Skeletal Muscle Mechanics
肌细胞的收缩功能
箭毒传说
美洲的古印第安人在遇到敌人入侵时，女人和儿童在 后方将箭毒木的汁液涂于箭头，供男人在战场上杀敌。 1859年土著民族在和英军交战时，这种毒箭的杀伤力 使英军惊恐万分。
传说西双版纳最早发现箭毒木汁液含有剧毒的是一位 傣族猎人。这位猎人被一只硕大的狗熊紧逼而被迫爬 上一棵大树，可狗熊仍不放过他,生死存亡的紧要关头， 猎人折断一根树枝刺向正往树上爬的狗熊，奇迹突然 发生了，狗熊立即落地而死。从那以后猎人就学会了 把箭毒木的汁液涂于箭头用于狩猎。
The myofibrils contain thick and thin
filamentscomposed of contractile proteins. 粗肌丝：含有肌凝蛋白，又称肌球蛋白。
Thick filaments contain the protein myosin .
细肌丝：含有肌纤蛋白（又称肌动蛋 白）、原肌凝蛋白（原肌球蛋白）和肌 钙蛋白。
肌原纤维由肌丝构成。
The fibrils are divided into individual filaments.
肌丝由收缩蛋白构成。
The filaments are made up of the contractile proteins.
肌丝 Filaments
肌原纤维：含有粗肌丝和细肌丝
症状
副交感神经和分布于汗腺的交感神经节后纤维 的胆碱能受体兴奋，表现腺体分泌增加，可见 大汗、流涎和支气管分泌物增多。虹膜括约肌 收缩使瞳孔缩小，胃肠平滑肌兴奋引起恶心、 呕吐、腹泻、腹痛。心血管系统受抑制而致心 跳缓慢，血压下降。
以上症状与毒蕈中毒症状相似故称毒蕈碱样
症状
运动神经肌肉连接点胆碱能受体兴奋，表现肌 肉纤维颤动或抽搐，晚期则见肌无力或麻痹。 交感神经节前纤维和支配肾上腺髓质交感神经 胆碱能受体兴奋可见血压上升、心率加快、体 温升高等症状，这与烟碱中毒的症状相似，称 烟碱样作用。
914730-生物-肌组织-2015-10-27
第7章肌组织（Muscle tissue）组织胚胎学教研室张喜梅掌握：三种肌组织的光镜结构与功能；骨骼肌与心肌的超微结构及二者的不同点。
一、骨骼肌（skeletal muscle）※（一）骨骼肌纤维的光镜结构※（二）骨骼肌纤维的超微结构(三)骨骼肌的收缩机制(四)肌肉的构造(五)骨骼肌纤维的分型二、心肌（cardiac muscle）※（一）心肌纤维的光镜结构※（二）心肌纤维的超微结构三、平滑肌（smooth mucle）※（一）平滑肌纤维的光镜结构（二）平滑肌纤维的超微结构肌组织（muscle tissue）肌组织（muscle tissue）组成：肌细胞┄肌纤维muscle fiber肌膜(sarcolemma)┄肌细胞膜肌(质)浆(sarcoplasm)┄肌细胞质肌浆(质)网(sarcoplasmic reticulum)┄滑面内质网肌丝(myofilament)┄肌纤维舒缩的主要物质基础少量结缔组织、血管、淋巴管、神经肌组织（muscle tissue ）随意肌：收缩受人的意识支配骨骼肌横纹肌(striated muscle )肌纤维上有明暗相间的横纹不随意肌：收缩不受人的意识支配心肌平滑肌无横纹分类：一、骨骼肌（skeletal muscle）※(一)骨骼肌纤维的光镜结构※(二)骨骼肌纤维的超微结构(三)骨骼肌的收缩机制(四)肌肉的构造(五)骨骼肌纤维的分型skeletal muscleskeletal muscleskeletal muscleskeletal muscle肌卫星细胞（muscle satellite cell）1.横纹2.细长圆柱形3.核：多个，卵圆形，肌膜下方4.肌浆：肌原纤维(myofibril ）5.基膜：位于肌膜外肌卫星细胞(muscle satellite cell )：位于骨骼肌纤维与基膜之间，多突起，核扁圆。
为潜在的成肌细胞(myoblast )，即干细胞，在生长的肌组织中量多，成年时量少。
骨骼肌收缩实验操作流程
骨骼肌收缩实验操作流程英文回答：Skeletal Muscle Contraction Experiment Procedure. Materials:Isolated skeletal muscle (e.g., frog muscle)。
Muscle stimulator.Force transducer.Data acquisition system.Physiological saline solution.Reagents for muscle preparation (if necessary)。
Procedure:1. Preparation:Carefully isolate the skeletal muscle from the animal and immerse it in physiological saline solution.Remove any connective tissue or other non-muscle elements.Prepare the muscle for stimulation by treating it with appropriate reagents (if necessary).2. Mounting and Stimulation:Mount the muscle on a force transducer connected tothe data acquisition system.Position the muscle electrodes for optimal stimulation.Calibrate the force transducer to ensure accurate measurement of muscle force.3. Data Collection:Establish baseline muscle activity by applying a small stimulation current.Gradually increase the stimulation current and record the corresponding changes in muscle force.Collect data for multiple stimulation frequencies and durations.4. Stimulus-Response Curve:Determine the relationship between stimulation intensity and muscle force by plotting the data obtained in step 3.The resulting curve represents the stimulus-response relationship of the skeletal muscle.5. Fatigue Test:Repeat the stimulation protocol at a constant frequency for an extended period of time.Monitor muscle force over time to evaluate muscle fatigue.6. Recovery:After the fatigue test, rest the muscle for a period of time.Restimulate the muscle to assess recovery of muscle function.7. Data Analysis:Calculate the following parameters from the collected data:Maximum force.Threshold for contraction.Optimal stimulation frequency.Fatigue rate.Recovery time.Interpretations:The stimulus-response curve provides insights into the excitation-contraction coupling process.The fatigue test reveals the muscle's ability to sustain contraction over time.The recovery data indicates the muscle's capacity for restoration of function.中文回答：骨骼肌收缩实验操作流程。
解剖学双语
Muscles of head 头肌
Facial muscles 面肌
Epicranius 颅顶肌
Frontal belly 额腹 Occipital belly 枕腹 Galea aponeurotica 帽状腱膜
Orbicularis oculi 眼轮匝肌 Buccinator 颊肌 Orbicularis oris 口轮匝肌 Nasalis 鼻肌
Major muscles of the neck
Scalenus anterior 前斜角肌
Origin: transverse processes of C3C6.
