks in length. More than 50% of all students were taking courses of between 10 and 29 weeks, with the proportion fairly evenly divided between the 10-19 week and 20-29 week ranges. A large proportion of students were taking courses of at least 40 weeks in length, and only a few students in dictated enrollment in courses shorter than 10 weeks. There were noticeable differences between nationalities, with Koreans, Japanese, and Taiwanese taking longer courses than other nationalities, and Swiss and other European students taking much shorter courses.Section III TranslationDirections:In this section there is a text in English. Translate the text into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Graduating students from Harvard Business School are lining up in their droves to sign an oathwhich requires them to “create value responsibly and ethically”.The oath is the brainchild of second-year Harvard MBA Maxwell Anderson, who hoped that 50 per cent of the Harvard class of 900 students would sign up to the oath by graduation this week. The oath was initiated just three weeks ago.Harvard is not the first school to come up with the idea of an MBA oath or pledge. Thunderbird in Arizona instigated the scheme some years ago. And when MBAs from the Ivey school at theUniversity of Western Ontario in Canada graduate they take the Ivey Pledge and wear the Ivey Ring, which signifies their lifetime commitmen t “to act honorably and ethically in all dealings, in the belief and knowledge that doing so will lead to a greater good and, above all, aspire to make a positive contribution to my society.”Section IV WritingPart ADirections: Based on the situation below, you‟re asked to read it carefully and then write a letter to suggestion in 80-100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)情景设计：由于去图书馆借书时，发现图书馆的电脑大部分键盘在操作上都有问题，并且购买新书或者订购学术性期刊的工作效率低下，同时，自习室的照明设备也不够明亮，希望能够提高图书馆的服务质量。