Global_Water_Progress_Report_-_2009-2010
新加坡水回用-NEWATER
SINGAPOREWATER RECLAMATION STUDYEXPERT PANEL REVIEWANDFINDINGSJUNE 20021. INTRODUCTION1.1 Project OverviewThe Singapore Water Reclamation Study (“NEWater Study”) was first conceptualised in 1998 as a joint initiative between Public Utilities Board (PUB) and Ministry of the Environment (ENV). The primary objective of the joint initiative was to determine the suitability of using NEWater as a source of raw water to supplement Singapore’s water supply. NEWater is treated used water that has undergone stringent purification and treatment process using advanced dual-membrane (microfiltration and reverse osmosis) and ultraviolet technologies. NEWater could be mixed and blended with reservoir water and then undergo conventional water treatment to produce drinking water (defined here as Planned Indirect Potable Reuse or Planned IPR).Planned IPR as a source of water supply is not new. It has been practised in several parts of the United States for more than 20 years. At Water Factory 21, Orange County Water District, Southern California, high quality water reclaimed from treated used water has been injected into ground water since 1976. Similarly, at Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority (UOSA), Virginia, high quality reclaimed water is discharged into Occoquan Reservoir since 1978. Occoquan Reservoir is a source of water supply for more than one million people located in the vicinity of Washington DC.Water reclamation is a growing trend in the U.S. and around the world. In the U.S., there are several other water reclamation projects in the municipal scale that are either being planned or under construction. Two of them are at Gwinnett near Atlanta, Georgia and Scottsdale near Phoenix, Arizona.________________________________________________________________Figure 1.1 shows the locations of potable water reuse facilities in the United States.1.2•10,000 m3/day advanced water reclamation demonstration plant using state-of-the-art dual-membrane (microfiltration and reverse osmosis) and ultraviolet light technologies. The membrane and UV technology is tested for its robustness and reliability to consistently produce high quality NEWater;• a Sampling and Monitoring Programme (SAMP) where a comprehensive physical, chemical and microbiological sampling and analysis of water samples is conducted to determine the suitability of NEWater as a source of raw water for potable use. The USEPA National Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards and WHO Drinking Water Quality Guidelines are the benchmarks for NEWater quality. Other parameters________________________________________________________________of potential concern, but not listed in these standards/guidelines are also routinely tested for; and• a Health Effects Testing Programme (HETP) to complement the comprehensive SAMP to determine the safety of NEWater. The HETP is ongoing. It involves the toxicological assessment of NEWater against PUB source water from Bedok Reservoir. The HETP covering both short and long term health effects is carried out using two animal species i.e.mice and fish. The fish are also being used for estrogenic (reproductive and developmental) assessment.1.3 Expert PanelThe Expert Panel consisting of both local and foreign experts in engineering, biomedical science, chemistry and water technology was formed in January 1999 to provide independent advice to PUB and ENV on the NEWater Study. The scope of the Expert Panel is defined as follows:• review and advise on the planning and implementation of the NEWater Study;• review and advise on the sampling and analysis of water, toxicological and carcinogenic risk assessment, and other relevant health studies;• review the findings for the Study; and• evaluate the findings and make recommendations with regard to the suitability of NEWater as a source of raw water for potable use.________________________________________________________________Table 1.1 is a summary of the Expert Panel members’ names, date of appointment, area of expertise and institution where they practice.Table 1.1 – Expert PanelName Year ofAppointmentExpertise InstitutionProfessor Ong Choon Nam (Chairman) 1999 Human Healthand ToxicologyNational University ofSingapore (NUS)Professor Joan Rose 1999 Microbiology University of SouthFlorida, U.S.Mr. William (Bill) Lauer 1999 WaterReclamationStudies American Water Works Association, U.S.Professor Ng Wun Jern 1999 Engineering andWater TechnologyNUSDr. Chew Suok Kai 1999 Human Healthand Epidemiology Ministry of Health (MOH)Professor James P. Tam 2001 Life/BiologicalSciences Nanyang Technological University (NTU)Associate ProfessorMulkit Singh1999 Microbiology NUSDr. Bosco Chen Bloodworth 1999 Water Quality andAnalysisMOH/Health SciencesAuthority of Singapore(HSA)Professor Lee Hian Kee 2001 EnvironmentalChemistryNUS1.4 Description of NEWater FactoryThe NEWater Factory is a 10,000 m3/d advanced water reclamation plant employing dual-membrane and UV disinfection treatment process train. The plant is located on a compact site downstream of the Bedok Water Reclamation Plant (formerly known as Bedok Sewage Treatment Works). The NEWater Factory treatment process train is shown in Figure 1.2.________________________________________________________________Figure 1.2 – Treatment process flow diagramThe design of the NEWater Factory dual-membrane and UV technologyprocess trains are in line with the recommendations of the United StatesNational Research Council in its report1 on the use of reclaimed water tosupplement water supplies. The first design tenet was to ensure rigorous source control of the raw sewage. The Bedok Water Reclamation Plant(WRP) was selected as the site of the demonstration plant because Bedok WRP receives more than 95% of its wastewater from domestic sources.The second design tenet was the use of multiple physical barriers for the removal of microbial pathogens and chemical contaminants. Figure 1.3 illustrates the multiple barrier approach incorporated in the NEWater Factoryprocess design.1 Issues in Potable Reuse: The Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supplies with Reclaimed Water, National Research Council, 1998.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1.5 Indirect Potable ReuseWhen discussing the reuse of treated effluent for potable purposes, thefollowing definitions are useful to distinguish between “indirect” and “direct”potable reuse and between “planned” and “unplanned” potable reuse.Planned Indirect Potable Reuse is the abstraction, treatment, anddistribution of water for drinking from a natural source water (river, lake oraquifer) that is intentionally and partially fed by the discharge of treated wastewater effluent (NRC, 1998). This type of potable reuse is becomingmore common as other viable water sources become scarcer because ofpopulation growth and watershed urbanisation. Some U.S. examples areWater Factory 21, Orange County Water District, Southern California and Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority (UOSA), Virginia.Unplanned Indirect Potable Reuse occurs when a water supply is abstracted for potable purposes from natural source (surface or groundwater) that is fed in part by the discharge/disposal of wastewater effluent (treated or not). The subsequent potable reuse of the wastewater effluent was not an intentional part of the effluent disposal plan. This type of potable reuse occurs whenever an upstream water user discharges wastewater effluent into a water source (river, lake or aquifer) that serves as a water supply for a downstream user. As noted later, many large communities unintentionally have been practising unplanned indirect potable reuse. Some examples are the Rhine and Thames rivers in Europe, Mississippi River in the U.S., Yangtze River in China, and Mekong River in Indo-China.Direct Potable Reuse is the immediate addition of reclaimed water to the potable water distribution system. This practice has not been adopted by, or approved for, any water system in the U.S. (NRC, 1998), although, it is being practised in Windhoek, Namibia, Africa. Hence, direct potable reuse is not considered a viable option for Singapore and will not be discussed from hereon.________________________________________________________________2. PLANT OPERATIONS2.1 GeneralThe NEWater Factory commenced operation in May 2000, and continues to perform satisfactorily and within design expectations. Table 2.1 below compares the original plant design criteria against actual plant performance (monthly averages) since operation in May 2000.Table 2.1 – Design Specification versus actual performanceParameter Specified/Design ActualpH None 5.9TOC Removal (%) >97 >99Ammonia Removal (%) >90 >94TDS Removal (%) >97 >97MF Filtrate Turbidity (NTU) ≤0.1 ≤0.12.2 Reliability and Safety of Plant Design and OperationPotable reuse projects require more robust multiple barriers to chemical contaminants and microbial pathogens than conventional water treatment systems (NRC 1998). For water systems, the systematic reduction of risk to human health to waterborne contaminants is comprehensively known as “multiple barriers”. The provision of independent multiple barriers, or redundant safety measures, as well as a continuous, vigilant monitoring and surveillance programme will ensure the greatest level of safe, reliable operation of a potable reuse water system.The NEWater Factory is designed with a number of fail-safe features to ensure the NEWater produced is of high quality, as well as protect the plant equipment from adverse operating conditions. Some of the fail-safe features are as follows:• Routine membrane integrity testing;• Standby units are provided for all critical equipment;• Routine calibration and verification of the on-line monitoring instrumentation;• Provision of automatic warning systems to alert the operator of abnormal plant conditions;________________________________________________________________• Automatic shutdown of the plant in the event of adverse operating conditions; and• Computerised data acquisition and trending of the operational data in real-time.2.3 Plant ProductionThe NEWater Factory has been challenge-tested to prove that the constructed plant could meet or better all design specification requirements. The trials proved that the plant is capable of a production capacity of 10,000 CMD (m3/d).2.4 Water Recovery RatesWater recovery for the RO membranes has been deliberately kept within the range of 80 to 82%. Operational experience shows that this water recovery rate is optimal to control organic fouling of the RO membranes and therefore decrease the frequency of membrane cleaning.The CMF water recovery rate is below the design criteria of ≥90%, ranging from 84 to 90%, with an average of 87% (±1.9 standard deviation).Despite these challenges, the NEWater Factory has shown itself to be reliable, robust and capable of producing consistently high quality NEWater, under a wide and diverse range of feedwater conditions.2.5 Unit Power ConsumptionTo date the average unit power consumption at NEWater Factory has not varied from the range of 0.7 to 0.9 kWh/m3. This is better than the specification requirement of 1.2 kWh/m3.2.6 Plant Feedwater IssuesConductivityHigher incoming Plant Feedwater conductivity causes plant production to decrease and the conductivity of NEWater to increase.The designs of future full-production dual-membrane water reclamation plants have incorporated measures and features to minimise the impact of high variations in the Plant Feedwater conductivity.________________________________________________________________TurbidityOperating experience gained from the NEWater Factory shows that the CMF could tolerate high turbidity up to 20 NTU without adversely affecting plant production. At turbidity below 2 NTU, the water recovery would be at least 90%, while at turbidity >10 NTU, the water recovery could be as low as 84%.2.7 CMF OperationsThe average CMF membrane cleaning frequency at 13.4 days betters the specified design requirement of 10 days per clean per unit.2.8 RO OperationsA greater than six months RO membrane cleaning interval was achieved for the first stage of RO recovery, while a more than three months RO membrane cleaning interval was achieved for the second and third stages. These are much better than the 60 days design criteria.2.9 UV OperationsViruses, bacteria and parasites are removed after the RO process treatment. UV disinfection is provided as an added safeguard against microbial contaminants. UV light works by inactivating viruses, bacteria and parasites. The UV Disinfection System at NEWater Factory was designed for 4-log (99.99%) inactivation of microbes. Testing has shown that better than 7-log (99.99999%) is being achieved by the UV System.2.10 SummaryAfter two years of operation, the NEWater Factory has demonstrated that NEWater can be consistently and reliably produced on a large scale.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. SAMPLING AND MONITORING PROGRAMME (SAMP) 3.1OverviewThe Sampling and Monitoring Programme (SAMP) involves a comprehensive set of physical, chemical and microbiological tests.The water samples are analysed for all drinking water parameters listed in the current USEPA National Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards and WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality . I n total, some 190 physical, chemical and microbiological parameters related to water quality have been measured.Table 3.1 summarises the number of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters related to water quality with the sampling location.Table 3.1 – Total number of parameters measured versus sampling locationSample LocationWater Quality Parameter Plant Feedwater(1)MF Filtrate (2) RO Permeate (3) UV Effluent(4)NEWater (5) PUB Raw Water PUBDrinkingWaterPhysical9 3 3 2 8 8 7 Disinfection By-products 6 1 2 1 6 6 6 I n o r g a n i cInorganic - Other 39 2 32 39 38 39 Disinfection By-products 22 22 22 22 22 O r g a n i cOther Compounds42 41 41 37 Pesticides/Herbicides50 50 50 50 Radionuclides 6 6 6 6 Wastewater SignatureCompounds 4 4 4 4 Synthetic & NaturalHormones 3 3 3 3 3 3 Microbiological10 9 7 10 9 3 Totals191186931891871773.2 Physical and Chemical Analysis ResultsOverall, some 20,000 test results from seven sampling locations, including over 4,500 for NEWater have been measured.Table 3.2 summarises the total number of physical and chemical measurements, including the sampling period.Table 3.2 – Total number of physical and chemical analytical resultsSampling PeriodSample Location Total Results Count From ToPlant Feed Water (1) 7,282 9-Nov-99 30-Apr-02 MF Filtrate (2) 407 8-Aug-00 30-Apr-02RO Permeate (3) 2,082 8-Aug-00 30-Apr-02UV Effluent (4) 114 5-Sep-00 30-Apr-02NEWater (5) 4,741 9-May-00 30-Apr-02PUB Raw Water 4,165 9-Nov-99 30-Apr-02PUB Drinking Water 1,142 6-Jun-00 30-Apr-02 Total 19,933Below Detection Limit DataOwing to the extremely low concentrations of various parameters present in the NEWater and/or limitations of the analytical technique, an absolute value thus could not be determined. In fact, the majority of the NEWater test results are below the detection limit. This is also known as not detectable (ND), and is reported at the “estimated quantitation limit” or EQL, which is the lowest practical reportable concentration within a specified confidence limit.For the NEWater Study we have adopted the following approach:• If the number of non-detectable results is more than 50% of the number of test results, the mean is not calculated because the result would not be meaningful. In such cases, the mean is stated as “Not Calculated” or “NC”.• If the number of detectable results is more than 50% of the number of test results, the mean is computed using the detected values plus the detection limit for the non-detectable results.________________________________________________________________• A mean will not be computed if the number of test results is fewer than seven. Some of the newer tests may fall into this category.It should be noted that this method of handling non-detectable data will tendto slightly overestimate the arithmetic mean.It is necessary to stress that the lowest or more stringent of either the current USEPA National Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standardsor WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality has been used in these comparisons.Physical CharacteristicsOverall data have demonstrated that NEWater achieves the current drinking water quality standards and guidelines for all physical water quality parameters, with the minor exception of pH that averages around pH 5.9. The pH of USEPA and WHO standard/guideline are set at a range 6.5 to 8.5for aesthetics and corrosion protection reasons.However, the pH increases to seven upon standing and exposure to openair for two to three hours. This is due to the release of dissolved carbon dioxide present in NEWater after RO treatment.Table 3.3 is a summary of the physical water quality results for NEWater. True colour in NEWater was not detectable in any of the 96 samples collected and tested.Table 3.3 – Summary of NEWater physical water quality parameters with detectable resultsStandard/Guideline Number of Results Parameter Units USEPA WHO Mean* Min.* Max.* Total Detectable NotDetectable pH Units 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 5.9 5.3 6.7 96 96 0 Temperature°C- - 29.6 26.430.9 7 7 0 mg/L 500 1,000 48.3 11 118 95 95 0 Totaldissolvedsolids (TDS)Turbidity N T U 5 5 NC ND 0.4 96 15 81 Conductivity µS/cm- - 92.2 28.6256 96 96 0 Suspendedmg/L - - NC ND 0.6 94 1 93 SolidsUV 254cm-1- - NC ND 0.011 96 6 90 Absorbance*Notes:1. NC – Not calculated.2. ND – Not detectable (below detectable concentration).________________________________________________________________InorganicsThe quality of NEWater achieves the drinking water quality standards and guidelines set by USEPA and WHO, respectively, for inorganic parameters including disinfection by-products. Below is a list of NEWater inorganic parameters found at non-detectable concentrations (not detectable in any ofthe samples).§ Chlorate § Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)§ Bromate § Manganese§ Perchlorate § Mercury§ Arsenic § Selenium§ Beryllium § Silver§ Chromium§ Bromide§ Cyanide § AntimonyTable 3.4 is a summary of the NEWater inorganic water quality results that had detectable concentrations. All of the values are within the USEPA and WHO standards/guidelines.Table 3.4 – Summary of NEWater inorganic water quality parameters with detectable resultsStandard/Guideline Number of Results Parameter Units USEPA WHO Mean* Min.* Max.