Insertion: tubercle for scalenus anterior
Action: unilateral, bends neck laterally; bilateral, elevate first rib, an accessory muscle of inspiration; if rib is fixed, flex neck anteriorly
Nomenclature of mucles 肌的命名: shape size Location their points of attachment
Myology 肌学
Accessory structures Fascia 筋膜
Superficial fascia Deep fascia
Synovial bursa 滑膜囊
Myology 肌学
Tendinous sheath 腱鞘
Fibrous layer Synovial layer:
Mesotendon 腱系膜 vincula tendinum 腱纽
提升骨骼肌的方法
提升骨骼肌的方法（原文于2022年10月14日发表在：AXFITNESS艾希健身）索引径向增长：超微层面在前文当中，我们提出了“肌纤维的径向生长是驱动肌肥大的主要动因之一”，今天我们就来深入的讨论径向生长在超微层面产生的适应。
但在此之前，必须要先明确肌肉张力（tension）的概念。
肌肉张力指的是每一个肌肉横截面（CSA）产生的最大等长力。
在肌纤维层面来说，肌肉张力的基本前提是最大等长力直接取决于力生成原件（force production elements）的数量（即肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白）、而这些力生成原件又直接取决于肌纤维的横截面积【1】。
通俗的来说，肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白等肌原纤维的横截面积越大、肌肉张力就越大。
为什么我们要明确这个概念呢，因为如果单论肌肉横截面积而言，它不仅包括力生成相关的收缩原件（肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白），还包括线粒体、肌浆网、细胞内液、结缔组织等非收缩原件。
而肌肉张力跟后者并无直接关系。
如果肌纤维的横截面积（CSA）增加肌张力等比例增加，则可以推定收缩原件和非收缩原件是等比例增加的；反之，如果肌纤维CSA增加但相对张力下降，则可以认为是非收缩原件的增加比例更大。
因此，可以通过测定特定张力的数值对肌纤维径向生长机制进行深入的了解。
虽然健美运动员的肌肉量比力量举运动员更大，但同等体重健美运动员的力量却不如力量举运动员。
导致这种现象的可能原因是：健美运动员的非收缩性元素（即肌浆肥大）占比相对更高，其中包括糖原等能量型物质【2】。
但这种说法经得起推敲吗？有研究测量了健美运动员、力量举运动员的肌纤维张力，结果发现，健美运动员的肌肉张力更低。
但这个实验存在一个问题，即12名健美运动员当中有9名承认使用过合成代谢类固醇，而合成代谢类固醇会改变蛋白质的组成和肌纤维形态【3】。
另一个实验当中显示，使用合成代谢类固醇的被试（健美/力量举），在6个月的训练后其肌原纤维（=生成力量）的占比出现了9.8%的下降，而自然训练者在同期训练后肌原纤维的占比仅有1.6%的下降【4】。
细胞及其功能-肌肉的收缩
Physiologic anatomy of skeletal muscle 1. The skeletal muscle fiber
All skeletal muscles are composed of numerous fiber ( 10 to 80 micrometers in diameter) 2. Each fiber is made up of small subunits( myofibril 肌原纤维)
To conduct the AP from the surface, deep into the muscle fibre – the t-tubules are continuous with the sarcolemma and are filled with extracellular fluid i.e. Na+ + Ca2+ rich To signal the passage of the AP to the SR in some way???
3. Each fiber is innervated by only one nerve ending (the basic structure and functional unit for movement)
Structure of muscle
The parts of a muscle
Skeletal muscle Muscle fibers Nuclei Cytosole Myofibrils (肌原纤维） Thick filament Thin filament Filament （肌丝）
假肢与矫形器专业词汇英语
假肢与矫形器专业词汇（英语）abdomen anatomical retainer of the intestinesabdominal related to the abdomenabduct to move (a limb) away from the midline of the bodyabducted gait walking with the legs spread away from the midlinemuscleabductor abductingablatio mammae, mastectomy surgical removal of female breastabove elbow (A.E.) prosthesis prosthesis for transhumeral amputationabove the knee (A.K.) prosthesis prosthesis for transfemoral amputation - (AK)abutment counter piece, counter flare, neckacceleration getting continuously fasteracceleration phase sub-phase in the swing phase of gaitinpelvis, receiving the hip jointsocketacetabulum concaveacetone chemical thinner for laquers and paintsAchilles tendon tendon at distal end of calf muscleacrylic resin thermoplastic resin on acrylic basisacute rapid onset or short duration of a conditionadapter device coupling two different endsadduct to move (a limb) toward the midline of the bodyadductor adducting muscleadductor roll medial-proximally located roll oft soft tissue (TF-prosthetics) adhesion contact socket contact socket, type of suction socketadiposity being too large in abdominal and other circumferences, fat ADL's aids for daily livingadolescent juvenile - phase between childhood and adulthoodadultadolescent youngadult “grown up” - beyond adolescenceaetiology reason or factor causing a diseaseAFO ankle-foot-orthosisagonist muscle being active and result-oriented (opposite:antagaonist) aids for daily living (ADL) tools and devices etc.- modified for the disabledair splint orthoses containing an air chamber to customize fitAK (prosthesis) prosthesis after transfemoral amputationAK-socket above knee (transfemoral) socketalignment assembling O&P components referring to a reference system allergy reaction of the immune system against “foreign” matteralloy a mix of metals, changing the specific characteristics aluminum a light metalambulate / ambulation reciprocal walkingambulator a walking frame, supporting a patient's ambulation amputation surgical removal of a body partamputation surgery surgical act of removing a body segment (extremity) analgesia absence of, or insensitivity to pain sensationanalyse, analysis detailed research on components of a wholeanamnesis background of a diseaseanatomical landmarks (bony) prominences, points of importance in O&Panatomy descriptive or functional explanation of the body properties angularity in the shape of an angleangulus sub-pubicus angle of the pubic ramus, important in IC-socketsjointankle tibio-tarsalankle block connector between prosthetic foot and shinankle joint (talus joint) joint connecting foot and shankankle-foot orthosis (AFO) orthosis with functional impact on ankle and footankylosing to unite or stiffen by ankylosisankylosis immobility, posttraumatic fusion of a jointantagonist muscle opposing agonist action, often controllinganterior in front of, the foremostanteversion to bring (a limb) forward, opposite of retroversion anthropometry taking measurements of the human bodyanti… againstanvil block of iron, surface used in forging metalA-P or a-p antero-posterior, from front to backapex top or summit, the highest point, the peakappliance an instrument, O&P: a prosthesis or orthosis, technical aid application making work or connecting to…learning a professionapprentice somebodyapprentice student learning a profession or craft in a structured approach apprentice student learning a profession or craft in a structured approach apprenticeship (course) training course for vocational educationappropriate best (compromise-) solution for a given problem Appropriate Technology technology appropriate (e.g. for the Third World)arch support shell shell-like custom molded medical shoe insertarteries blood vessels transporting oxygenated blood to the periphery arthritis acute or chronic joint inflammationarthrodesis blocking a joint through surgical procedurearthroplasty reconstruction of a joint through surgical procedure arthrosis, osteoarthritis joint disease - degenerating cartilage and joint surfaceGelenkarticulation Articulatio,aseptic not caused by bacterial infectionASIS / A.S.I.S anterior superior iliac spineassessment