* Total Detectable NotDetectable Chlorine (Totalmg/L - 5 1.39 0.01 2.6 96 96 0as Cl2)Chlorite mg/L - 0.2 NC ND 0.15 87 1 86 Iodine mg/L - - 0.06 0.010.15 60 60 0 Monochlor-mg/L - 3 0.9 ND 2 87 80 7 amine (as Cl2)mg/L 0.05-0.2 0.2 NC ND 0.12 21 5 16 Aluminium(total)Ammonia (asmg/L - 1.5 0.51 ND 2.14a83 71 12 N)Asbestos fibres/L 7 million - NC ND 210,000 7 1 6 Barium mg/L 2 0.7 NC ND 0.017 21 1 20 Boron mg/L - 0.5 0.06 ND 0.149 23 20 3 Cadmium mg/L 0.005 0.003 NC ND 0.0002 21 1 20 Chloride mg/L 250 250 14.34 2.5747.8 28 28 0________________________________________________________________Copper mg/L 1.3 2 NC ND 0.003 21 1 20 Fluoride mg/L 4 1.5 0.16 0.040.41 28 28 0 Iron mg/L 0.3 0.3 NC ND 0.009 28 5 23 Lead mg/L 0.015 0.01 NC ND 0.002 21 4 17 Molybdenum mg/L - 0.07 NC ND 0.018 21 1 20 Nickel mg/L - 0.02 NC ND 0.013 21 1 20 Nitrate (as N)mg/L 10 11.3 2.01 0.02 5.4 44 44 0 Nitrite (as N) mg/L 1 0.91 NC ND 0.38 28 8 20 Sodium mg/L - 200 13.35 3.1642.1 28 28 0 Sulphate mg/L 250 250 0.15 ND 0.54 28 22 6 Thallium mg/L 0.002 - NC ND 0.0018 21 3 18 Zinc mg/L 5 3 NC ND 0.041 21 2 19 Calcium mg/L - - 0.17 0.044 0.514 21 21 0 Potassium mg/L - - 1.08 0.504 3.07 10 10 0 Silica (SiO2) mg/L - - 0.88 ND 4.95 17 15 2 Strontiummg/L - - NC ND 0.021 21 3 18 (Sr2+)Total Alkalinity mg/L - - 8.63 5 16 21 21 0 Total Nitrogen mg/L - - 3.28 ND 11 20 19 1 Totalmg/L - - 0.03 ND 0.084 21 19 2 PhosphorousMagnesium mg/L - - 0.13 0.030.45 10 10 0 a An outlier one out of 83 determinations. Not statistically significant.*Notes:1. NC – Not calculated.2. ND – Not detectable (below detectable concentration).3. Original monochloramine values have been converted to mg/L as chlorine.Organic CompoundsBelow is a list of the NEWater organic compounds that had non-detectable concentrations (not detectable in any of the samples).§ Chloropicrin § 1,3-Dichlorobenzene§ Cyanogen chloride (as cyanide) § 1,4-Dichlorobenzene§ Chloral Hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde) § 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene§ Chloroacetic acid § Trichlorobenzenes (total)§ Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA)§ Carbon Tetrachloride§ Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA)§ Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)________________________________________________________________§ 2-chlorophenol § 1,1-Dichloroethane§ 2,4-dichlorophenol § 1,2-Dichloroethane§ 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol § 1,1,1-Trichloroethane§ Dichloroacetonitrile § 1,1,2-Trichloroethane§ Trichloroacetonitrile § 1,1-Dichloroethene§ Dibromoacetonitrile § 1,2-Dichloroethene (cis & trans)§ Bromochloroacetonitrile § Tetrachloroethene§ Acrylamide § Vinyl Chloride§ Epichlorohydrin § Tributyltin oxide§ Hexachlorobutadiene § Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate§ Microcystin-LR § Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate§ Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) § Benzo(a)pyrene§ Benzene § Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)§ Ethylbenzene § Haloacetic Acids (HAA5)§ Styrene § MTBE§ Toluene § Mirex§ Xylenes (total) § Furan (2,3,7,8-TCDF)§ Chlorobenzene § Haloacetic Acids (HAA7)§ 1,2-DichlorobenzeneTable 3.5 is a summary of the NEWater organic compounds that had occasionally been detected, but these concentrations are within the USEPA and WHO standards/guidelines or considered insignificant because of rarity and/or low concentrations.Table 3.5 – Summary of NEWater organic compounds with detectable resultsStandard/Guideline Number of Results Parameter Units USEPA WHO Mean* Min.* Max.* Total Detectable NotDetectableTotal Trihalomethanes (THM's) µg/L 80 R<1 (seenotesbelow)NC ND 86.5a53 1 52Bromodichloro-methaneµg/L - 60 NC ND 7.9 53 4 49Bromoform(CHBr3)µg/L - 100 NC ND 48.3 53 1 52Chloroform(C H C13)µg/L - 200 NC ND 5 53 1 52Dibromochloro-methaneµg/L - 100 NC ND 25 53 4 49________________________________________________________________Chlorinatedng/L- - NC ND 8 41 10 31 furanones (MX)Formaldehyde µg/L - 900 18.45 ND 75.9 87 73 14 Trichloroethene µg/L 5 70 NC ND 46.72b16 1 15 Dialkyltins ng/L- - NC ND 6.5 14 1 13 Total Organicmg/L - - 0.19 ND 0.74 96 71 25 Carbon (TOC)mg/L- - 0.16 ND 0.59 96 71 25 DissolvedOrganic Carbon(DOC)mg/L- - NC ND 0.19 11 4 7 BiodegradableOrganic Carbon(BDOC)C OD mg/L- - NC ND 5 96 1 95 Organic Nitrogen mg/L- - 1.08 ND 2.4 20 14 6a An outlier one out of 53 determinations. Not statistically significant.b An outlier one out of 16 determinations. Not statistically significant.*Notes:1. NC – Not calculated.2. ND – Not detectable (below detectable concentration).3. WHO defines “R” as the sum of the ratios of f i ve organic compounds with their respectiveguideline limits.Pesticides/HerbicidesNEWater is analysed for 50 types of pesticide/herbicide compounds. The values achieve the drinking water quality standards and guidelines set by USEPA and WHO, respectively, for pesticide/herbicide compounds.Below is a list of the pesticide/herbicide compounds found at non-detectable concentrations (not detectable in any of the samples):§ 2,4,5-T § Glyphosphate§ 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D) § Heptachlor§ 2,4-DB § Heptachlor epoxide§ 1,2-Dichloropropane § Hexachlorobenzene§ 1,2-dibromoethane § Hexachlorocyclopentadiene§ 1,3-dichloropropene § Isoproturon§ Alachlor § Lindane (HCH)§ Aldicarb § MCPA§ Aldrin § Mecoprop§ Atrazine § Methoxychlor________________________________________________________________§ Bentazone § Metolachlor§ Carbofuran § Molinate§ Chlorotoluron § Oxamyl§ Cynazine § Pendimethalin§ DDT and derivatives (total isomers) § Pentachlorophenol§ Dalapon § Permethrin§ Dinoseb § Picloram§ Dichlorprop § Propanil§ Dieldrin § Pyridate§ Diquat § Silvex (2,4,5-TP)§ Endothall § Simazine§ Endrin § Terbuthylazine (TBA)§ Ethylene dibromide § Tifluralin§ FenopropTable 3.6 is a summary of the NEWater pesticide/herbicide compounds that had occasional detectable concentrations, but these concentrations are within the USEPA and WHO standards/guidelines or consider insignificant because of rarity and/or low concentrations.Table 3.6– Summary of NEWater pesticide/herbicide compounds with detectable resultsStandard/Guideline Number of Results Parameter Units USEPA WHO Mean* Min.* Max.* Total Detectable NotDetectable 1,2-Dibro m o-3-µg/L 0.2 1 NC ND 0.57a23 1 22 chloropropane(DBCP)µg/L 2 0.2 NC ND 0.02 18 3 15 Chlordane (totalisomers)Toxaphene µg/L 3 - NC ND 0.1 11 2 9a An outlier one of 23 determinations. Not statistically significant.*Notes:1. NC – Not calculated.2. ND – Not detectable (below detectable concentration).RadionuclidesThe radionuclide concentrations in NEWater are within the drinking water quality standards/guidelines stipulated by USEPA and WHO. Six________________________________________________________________radionuclides have been tested and all of them were at below detectable concentrations, except for gross beta. However, the value was well within the USEPA and WHO standards/guidelines.Wastewater Signature CompoundsFour wastewater signature compounds have been tested and all of them were found at below detectable concentrations, except for ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Again, the value was well within the WHO guideline.Synthetic and Natural HormonesConcentrations of the three human hormones: estrogen, ethinyl estradiol and 17β-estradiol have so far not been detected in NEWater.3.3 Microbiological Water QualityThe microbiological quality of NEWater consistently meets the standards/guidelines set by USEPA and WHO. Six of these parameters are required by the USEPA and WHO standards/guidelines. The remaining four are potential microbial parameters for future drinking water standards/guidelines.Table 3.7 summarises the total number of microbiological test results, including the sampling period.Table 3.7 – Total number of microbiological analytical resultsSampling PeriodLocation Total Results Count From To Plant Feed Water (1) 802 5-Oct-99 30-Apr-02 MF Filtrate (2) 335 3-Jan-01 30-Apr-02RO Permeate (3) 278 26-Dec-00 30-Apr-02NEWater (5) 713 9-May-00 30-Apr-02PUB Raw Water 196 5-Oct-99 30-Apr-02PUB Drinking Water 20 8-Aug-00 30-Apr-02 Totals 2,344________________________________________________________________。
EN 420-2003+A1-2009
© 2009 CEN
All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
Ref. No. EN 420:2003+A1:2009: E
EN 420:2003+A1:2009 (E)
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
EUROPEABiblioteka STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.340.40
EN 420:2003+A1
November 2009
Supersedes EN 420:2003
English Version
Protective gloves - General requirements and test methods
Contents
page
Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................4 1 2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................5 Normative references ............................................................................................................................5 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................6 General requirements ............................................................................................................................7 Glove design and construction — General .........................................................................................7 Resistance of glove materials to water penetration...........................................................................7 Innocuousness of protective gloves ...................................................................................................8 Cleaning ..................................................................................................................................................8 Electrostatic properties .........................................................................................................................9 Comfort and efficiency ..........................................................................................................................9 Sizing ......................................................................................................................................................9 Dexterity............................................................................................................................................... 11 Water vapour transmission and absorption .................................................................................... 11 Test procedures .................................................................................................................................. 11 Hand and glove measurement and dimensions .............................................................................. 11 Test method for determining gloved finger dexterity ..................................................................... 12 Test method for determination of water vapour transmission ...................................................... 13 Test method for determination of water vapour absorption .......................................................... 16 Marking and information .................................................................................................................... 18 General ................................................................................................................................................. 18 Marking ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Information supplied by the manufacturer ...................................................................................... 19
groundwatermodeling system
groundwatermodeling systemGroundwater modeling systems are computer-based tools used to simulate and analyze the flow and behavior of groundwater in an aquifer. These systems typically consist of software programs that utilize mathematical models and algorithms to generate simulations and predictions of groundwater flow patterns, contaminant transport, and water resource management.Groundwater modeling systems can be used for a variety of purposes, including:1. Aquifer characterization: Groundwater models can help in assessing the physical properties and behavior of aquifers, such as permeability, hydraulic conductivity, and water level fluctuations.2. Water resource management: By simulating different scenarios, groundwater models can assist in decision-making related to water supply, allocation, and optimization of groundwater pumping rates.3. Contaminant transport analysis: Models can simulate the transport of contaminants in groundwater, helping to understand the potential impact of pollution sources and develop remediation strategies.4. Climate change impact assessment: Groundwater models can be used to assess the impact of climate change on groundwater resources, such as changes in recharge rates, water availability, and vulnerability to drought.5. Land-use planning and management: Models can assist inevaluating the potential impacts of land-use changes on groundwater resources, facilitating better land management decisions.Groundwater modeling systems typically require input data such as hydrogeological parameters, meteorological data, and information about groundwater extraction rates and contaminant sources. The output of these systems includes visualizations of groundwater flow patterns, water level fluctuations, contaminant concentrations, and various other parameters.Some widely used groundwater modeling systems include MODFLOW (developed by the US Geological Survey), FEFLOW, and Visual MODFLOW. These systems offer a range of features and capabilities, allowing hydrogeologists and water resource professionals to better understand and manage groundwater resources.。
IFRS9原文
November 2009IFRS 9 Financial InstrumentsInternational Financial Reporting Standard 9 Financial InstrumentsIFRS 9 Financial Instr uments is issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), 30 Cannon Street, London EC4M 6XH, United Kingdom.Tel: +44 (0)20 7246 6410Fax: +44 (0)20 7246 6411Email: iasb@Web: The I ASB, the I nternational Accounting Standards Committee Foundation (IASCF), the authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility for loss caused to any person who acts or refrains from acting in reliance on the material in this publication, whether such loss is caused by negligence or otherwise.ISBN for this part: 978-1-907026-47-8ISBN for complete publication (three parts): 978-1-907026-46-1Copyright © 2009 IASCF®International Financial Reporting Standards (including International Accounting Standards and SI C and I FRI C I nterpretations), Exposure Drafts, and other I ASB publications are copyright of the I ASCF. The approved text of I nternational Financial Reporting Standards and other IASB publications is that published by the IASB in the English language. Copies may be obtained from the IASCF. Please address publications and copyright matters to:IASC Foundation Publications Department,1st Floor, 30 Cannon Street, London EC4M 6XH, United Kingdom.Tel: +44 (0)20 7332 2730 Fax: +44 (0)20 7332 2749Email: publications@ Web: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated, reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form either in whole or in part or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the IASCF.The IASB logo/the IASCF logo/‘Hexagon Device’, the IASC Foundation Education logo, ‘IASC Foundation’, ‘e IFRS’, ‘IAS’, ‘IASB’, ‘IASC’, ‘IASCF’, ‘IASs’, ‘IFRIC’, ‘IFRS’,‘IFRSs’, ‘International Accounting Standards’, ‘International Financial Reporting Standards’ and ‘SIC’ are Trade Marks of the IASCF.IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTSC ONTENTSparagraphsINTRODUCTIONINTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 9 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSCHAPTERS1 OBJECTIVE 1.12 SCOPE 2.13 RECOGNITION AND DERECOGNITION 3.1.1–3.1.24 CLASSIFICATION 4.1–4.95 MEASUREMENT 5.1.1–5.4.56 HEDGE ACCOUNTING NOT USED7 DISCLOSURES NOT USED8 EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION8.1.1–8.2.13 APPENDICESA Defined termsB Application guidanceC Amendments to other IFRSs (see separate booklet)APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF IFRS 9 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTSISSUED IN NOVEMBER 2009AMENDMENTS TO THE GUIDANCE ON OTHER IFRSs (see separate booklet) BASIS FOR CONCLUSIONS(see separate booklet)APPENDIXAmendments to the Basis for Conclusions on other IFRSs3© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 2009 International Financial Reporting Standard 9 Financial Instruments (IFRS 9) is set out in paragraphs 1.1–8.2.13 and Appendices A–C. All the paragraphs have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold type state the main principles. Terms defined in Appendix A are in italics the first time they appear in the I FRS. Definitions of other terms are given in the Glossary for International Financial Reporting Standards. IFRS 9 should be read in the context of its objective and the Basis for Conclusions, the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards and the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.© Copyright IASCF4IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTSIntroductionReasons for issuing the IFRSN1AS 39 Financial Instr uments: Recognition and Measur ement sets out the requirements for recognising and measuring financial assets, financialliabilities and some contracts to buy or sell non-financial items.The I nternational Accounting Standards Board (I ASB) inherited I AS 39from its predecessor body, the nternational Accounting StandardsCommittee.IN2Many users of financial statements and other interested parties have told the Board that the requirements in I AS 39 are difficult to understand,apply and interpret. They have urged the Board to develop a newstandard for financial reporting for financial instruments that isprinciple-based and less complex. Although the Board has amendedIAS39 several times to clarify requirements, add guidance and eliminateinternal inconsistencies, it has not previously undertaken a fundamentalreconsideration of reporting for financial instruments.IN3Since 2005, the IASB and the US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) have had a long-term objective to improve and simplify the reporting for financial instruments. This work resulted in thepublication of a discussion paper, Reducing Complexity in Reporting Financial Instruments, in March 2008. Focusing on the measurement of financial instruments and hedge accounting, the paper identified several possibleapproaches for improving and simplifying the accounting for financialinstruments. The responses to the paper indicated support for asignificant change in the requirements for reporting financialinstruments. In November 2008 the IASB added this project to its activeagenda, and in December 2008 the FASB also added the project to itsagenda.IN4In April 2009, in response to the input received on its work responding to the financial crisis, and following the conclusions of the G20 leaders andthe recommendations of international bodies such as the Financial Stability Board, the I ASB announced an accelerated timetable forreplacing IAS 39. As a result, in July 2009 the IASB published an exposuredraft Financial Instruments: Classification and Measurement, followed by IFRS 9Financial Instruments in November 2009.5© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 2009IN5In developing IFRS 9 the Board considered input obtained in response to its discussion paper, the report from the Financial Crisis Advisory Grouppublished in July 2009, the responses to the exposure draft and otherdiscussions with interested parties, including three public round tablesheld to discuss the proposals in that exposure draft. The IASB staff alsoobtained additional feedback from users of financial statements andothers through an extensive outreach programme.The Board’s approach to replacing IAS 39IN6The Board intends that IFRS 9 will ultimately replace IAS 39 in its entirety.However, in response to requests from interested parties that theaccounting for financial instruments should be improved quickly, theBoard divided its project to replace IAS 39 into three main phases. As theBoard completes each phase, as well as its separate project on thederecognition of financial instruments, it will delete the relevantportions of AS 39 and create chapters in FRS 9 that replace therequirements in IAS 39. The Board aims to replace IAS 39 in its entiretyby the end of 2010.IN7The Board included proposals for the classification and measurement of financial liabilities in the exposure draft that preceded IFRS 9. In thatexposure draft the Board also drew attention to the discussion paperCr edit Risk in Liability Measur ement published in June 2009. n theirresponses to the exposure draft and discussion paper, many expressedconcern about recognising changes in an entity’s own credit risk in theremeasurement of liabilities. During its redeliberations on theclassification and measurement of financial liabilities, the Board decidednot to finalise the requirements for financial liabilities beforeconsidering those issues further and analysing possible approaches toaddress the concerns raised by respondents.I N8Accordingly, in November 2009 the Board issued the chapters of I FRS 9relating to the classification and measurement of financial assets.The Board addressed those matters first because they form the foundationof a standard on reporting financial instruments. Moreover, many of theconcerns expressed during the financial crisis arose from the classificationand measurement requirements for financial assets in IAS 39.© Copyright IASCF6IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTSIN9The Board sees this first instalment on classification and measurement of financial assets as a stepping stone to future improvements in thefinancial reporting of financial instruments and is committed tocompleting its work on classification and measurement of financial instruments expeditiously.Main features of the IFRSI N10Chapters 4 and 5 of I FRS 9 specify how an entity should classify andmeasure financial assets, including some hybrid contracts. They requireall financial assets to be:(a)classified on the basis of the entity’s business model for managingthe financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristics ofthe financial asset.(b)initially measured at fair value plus, in the case of a financial assetnot at fair value through profit or loss, particular transaction costs.(c)subsequently measured at amortised cost or fair value.IN11These requirements improve and simplify the approach for classification and measurement of financial assets compared with the requirements ofIAS 39. They apply a consistent approach to classifying financial assetsand replace the numerous categories of financial assets in IAS 39, each ofwhich had its own classification criteria. They also result in oneimpairment method, replacing the numerous impairment methods inIAS 39 that arise from the different classification categories.Next stepsIN12IFRS 9 is the first part of Phase 1 of the Board’s project to replace IAS 39.The main phases are:(a)Phase 1: Classification and measurement. The exposure draftFinancial Instruments: Classification and Measurement, published in July2009, contained proposals for both assets and liabilities within thescope of IAS 39. The Board is committed to completing its work onfinancial liabilities expeditiously and will include requirements forfinancial liabilities in IFRS 9 in due course.(b)Phase 2: I mpairment methodology. On 25 June 2009 the Boardpublished a Request for nformation on the feasibility of anexpected loss model for the impairment of financial assets. This7© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 2009formed the basis of an exposure draft, Financial Inst r uments:Amor tised Cost and Impair ment, published in November 2009 with acomment deadline of 30 June 2010. The Board is also setting up anexpert advisory panel to address the operational issues arisingfrom an expected cash flow approach.(c)Phase 3: Hedge accounting. The Board has started to consider howto improve and simplify the hedge accounting requirements ofIAS39 and expects to publish proposals shortly.IN13In addition to those three phases, the Board published in March 2009 an exposure draft Derecognition (proposed amendments to IAS 39 and IFRS 7).Redeliberations are under way and the Board expects to complete thisproject in the second half of 2010.IN14As stated above, the Board aims to have replaced IAS 39 in its entirety by the end of 2010.IN15The IASB and the FASB are committed to achieving by the end of 2010 a comprehensive and improved solution that provides comparabilityinternationally in the accounting for financial instruments. However,those efforts have been complicated by the differing project timetablesestablished to respond to the respective stakeholder groups. The IASB andFASB have developed strategies and plans to achieve a comprehensive andimproved solution that provides comparability internationally. As part ofthose plans, they reached agreement at their joint meeting in October2009 on a set of core principles designed to achieve comparability andtransparency in reporting, consistency in accounting for creditimpairments, and reduced complexity of financial instrumentaccounting.© Copyright IASCF8IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTS9© Copyright IASCF International Financial Reporting Standard 9 Financial InstrumentsChapter 1 Objective1.1The objective of this I FRS is to establish principles for the financialreporting of financial assets that will present relevant and useful information to users of financial statements for their assessment of the amounts, timing and uncertainty of the entity’s future cash flows.Chapter 2 Scope2.1An entity shall apply this I FRS to all assets within the scope of I AS 39Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement .Chapter 3 Recognition and derecognition3.1 Initial recognition of financial assets3.1.1An entity shall recognise a financial asset in its statement of financialposition when, and only when, the entity becomes party to the contractual provisions of the instrument (see paragraphs AG34 and AG35 of IAS 39).When an entity first recognises a financial asset, it shall classify it in accordance with paragraphs 4.1–4.5 and measure it in accordance with paragraph 5.1.1.3.1.2 A regular way purchase or sale of a financial asset shall be recognised andderecognised in accordance with paragraphs 38 and AG53–AG56 of IAS 39.Chapter 4 Classification4.1U nless paragraph 4.5 applies, an entity shall classify financial assets assubsequently measured at either amortised cost or fair value on the basis of both:(a)the entity’s business model for managing the financial assets; and (b)the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial asset.I NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 20094.2 A financial asset shall be measured at amortised cost if both of thefollowing conditions are met:(a)the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to holdassets in order to collect contractual cash flows.(b)the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specifieddates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and intereston the principal amount outstanding.Paragraphs B4.1–B4.26 provide guidance on how to apply these conditions.4.3For the purpose of this IFRS, interest is consideration for the time value ofmoney and for the credit risk associated with the principal amountoutstanding during a particular period of time.4.4 A financial asset shall be measured at fair value unless it is measured atamortised cost in accordance with paragraph 4.2.Option to designate a financial asset at fair valuethrough profit or loss4.5Notwithstanding paragraphs 4.1–4.4, an entity may, at initial recognition,designate a financial asset as measured at fair value through profit or lossif doing so eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement orrecognition inconsistency (sometimes referred to as an ‘accountingmismatch’) that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilitiesor recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases(see paragraphs AG4D–AG4G of IAS 39).Embedded derivatives4.6An embedded derivative is a component of a hybrid contract that alsoincludes a non-derivative host—with the effect that some of the cash flowsof the combined instrument vary in a way similar to a stand-alonederivative. An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flowsthat otherwise would be required by the contract to be modifiedaccording to a specified interest rate, financial instrument price,commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, creditrating or credit index, or other variable, provided in the case of anon-financial variable that the variable is not specific to a party to thecontract. A derivative that is attached to a financial instr ument but iscontractually transferable independently of that instrument, or has adifferent counterparty, is not an embedded derivative, but a separatefinancial instrument.© Copyright IASCF10IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTS4.7If a hybrid contract contains a host that is within the scope of this IFRS, anentity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 4.1–4.5 to the entire hybrid contract.4.8If a hybrid contract contains a host that is not within the scope of this IFRS,an entity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 11–13 and AG27–AG33B of IAS 39 to determine whether it must separate the embeddedderivative from the host. If the embedded derivative must be separatedfrom the host, the entity shall:(a)classify the derivative in accordance with either paragraphs 4.1–4.4for derivative assets or paragraph 9 of IAS 39 for all other derivatives;and(b)account for the host in accordance with other IFRSs.Reclassification4.9When, and only when, an entity changes its business model for managingfinancial assets it shall reclassify all affected financial assets in accordancewith paragraphs 4.1–4.4.Chapter 5 Measurement5.1 Initial measurement of financial assets5.1.1At initial recognition, an entity shall measure a financial asset at its fairvalue (see paragraphs 48, 48A and AG69–AG82 of IAS 39) plus, in the case ofa financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs thatare directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset.5.2 Subsequent measurement of financial assets5.2.1After initial recognition, an entity shall measure a financial asset inaccordance with paragraphs 4.1–4.5 at fair value (see paragraphs 48, 48A andAG69–AG82 of IAS 39) or amortised cost.5.2.2An entity shall apply the impairment requirements in paragraphs 58–65and AG84–AG93 of IAS 39 to financial assets measured at amortised cost.5.2.3An entity shall apply the hedge accounting requirements in paragraphs89–102 of IAS 39 to a financial asset that is designated as a hedged item(see paragraphs 78–84 and AG98–AG101 of IAS 39).11© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 20095.3 Reclassification5.3.1If an entity reclassifies financial assets in accordance with paragraph 4.9, itshall apply the reclassification prospectively from the reclassification date.The entity shall not restate any previously recognised gains, losses orinterest.5.3.2If, in accordance with paragraph 4.9, an entity reclassifies a financial assetso that it is measured at fair value, its fair value is determined at thereclassification date. Any gain or loss arising from a difference between theprevious carrying amount and fair value is recognised in profit or loss.5.3.3If, in accordance with paragraph 4.9, an entity reclassifies a financial assetso that it is measured at amortised cost, its fair value at the reclassificationdate becomes its new carrying amount.5.4 Gains and losses5.4.1 A gain or loss on a financial asset that is measured at fair value and is notpart of a hedging relationship (see paragraphs 89–102 of IAS 39) shall berecognised in profit or loss unless the financial asset is an investment in anequity instrument and the entity has elected to present gains and losses onthat investment in other comprehensive income in accordance withparagraph 5.4.4.5.4.2 A gain or loss on a financial asset that is measured at amortised cost and isnot part of a hedging relationship (see paragraphs 89–102 of IAS 39) shall berecognised in profit or loss when the financial asset is derecognised,impaired or reclassified in accordance with paragraph 5.3.2, and throughthe amortisation process.5.4.3 A gain or loss on financial assets that are(a)hedged items (see paragraphs 78–84 and AG98–AG101 of IAS 39) shallbe recognised in accordance with paragraphs 89–102 of IAS 39.(b)accounted for using settlement date accounting shall be recognisedin accordance with paragraph 57 of IAS 39.Investments in equity instruments5.4.4At initial recognition, an entity may make an irrevocable election to presentin other comprehensive income subsequent changes in the fair value of aninvestment in an equity instrument within the scope of this IFRS that is notheld for trading.© Copyright IASCF12IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTS5.4.5If an entity makes the election in paragraph 5.4.4, it shall recognise inprofit or loss dividends from that investment when the entity’s right toreceive payment of the dividend is established in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue.Chapter 6 Hedge accounting – not usedChapter 7 Disclosures – not usedChapter 8 Effective date and transition8.1 Effective date8.1.1An entity shall apply this IFRS for annual periods beginning on or after1January 2013. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies thisIFRS in its financial statements for a period beginning before 1 January2013, it shall disclose that fact and at the same time apply theamendments in Appendix C.8.2 Transition8.2.1An entity shall apply this IFRS retrospectively, in accordance with IAS 8Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Er or s, except as specified in paragraphs 8.2.4–8.2.13. This I FRS shall not be applied tofinancial assets that have already been derecognised at the date of initialapplication.8.2.2For the purposes of the transition provisions in paragraphs 8.2.3–8.2.13,the date of initial application is the date when an entity first applies the requirements of this IFRS. The date of initial application may be:(a)any date between the issue of this IFRS and 31 December 2010, forentities initially applying this IFRS before 1 January 2011; or(b)the beginning of the first reporting period in which the entityadopts this IFRS, for entities initially applying this IFRS on or after1 January 2011.8.2.3I f the date of initial application is not at the beginning of a reportingperiod, the entity shall disclose that fact and the reasons for using thatdate of initial application.13© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 20098.2.4At the date of initial application, an entity shall assess whether a financialasset meets the condition in paragraph 4.2(a) on the basis of the facts andcircumstances that exist at the date of initial application. The resultingclassification shall be applied retrospectively irrespective of the entity’sbusiness model in prior reporting periods.8.2.5If an entity measures a hybrid contract at fair value in accordance withparagraph 4.4 or paragraph 4.5 but the fair value of the hybrid contracthad not been determined in comparative reporting periods, the fair valueof the hybrid contract in the comparative reporting periods shall be thesum of the fair values of the components (ie the non-derivative host andthe embedded derivative) at the end of each comparative reportingperiod.8.2.6At the date of initial application, an entity shall recognise any differencebetween the fair value of the entire hybrid contract at the date of initialapplication and the sum of the fair values of the components of thehybrid contract at the date of initial application:(a)in the opening retained earnings of the reporting period of initialapplication if the entity initially applies this IFRS at the beginningof a reporting period; or(b)in profit or loss if the entity initially applies this I FRS during areporting period.8.2.7At the date of initial application, an entity may designate:(a) a financial asset as measured at fair value through profit or loss inaccordance with paragraph 4.5; or(b)an investment in an equity instrument as at fair value throughother comprehensive income in accordance with paragraph 5.4.4.Such designation shall be made on the basis of the facts andcircumstances that exist at the date of initial application. Thatclassification shall be applied retrospectively.8.2.8At the date of initial application, an entity:(a)shall revoke its previous designation of a financial asset asmeasured at fair value through profit or loss if that financial assetdoes not meet the condition in paragraph 4.5.(b)may revoke its previous designation of a financial asset asmeasured at fair value through profit or loss if that financial assetmeets the condition in paragraph 4.5.© Copyright IASCF14IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTSSuch revocation shall be made on the basis of the facts and circumstancesthat exist at the date of initial application. That classification shall beapplied retrospectively.8.2.9At the date of initial application, an entity shall apply paragraph 103M ofIAS 39 to determine when it:(a)may designate a financial liability as measured at fair value throughprofit or loss; and(b)shall or may revoke its previous designation of a financial liabilityas measured at fair value through profit or loss.Such revocation shall be made on the basis of the facts and circumstancesthat exist at the date of initial application. That classification shall beapplied retrospectively.8.2.10 f it is impracticable (as defined in AS 8) for an entity to applyretrospectively the effective interest method or the impairment requirementsin paragraphs 58–65 and AG84–AG93 of IAS 39, the entity shall treat thefair value of the financial asset at the end of each comparative period asits amortised cost. In those circumstances, the fair value of the financial asset at the date of initial application shall be treated as the newamortised cost of that financial asset at the date of initial application ofthis IFRS.8.2.11If an entity previously accounted for an investment in an unquotedequity instrument (or a derivative that is linked to and must be settled bydelivery of such an unquoted equity instrument) at cost in accordancewith IAS 39, it shall measure that instrument at fair value at the date ofinitial application. Any difference between the previous carrying amountand fair value shall be recognised in the opening retained earnings of thereporting period that includes the date of initial application.8.2.12Notwithstanding the requirement in paragraph 8.2.1, an entity thatadopts this IFRS for reporting periods beginning before 1 January 2012need not restate prior periods. If an entity does not restate prior periods,the entity shall recognise any difference between the previous carryingamount and the carrying amount at the beginning of the annual reporting period that includes the date of initial application in theopening retained earnings (or other component of equity, as appropriate)of the reporting period that includes the date of initial application.15© Copyright IASCFI NTERNATIONAL F INANCIAL R EPORTING S TANDARD N OVEMBER 20098.2.13If an entity prepares interim financial reports in accordance with IAS 34Interim Financial Reporting the entity need not apply the requirements inthis IFRS to interim periods prior to the date of initial application if it isimpracticable (as defined in IAS 8).© Copyright IASCF16IFRS 9 F INANCIAL I NSTRUMENTSAppendix ADefined termsThis appendix is an integral part of the IFRS.reclassification date The first day of the first reporting period following thechange in business model that results in an entityreclassifying financial assets.The following terms are defined in paragraph 11 of IAS 32 or paragraph 9 of IAS39 and are used in this IFRS with the meanings specified in IAS 32 or IAS 39:(a)amortised cost of a financial asset or financial liability(b)derivative(c)effective interest method(d)equity instrument(e)fair value(f)financial asset(g)financial instrument(h)financial liability(i)hedged item(j)hedging instrument(k)held for trading(l)regular way purchase or sale(m)transaction costs.17© Copyright IASCF。