evaluation, obtaining information (about a condition) athetosis condition of slow withering movementsathletic arch support custom molded medical shoe insert for the athleteatrophy shrinkage, wastage of biological tissueautonomic nervous system independent nerve tissue, not under voluntary controlaxial rotator joint for socket rotation around the vertical axisback posterior component of the trunkbalance condition of keeping the body stabilized in a desired positionball bearing bearing cage containing rollers, making/keeping axes rotatable ball joint (universal joint) tri-axial jointband, strap, cuff suspension aid (small corset)bandages elastic wrapping, light brace, adhesive wrapping etc.bandaging act of applying bandages, tapingbands m-l connection between orthotic side bars (calf band etc.)bars, side-bars uprights, vertical struts in an orthosisbearing, ball bearing bearing cage containing rollers, making/keeping axes rotatable bed sore pressure/shear related skin trauma of bed-bound individuals below elbow amputation (BE-) forearmamputation (below the elbow joint, transradial, transulnar) below elbow, lower arm arm below the elbow jointbelt suspension component, also light abdominal bandagebench workstation,worktablebench alignment static alignment of prosthetic/orthotic componentsbending providing a shape or contour to sidebars, bands etc.bending iron set of two contouring tools for metal bar bendingbending moment the force or torque bending an objectbending, contouring providing a shape or contour to sidebars, bands etc.BE-prosthesis prosthesis after amputation below the elbow jointbevel to brake an edgebig toe halluxbilateral twosided, double..., relating to “both sides”bio-engineering science of engineering related to living structuresbio-feedback internal autoresponse to a biological eventbiological age the "natural age" - dependent on how a person presentsbiology science related to living structuresbio-mechanics science combining biology and mechanicsbipivotal joint joint with two axesBi-scapular abduction bringing both shoulders forward simultaneously (prosthetic control motion)BK below the kneeBK-prosthesis prosthesis after amputation below the kneeBK-socket below the knee socketblister forming vacuum molding plastic sheet material in a frameblock heels wide basis heelsbody the total appearance of a biological beingbody jacket US-American term for symmetrical spinal orthosesbody powered operated by human power (as opposed to outside energy) bolts machine screw and similarbonding agent connective glue, cement etc.bone single part of the skeletal systembone loss syndrome reduction of bony massbone spur a protrusion of bone or fragment of bonebonification, calcification change into bony tissuebony bridge surgical bony fusion between e.g. tibia and fibulabony landmark anatomically protruding bony surfaces (as the fibula head) bony lock (ischial containment) m-l tight locking design in ischial containment sockets bordering providing a smooth trim line or brimbordering, trimming providing a well-rounded trim line or smooth brimBoston Brace spinal orthosis developed in Boston, USA (scoliosis, kyphosis treatment)bouncy mechanism flexion device for limited flexion in prosthetic kneesbow leg genu varum, o-shaped legs, enlarged distance between knees brace, splint, caliper supportive device, old-fashioned for “orthosis”brain, cerebrum main switch board of the central nervous systembrazing heat supported metal solderingbrazing tool, soldering iron tool for heat supported metal solderingbrim proximal socket area, casting tool / templatebrooch / hook hooks holding a lace, closure of shoes etc.buffing creating a shiny surface finishbuild-up (of a material) location of added plaster in modifications of plaster castsburn heat related injurybursa anatomic padding cavity containing liquidby-law (USA: bill) lawCAD CAM Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacture cadence rhythm of walkingcalcaneus heelbonecalculation doing mathematical operationscalf band m-l connection between side bars (KAFO)calf corset enclosure of calf and shin (in an orthosis)calf muscle, triceps surae plantar flexor of the foot, muscle in the lower legcaliper measuring tool, precision instrumentcaliper, brace, splint old fashioned term for joint stabilizing lower limb orthoses Canadian Hip Disarticulation Pr. external shell prosthesis for hip disarticulationscane walkingstickcap band finishing element of trim lines, brims of corsetscarbon fiber structural reinforcement in plastic compositescardanic two axes, aligned in 90 degrees toward each othercardio-vascular related to heart and blood circulationcarve shaping by taking material off (chipping off, sanding off)cast positive (plaster or similar) moldcast modification functional changing of the shape of a castcast removal removal of plaster bandage from a poured plaster castcast taking act of taking a plaster- or similar impressioncasters freely moving front wheels at a wheel chaircasting and measurement taking getting 3-dimensional body impressions and measurements casting procedures technique of getting 3-dimensional body impressions caudal direction, toward distal end of the vertebral column (tail)c-clamp clamping tool (woodwork)CDH congenital dislocation of the hipcell (biological and technical) smallest living unit; hollow technical unitcellular made up from cellscelluloid one of the first plastic materials availablecement, glue bonding agentcenter of gravity (COG) mathematic-physical mass concentration in one point center of mass calculated concentration of mass (in bio-mechanics) center of mass (COM) mathematic-physical mass concentration in one point centrode graph for the path of the instantaneous centers of rotation cerebral related to the cerebrum, braincerebral palsy loss of neural muscle control by congenital brain damage cerebral paresis dysfunction of muscle tissue related to cerebral trauma cerebro vascular accident vascular bloodclotting in a part of the brainbraincerebrum thecerebrum / cerebral brain / related to the braincervical related to the neckcervical collar (cervical brace) orthosis for the neck (after whiplash syndrome)cervical spine most proximal segment of the spinal columnchairback brace posterior semi-shell trunk orthosischamfer to thin out the edges of a materialCharcot joint rapid progressive degeneration of a joint (foot)check-, or diagnostic socket transparent or translucent socket for diagnosis of fit chiropedist (Canada) medical doctor specialized in foot careChopart amputation tarsal (partial) foot amputation at the Chopart joint line Chopart joint tarsal joint line of several bones in the footchronic long term (disease; opposite of acute)circumduction semi-circular (mowing) forward swing of a leg circumference the measurment around a physical bodyclam shell design longitudinally split socket or shellclosure mechanism used to closeclub foot, talipes varus pes equino varus, a congenital (or acquired) foot deformity CNC Computer Numeric Controlled design and manufacturing CO cervical orthosis, orthosis for neck immobilizationCO - CP - CPO Certified ... Orthotist..Prosthetist..Prosthetist/Orthotist coating surface cover (as plasticising metal surfaces)coccyx Anatomy: the “tailbone”coefficient of friction number determining forces between sliding surfacescollar cervical orthosis, orthosis for neck immobilization collateral ligaments ligaments bridging the side of jointscompatible fitting to each othercompliance measure of willingness to follow a therapeutic ordercomponents single parts of a whole, construction parts, pre-fab partscomposite reinforced plastic component, matrix and fillercompound result of a chemical binding processcompression panty hose orthotic garment to treat varicosisconcave inwardly shaped, hollow (opposite of convex)condyle massive rounded end of bone, basis for forming a joint surfacewithborncongenital beingconstant friction continuous application of a braking forcecontact cushion distal contact padding in prosthetic socketcontact measuring measuring while touching the object measuredcontact pad contact cushion (prosthetics)continuous passive motion (CPM) keeping a joint mobile through passive motion in motorized device contour (the) the outer perimeter of a bodycontour (to) creating a shape by forming, bendingcontour drawing draft of the outer perimeter of a bodycontracture condition of motion limitation in jointsconvex outwardly shaped, bulged (opposite of concave)cork bark of a tree, natural cellular leight weight materialcoronal plane frontal planecorrection, rectification modification (of shapes, designs etc.) in order to improvecorrosion deterioration of materials by chemical influence (as oxdation)corset therapeutic circular enclosement of body segmentscorset, fabric corset lumbar brace made from textile materialcountersinking taking the edge off a drilled hole, creating circular concavitycoupler a connective devicecoxitis/coxarthritis inflammation of the hip jointCPM, continuous passive motion keeping a joint mobile through passive motion in motorized device CPO Certified Prosthetist / Orthotistcraft & trade European (German) vocational structuring systemcranial relating to the headcrossline filing using a handheld file in a 90 degrees offset directioncruciates, cruciate ligaments crossed ligaments at the knee centerCRW Community based Rehabilitation Worker (WHO Geneva)CT, computer tomography a method to take X-rays in "slices"Orthosis CTLSO Cervico-Thoraco-Lumbo-SacralOrthosisCTO Cervico-Thoracocuff, band, strap suspension aid (small corset)cup, connection cup socket connector in prostheticscure (med.) medical therapeutic measurecure (techn.) to set, hardencushion, pad upholstering device, providing soft surfacecustom made made to measurements as a single unitdeceleration to become continuously slowerdeceleration phase sub-phase in the swing phase of human gaitdecree, directive, regulation text in the lawbooks or regulation with law-like characterdeficiency lack of necessary function or ability by physical impairmentdeflector plate a leaf spring design in prosthetic feet, energy return devicedeformity malformation of form, may be influencing functiondegeneration biological wear and tearDelrin a plastic material, used as a flexible, energy returning keeldensity foaming hard foam block on a socket as a connector to componentsdeposit (biological or pathological) storage mechanism, sedimentdermatitis skin disease, infection of the skinderotating orthosis (scoliosis) orthosis for derotation - one of the priciples of scoliosis treatment design construction, functional lay-out and planningdexterity, manual skill skill of creating by hand, craftsman skilldiabetes mellitus carbohydrate metabolism disorder (frequent amputation reason) diabetic gangrene death of tissue caused by diabetesdiagnosis searching and finding a cause and details of diseasediaphysis shaft of a long bonedimension seize as measureddimensional stability keeping the dimensionsdiplegia paralysis, affecting both sides of the bodydirect socket technique manufacture of a prosthetic socket directly on the amputee's limb directive information or order on how to …..directive, regulation, decree text in the lawbooks or regulation with law-like characterdisability handicap, functional loss of abilitydisabled person a person with a disability, handicapdisabled, handicapped handicapped, having a functional loss of ability"amputation"directly through a joint linedisarticulation thedisc, intervertebral disc intervertebral cartilaginous cushioning elementdislocation joint injury resulting in complete discontiuity of joint surfaces dislocation overstretching or rupture of ligaments, also in combination with fracture doff US-colloquial: do - off = take offdoffing a prosthesis taking off a prosthesiscontrollingdominant leading,don US-colloquial: do - on = put ondonning a prosthesis putting on a prosthesisdonning aid aid to don a prosthesis as pull sock, stockinette, silk tie etc.dorsal related to the dorsum = back, posteriorly locateddorsiflexion lifting the forefoot, correct would be “dorsal extension”, lift of footdraft first drawing of a new ideadrawer effect a-p instability of the knee caused by slack cruciatesdrill (to) to machine a holeDS(L)T Direct Socket (Lamination) TechniqueDUCHENNE's disease severe progressive form of muscular dystrophyDUCHENNE's sign trunk bends lateral toward stance leg during stance phaseDUPUYTREN’sche Kontraktur fibrosis, flexion contracture of fingers into palmstiffnessdurometer hardness,duroplastic resin synthetic resin, not thermoplastic after initial curingdystrophy pathologic loss of muscle massCommunityEC