山东省菏泽市单县2024届九年级上学期中考一模英语试卷(含答案)
山东省菏泽市单县2024届九年级上学期中考一模英语试卷学校:___________姓名:___________班级:___________考号:___________一、单选题1.I got a dog yesterday as a birthday gift. ________ dog is very cute and I like it.A. TheB. /C. A2.—Whose bike is this? Don’t put it here.—Oh, it’s not mine. it’s ________.A. herB. sheC. hers3.— How time flies! The middle school life is coming to an end.— Yes. We have to say goodbye, _______ our friendship will last forever.A. butB. forC. so4.—Have you heard that there is a big fire near your home last night?— Yes. Luckily, the firemen arrived quickly and _______ the fire.A. came outB. put outC. cut out5.—It is reported that the 42th Heze International Peony Fair was held on April 7th, 2023 — Yes. Great changes ________in my hometown since I left home.A. took placeB. were taken placeC. have taken place6.—What do you think of the app WeChat Work(企业微信应用) ?—Great! I’ve never seen a one.A. worseB. betterC. best7.—Are you feeling any better now?— No. I h ave taken some medicine, but it just doesn’t________.A. useB. careC. help8.Mary looked very nervous when she ________ to the famous scientist.A. introducedB. was introducedC. is introduced9.— Do you know ________ in ancient China?— I have no idea. But I know people once used tree leaves to make paper.A. how paper was madeB. how was paper madeC. what paper was made10.— Do you mind if I turn on the TV to watch Chinese Poetry Contest?— ________. Your little sister is sleeping.A. No, I don’t mindB. Not at allC. You’d better not二、完形填空wanted people to pay attention to environmental problems.Pole(北极)to draw people’s attention to the melting glaciers(融化的冰川). Kevin saidhe heard about a lake in the Himalayas(喜马拉雅山脉). It was formed by melting glaciers.that it was hard to breathe. He told people about his experiences on TV. He wanted people tosomething to protect our environment. With the new way of thinking in our minds, we can enjoy a bright future.11.A. fly B. swim C. run12.A. right B. safe C. poor13.A. protect B. leave C. find14.A. last B. great C. free15.A. hated B. agreed C. decided16.A. fresh B. thin C. clear17.A. because of B. opposite to C. according to18.A. cities B. countries C. towns19.A. choices B. reports C. lessons20.A. ask B. show C. change三、阅读理解Welcome to Quancheng Hotel and we will do all we can to make your stay an enjoyable one. We hope you will find the following useful to you.Star Ratings: ★★★★A. At 12:00.B. At 13:40.C. At 14:00.22.You can’t ________ when staying in the hotel.A. buy ticketsB. bring petsC. play sports23.If Mr. Smith and his 10-year-old son have a meal in the hotel, how much should they pay?A. ¥ 40.B. ¥ 60.C. ¥ 80.Long ago, a poor old couple lived on the coast. One day, an old storyteller came to their village. The old couple gave him a meal. In return, he gave them a coffee mill (磨粉机) and said, “Say, ‘Mill, please grind (磨粉)’, ” and it’ll make whatever you want, to stop it, say‘Mill, please cease (停止) grinding’. ”Soon the old couple had a much better life and often helped others . They were happy people, and didn’t need much more. But the young couple next door were never satisfied. When they saw the mill, they burnt with envy (嫉妒). So one day, the young husband went to the old couple’s house secretly and heard, “Mill, please grind hot chocolate!” He wassurprised to see it coming out.Then the young couple stole the mill from the old couple. With it, they rode a horse and set off down the coast happily. Along the way, the husband showed proudly and asked, “What do you want it to make?” “Oh. I don’t know. Why not salt?” the wife said. “Mill, please grind salt!” he said. “It works!” the wife shouted. But then they noticed the salt went everywhere.no more!” His words didn’t work. The mill kept grinding. Finally, the young husband threw the mill into the sea as far as he could.And there it’s been, for hundreds of years, endlessly salt. That’s why the sea is salty.human heart.24.The passage is probably a(n) ________.A. folk storyB. instructionC. science fiction25.Put the things happened to the mill in correct order.a. It began to produce salt.b. The young husband threw it.c. The young couple stole it.d. The old couple got it.A. b-d-a-cB. d-a-c-bC. d-c-a-b26.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 4 refer to?A. The horse.B. The mill.C. The chocolate.27.What does the word “truth” in last Paragraph imply (暗指)?A. Being patient.B. Working properly.C. Being satisfied.Double Ninth Festival is also called Chongyang Festival. It is the day for people to climb mountains, drink chrysanthemum (菊花) wine and eat Chongyang cake.It is said that by climbing up a high mountain, diseases could be prevented. Many widely known poems written by poets in the Tang Dynasty were created to describe the scene and feeling of mountain climbing. Now, family members or good friends get together to climb mountains to enjoy the beautiful scenery and share happiness of the holiday with each other.Chrysanthemums are in full bloom(盛开)during the festival, it is a pleasure to enjoy big chrysanthemum show. People always admire Chrysanthemum with family on that day. Because it can drive the evil (邪恶) away. People often think that by drinkingchrysanthemum wine, all kinds of diseases and disasters can be prevented.Chongyang Cake is a kind of steamed cake having two floors with nuts (坚果) and jujube (枣) p ut between them. Since cake in Chinese is pronounced “gao” meaning high, personal progress is thought to be made in the following days after eating the cake.As nine is pronounced “jiu” meaning long in Chinese, so the number nine is given the meaning of l ong life. And in 1989, Double Ninth Festival was set as Senior’s Day—a day to respect the elderly and to let them enjoy themselves.28.Why do family members get together to climb mountains?A. They want to enjoy the scenery and share the happiness.B. There are big chrysanthemum performances there.C. There are many visitors on the top of the mountain.29.Which of the following poems can describe the festival?A. 借问酒家何处有?牧童遥指杏花村。
The Application of Solar Energy in Buildings-太阳能在建筑中的应用
The Application of Solar Energy in Buildings ForewordWith swift economic growth, the construction has made great achievements, but also paid a huge price for the resources and the environment. The contradiction between economic development and environment has become increasingly acute, and people reacted strongly to the environmental pollution problems. At the same time, greenhouse gas emissions cause global warming, which attract widespread concern in the international community. Strengthening energy conservation and emission reduction is an urgent need to cope with global climate change, which is the responsibility we should take.Solar energy is a kind of sustainable and clean energy. In the process of seeking sustainable development of human society, the utilization of solar energy is paid more and more attention all over the world. Practice of half a century has proved that low-temperature solar thermal conversion technology has been successful for buildings to provide domestic hot water and heating. In recent years, energy saving photovoltaic industry in some developed countries began to use solar cells as the roof panel, which can fully explain the load and solar energy resources has good matching with the buildings. It is foreseeable that solar energy in buildings energy saving will have a broad application and occupies an important position in the near future. Improving the application of renewable and clean energy, solar energy, in buildings and reducing building energy consumption is a key to solve energy and environment problems.1.The introduction of solar energyFrom thesis [1], we can know that among the solutions to the global energy crisis, the exploitation of solar energy is certainly one of the most promising ecological avenues. According to a recent report [2], solar energy has the theoretical potential to meet the global energy demand by about 2850 times. A transition to renewables-based energy systems is looking increasingly likely as their costs decline while the price of oil and gas continue to fluctuate. In the past 30 years solar and wind power systems have experienced rapid sales growth, declining capital costs and costs of electricity generated, and have continued to improve their performance characteristics.As for the solar energy resources in our country, thesis [3] mention that the distribution of China solar energy resources have the following characteristics: the districts with the highest and lowest solar radiation are all in latitude22 degrees to 35 degrees——the Tibetan Plateau has the highest solar radiation, while the Sichuan basin has the lowest solar radiation. Western radiation amount is higher than the eastern part, and in addition to Tibet and Xinjiang Province, the north is higher than the South for the reason that the south areas have more cloudy and rainy days. In latitude 30 degrees to 40 degrees, solar radiation increases with increasing latitude. The annual solar radiation amounts from 3350 to 8370MJ/ (m2. A), and the average ofannual solar radiation is 5860MJ/ (m2. A).Although the distribution of solar energy resources has obvious regional characteristics for the solar energy resources are restricted by the climate and environmental conditions, but thesis [4] shows that most areas in China still have great solar energy availability.2.The applicationways of solar energy in buildingsSolar energy conversion into heat energy is the basic way of solar energy utilization. At present, solar energy water heater, solar house and solar radiant floor heating are the main solar energy applications.2.1Solar water heaterThe solar water heater is a device converting solar energy into thermal energy for heating water, which has the advantages of simple structure and low cost. Solar water heaters have also been widely used in China. Thesis [5] shows that from 2000 to 2010 solar water heaterssaves 112 million 950 thousand tons coal in China and reduce the emission of 3 million651 thousand and 900 tons SO2, 1 million 641 thousand and 500 tonsNO2, 2 million 823 thousand and 600 tons smoke and 242 million 466 thousand tons CO2. The ratio of house use solar water heaters in China is about 8.7%, which is lower than Japan's 20% and Israel's 90%.It is obvious that the market of solar water heater still needs to be vigorously developed.2.2Solar houseSolar house is a house that is heated and cooled by solar energy. The solar house can be either heated or cooled. The simplest solar house is called passive solar house which is easy to build without the need to install special power equipment. Another kind of solar house which is complex and comfortable is called active solar house.According to thesis [6] ~ [9], Solar house can save 75% ~ 90% energy consumption, and has great environmental and economic benefits. Europe is leading the world in solar cell technology and applications, especially in glass coatings, window technologies, and transparent insulation materials. In our country, solar energy heating, cooling and lighting systems are becoming more and more popular, but most of them are active solar houses. At present, solar energy application in refrigeration and air conditioning are still in the demonstration phase due to the high cost. But for the power shortage areas, there is still a great market potential the market still has potential considering the combination with buildings.2.3 Solar photovoltaic power generationIn addition to the direct conversion to thermal energy, we can also convert solar energy into electric energy which is more useful for most buildings. As we all known, solar photovoltaic power generation is the use of solar cells to convert solar energy directly into electricity. Since 2007, Chinese photovoltaic industry developrapidly. In 2008, solar cell production accounted for 31% of the world wide production, ranking first in the world.According thesis [10] and [11], Chinese scholars have compared several solar photovoltaic power generation schemes, and studied the fault characteristics of photovoltaic power generation system in islanding operation. The US national renewable energy laboratory research shows that solar cells using solar energy paint technology can convert 18% of solar energy into electricity. Researchers at the Southampton University in the UK have been able to convert light energy into electricity more efficiently by simulating the photosynthesis of plants. In addition, GreenSun Energy Technology Company has also invented a variety of solar panels which can collect solar energy without direct sunlight.3.Development and utilization of solar energy at home and abroad3.1The application of solar energy in ChinaChina attaches great importance to the development of renewable energy. There are 77 solar cell production lines have been introduced from the United States, Canada and other countries in 1983~1987.A series of policies has formulated to support the development of renewable energy industry. China's photovoltaic industry is developing rapidly under the strong pulling of national projects such as "bright project" and "sending electricity to the countryside" project and the world photovoltaic market. Solar cells are mainly used in remote areas with no electricity, and the annual power output is about 1. 1MW. Household photovoltaic power supply is widely used in Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet and other areas. The industrialization system of solar water heater in China has been complete. In 2009, "solar water heater going to the countryside" marks the national recognition of this technology. In 2010, the domestic solar water heater produced an annual output of 49 million m2, accounting for 80% of the world's annual output. These data and information above come from thesis [12] and the Internet.And we can see from thesis [13] and [14] that China also attaches importance to the development of solar buildings. The first passive solar house in China was built in 1977 in a county of Gansu Province, which is composed of two forms: direct benefit window and heat collecting wall. China's first all solar building has been built in Beijing, covering 8000m2, and all the energy from bath, heating and power supply in the main building come from solar energy. In March 2011, the Ministry of housing and the Ministry of Finance issued the "notice on further promoting the application of renewable energy buildings" clearly pointed out that by 2020, the proportion of renewable energy consumption in the construction sector accounted for more than 15% of the building energy consumption. The Chinese Academy of Sciences has launched the solar energy action plan with solar energy as an important energy target in 2050. Therefore, China's solar energy technology and application will be rapid development.3.2The application of solar energy in the United StatesDespite the recession of economy, solar energy technology is still developing rapidly in the United states. By the end of 2010, the installed capacity of PV power generation in the United States is 2 million 528 thousand kW, and EPIA predicts that it willreach 2200~3150 kW in 2015. The American building energy consumption accounts for about 40% of the total energy consumption of the country, which has a restrictive effect on the economic development. In order to reduce energy consumption, reduce pollution, adjusting energy structure and realize the sustainable development of environment, the United States has made positive explorations on the use and application of solar energy technology including the "million solar roofs plan" which is a long-term plan advocated and promoted by the government. Recently, scientists in the United States focused on the space. They envisaged launch a satellite with energy harvesting device into space, solar panels installed on the satellite can collect energy in space, then convert it to a microwave back to earth, and last use the microwave to generate electricityfor people to use. Thus providing new energy that is clean, cheap, safe, reliable sustainable. At the same time, the desalination of seawater by solar energy has also been studied in the United States. These new progress is from thesis [15] to [17].4.The development trend of solar energyGiven these facts and considerations above, it is surprising to find that solar energy systems are not more widely spread into the general building practice. Traditionally, the economical issue has been dominant in this debate. However, as renewables-based energy systems costs decline while the price of oil and gas continue to fluctuate, the economical issue is slowly losing its rationale. So why the application of solar energy in buildings has not been widely promoted?From thesis [18] we can see that some other factors seem to deserve consideration, for instance a general lack of awareness and knowledge of the different technologies among building professionals, a general reluctance to use ―new‖ technologies and finally, last but not least, limitations stemming from architectural and aesthetic considerations in relation to the integration of solar systems.On the other hand, thesis [19] shows that the main problem of using solar energy in Russia relies not in technology, but in the legislative field. The use of a vacuum manifold in Russia will be widely implemented in areas with a cold climate and in the modern houses after solving the issues of legislative support from the state and municipal authorities.Therefore, we should pay attention to the following aspects for the development direction of solar energy applications in buildings:(1) The research of solar collector extends from low temperature to middle or high field, and improves the efficiency of heat collector.