Europeanedema, oedema swelling, high concentration of fluids in the soft tissueelastic capable of recovering form and shape after deformation elastic anklet ankle foot orthosiselastic bandage, ACE-bandage stretchable, expandable bandageelastic knee sleeve knee supporting soft orthosis, tt-prosthetic suspensionelbow splint old-fashioned term for: elbow orthosiselectrical stimulation neuromuscular stimulation by electric impulses electromyography recording of electrical activity of a muscleembedding enclosing, encapsulating, (German: socket retainer function) embossing manual shaping of sheet metal by special hammerEMG recording of electrical activity of a muscleendo-skeletal pylon type prosthetic components covered by external cover energy consumption use of energy in physical activitiesenergy expenditure spending of energy in physical activitiesenergy return energy output, achieved by spring-like design in O&PorthosisEO elbowepicondylitis stress related inflammation of the elbow, (tennis)epiphysis dist./prox. End of a bone, zone of longitudinal growth equilibrium keeping of balanceequinovalgus combined drop foot and valgus deformityequinovarus combined drop foot and varus deformityeversion rotation of hand or foot around long axis of the limbeversion turning foot outward and up (opposite of inversion)EWHO elbow wrist hand orthosisexamination, assessment evaluation, obtaining information (about a condition)exo-skeletal prosthetics: external structural components (opposite: modular) extension straightening motion of a jointextension assist strap or other means assisting joint extensionextension moment force (torque) causing extension (straightening) of joints extension stop bumper or other means of extension limitationextensor muscle causing extensionexternal related to the outside (opposite: internal)external fixation outside orthotic fixation (of a fracture or a surgical result) extremity upper or lower extremities: arms or legsfabric corset textile orthosis for the abdomen or trunkfabrication the procedure of mechanically creating a devicefatality mortality, death ratefatigue (material) time-dependent alteration of typical material propertiesfatigue (muscles) time-dependent slow down of muscle actionFederal Trade Association German professional trade associationfeedback return of informationfelt material made up from compressed, interwoven hair or fiber female the woman species in a creature (opposite: male)femoral channel dorso-lateral convex channel in a prosthetic socketfemoral condyles the distal ends (close to the knee joint) of the femurfemur the thigh boneFES functional electrical stimulationfibre glass (fiber glass) glass reinforcement component in compositesfibula calfbone, the lesser of two bones in the calffibular head the proximal thicker portion of the fibulafit compatibility between patient and device in function/comfortflab abundance of soft tissueflaccid paralysis, paresis non-spastic paralysis, loss of voluntary muscle innervationflare even anatomical surface (as the tibial flare)flat evenflat foot foot deformity, loss of medial-longitudinal arch heightflatfoot, talipes planus foot deformity, loss of any medial-longitudinal arch heightflexion joint motion, buckling or bending a jointflexion assist device assisting (joint) flexionflexion moment force (torque) causing flexionflexor muscle creating a flexion motionfloor reaction orthosis orthosis utilizing floor reaction forces for patient stabilizationFO (either) finger orthosis (or) foot orthosisfoam a cellular resin (polyurethane foam hard or soft)foaming act of manual creation of a prosthetic foam connectorchildfoetus unbornfollow-up continuous control and maintenance, aftertreatmentfoot cradel anatomically adapted plantar foot supportfoot deformity misalignment (functional misshape) of the footfoot flat stance phase: sole of the foot getting in complete ground contact foot slap stance phase: uncontrolled quick foot flat motionforce cause or reason for acceleration, deceleration, movementforging non-chipping iron shaping process under the influence of heat fracture traumatic breaking of a boneframe the outer supportive, stiffening elementframe socket the outer supportive, stiff element as a retainer for a flexible socket freehand drawing, draft manual first draft or drawingcounter-acting sliding movement, "rubbing"friction forcefrontal plane, coronal plane reference plane as seen from the frontfulcrum center of a single axis joint, center of rotationfully synthetical man-made (material)functional component i.e. joints etc. (as opposed to structural components)functional level degree of function a disabled patient still achievesfunctional needs component need to satisfy specific needsfundamental of basic importanceambulationgait walking,gait analysis research of gait patterns and time-related specificsgait deviation pathological changes in normal walking patternsgait pattern physiological or pathological walking characteristicsgait trainer somebody teaching how to walkgait training lessons in learning how to walkgalvanization surface protection of metalsgangrene local death of soft tissue due to lack of blood supply gastrocnemii, “gastrocs” double-headed calf musclegauge measuring instrument (measures width / thickness)gear train joint joint components, forcing each other trough toggled connection gel man-made or natural material, consistency similar to gelantine genu kneegenu recurvatum hyper-extended knee joint (frequently seen in poliomyelitis) genu valgum/knock knee knock knees, knees frequently touching each other medially genu varum/bowleg bow legs, knee distance too large (opposite of genu valgum) geometric locking locking systematic of polycentric knee jointsgeometrical stance control locking systematic for the provision of stance stabilitygeriatric elderly, old, aged,glue, cement bonding agentgoniometer instrument (tool) for measuring anglesgrease fat, as lubricant or tissuegrid particle size indication in abrassive materialsgrind surface modification by abrasion, sanding etc.ground reaction force force directed from the ground toward the body Haemo.., haema... related to the bloodhallux, halluces big toeHalo brace cranial/cervical orthoses, ring fixed at proximal cranium hamstrings popliteal tendons, insertion of flexor muscleshand splint old fashioned for hand