(2) Research on solar district heating technology and seasonal heat storage technology, improve solar heating for buildings’ guarantee rate [20].(3) Promote and encourage the application of solar energy in buildings and the development of solar energy technology by a series of policies and laws.(4) Cultivate talents in related fields. And improve the management system of solar building to form a mature engineering management system like water supply, heat supply and electricity.References[1]Wall, M.& M.C.M. Probst. Achieving solar energy in architecture - IEA SHC Task 41 [J]. Energy Procedia,2012,(30): 1250 – 1260.[2] European Renewable Energy Council (EREC). Rethinking 2050: A 100% Renewable Energy Vision for the European Union. Brussels, Belgium; 2010.[3] Li Ke, He Fanneng. Analysis on mainland Chin a’s solar energy distribution and potential to utilize solar energy as an alternative energy source [J]. Progress in Geography,2009,29(9): 1049—1054.[4] Wang Bingzhong. Solar energy resource division in China [J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,1983,4(3) : 221-228.[5] Yan Yunfei, Zhang Zhien, Zhang Li, Dai Changlin. Solar energy utilization technology and its application [J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2012,33 : 47-56.[6] Vidal H, Colle S. Simulation and economic optimization of a solar assisted combined ejector-vapor compression cycle for cooling applications[J].AppliedThermal Engineering,2010,30(5) :478—486.[7] Abdel D A M. Experimental and numerical performance of a multi-effect condensationvaporation solar water distillation system [J].Energy,2006,31(14): 2710—2727.[8] Tyagi V V,Buddhi D. PCM. Thermal storage in buildings[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2007,11(6) :1146—1166.[9] Pollerberg C,Heinzel A,Weidner A. Model of a solar driven steam jet ejector chiller andinvestigation of its dynamic operational behavior[J]. Solar Energy,2009,83(5):732—742.[10] Chen Zeshao, Mo Songping, Hu Peng, et al. Thermal dynamic analysis and comparison of several solar photovoltaic power generation schemes[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2009,30(5):25—30.[11] Li Shengwei, Li Yongli, Sun Jingjiao, et al. Fault characteristic analysis of photovoltaic power system islanding operation[J]. Journal of Tianjin University,2011,44(5):401—405.[12] Lu Weide, Luo Zhentao. Progress of solar thermal utilization in China[J]. Solar Energy,2002,(1):3—4.[13] Ouyang Li,Liu Wei. Optimal design of the solar heating system with porous heatstorage wall[J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2010,31(8):1367—1370.[14] Ji Jie, Luo Chenglong, Sun Wei, et al. Experimental study on a dualfunctional solar collector integrated with building[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,2011,32(2):149—153.[15] Gude V G, Khandan N N. Sustainable desalination using solar energy[J]. Energy Convers Manage,2010,51(11):2245—2251.[16] Gude V G, Khandan N N, Deng S. Desalination using solar energy: Towards sustainability[J]. Energy,2011, 36(1):78—85.[17] Gude V G, Khandan N N, Deng S, et al. Low temperature desalination using solar collectors augmented by thermal energy storage[J]. Applied Energy,2012,91(1):466—474.[18] Wall, M, Windeleff, J, Lien, AG. Solar Energy and Architecture, Annex Plan. The IEA SHC Programme Task 41; 2008.[19]V Velkin, S Shcheklein and V Danilov. The use of solar energy for residential buildings in the capital city [J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,2017,72(1): 12 – 28.[20] Lu Bin, Zheng Ruitao, Li Zhong, He Tao, Zhang Xinyu, Wang Min. Research Status and Prospect of Solar Energy Application Technology in Buildings [J].Building science,2013,29(10):20-25.。
历年6级阅读真题及翻译
历年英语六级阅读真题及翻译(2009.06-1999.01 )2009 年6 月英语六级阅读真题Passage One:For hundreds of millions of years, turtles (海龟) have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings (幼龟) down to the water’s edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines. With all that attention paid to them, you’d think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct. But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness, and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads, which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. The South Florida nesting population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine biologist with the environmental group Oceana. The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from “threatened”to “endangered”—meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help. Which raises the obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us, anyway? It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting the turtles for the weeks they spend on land (as egg-laying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years spend in the ocean. “The threat is from commercial fishing,”says Griffin. Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and longline fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on turtles. Of course, like every other environmental issue today, this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems. The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs (恐龙) will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.在数亿年前的时间里,海龟一直在挣扎着离开大海道海滩上产卵,时间远远遭遇自然纪录片的赞扬,或全球定位通讯卫星和海洋生物学家的追踪,又或者志愿者们用手把幼龟放在海边以避免它们受到光线的影响迷失方向,爬向汽车旅馆的停车场。
2022-2023学年山东省曲阜师范大学附属中学英语高三第一学期期末质量检测试题含解析
2022-2023高三上英语期末模拟试卷注意事项:1.答题前,考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚,将条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。
2.答题时请按要求用笔。
3.请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答,超出答题区域书写的答案无效;在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
4.作图可先使用铅笔画出,确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。
5.保持卡面清洁,不要折暴、不要弄破、弄皱,不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
第一部分(共20小题,每小题1.5分,满分30分)1.The government officials met the workers and engineers working on the stadium, most____ were migrant workers.A.of which B.of who C.of whom D.of them2.––What did the doctor say about your injury?––She said I should avoid doing too much exercise ______ it feels better.A.until B.sinceC.if D.while3.Having pictures to color will keep children ______for hours.A.amused B.amusingC.amuse D.to amuse4.It's always a good idea to have a second key somewhere________ you lose the first one.A.in case B.now thatC.even though D.as long as5.Yet _______ in the process of development did they stop to consider the impact of their “progress” on nature.A.in no time B.at no pointC.as likely as not D.more often than not6.Every great accomplishment rests on the of what came before it; when you trace it back, you’ll see one small step that started it all.A.reputation B.expectationC.recreation D.foundation7.Every man has his faults. We should, therefore, lean to be ________ of others. A.ignorant B.responsibleC.reliable D.tolerant8.—Did you go to last night’s concert?— Y es. And the girl playing the violin at the concert _______ all the people present with her excellent ability.A. impressed B.compared C.conveyed D.observed9.It is going to rain today. Take an umbrella with you to ________ you from the rain. A.stop B.prevent C.keep D.protect10.According to the bank rules released recently, you have to pay a 25% ________ on each cheque you cash.A.admission B.pensionC.allowance D.commission11.The language in the c ompany’s statement is highly ________, thus making its staff confused.A.ambiguous B.apparentC.appropriate D.aggressive12.—Are you ready to leave?—Almost, I’ll be ready to go just as soon as I ________ putting the clean dishes away. A.get through B.give upC.carry out D.set about13.-Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend. I am sure we will win. -________!A.Congratulations B.CheersC.Best wishes D.Good luck14.---I hear you’ll cancel all your plans and appointments. Why?---Th ey _____ my life. I just can’t stop.A.control B.controlledC.have controlled D.have been controlling15.I will give you some articles which you can when you write the report. A.refer to B.apply to C.lead to D.talk to16.—Why not talk with your parents about your willingness to attend 2017 Peking University Summer Camp?—I tried____ to get them to listen to me.A.in time B.in vainC.in need D.in case17.— Helen,are you going Io the airport to pick up Jack the day after tomorrow?— ________ tomorrow night.I would go.A.Were he to come back B.If he was about to come backC.Had he come back D.If he would come back18.________ in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.A.To succeed B.To have succeeded C.Having succeeded D.succeeding 19.The online word “selfie” is gaining ______ and more and more people tend to use it nowadays.A.access B.admissionC.control D.currency20.—Sorry, I didn’t hear the door bell ring.—Your bell . Perhaps it needs repairing.A.never worked B.is never workingC.never works D.had never worked第二部分阅读理解(满分40分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
HEC-HMS
Converts HEC-1 files into HMS files
HEC-HMS Availability
Available Through HEC Vendors Available at HEC Web Site: “Public Domain” Program
hec-hms hydrologicengineering center's hydrologic modeling system (hms) summary premierhydrologic model today (hec) performsrf-ro calculations basicinput outputoptions precipitationoptions unithydrograph options floodrouting option viewingresults graphsexecution runningactual projects gagedata castrovalley case study keegansexample gis/nexraddata (hec geo-hms) hydrologiccycle legroundwater flow groundwaterdischarge 38 surface discharge 61 evaporation from land 39 moisture over land 385 pre cipitation ocean424 evaporation from ocean surface runoff impervious strata groundwater recharge pre cipitation snow melt uses hecprogram models rainfall-runoffprocess watershedbased watershedphysiographic data modelingoptions computeuh basinareas. floodrouting along streams. estimatingparameters eachbasin based computeddata observeddata hec-1 program history hec-1 modeldevelopment separateprograms: 1967 majorrevision unification:1973 secondmajor revision: 1981 (dam breach, kinematic wave) pcversions: 1984 (partial), 1988 (
跨临界二氧化碳制冷技术 - 世界第一台多功能两阶段二氧化碳(概要
A PROGRESS REPORT ON THE WORLD’S FIRST MULTIFUNCTION TWO STAGETRANSCRITICAL CO2 REFRIGERATION SYSTEMK. VISSER Principal KAV Consulting Pty Ltd, P O Box 1146, Kangaroo Flat, Vic, 3555, Australia Tel: +61 3 5447 9436 Fax: +61 3 5447 9805ABSTRACTThe world’s first multifunction two stage transcritical CO2 refrigeration system will have been operating for about 16 months by the time the 10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Natural Refrigerants Conference is conducted in June 2012. This paper reports warts and all on the trials and tribulations experienced during the commissioning of the system in early 2011 and its operations since then.The two stage transcritical CO2 refrigeration plant replaces 22 independent cooling and heating systems comprising air cooled single stage HCFC and HFC condensing units for one blast freezer, one cold store, two chillers, one process chilled water chiller and four reverse cycle AC units, six R134a air to water heat pumps, three gas fired water heaters and two sets of electric under floor and door heaters for the existing blast freezer and cold store.Operating conditions are +5°C SST for office AC, –5°C SST for high stage and chilling duties and –35 to –40°C SST for the booster duties serving the new cold store and blast freezer. The AC compressors also serve as economiser compressors for the main chilling and freezing plant, which therefore runs at high COP’s with a virtual gas cooler CO2 exit temperature of +5°C.During commissioning several design faults were discovered, i.e. firstly, great difficulty to control the pressure in the +10 and +5°C vessels with conventional mechanical spring loaded constant pressure regulators; secondly, the high miscibility of CO2 refrigerant in POE oils resulted in a −5°C oil still not performing at all; t hirdly, the lack of suction superheat on the high stage and AC compressors resulted in low compressor discharge temperatures and hence some difficulty in heating water to adequately high temperatures. This was caused by the designer’s desire to achieve the highest possible COPs with low CO2 gas cooler exit temperatures. Fourthly cold store and chiller evaporator designs got mixed during manufacture. In the end it was necessary to change the circuiting of these units in the field, a difficult job requiring great skill. Finally there is still some uncertainty in the designer’s mind about the best way to handle CO2 liquid flow from the gas cooler during subcritical operations. A separate subcritical liquid receiver may be required.There were also several supplier issues like the inability to supply some high pressure valves, the deletion of essential components from the oil separators and the oil return arrangements from the oil separators to the compressor crank cases, which caused oil carry rates 200 times higher than those specified at maximum values of 5ppm of CO2 mass.Fortunately all difficulties were resolved and now the plant is performing satisfactorily, although not yet at the efficiencies predicted by the designer, who estimated that the new CO2 plant would ultimately reduce the specific electrical energy consumption by 75%, gas consumption by 60%, global warming emissions – including HFC and HCFC fugitive gases – by 40% and cooling water consumption by 62,000 litres/annum, i.e. 40% when the plant achieves the full design capacity of 7,500 kg/day.1. INTRODUCTIONIt was none other than his late dear friend Prof. Dr. Gustav Lorentzen who revived the writer’s interest in CO2 refrigeration in the mid 1980’s when the Ozone Depletion potential of CFCs and HCFCs became evident. This resulted in the unique International Agreement called the Montreal Protocol in 1987 to phase out the use of CFCs and HCFCs and to prohibit the production and use after certain dates.The eminent refrigeration scientist Dr S. Forbes Pearson designed the first applicationof CO2 in the modern era in 1992. The system comprised two flooded CO2 evaporators. The CO2 vapour is condensed in an ammonia cooled plate heat exchanger. A small demonstration unit was installed in a small -23o C cold store at Marks and Spencerp.l.c., Kilmarnock, Scotland. CO2 hot gas for defrost was generated in a CO2 boiler heated by ammonia from the discharge of an ammonia compressor |1|. Gustav Lorentzen called Ref. 1 “A remarkable paper.”10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference: Natural Working Fluids, Delft, 25-27 June 2012.2. THE REVIVAL OF CO2Gustav Lorentzen called publicly for the revival of the use of CO2 in 1993. As Professor Risto Ciconkov shows so eloquently in Figure 1 |2|, CO2 and ammonia were commonly used in all manner of cooling and freezing applications from the 1870s to the 1940s, including cooling for human comfort. The cooling in some cinemas in the George Street complex in Sydney was effected by a CO2 refrigeration system until about 1966! But after the advent of CFCs (R12 etc.) in the 1930s, the use of CO2 rapidly declined. Luckily ammonia (NH3) survived as a Natural Refrigerant for industrial applications.3. EVALUATION OF COP’s3.1 Subcritical operationHCsKyoto 1997 HFC (CFC) HCFCNH3CFCNH3 CO2 HCs1987Figure 1: A brief history of refrigerantsReferring to Fig. 2 the COPs for subcritical CO2 operation depend on suction and discharge pressures, and the degree of liquid subcooling, like all subcritical, i.e. conventional refrigeration systems. 3.2 Transcritical operationAs shown in Fig. 3 the COP of transcritical CO2 compressors is dependent on the suction and discharge pressure and – to a much larger extent – on the CO2 exit temperature from the gas cooler. Hence the endeavour to have the high stage compressors run with a liquid CO2 temperature of +5°C, which is the virtual gas cooler exit temperature. This is achieved by using the AC compressors as economiser compressors as well as they effect a degree of parallel compression. 