orthosishard and soft foaming technique of using hard and soft PU-foams in combinationhd extra sturdy version of…..disarticulationHD hipHDPE HighPolyethyleneDensityHD-socket pelvic socket of the hip disarticulation prosthesisheavy metals a specific group of metals (heavy in weight)heel clamp prosthesis a partial foot prosthesis, suspension by a posterior "clamp" heel cup foot orthosis, Berkely cupheel off / heel rise moment in stance phase when the heel risesheel spur bony protrusion at the distal-medial aspect of the calcaneus heel strike moment in stance phase when the heel touches the ground heel wedge heel bumper in foot or length compensation, absorbs shockHelfet’s heel cup foot orthosis, similar Berkely cupremoving the distal half of the bodysurgery,hemicorporectomy amputationhemipelvectomy amputation surgery removing one half of the pelvis hemipelvectomy-prosthesis artificial leg after hemipelvectomyhemiplegia paralysis of one half side of the bodyheredetary congenital by transmission from parent to offspringhernia subcutaneous protrusion of intestinshindfoot posterior 1/3 of the foot (heel and tarsus)hinge simple joint, single axiship dysplasia pathological development of hip socket leading to dislocation hip hiking exaggerated movement (lifting) of the hip joint in gaithip joint, articulatio coxae proximal joint of the leg, leg-pelvis jointhip positioning orthoses a brace controlling functional alignment of the hip jointhip socket concave component of the hip jointhip spica cast applied to pelvis and legHKAFO Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot-OrthosisHO (either) Hand Orthosis (or) Hip Orthosis (!!)hobby-handicraft hobbyists work also meaning: non-professional resulthook and eyelet closure closure of textile fabric corsetshook and pile closure Closure material with interlocking surfaces (e.g. Velcro)hook and pile, Velcro self-adhesive strap materialhorizontal plane reference plane as seen from the tophosiery, medical hosiery medical compression hosiery (phlebology)humerus bone in the upper armhybrid something having properties of at least two different resources hydraulic joint control cylinder/piston device controlling prosthetic joint motion hyper… more of somethinghyperextension over-stretching (of a joint)hyperextension orthosis a spinal brace serving for reclination of the thoracic spinegrowthhyperplasia increasedhyper-reflexia pathologically exaggerated reflexeshypertonia elevated blood pressurehypertonicity increased muscle tone or muscle tensionhypertrophy growth of tissue by enlargement of cellshypo… less of somethinghypoplasia biological structure significantly diminished in sizehypotonia low blood pressurehypotonicity loss of muscle tone (or tension)ContainmentIC IschialICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICRC Ischial and ramus containmentIC-socket ischial containment socketidiopathic scoliosis adolescent scoliosis without a known causeilium, os ilium the medial or lateral "wing-shaped" bone in the pelvis。
神经系统对运动的调节
1
2
来自高尔基腱器官的本体感觉
肌肉本体感受器的组构
梭外肌纤维
反牵张反射环路
抑制性中间神经元
在关节的结缔组织中，尤其是在围绕着关节(关节囊)和韧带周围的纤维性组织中，还有多种本体感受性轴突。这些机械敏感性轴突可以对关节运动的角度、方向和速度变化做出反应。
来自关节感受器的信息与来自肌梭、高尔基触器官和来自皮肤感受器的信息一起被用于判断关节的角度。当某一来源的感觉信息缺失时，其他来源的信息则对这种缺失加以补偿。
右侧红核
丘脑
大脑脚的基底部
延髓锥体
延髓
锥体交叉
皮质脊髓束
红核脊髓束
内囊
运动皮层
腹内侧通路包含4条起源于脑干的下行纤维束，这些纤维束都终止于控制体轴和近端肌肉的脊髓中间神经元上。
这些纤维束是前庭脊髓束、顶盖脊髓束、脑桥网状脊髓束和延髓网状脊髓束。
腹内侧通路利用平衡、体位和视觉环境的感觉信息，反射性地维持躯体的平衡和身体的姿势。
重症肌无力：一种自身免疫性疾病。 发病原因：患者的免疫系统产生抗他们自身尼古丁型ACh受体的抗体。这种抗体结合在尼古丁受体上，干扰ACh在神经肌肉接头处发挥正常作用。此外，抗体与受体的结合，也导致神经肌肉接头结构上的退行性变。 有效治疗措施：给予抑制AChE抑制剂，通过延长释放到突触间隙中的ACh寿命，从而增强神经肌肉之间的传递。也可用药物或切除胸腺的办法来抑制免疫系统的功能。
前庭核
前庭脊髓束
脊髓
延髓
顶盖脊髓束
上丘
脑桥和延髓网状脊髓束
小脑
脑桥
脊髓
延髓
脑桥网状结构
延髓网状结构
网状脊髓束
网状脊髓束主要起源于脑干的网状结构，沿脑干长轴，在其核心部走行。 脑桥网状脊髓束增强脊髓的抗重力反射，通过增强下肢伸肌的力量，帮助躯体维持站立姿势。 延髓网状脊髓束是解除抗重力肌肉的反射控制。
thebiomechanicsofskiing滑雪中的生物力学Thischapterprovides
THE BIOMECHANICSOF SKIING滑雪中的生物力学THIS CHAPTER PROVIDES BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE BIOMECHANICS MOST RELEVANT TO SKIING. IT OUTLINES HOW THE MUSCLES AND SKELETON FUNCTION AS A SYSTEM TO CREATE BALANCED MOVEMENT.本章将会阐述与滑雪有关的生物力学相关信息，以及介绍肌肉骨骼系统如何形成运动平衡。
Bio Mechanics is the science of human bodies in motion. It combines the fields of mechanics (the physics of forces on objects in motion) and anatomy (muscles, bones and joints).生物力学是人体运动的科学。
它结合了力学领域（物体运动的物理力学）和解剖学（肌肉、骨骼和关节）。
Skiing efficiently requires balanced movement which is a blend of skeletal strength and muscular strength.有效滑行所要求的运动平衡是骨骼强度和肌肉力量的共同结果。
Skeletal strength is when skiers are in an athletic stance and their body is balanced. The muscles have a functional amount of tension and the skier is supported primarily by skeletal strength. Bones stack on top of bones and there is minimal muscular action required to remain upright. If the skier moves away from the athletic stance muscles in the legs, abdomen, torso and neck must tighten/engage to keep an upright position. The skier is no longer relying on skeletal strength. The most efficient athletic stance involves a blend of skeletal and muscular strength that promotes the ability to move in any direction.当滑行者处于滑行基础站姿并保持平衡时，肌肉会有一定张力，但主要的支撑来自于骨骼强度，骨骼各居其位，保持身体直立的肌肉运动非常少。
大学课程局部解剖学下肢的肌肉-2课件
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平滑肌 The smooth muscle
1、无横纹、长梭状、只有一个细胞核；收缩缓慢。 2、肌浆上有很多小凹，相当于横小管。 3、平滑肌内没有肌原纤维，肌节不明显。 4、密斑：是细肌丝的附着点。 5、密体：相当于Z线。 6、若干条粗肌丝和细肌丝组成肌丝单位，又称收缩
—臀中肌 The gluteus medius M —臀小肌 The gluteus minimus M
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—梨状肌 The piriformis M —闭孔内肌 The obturatorius internus M —闭孔外肌 The obturatorius externus M —股方肌 The quadratus femoris M —上籽肌 The gamellus superior M —下籽肌 The gamellus inferior M 主要作用是固定髋关节
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内侧群（The medial groups） 1、耻骨肌（The pectineus） 2、长收肌（Tne adductor longus） 3、短收肌（The adductor brevis） 4、股薄肌（The gracilis） 5、大收肌（The adductor magnus）
下肢肌The muscles of lower limb
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肌学 Myology
1、概论The general description
骨骼肌 （The skeletal muscles）
心肌 （The cardiac muscles）
肌细胞的收缩功能(2013-简化版)
症状
运动神经肌肉连接点胆碱能受体兴奋，表现肌 肉纤维颤动或抽搐，晚期则见肌无力或麻痹。 交感神经节前纤维和支配肾上腺髓质交感神经 胆碱能受体兴奋可见血压上升、心率加快、体 温升高等症状，这与烟碱中毒的症状相似，称 烟碱样作用。
中枢神经细胞触突间胆碱能受体兴奋，则产生 中枢神经系统功能失调症状，中毒早期有头晕、 头痛以后出现言语障碍、神志不清和阵发性抽 搐等，有机磷中毒可因呼吸中枢麻痹而致死。
The axon terminal is enlarged into the terminal button. Each terminal button contains thousands of vesicles that store Ach.
动作电位可触发末梢钮扣处的电压门控钙离子 通道打开。钙离子内流可引起Ach 以出胞方式 释放。
பைடு நூலகம் 乙酰胆碱酯酶
Acetylcholinesterase
运动终板表面含乙酰胆碱酯酶，可分解 突触间隙游离的ACh 。
随着Ach浓度下降， ACh 受体不再含有 结合的Ach 时，终板上的离子通道关闭， 回复到静息电位状态，继而可再与后续 到来的Ach结合。
有机磷农药中毒
有机磷农药中毒一般认为是抑制了胆碱酯酶的 活性，造成组织中乙酰胆碱的积聚，其结果引 起胆碱能受体活性紊乱，
而使有胆碱能受体的器官功能发生障碍。凡由 脏器平滑肌、腺体、汗腺等兴奋而引起的症状， 与毒蕈中毒所引起的症状相似，则称为毒蕈样 症状；
凡由交感神经节和横纹肌活动异常所引起的症 状，与烟碱中毒所引起的症状相似，故称烟碱 样症状。
症状
副交感神经和分布于汗腺的交感神经节后纤维 的胆碱能受体兴奋，表现腺体分泌增加，可见 大汗、流涎和支气管分泌物增多。虹膜括约肌 收缩使瞳孔缩小，胃肠平滑肌兴奋引起恶心、 呕吐、腹泻、腹痛。心血管系统受抑制而致心 跳缓慢，血压下降。
细胞生理学(3n)
2、肌肉收缩的影响因素----力学分析
•前负荷的影响 长度----张力曲线
•后负荷的影响 张力---速度曲线
•肌肉收缩能力的改变对肌肉收缩的影响 肌肉收缩能力是指肌肉内在特有功能状态或内部功能状态。不
受前后负荷改变的影响。如横桥头部ATP酶活性、肌钙蛋白结合 钙能力、肌浆中钙浓度等。
校园网（教育处） 生理学网络课程
Na+ 和K+ 驱动力 Na+ >>K+ • 接头后膜去极化（无电压门控Na+通道） • 产生终板电位（局部电流）50-60 mV • 肌膜去极化达到阈电位 • 肌膜上电压门控Na+通道开放 • 肌膜产生AP并传导（兴奋） • 肌肉收缩
3.接头处的电位比较
1. 微终板电位(miniature endplate potential, MEPP) 0.5-1万个/one quantum 0.1-1mV
Muscle
Stimulus stretch
•单向传递: •时间延搁:从神经末稍的AP到肌膜产生AP，需0.5-1ms。 •一对一关系：每一次AP所诱发的Ach释放足以引起肌肉一次 兴奋，然后被终板膜和间隙中的胆碱酯酶分解清除（只需0.2s) •易受环境因素和药物影响：递质合成、释放、结合、清除等
筒箭毒，a银环蛇毒---- N2受体阻断 自身抗体------------ 破坏Ach受体 有机磷农药-------- 抑制AchE
粗肌丝
细肌丝
肌凝蛋白(myosin) 横桥（ATP酶活性）
肌纤蛋白（肌动蛋白，actin) 原肌凝蛋白（tropomyosin） 肌钙蛋白（troponin）
肌管系统：横管（T管）与肌原纤维垂直。肌膜内陷形成。 L型Ca 2+通道
组织胚胎学课件：肌组织
缝隙连接 闰盘
闰盘的横位部分，有黏合带 和桥粒；
纵位部分有缝隙连接。
缝隙连接保证了心肌纤维的 同步节律性收缩。
缝隙连接
桥粒
缝隙连接
心肌的功能特点
1.为不随意肌，不受意识支配。 2.有自动节律性。 3.收缩快而有力，不易疲劳。
骨骼肌 心肌
T小管粗 L小管少 终池少 二联体
心肌纤维结构特点
•肌原纤维粗细不等，分界不清 •有周期性横纹 •T小管粗大，L小管稀疏，终池少 •二联体，无三联体 •闰盘：
②胞膜上有密斑，胞质 内有密体，为细肌丝附 着处
③细胞间有发达的缝隙 连接使功能同步化
肌丝 小凹 密体
——细肌丝 ——粗肌丝
平滑肌的收缩也是 通过粗细肌丝之间 的滑动来实现的。 松弛状态
平滑肌纤维之间存 在缝隙连接。
心肌 平滑肌
一、骨骼肌 (skeletal muscle)
肌外膜 (epimysium)
肌束膜 (perimysium)
肌内膜 (endomysium)
骨骼肌 (skeletal muscle)
(一)ＬＭ:
• 肌外膜 • 肌束膜 • 肌内膜 • 肌膜
肌外膜 DCT
（epimysium）
（p肌e肌rim束内ys膜i膜um）DCT
第6章
肌组织
Muscle Tissue
概述
• 组成：肌组织
• 肌细胞（肌纤维）
• 结缔组织
•血管、淋巴管、神经
• 分类：肌组织
• 骨骼肌 随意肌 • 横纹肌
• 心肌 • 平滑肌
不随意肌
• 专有名词： 肌细胞 肌细胞膜 肌细胞质
滑面内质网
肌纤维 (muscle fiber) 肌膜 (sarcolemma) 肌浆 (sarcoplasm)
肌8
（二）超微结构
无肌原纤维；小凹； 细胞器位核两侧 细胞骨架：密斑、密体和中间丝构成；
肌丝单位：收缩 单位，由若干条 粗、细肌丝聚集 形成，是平滑肌 纤维收缩的结构 基础；
•平滑肌纤维 之间有发达的 缝隙连接
思考题：
1. 三种肌纤维的光镜结构特点？ 2.试述骨骼肌纤维的超微结构？ 3.请叙述肌丝滑动原理/骨骼肌纤维的 收缩过程。 4.心肌的超微结构有何特点？ 5.平滑肌纤维如何收缩？
（一）光镜结构：
短柱状，有分支 ，有横纹，（不 如骨骼肌明显） ；核1~2个，卵 圆居中；以闰盘 相互连接成网
（二）心肌纤维超微结构特点 1、肌原纤维粗细 不等； • 2、横小管粗，位 • 于Z线水平； • 3、纵小管不发达， • 多仅形成二联 • 体（diad)；
闰盘位于Z线 水平，呈阶梯 状，横位有中 间连接和桥粒， 纵位有缝隙连 接，使同一房 室心肌结构和 功能成为整体；
Muscle Tissue
组胚教研室
概 述
肌组织：主要由肌细胞构成，肌细 胞间有少量结缔组织、血 管、淋巴管及神经。
骨骼肌 分类 平滑肌 心 肌
Muscle tissue types
Skeletal
Striated, voluntary Heart, striated, involuntary Nonstriated, involuntary
Summary: Cardiac muscle
Only in heart and nearby large vessels Striated Intercalated disk Sliding filament theory
三、平滑肌
(一）光镜结构： •长梭形，无横纹，核一 个，位于中央。大小长 短不一，成束或成层分 布，以叠连形式存在， 也可单个纤维存在。
骨骼肌的收缩机能实验
Part 03
实验对象
Experimental subjects
Part 04
实验器材与药品
Experimental equipment and medicine
BL-420生物记录系统、 蛙类手术器械一套、刺激电 极、滴管、任氏液。
Part 05
实验方法与步骤
Experimental method and steps
1 破环蟾蜍脑脊髓 2 制备标本
3 连接仪器 4 观察刺激强度和刺激频率对
肌肉收缩的Leabharlann 响。实验方法与步骤 1.破坏蟾蜍的脑和脊髓
①进针部位： 枕骨大孔
②标准： 呼吸停止
四肢松软
实验方法与步骤 2.制备坐骨神经-腓肠肌标本
实验方法与步骤 3. 连接实验装置
实验方法与步骤 4. 观察实验现象
①刺激强度与肌肉收缩的关系
Part 07
分析与思考
Analysis and thinking
1.在一定范围内增加刺激强 度，骨骼肌收缩力会增加， 为什么？ 2.把骨骼肌换成心肌会出现 什么样的结果？
实验方法与步骤 4. 观察实验现象
②刺激频率与反应的关系
Part 06
实验注意事项
Experimental notices
制备标本过程中，要不断滴加任 氏液，以防标本干燥，保持正常生 理活性。
不要使蟾蜍皮肤毒腺分泌物粘到 标本。
安置标本时，不要人为地将肌 肉拉长，尽可能保持其自然长度。
如果肌肉在未给刺激时即出现 挛缩，可能存在仪器漏电或标本 污染等原因，注意排除干扰因素。
骨骼肌的收缩
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
Part 01
考虑肌肉因素的腰椎力学计算方法
立及肌肉力的加载分析。
1.4.2 软组织力学计算 聂文忠 [12] 对比不同学者的研究结果
发现，肌肉生理横截面积 (physiological cross-section area，
关天民，陈向禹，朱 晔
文章快速阅读：
文章特点 — △基于 CT 数据通过逆向工程提出考虑人
体椎间盘、韧带及部分肌肉等参数的腰 椎模型建模方法，并对模型进行了优化 及改进，实现不同患者参数个性化设计。 △分析加入肌肉线条后腰椎在前屈后伸、 左右侧弯、左右旋转下的偏转角度，通 过刚度计算的方法能够方便、快捷地构 建肌线，可为脊柱侧弯矫形力加载提供 参考和建议。