3.3 Seasonally weighted COPsFigure 3. Transcritical CO2 compressor COPvariation with Sat. Suction Temp. at various gas cooler exit temperaturesThe Melbourne climate has a mean temperature of +15°C. Given the need for water heating, the fact that for a short period of the year the plant would need to run in transcritical conditions and the fact that the highest refrigeration loads occur during the five days that production takes place, it is assumed that the plant will run in transcritical mode 20% of the year, i.e. 1752 hours. This is equal to 250 days production at 7 hours/day.10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference: Natural Working Fluids, Delft, 25-27 June 2012.The rest of the time the main plant runs purely to complete the blast freezing cycle and maintain operating conditions. The AC system runs partially as an economising compressor. In Figure 4, the ambient dry and wet bulb temperature occurrences have been plotted from more than 30,000 data readings taken at the Melbourne City weather station from midnight to midnight for 10 years |3|. We have selected the Melbourne City design conditions of +35°C dry bulb, +21°C wet bulb, which were exceeded only 0.4% and 0.3% of the time respectively during the period 1997 – 2006.In Table 1, we have evaluated the Seasonally Weighted COP (SWCOP) based on the Melbourne City climate. An advantage of CO2 is its high pressure, which allows close temperature approaches between condensing temperature and cooling air or water. The lower the ambient temperature, the higher the COP and the higher the heating load will be in addition to hot water requirements, but the lower the cooling load will be. Ithas been assumed that on average 20% of the plant Figure 4. Ambient Dry & Wet Bulb Temperature capacity would run in transcritical mode to provide heat Profile –Melbourne City, 10 year period for all purposes and when the ambient cooling air 1997 – 2006, 24 hrs/day |3|. temperature is too high to reduce the discharge pressure below 7.38 MPa, the critical pressure.Table 1. Evaluation of Weighted COP with ambient temperature conditions for 12 monthsrunning of CO2 cooling in the City of Melbourne in: a. DX CO2 with +5°C evaporating temperature for factory cooling and office ACb. DXCO2 with –5°C evaporating temperature for high stage, chiller, chilled water and packing room4. SYSTEM FUNCTIONS AND CAPACITIES, AND OPERATING METHOD4.1 BackgroundIn September 2009 Exquisine Pty Ltd decided to install a two stage transcritical CO2 refrigeration plant to replace 22 independent systems providing heating and cooling at their Thornbury, Victoria, food processing facility where they manufacture high end frozen dairy desserts. The project was supported by a 50% grant from AusIndustry under the Re-Tooling for Climate Change program. A CO2/ammonia cascade plant was briefly considered but with residential properties bordering the site, it was judged best not to use ammonia. Plant operating noise was also a potential problem.10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference: Natural Working Fluids, Delft, 25-27 June 2012.4.2 Definition of plant functions |4|A complete range of high end desserts are manufactured at the Exquisine factory where the two stage transcritical CO2 plant has been installed..1 Refrigeration duties and capacities.1 Carton blast freezing of 1,500 kg of product per day growing to 7,500 kg per day at an average airtemperature of –33°C. Q = 70kW@To = –40°C.2 Cold storage with the same plant of about 50 tons of frozen products mostly in shipper cartons, butsome unpacked. Q = 20kW@To = –40°C..3 Chill storage for ingredients at 0°C. Q = 10kW@To = –5°C..4 Packing area cooling to a temperature of +10°C maximum. Q = 25kW @ To = –5°C. .5 Generate 5,000 litres of 4°C process chilled water per day from a mains water temperature of +20°C.10kW@To = 0.5°C, back pressure controlled..6 Factory cooling and AC. Q = 25kW@To = +5°C..7 Office cooling and heating. Q = 10kW@To = +5°C..2 Heating duties.1 Under floor, and door facia and threshold heating of cold store and blast freezer, about 4kW. Processhot water to glycol via PHX..2 Factory AC reheat. Max. 15kW direct from process water. This is also required for air reheat duringcleaning with full fresh air exhaust cycle..3 Office AC reheat and heating in winter 10kW direct from process hot water..4 Potable 65°C hot water for daily cleaning, 5,000 litres, 30-60kW. 12 to 6 hours. Depends onavailability of suitable heat..5 Potable domestic hot water..6 Process hot water for several production processes like chocolate melting..7 Heating of glycol for blast freezer evaporator defrosting..3 Refrigeration capacity summary.1 90kWR@To = –40°C for blast freezer and cold store..2 170kWR@To = –5°C for high stage, packing room, water chilling and chill store..3 35kWR@To = +5°C for factory cooling and office AC.4.3 Description of system. See Fig. 5 |4|Two Bitzer CO2 booster compressors (18), plus one standby unit (19) serve the DX evaporators in the blast freezer (16) and cold store (17). The boosters discharge to a –5°C intercooler (14), which also serves a suction trap for the evaporators in the ingredient holding chiller, the packing area and the process water chiller. Four Bitzer high stage compressors including one standby (3 & 2) discharge either to a two stage gas cooler (4a & 4b) or two PHX water heaters (5) as required by hot water demand. The PHX water heaters will heat a maximum of 10,000 litres of water per day from mains water temperature to 65 to 80°C depending on demand and requirements. Switching from the gas cooler to the PHX water heaters is effected by automatic three way valves.Transcritical or subcritical CO2 is expanded via automatic ICMT valves into an expansion vessel (7) which is maintained at a pressure of 45 bar (+10°C SST). Flash gas is relieved via a back pressure regulator into the +5°C AC suction accumulator (8). From the 45 bar vessel liquid is fed to the +5°C DX evaporators for factory cooling (9) and office AC (10) with the suction returning to the +5°C suction accumulator (8).The level in the 45 bar vessel is maintained by allowing excess CO2 to flow to the +5°C suction accumulator by a Differential Pressure (DP) sensor operated modulating valve. Two Bitzer AC compressors (1) maintain the pressure in the +5°C vessel at 38.7 bar on demand. In addition to the AC load these compressors also act as flash gas i.e. economizer compressors for the rest of the system. This means the rest of the system with the bulk of the capacity is fed with +5°C liquid, i.e. the bulk of the10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference: Natural Working Fluids, Delft, 25-27 June 2012.system runs with a virtual gas cooler exit temperature of +5°C. As can be seen from Fig.2 the COP in transcritical operation is highly sensitive to the gas cooler exit temperature. The two AC compressors may discharge to the water heaters or two stage gas cooler as required.From the +5°C suction accumulator liquid CO2 is fed to the evaporators in the ingredient chiller (11), the packing area (12) and the water chiller (13). The suction from these is going to the –5°C suction trap/low pressure receiver (LPR) (14). This vessel is now fed with liquid CO2 from the +5°C AC suction accumulator/economizerflash off vessel in which a constant level is maintained by a DP sensor operated modulating valve maintaining a level with excess CO2 flowing to the –5°C LPR. Liquid CO2 from the –5°C LPR is fed to the blast freezer evaporator (16) and one cold store TX valves (17). Three feeds to the BF coil are needed because of the wide fluctuation in refrigeration heat loads from the start of operation (1,500 kg per day) to ultimate capacity (7,500 kg per day).The pressure in the +5°C vessel will be maintained by capacity controlling the lead AC compressor down to 60% speed. As the load in the +5°C vessel from AC and flash gas reduces further, the AC/economizer compressor will be stopped and the pressure maintained by a back pressure regulator feeding flash gas to the –5°C suction trap (LPR) via (24). The LPR is also used as a de-superheater for the CO2 booster discharge. The amount of de-superheating in this vessel depends on how much booster discharge gas is admitted directly into the high stage compressor suction to regulate the amount of superheat with respect to the final compressor discharge temperature to generate a sufficiently high water temperature in water heating mode.Legend Figure 5Figure 5. Schematic of two stage transcriticalCO2 refrigeration system with heat recovery and AC/economizer compressorsApart from transcritical running for water heating, the system will run mostly in subcritical mode given the prevailing ambient temperature conditions in Melbourne through any year. See Figure 4.A strong emphasis has been placed on overall total system efficiency. The oversized two stage gas cooler is adiabatically assisted on the second stage only in the chase for a low gas cooler exit temperature – in10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference: Natural Working Fluids, Delft, 25-27 June 2012.transcritical mode – or a high degree of liquid subcooling. It is estimated that the system will run in transcritical mode a maximum of 20% of the total time, whilst the remainder of the time it will run in subcritical mode.5. DESIGN PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED AND LESSONS LEARNEDDuring commissioning it became evident that some of the problems were related to the design of parts of the system..1 Pressure regulation in +10 and +5°C vesselsIt soon became evident that the standard CVP type constant pressure regulators to regulate the pressure in the +10°C vessel was not capable of maintaining 45 bar in the vessel. The pressure fluctuated significantly. The same problem was experienced with the pressure regulator between the +5 and −5 vessels. The two regulators were replaced with ICM type electronic regulators. These still hunt at low loads, but they react much quicker and provide a satisfactory level of control. It is expected that the stability of the control will improve as the system refrigeration load increases over time..2 Oil still from the −5°C low pressure receiver/desuperheater/high stage suction tra p All the oil leaving the AC, high stage and booster compressors will at some time end up in the −5°C vessel. It therefore seemed logical to install a thermodynamically neutral refrigerant heated oil still under the −5°C vessel. Because of the low TD of 10 K maximum a large heating coil was required to deliver the desired capacity of 4 kW. The coil installed was much too small and in the end leaked CO2 into the oil distilling space. This rendered the oil distilling function unserviceable.The oil is removed by a −5°C liquid heating coil evaporating any refrigerant in oil carried over from the DX blast freezer and cold store evaporators into the −40°C booster suction trap. This oil still function was installed as a back up as it was realised that not all the oil would be removed in the −5°C suction trap and because some 60% of the CO2 refrigerant flow through the system is evaporated at −40°C for the heavy blast freezing and cold storage load. This system works well and there is no oil accumulation in the system. .3 Lack of suction superheat on the high stage compressorsThe use of the AC compressors as parallel or economiser compressors for the rest of the system results in a virtual gas cooler exit temperature of +5°C at transcritical conditions or a virtual subcooled liquid temperature of +5°C at subcritical conditions. This makes for high COPs for the high stage compressors which carry the bulk of the load. Furthermore, the liquid feed from the +5°C to the −5°C vessel is mixed with the booster discharge and superheated −5°C saturated suction vapour from the water chiller, PHX and the coolroom and packing area evaporators.The consequence of the above two features is that there is virtually no superheat in the suction vapour to the compressors which limits their discharge temperature to the extent that it is difficult to reach a final water temperature of 80°C at the exit of the two water heater PHXs operating in series..4 Cold store and chiller evaporator size and circuitingIt became evident that there had been a mix up with the design of the cold store and chiller evaporator. This was discovered when the cold store evaporator was struggling to reduce the cold store temperature. It was discovered that the cold store evaporator was circuited for chiller duty with only one circuit for the entire load. The effect of much higher capacity requirement in the cold store coupled with the higher vapour volume at −40°C evaporating temperature (ET) compared to the erroneous design ET of −5°C meant that the CO2 pressure drop in the single circuit was so great that the CO2 boiling point was so deeply depressed, that the evaporator struggled to handle even a relatively small load. Changing the circuiting to three circuits in situ was a difficult job requiring a great deal of skill. Luckily we found a very skilful tradesman who increased the cold store evaporator circuits from one to three and the circuiting in the original mis-designed cold store evaporator from two to one circuit.6. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONSFigure 6 shows the daily electrical energy consumption in kWh and the specific energy consumption per unit of production.In Table 2 the specific energy consumption has been compared over two periods i.e. the last five months and the last three months of the financial year 2010/2011 are compared with the two corresponding periods in the financial year 2009/2010.10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference: Natural Working Fluids, Delft, 25-27 June 2012.Figure 6. Daily electrical energy consumption in kWh and specific energy consumption per unit production.Table 2. Comparison of specific electrical energy consumptionN.B. No figures available yet on gas consumption reduction and attendant GWE Although the reductions in Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) are well short of the forecast targets wehave identified a number of reasons why the reductions in SEC were not as great as we had hoped.1. The blast freezer fans have been running @ 100% speed rather than 80% for low freezing capacity,lower than design blast freezing air temperatures because of unfounded fear of large ice crystal growth during slow freezing. Attempts to operate at one third blast freezer evaporator capacity proved unwise and were energy intensive. Warm glycol defrost was not as efficient as expected. 2. Compressor discharge pressures are higher than they should be due to algorithm for subcriticaloperations not being fully developed due to a shortage of funds and initially water heating at 80 bar rather than 90-100 bar. 3. Old refrigeration systems were running during commissioning of new system and other old systems likeelectrical underfloor heating in the old cold store and blast freezer continued to operate.4. Some extra process equipment and pumps not taken into account during design.5. People object to working in the new refrigerated packing room. It is too cold and doors are left openand there is significant infiltration into the cold store. The general air tightness of the panel construction of the -23°C cold store and -30°C to -35°C blast freezer is suspect. 6. Efforts to reduce the energy consumption are continuing by tuning the systems as more is learned aboutits peculiarities. The reduction in gas consumption for water heating has not yet been evaluated.10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference: Natural Working Fluids, Delft, 25-27 June 2012.7. CONCLUSIONS AND THE FUTURENow that we have nearly 12 months operating experience it is fair to conclude that two stage transcritical systems are viable even in relatively warm climates like Melbourne. From the previous sections it is fair to conclude that the project reviewed above has experienced a degree of difficulty ranging from minor to significant. The overall positive conclusion is that all systems have been made to perform their intended function, but not always at the promised efficiencies and at significant expenditure of time and money. Notwithstanding the preceding litany of woes in not achieving planned energy efficiency, a 31.7% reduction in specific energy consumption has been achieved when increasing production 113.5%, which increased energy consumption 45.8%. This was much more than predicted. The total integration of all refrigeration, AC and heating duties into one two stage transcritical CO2 system holds a lot of promise to very substantially reduce the total energy consumption and attendant emissions, plus the entire elimination of direct emissions caused by the escaped fugitive HFC refrigerant gases. There is no doubt in the author’s mind that transcritical CO2 systems offer a great opportunity to reduce the cooling and heating costs in existing buildings as they are eminently suited to being retrofitted. Purpose designed and built CO2 systems for the built environment coupled with other strategies have an even greater potential for energy consumption reductions |5|.CO2 as a refrigerant is suitable for use in very small to very large systems in all manner of applications. However, the large scale application so desirable awaits the development of larger, new high pressure two stage compressors or the adaptation of existing high pressure two stage compressors with high crank case pressure capability, such as Compressed Natural Gas compressors.8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMr David Rose, the Managing Director of Exquisine, has the author’s undying gratitude for his courage to try this unproven application of CO2 refrigeration and heating into one working prototype. He has done society at large a great favour, somewhat at hisown expense. AusIndustry’s financial support is gratefully acknowledged. It is unlikely the project would have been able to proceed without the substantial support. The help of and assistance from the following people are also gratefully acknowledged.Dr Petter Neksa, Senior Research Scientist, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway, for supporting the idea of the first fully integrated CO2 plant in the world; Mr Sergio Girotto, Managing Director of Enex srl, out of Treviso, Italy, for checking our design and suggesting modifications; Dr Andy Pearson, Managing Director of Star Refrigeration out of Glasgow, Scotland, for reviewing the installation and suggesting modifications; Mr Ruediger Rudischhauser, Managing Director of Bitzer Australia (BA) for breaking BA’s policy by selling the two compressor racks to the end user direct to assist getting this project off the ground; Mr Glen Wiles, General Manager, Guenter Australia, also for selling the evaporators and gas cooler to the end user, direct to facilitate this unique demonstration project getting off the ground; Mr Murray Carter, Project Manager, who took firm control of the project when it was necessary to create some order out of the chaos which developed during the installation phase; Mr Kristian Sorensen out of Denmark for assisting the local refrigeration contractors with the commissioning between the end of November and mid December last year; Mr Jim Nonnie, VP Engineering, Temprite Inc. for his quick, decisive and positive assistance with the high oil consumption problems; and Mr Mark Kristensen, Sales and Marketing Director of HB Product for his quick, decisive and positive assistance in providing HB oil level sensors for fitting to the Temprite oil separators.9. REFERENCES|1| Pearson, S. Forbes – Star Refrigeration Ltd. Development of Improved Secondary Refrigerants. Proc.Inst.R. 1992-93.7-1|2| Professor Risto Ciconkov – University of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.Figure 2.|3| Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Vic (208) “Dry and Wet Bulb Temperature DataAustralian Capital Cities except Darwin”. 1997 – 2006.|4| Visser, K. An HFC/HCFC Free Food Processing Plant: The Energy and Environmental Benefits of aTwo Stage Transcritical CO2 plant. 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference: Natural Working Fluids, Sydney, 12-14 April 2010.|5| Visser, K. The possible reductions in energy and water consumption, and CO2 emissions when usingCO2 refrigeration for building heating and cooling. Forum – Ecolibrium, April 2010, Volume 9.3, pp.42-54.10th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference: Natural Working Fluids, Delft, 25-27 June 2012.。
水污染处理文献综述英文
Application of multi-soil-layer system (MSL) in ruralwastewater treatmentAbstract:with the continuous improvement of living in rural farmers, the water consumption of residents is increasing, rural sewage emissions will continue to increase, if not treat effectively, the water environment in rural areas will be serious deteriorated, and influence the life quality of rural residents. In this case this paper presents a decentralized sewage treatment system, multi-soil-layer system technology (MSL) application in the rural sewage treatment, this paper summarizes the new technology, you can better understand and practice, especially in the developing countries where is in need of this technology. In the foreseeable future, it can protect public health and the sustainable development of the environment, and it also provides a new way for rural sewage treatment.Key words: rural sewage; multi-soil-layering system; distributed1.IntroductionIn recent years, with the continuous development of economy, people's living standards continue to improve, rural economic development is also very rapid, but the rural economic development and environmental development is not synchronized, serious rural water pollution.While high technical sewage treatment plants, such as centralized sewage treatment plants are involved in large investment costs, high operating costs,Because of economic constraints, such systems are less suitable for livestock farms and small communities in rural areas. While the multi-media-soil layer system(MSL) sewage treatment system, this decentralized sewage treatment system, it has less investment, low operating costs, high handling load. Besides, the utility model overcomes the defects of the prior soil percolation which is easy to be blocked from the space structure.The sewage treatment system is one kind of the purification technology of sewerage treatment soil developed in Japan in twentieth Century, the soil system will be modularized, and the module is set up around the water in the soil layer to avoid clogging, and adding natural organic materials to soil modules can improve the purification ability of the system.The MSL system consists of a Permeable layer (PL) and a soil mixing layer block (SMB),The Permeable layer is usually composed oflarger particles fillers such as gravel, pumice, perlite and zeolite.Higher porosity can effectively prevent clogging of the soil water layer.At the same time, the formation of aerobic environment is conducive to organic degradation.The mixed layer soil is mainly packing soil mixed with other 20%-30% other materials such as activated carbon, wood, iron and other material or soil with local resources.The organic material added in the soil mixed layer can improve the biological decomposition and adsorption capacity of the system, and can also improve the supply of hydrogen in the process of nitrogen removal and promote the removal of nitrogen.There are many researches on MSL system treating urban sewage, livestock wastewater and river water at home and abroad.Researchers in China, Ye Hai et al[1] studied the effect of surface load on polluted river water treated by multi-soil-layer system.Song Ying[2]had studied the treatment effect of multi medium soil infiltration system for turtle breeding wastewater.Zou Jun[3]also pointed out that multi-soil-layer material selection will have a certain impact on the domestic sewage treatment efficiency.In foreign countries, especially in Japan, Thailand and Indonesia, MSL systems have been used to handle various types of wastewater, but the domestic of this technology in sewage treatment in rural areas there is no comprehensive study,This article through to the MSL system technology processing rural domestic sewage research, inorder to provide some technical support for the MSL system in the practical application of rural sewage treatment.2.1characteristics of rural sewageFor a long time,China's pollution control on rural attention and investment far less than the city,96% of the villages without drainage pipe network and sewage treatment system,The random discharge of domestic sewage has become one of the main reasons for the deterioration of water quality in the basin, and is also an important factor causing the rural water environment pollution and lake eutrophication.At the same time, it seriously affects the safety of production and living in the rural areas, and seriously affects the economic development.The main features of rural sewage in China are:(1)The amount is huge and increases year by year.Statistics show that in 2002.There are 3.205 million tons of national rural domestic sewage daily emissions.The total nitrogen emission is about 283.1t, total phosphorus daily emission is about 56.6t, basically without any treatment directly discharged.(2)Water quality and water quantity fluctuation are huge.Rural sewage water is not stable, different periods have different water quality, generally do not contain heavy metals and toxic and harmful substances, but contains more synthetic detergent and bacteria, viruses.(3)More sources.In addition to human feces, kitchen generated sewage, there are household cleaning, domestic waste landfill leachate generated sewage, which will then enter the river part of the sewage, will cause greater pollution.(4)Low treatment rate.Part of the system can not run low temperature, rural sewage daily variation coefficient and seasonal variation coefficient, the system a few time high load operation, if there is little sewage, it will stop running [4].(5)Wide and scattered.Scattered geographical distribution of villages caused sewage dispersion and it is difficult to collect.2.2 the main source of rural sewageRural sewage refers to the formation of sewage of the rural areas in the life and production process, including rural production wastewater and rural domestic sewage two aspects.Rural domestic sewage refers to the residents living in the process of toilet discharge of sewage, bath, laundry and kitchen sewage, etc.Rural production sewage refers to livestock and poultry breeding, aquaculture, agricultural products processing and other high concentration of organic wastewater.Because China's rural living is scattered, rural domestic sewage showed a small amount and wide ck of appropriate sewage collection, treatment facilities, domestic sewage without treatment will be free to discharge, the health of rural residents to bring greater harm.At the sametime, rural sewage production also poses a greater threat to the rural ecological environment.2.3main technologies of decentralized domestic sewage treatmentBeginning in 1970s, Japan, the United States, Europe and other developed countries on the use of decentralized sewage treatment of rural sewage treatment, has accumulated a lot of experience, achieved good results.The United States since the mid-20th century began the construction of rural sewage treatment facilities, in 1972 promulgated the first complete clean water, then according to the distributed processing technology in 2002 promulgated the decentralized sewage treatment system application manual [5].1987, In Denmark promulgated a decentralized sewage treatment guidelines[6].Germany from 2003 to implement the decentralized needle infrastructure system project research, use membrane bioreactor purification to treat remote rural sewage[7]. Australia proposed a sewage treatment land use system [8].While research and application of rural sewage decentralized treatment in China began in late 1980s,Compared with developed countries and regions, there are still many gaps in laws and regulations system, technical standard system and management and service system.In recent years, domestic scholars have done a lot of research on rural domestic sewage,and puts forward some mature processing technology, including aerobic biological treatment, anaerobic biological treatment technology, soil infiltration technique andphysical and chemical processing technology etc.There are many scholars in the multi-soil-layer system improvement and application development of the Japanese, it has also done a lot of research, some scholars found through experiments: to earthworm soil infiltration layer can also solve the problem of blockage of MSL system, but also can guarantee the winter operation effect in winter [9-10].2.4 Multi-soil-layer system (MSL) technology2.4.1Structural characteristics of multi-media-soil layer systemMulti-soil-layer treatment (MSL) system is a kind of land sewage treatment system.Mainly composed of Permeable layer (PL) and a soil mixing layer block (SMB),From top to bottom are waterproof layer, gravel layer, soil layer and mixed layer (two alternately arranged), in addition, the MSL technology has a certain terrain fall from the inlet to the outlet, mainly by the drop let water can automatically flow in the system, at the same time to purify [11].2.4.2Purification mechanism of multi-soil-layer systemWastewater contains high concentrations of BOD, COD, ammonia nitrogen, phosphate ions and organic matter.When the wastewater into the MSL system, the organic matter in wastewater can be adsorbed on the surface of zeolite and soil through physical and chemical effects, followed by decomposition of soil layer in microorganism, and phosphorus removal is mainly through the soil layer of iron is oxidized toferric hydroxide after the formation of insoluble iron, then adsorption in wastewater the formation of phosphate coprecipitation.Nitrogen removal is mainly through nitrification and denitrification by ammonia ion, and finally reduced to nitrogen discharge system.2.4.3Advantages of multi-soil-layer systemMulti-media-soil layer system is used to treat wastewater from traditional soil infiltration system.It has the disadvantages of low treatment load, large ground, easy to block nitrogen and phosphorus removal and other shortcomings [12].The MSL system with "soil modular" as the core concept, its unique brick type internal structure can form a plurality of aerobic and anaerobic environment in order to promote the removal of pollutants,Among them, the permeable layer greatly improves the water permeability of the system to prevent clogging, adding natural materials in the soil increases the purification capacity of the system.3.ConclusionsWith the economic reform and development, China's environmental awareness is also improving, water pollution in rural areas have also obtained more and more attention,The MSL system applicable to the small population, scattered in rural areas, the decentralized sewage treatment system can be widely installed and used in the rural society, especially in rural areas of developing countries such as Chinese, Chinese is in need of such technology, sustainable development can protect thepublic health and the environment.4.Reference[1] Ye Hai Ye et al. Effect of surface load on polluted river water treated by multi-soil-layer system[J]. China water supply and drainage, 2012,28 (19): 74-77[2]Ying Song et al.Treatment of turtle aquaculture effluent by an multi-soil-layersystem[J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science B.2015,16(2):145-154[3]Zou Jun, Chen Xin et al. Effect of material selection of multi-soil-layer systemon domestic wastewater treatment efficiency[J]. Journal of ecology and rural environment, 2010,26 (1): 14-18[4]Zhang Keqiang et al. Rural sewage treatment technology[M]Beijing: ChinaAgricultural Science and Technology Press, 2006.10[5] Chen Jinming et al.Policy and experience of managing decentralized wastewatertreatment systems in the United States [J]. China water supply and drainage, 2004,20 (6): 104-106[6] Hans B.Danish guidelines for small-scale constructed wetland systems for onsitetreatment of domestic sewage[C].Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, Avignon, France,2004:1-8[7] Li Wushuang, Wang Hongyang. Status and treatment technology of ruraldecentralized domestic wastewater [J]. Tianjin Agricultural Sciences, 2008,14 (6): 75-77[8] Zhang Jiawei, Zhou Zhiqin. Application of decentralized treatment technology forrural domestic sewage [J]. environmental science and management, 2011,36 (1): 95-99[9] Wang Xixi, Guo Feihong, et al. A new improved capillary infiltration ditch fordomestic wastewater treatment. [J].environmental chemistry,2011,30(3): 721-722 [10]Zhang Xiaowei, Li Jianchao, et al. Experimental study on earthworm enhancedland treatment of rural wastewater [J]. Journal of agro environmental science,2009,28 (6): 1225-1229[11]Hu Hongqi, Yang Yong et al. Analysis of practical application of two efficientrural sewage treatment technologies [J]. Heilongjiang environmental bulletin, 2016, 40 (1): 20-24[12] Xin Chen et al.An introduction of a multi-soil-layering system:a novel greentechnology for wastewater treatment in rural areas[J].Water and Environment Journal.2009:255-262。
联合国全球水资源状况报告英文版
联合国全球水资源状况报告英文版**English Content:**The United Nations Global Water Resources Report, published annually, offers a comprehensive overview of the state of the world's water resources, highlighting both the achievements and challenges faced in water management, conservation, and sustainability. This year's report,titled "The Global Water Resources: Trends, Challenges, and Solutions," focuses on the evolving dynamics of water scarcity, climate change impacts, and the role of innovation in addressing these pressing global issues.Water scarcity, a phenomenon that has been on the rise in recent decades, is a central theme of the report. With the global population growing and urbanization rates accelerating, the demand for freshwater resources is increasing exponentially. This, coupled with the effects of climate change, such as changing rainfall patterns and melting glaciers, is leading to a significant imbalance between supply and demand. The report underscores the need for urgent action to conserve existing water resources and enhance water use efficiency.Climate change, another significant concern addressed in the report, is altering the hydrological cycle, leading to extreme weather events like floods and droughts. These events not only affect water availability but also pose a threat to water security and sustainability. The report emphasizes the need for adaptation strategies that can mitigate the impacts of climate change on water resources. Innovation, on the other hand, offers hope in addressing these challenges. The report highlights several innovative approaches, including water conservation technologies, water reuse systems, and smart water management solutions, that are being implemented around the world to improve water use efficiency and sustainability. These solutions not only help in managing water scarcity but also contribute to climate resilience.The report also calls for a strengthened global partnership in water resources management. It emphasizes the need for collaboration between governments, international organizations, the private sector, and communities to ensure sustainable water management. By working together, the report suggests, we can ensure thatwater resources are used efficiently, equitably, and sustainably, meeting the needs of present and future generations.In conclusion, the United Nations Global Water Resources Report provides a valuable platform for understanding the complexities and challenges surrounding water resources. It serves as a call to action, urging all stakeholders to take urgent measures to conserve, protect, and sustainably manage the world's most precious resource. By embracing innovation, collaboration, and sustainability, we can ensure that water remains a source of life and prosperity for all.**Chinese Content:**联合国全球水资源状况报告英文版深度解析联合国每年发布的全球水资源状况报告,为世人提供了一个全面了解全球水资源现状的窗口,其中不仅展示了水资源管理、保护和可持续性的成就,也揭示了所面临的挑战。
一份决议 ENG
United Nations A/C.2/65/L.25/Rev.1 General Assembly Distr.: Limited24 November 2010Original: English10-65322 (E) 261110Sixty-fifth sessionSecond CommitteeAgenda item 20 (a)Sustainable development: implementation of Agenda 21,the Programme for the Further Implementation ofAgenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summiton Sustainable DevelopmentAfghanistan, Bahrain, Gabon, Kazakhstan, Madagascar, Pakistan, Tajikistan andUkraine: revised draft resolutionInternational Year of Water Cooperation, 2013The General Assembly,Recalling its resolutions 47/193 of 22 December 1992 on the observance of World Day for Water, 55/196 of 20 December 2000, by which it proclaimed 2003 theInternational Year of Freshwater, 58/217 of 23 December 2003, by which itproclaimed the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”, 2005-2015, tocommence on World Water Day, 22 March 2005, 59/228 of 22 December 2004,61/192 of 20 December 2006, by which it proclaimed 2008 as the International Yearof Sanitation, and 64/198 of 21 December 2009 on the midterm review of theimplementation of the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”, 2005-2015, Recalling also Economic and Social Council resolution 1980/67 of 25 July 1980 on international years and anniversaries, and General Assembly resolutions53/199 of 15 December 1998 and 61/185 of 20 December 2006 on the proclamationof international years,Recalling further the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development1 and all its principles, Agenda 212 the Programme for the Further Implementation ofAgenda 21,3 the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development4 and the __________________1Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro,3-14 June 1992,vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication,Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex I.2Ibid., annex II.3Resolution S-19/2, annex.4Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa,26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.A.1 andcorrigendum), chap. I, resolution 1, annex.A/C.2/65/L.25/Rev.1Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development(“Johannesburg Plan of Implementation”),5 and the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on theMillennium Development Goals6 and commitments made therein,Emphasizing that water is critical for sustainable development, including environmental integrity and the eradication of poverty and hunger, and isindispensable for human health and well-being, and central to achieving theMillennium Development Goals,Reaffirming the internationally agreed development goals on water and sanitation, including those contained in the United Nations MillenniumDeclaration,7 and determined to achieve the goal to halve, by 2015, the proportionof people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water, and the goals setout in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation to halve the proportion of peoplewithout access to basic sanitation as well as to develop integrated water resourcesmanagement and water efficiency plans by 2005, with support to developingcountries,Recalling its resolution 64/292 of 28 July 2010 on the human right to water and sanitation,Recalling also Human Rights Council resolution 15/9 of 30 September 2010,8Welcoming the outcome and work of the Commission on Sustainable Development at its twelfth, thirteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth sessions on theissues of water and sanitation,Taking note of the interactive dialogue of the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly on the implementation of the Decade, convened on 22 March2010, World Water Day,Taking note of the work of the High-level International Conference on the Midterm Comprehensive Review of the Implementation of the International Decadefor Action, “Water for Life”, 2005-2015, held in Dushanbe, on 8 and 9 June 2010,9 Taking note also of the holding of the Fifth World Water Forum in Istanbul, Turkey, from 16 to 22 March 2009, and noting that the Sixth World Water Forumwill be held in Marseille, France, in March 2012,Remaining concerned by the slow and uneven progress in achieving the goals to halve the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinkingwater and basic sanitation, while global climate change and other challengesseriously affect water quantity and quality, and in this regard recognizing the crucialrole the International Year of Water Cooperation could play, inter alia, instrengthening dialogue and cooperation, at all levels, as appropriate, and itsimportant contribution to the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”,2005-2015,__________________5Ibid., resolution 2, annex.6See resolution 65/1.7See resolution 55/2.8See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 53 A(A/65/53/Add.1), chap. II.9See A/65/88, annex.A/C.2/65/L.25/Rev.11. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General;102. Decides to declare 2013 the International Year of Water Cooperation;3. Invites the Secretary-General, in cooperation with UN-Water, andmindful of the provisions of the annex to Economic and Social Council resolution1980/67, to take appropriate steps to organize the activities of the Year and todevelop necessary proposals on activities at all levels to support Member States inthe implementation of the Year;4. Encourages all Member States, the United Nations system and all otheractors to take advantage of the Year to promote actions at all levels, includingthrough international cooperation, as appropriate, aimed at the achievement of theinternationally agreed water-related goals contained in Agenda 21,2 the Programmefor the Further Implementation of Agenda 21,3 the United Nations MillenniumDeclaration7 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation,5 as well as to increaseawareness of their importance;5. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at itssixty-ninth session on the implementation of the present resolution.__________________10A/65/297.。