摘要 背景：椎旁肌肉对于维持脊柱平衡起着至关重要的作用，骨肌有限元模型更加接近人体生物力学环境，但目前脊柱有限元分析中肌肉建模 比较复杂或将肌肉力简化处理。 目的：对椎旁肌模型进行快速建立，并进行肌肉力的加载分析。 方法：基于逆向工程原理，通过CT图像数据进行脊柱模型的三维重建，对竖脊肌中的腰部最长肌及韧带通过弹性模量、肌肉生理横截面积 及肌线平均长度进行弹簧刚度的计算，通过上下拟腰 椎进行前屈后伸、左右侧弯、左右旋转。 结果与结论：①生物力学验证表明腰椎L4-L5在受轴向载荷作用下表现出弹性性质；②通过对腰椎进行前屈后伸、左右侧弯、左右旋转分 析，证实建立了符合腰椎活动度的骨肌有限元模型；③带肌肉组织的腰椎有限元模型建模简单且符合人体生物力学特性，可为接下来分析 脊柱在矫形力加载下的变化提供参考。 关键词：腰椎；生物力学；骨肌模型；CT数据；图像分割；逆向工程；有限元 缩略语：肌肉生理横截面积：physiological cross-section area，PCSA
解剖学双语
★ Masticatory muscles 咀嚼肌
Lateral pterygoid 翼外肌 Medial pterygoid 翼内肌
Muscles of the neck 颈肌
Muscles of the neck
Superficial group
Platysma 颈阔肌 Sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突肌
Myology 肌学
Accessory structures Fascia 筋膜
Superficial fascia Deep fascia
Synovial bursa 滑膜囊
Myology 肌学
Tendinous sheath 腱鞘
Fibrous layer Synoቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱial layer:
Myology 肌学
Origin 起点－the fixed attachment Insertion 止点－ the movable
attachment
Action 作用 Agonist 原动肌 Antagonist 拮抗肌 Synergist 协同肌 Fixators 固定肌
Nomenclature of mucles 肌的命名: shape size Location their points of attachment
Mesotendon 腱系膜 vincula tendinum 腱纽
Synovial cyst of wrist 腕部腱鞘囊肿
Muscles of head 头肌
Facial muscles 面肌
Epicranius 颅顶肌
Frontal belly 额腹 Occipital belly 枕腹 Galea aponeurotica 帽状腱膜
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Fulcrum
When most skeletal muscles contract, the bones to which they are attached rotate around a joint. We call this ‘rotational’ force a torque.
How to get more force in a muscle…
• Increase action potential frequency in a motor unit (summation in fibers since twitch lasts longer than AP) • Increase number of motor units activated in the whole muscle • Maximize actin/myosin overlap • Increase number of myofibrils (body building; long term)
3. maximize actin/myosin overlap
• FREQUENCY CODING: HIGHER FREQUENCY OF INCOMING ACTION POTENTIALS GENERATES MORE FORCE • POPULATION CODING: MORE UNITS RECRUITED TO GET MORE FORCE • TOTAL FORCE POSSIBLE DETERMINED BY SIZE (CROSS/SXN) OF WHOLE MUSCLE
THE CODING OF CONTRACTILE FORCE
Skeletal Muscle Mechanics
• Distinguish the three lever types and solve equations representing these relationships.
Levers - 3 components
Biomechanics problem: Upon C1 vertebra, for example, the head weighs approx. 10 lbs. If you bend the head forward 3 inches, the weight that is placed anterior to the facets becomes 3 inches times 10 lbs which is equal to 30 inch pounds 3" x 10 lbs = 30 inch pounds The neck muscles which have to balance this load are positioned 2 inches behind the facets. How many pounds of force will these muscles will have to exert to balance the head? 3 " x 10 lbs = 2 " x 15 lbs
Skeletal Muscle Mechanics
• Explain muscle properties during contractions of varying strengths. • Distinguish the three lever types and solve equations representing these relationships.
30 inch pounds = 30 inch pounds
Second class lever
Third class lever
Biomechanics problems: 1. Calculate the effort (muscle force) required to hold your arm bent and steady at your side. arm + hand = 10 lbs. distance from elbow to hand = 14 in. center of gravity for arm = 7 in. from elbow distance from elbow to biceps insertion = 2 in.
1. Increase action potential frequency.
One twitch (fiber contraction) per excitation. Subsequent twitches can increase force w/ limit at tetanus
2. Increase number of motor units activated
0.1 m
0.2 m
F = 5 lb F = 10 lb
total A B 11 0
At balance, force X distance on one side of a lever = force X distance on the other side.
First class lever
2. Calculate the effort (muscle force) required to curl a dumbell with your arm. Dumbell weight = 20 lbs (resistance arm is the full distance from elbow to hand in this case)
• THE MOTOR UNIT: One neuron and the fibers it innervates. • Motor unit recruitment increases force. Muscle
Somatic Motor Neuron
Motor Unit
Muscle Ftance
distance
The perpendicular distance from the pivot point to the line of the force.
Force
An example of a balanced 1st Class Lever A = 10 x 0.1 = 1 B = 5 x 0.2 = 1