高三英语《非谓语动词》专题精选练习3(含答案)
高中英语《非谓语动词》专题精选练习3(含答案)学校:___________姓名:___________班级:___________考号:___________一、单项选择1.His food______,the man had to come out of his hiding place.A.run out B.was run outC.running out D.using up2.Every minute is made full use of______our lessons before the exam.A.studying B.being studied C.to study D.to be studying 3.With a lot of difficult problems________,the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A.settled B.settlingC.to settle D.being settled4.Nervously______challenges,I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words“Be yourself”.A.faced B.facing C.to face D.is facing 5.(2018·天津)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs___________. A.taking B.takenC.being taken D.take6.I watched Mike's adolescence,_____he ran into trouble,_____things at the wrong time and misunderstood by many people.A.when;saying B.which;said C.when;said D.which;saying 7.---Do you know anything about War of Seven Kingdoms,the Chinese Game of Thrones? ---Sure.Although each event_____a well-known actor playing the key roles,it has all its plots well_____on established historical records and archaeological findings. A.features;grounded B.characteristics;witnessed C.stars;depended D.displays;commented8.There are lots of places of interest_____in our city.A.needs repairing B.needing repaired C.needed repairing D.needing to be repaired9.In2015,China won the bid to host the Winter Olympics,________Beijing the first city in the world to host both the Summer and Winter Games.A.make B.making C.to make D.made 10.In the New Year speech____by our headmaster,he summarized the progress we made in 2019.A.clarified B.restored C.underlined D.delivered 11.____with global vision and the spirit of innovation is crucial to China's young generation. A.Being equipped B.Equipping C.Equipped D.Having equipped12.The scientist found a cure for the disease,____approximately600clinical cases. A.studying B.to study C.having studied D.to have studied 13.With food and drink____,they couldn’t_____much longer.A.running out;hold out.B.being run out;hold on.C.had been run out;hold on.D.ran out of;hold up.14.AIDS is said_______the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area in the past three years.A.that it is.B.to be.C.that it has been.D.to have been.15.Don't you think it is time you______the plan?It is_______the managers wanted to see________soon.A.set out discussing;that;to be carried outB.should set about discussing;that;to carry outC.should set out to discuss;what;to be carried outD.set about discussing,what;carried out16.The silver moon was high overhead,and there was a gentle breeze down the valley.A.playing B.to play C.played D.having played 17.I ran all the way to the post office,only___that it had closed.A.finding B.having found C.to find D.to be found 18.Mike gave me a lovely kitty and told me that it required___carefully.A.being looked after B.looked after C.looking after D.to look after 19.The professor_____out the project made a comment on the report.A.was opposed to carry B.opposed to carry C.opposed to carrying D.opposed carrying20.A total of19Golden Rooster Awards______,The Wandering Earth took home the award the Best Picture.A.to present B.having presented C.being presented D.presented 21.—Did Jackson mend the computer himself?—He________,because he knows nothing about computers.A.mended it B.had mended it C.had it mended D.has it mended 22.By no means____when we ty to create a global brand.A.the cultural factor is to neglectB.is the cultural factor to neglectC.the cultural factor is to be neglectedD.is the cultural factor to be neglected23.________upon his years of experience in the business,ZhangYong,Alibaba’s newly appointed CEO,came up with a novel idea for increasing sales.A.To draw B.Being drawn C.Drawing D.Drawn 24.(2015·北京)___________the early flight,we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.A.Catching B.CaughtC.To catch D.Catch25.(2015·四川)Little Tom sat________watching the monkey dancing in front of him. A.amaze B.amazingC.amazed D.to amaze26.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,_______that he had enjoyed his stay here.A.having added B.to add C.adding D.added27.I suggested the person______to be put into prison.A.refers B.referring C.referred D.refer28.I feel like_________a long walk.Would you like_______with me?A.taking;going B.taking;to go C.to take;to go D.to take;going 29.Don’t forget__________the letter for me when you pass by the post office. A.post B.to post C.posted D.posting 30.Mark often attempts to escape_______whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A.having been fined B.being finedC.to have been fined D.to be fined31.She apologized for____to come.A.not her being able B.her being not ableC.not being able D.that she's not able to32.They haven’t decided when__________for Shanghai.A.to be leaving B.to leave C.leaving D.leave 33.The thief took away the woman's wallet without____.A.being seen B.seeing C.him seeing D.seeing him 34.It is no use____me not to worry.A.you tell B.your telling C.to have told D.having told二、用所给词的正确形式填空单句语法填空35.Watch out!Don’t get close to the building________walls are being painted. 36.Dinosaurs lived on the earth tens of millions of years ago,long________humans came into being and their future seemed secure at that time.37.From tomorrow,children younger than12________(allow)only to play the game for a maximum of one hour a day.38.Great attention should be paid to________(protect)the water from being polluted. 39.They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house________(decorate).40.The musicians were to play jokes on each other as well as play music,most of________ was based loosely on the Beatles.41.The container contains many kinds of fruits,apples________(include). 42.English in this story________(simplify)several times so far to make it easier for children to understand.43.The farm________(hand)down from his father to him last year.44.The ancient Olympic Games were first held in Athens,in which only men from Greece had the right________(compete).阅读下面的句子,请在空白处填出适当的内容。
Assessing the impact of climate variability and human
these studies because of their empirical nature. Although the areas of conservation measures are known, the exact locations are not, thus preventing the use of detailed, spatially distributed models. However, by analysis of patterns in precipitation–streamflow relationships, and knowing the relative area (but not exact locations) and timing of soil conservation measures, it is possible to examine the combined effects of soil conservation measures on catchment streamflow. To achieve this goal, it is important to understand the key processes that are affected by the conservation measures and, in turn, how they will modify streamflow. A widely used hydrologic method for estimating the impact of climatic factors (e.g. precipitation) on streamflow is based on relationships between annual precipitation and streamflow (Dai, 2002). Dooge et al. (1999) and Milly and Dunne (2002) proposed a framework to describe firstorder estimates of the sensitivity of annual streamflow to precipitation and potential evaporation. The purpose of this study was to detect changes in annual streamflow and evaluate the impact of climate and soil conservation measures on average catchment-scale water balance. This information can be used to evaluate
fundamentalsofheatandmasstransfer6thedition
Fundamentals Of Heat And Mass Transfer 6th EditionIf you are searching for the ebook Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer 6th edition in pdf form, then you have come on toright website. We present the utter option of this ebook in doc, txt, PDF, DjVu, ePub forms. You can readingFundamentals of heat and mass transfer 6th edition online or downloading. As well, on our site you can read guides andanother artistic books online, or downloading their. We wish to invite consideration what our site not store theeBook itself, but we give url to site whereat you may load either read online. If want to downloading pdf Robinairmodel 34134z repair manual fundamentals-of-heat-and-mass-transfer-6th-edition.pdf, then you've come to the loyal website.We have Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer 6th edition txt, DjVu, doc, ePub, PDF forms. We will be glad if you returnanew.new wiring regulations bookshop - everything you - The 2015 3rd Amendment to the 17th Edition of the Wiring Regulations (BS 7671) Download correction for The On-Site Guide . We Can't Be Beaten On Servicebs7671 amendment 1 - tmuk group - IET Wiring Regulations BS7671:2008 Incorporating Amendment No 1, 2011. Why is BS 7671:2008 entries in Appendix 1.) to the IET On-Site Guide and17th edition wiring regulations bs7671- exam training - If you passed your 16 th Edition BS 7671 after June 2001, Option 1 : Get Your Guide As An INSTANT DOWNLOAD. For JUST 14.97 (+VAT)bs7671 pdf - free pdf ebook downloads - bs7671 guidance note 3 bs7671 on site guide appendix 1 bs7671 iee wiring regulations 17th edition type of wiring codes bs7671. Part 1 Questions on BS 7671 2008.appendix (anatomy): appendix picture, location, - WebMD s Appendix Anatomy Page provides detailed images, Portion Size Plate: Easy Serving Size Guide; Your Birth Control Options; 19 Secrets Men Wish Women Knew ;iee on-site guide - scribd - read unlimited books - IEE On-Site Guide - Ebook download as PDF installation the method of installation complies with Reference App 4 Methods 1, 3 or 6 of Appendix 4 of BS 7671: (a)on-site guide bs 7671 2008 iee wiring regulations 17th edition - On-SITE GUIDE BS 7671 2008 IEE Wiring Regulations 17th Edition - Free ebook download as PDF File Appendix 2 Maximum permissible measured earth fault loopbs7671 iee on site guide - scribd - Part 1 BS 7671 and the On-Site Guide are not design guides. It is essential to accordance with Appendix 3 of BS 7671, with a fault11 | july | 2015 | the regs: bs7671 17th edition - Jul 10, 2015 to confirm polarity by cross connecting there s a good explanation of this in the On-Site Guide , Have a look at Appendix 15 BS7671:2008+A3bs7671 on site guide appendix 1 - free pdf ebook - 13 04 16 Improvement Objectives Appendix 1. pages: 19 size: 109.00 KB Appendix 1 Proposed Improvement Objectives for 2013 - 2014 Objective 1 To promote sustainableon-site guide bs 7671:2008 (2015) - iet - On-Site Guide (BS 7671:2008 Wiring Regulations, incorporating Amendment 3:2015) All updates in Amendment 3 will be included in the On-Site Guide, which include,on-site guide bs 7671:2008 (2011) - iet - On-Site Guide (BS 7671:2008 Wiring Regulations, incorporating Amendment No 1 The On-Site Guide is an essential guide for quick reference of information on BSon-site guide ( bs 7671: 2008 wiring regulations - On-Site Guide (BS 7671: 2008 Wiring Regulations, Incorporating Amendment No 1: 2011) * INCORPORATES THE ESSENTIAL NEW 1ST AMENDMENT TO THE IET WIRING REGULATIONSbs 7671 - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - British Standard BS 7671 "Requirements for Electrical Installations. IET Wiring Regulations.", informally called The "Regs" (wiring regulations), is the nationalbs 7671 amendment 3 - 17th Edition BS 7671 Amendment 3 Electrical Wiring Regulations . BS 7671 (The IET Wiring Regulations, 17th Edition) is the national standard to which all UK domesticon site guide bs7671 - On Site Guide Bs7671. See how to obtain the answers for the on site guide bs7671. We have this document designed for immediate Appendix A. T roubleshooting Guideguide to the wiring regulations: 17th edition iee wiring - the IEE Wiring Regulations (BS 7671) Guide to the Wiring Regulations is an Current Rating Tables from BS 7671: 2008 Appendix 4 (pages 267onsite guide 7671 amd 1 - TRUNKING SIZE CALCULATOR Calculates trunking sizes, as per Appendix 5 of the On Site Guide. ON SITE GUIDE BS 7671 Free be local extensively IEE 1.bs7671 - free pdf ebook downloads - bs7671 guidance note 3 bs7671 on site guide appendix 1 bs7671 iee wiring regulations 17th edition type of wiring codes bs7671. Part 1 Questions on BS 7671 2008.bs7671 on site guide - See how to have the answers to the bs7671 on site guide. We now have this document designed for immediate free PDF download. Appendix A. T roubleshooting Guide.bs7671 pdf free download pdf - ebook market - Source #2: bs7671 on site guide appendix 7.pdf FREE PDF DOWNLOAD. ON-SITE GUIDE BS 7671 2008 IEE Wiring Regulations 17th Edition pdf torrent download for free.iet on site guide wiring regulations 2015 - - IET On Site Guide Wiring Regulations 2015 On-Site to the changes in Amendment 3 to BS 7671:2008. The On-Site Guide is designed to be taken on-site foriet forums - on-site guide ( bs7671:2008) appendix - Topic Title: On-Site Guide (BS7671:2008) Appendix 6 Topic Summary: Cable calculations Created On: 13 April 2009 09:20 AM Status: Post and Replyiee on site guide bs 7671 - ebooks free download - Iee On Site Guide Bs 7671 IET Wiring Regulations 17th Edition (BS 7671:2008 IET Wiring Regulations 17th Edition (BS 7671:2008 incorporating amendment number 1:2011)iee on site guide bs 7671 download pdf - ebook - Iee On Site Guide Bs 7671 Download downloads at - Download free pdf files,ebooks and documents - On Site Guide Bs7671 - .amendment 1 of bs7671 17th edition wiring - Appendix 5 contains info about codes for Classification of External Influences . they only 80 for bs7671 & 24 for on site guide.iet on-site guide ( bs 7671: 2008 wiring regs, - IET On-Site Guide (BS 7671: 2008 Wiring Regs, Amendment 3: 2015) Details. This is the 2015, Amendment 3 updated version of the IET On-Site Guide.wiring regulations - bs 7671 | electrical safety - Includes the application of the requirements of the 17th Edition of the IET Wiring Regulations, as amended (BS 7671: BS 7671, which is due to be published on 1iee on site guide bs 7671 download pdf - books - Iee On Site Guide Bs 7671 Download downloads at IET Electrical bs7671 iee on site guide - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text fileread bs 7671 : 2001 amendment no 2 : 2004 - 2004 to BS 7671 : 2001 implements the cable core colours introduced Amend Appendix 1 as As well as BS 7671, the CD-ROM contains the On-Sitethe iet wiring regulations seventeenth edition, bs - The IET Wiring Regulations Seventeenth Edition, BS 7671:2008, Amendment No 2:2013. BSI Corporate | Contact Us | Site Mapcomplete pocket guide - technical information - then as indicated in Appendix 14 of BS 7671, , 41.3 and 41.4 of BS 7671). Tables 1 and 2 of this pocket guide give maximum measured values of Zs for fusesappendices | define appendices at - Appendices definition, supplementary material at the end of a book, article, document, or other text, An appendix gives useful additional information,iet on-site guide 17th edition (bs7671:2008) - wiring - IET On-Site Guide (BS 7671: 2008 Wiring Regs, Amendment 3: 2015) Details. Note: this product is out of stock until the new edition launches on the 30th January 2015.cables - diywiki - 1 Cable types. 1.1 T&E; see table 4D1A in appendix 6 of the On Site Guide. (see below and appendix 4 of BS 7671 or appendix 6 of the OSG).on site guide bs7671 | ebay - Title: IEE On-site Guide; BS 7671 : 2008 IEE Wiring Regulations 17th Edition. Publication Date: 2008-09-01. Title: IEE on Site Guide (BS 7671:on-site guide: ( bs 7671:2008 wiring regulations - Buy On-Site Guide: (BS 7671:2008 Wiring Regulations, incorporating Amendment No 1:2011) (Iet Wiring Regulations) by Iet (ISBN: 9781849192873) from Amazon's Book Store.appendices - guide to the iet wiring regulations: - (BS 7671:2008 incorporating Amendment No. 1:2011) (2012) Appendices, in Guide to the IET Wiring current rating tables from BS 7671:2008 Appendix 4.onsite guide 7671 amd 1 - ebooks free download - Onsite Guide 7671 Amd 1 IEE On-Site Guide - Scribd -Read Unlimited Books Speed 2864 kb/s Appendix 4 of BS 7671 - IET Electrical Direct Download.iee on site guide bs 7671 - Iee On Site Guide Bs 7671 TECHNICAL TOPIC STUDENT MINIMISING VOLTAGE DIFFERENCES Short from Appendix 4 of BS 7671, and IEE Guidance Note 6, approach,Related PDFs:barmy by victoria wood, toyota lcruiser 70 series specifications caradvice, evaluaciones 6 primaria anaya conocimiento unidad 11, why youre dumb sick and broke and how to get smart heathy and rich, videosecu component shelf wall mount bracket for dvr vcr dvd player dds receiver cable box tv mount, dehydrator bible includes over 400 recipes, computational geometry algorithms and applications solution manual, origami won park, a matter of honor by jeffrey archer, cat p6000 forklift parts manual, deenie, demonstrating reading writing performance gains, mathematics for machine technology paperback, antebellum writers in new york and south dictionary of literary biography volume 3, nightlife las vegas nightlife 2 by travis luedke, get it done when youre depressed by julie a fast, browning version, service manual honda forza 250, hell house by richard matheson, a military history of western world, history of white people by nell irvin painter, one by kiera cass, priscilla shirer gideon viewer guide answers, yamaha outboard motors manual, le balene lo sanno viaggio nella california messicana, after apocalypse by maureen f mchugh, beck anxiety inventory, bhagavad gita a new translation, grade 3 diagnostic test past papers, download tutorials in introductory physics and homework package free, 4th grade staar spanish revising and editing downloadable, cbspd technician study guide, what does holy spirit do, address unknown by kathrine kressmann taylor, paul and thessalonians philosophic tradition of pastoral care, de meeste dromen zijn bedrog by mhairi mcfarlane, opera omnia a cura di edoardo e duilio susmel, first four years little house 9 by laura ingalls wilder, statistics test b inference part vi answers, padi wreck diver manual。
环境会计信息披露外文文献翻译中英文.pdf
外文文献翻译原文及译文(本文档归max118 网hh2018 所有,仅供下载使用)中文标题:印度环境会计披露实践的影响因素:来自NIFTY 公司的经验证据文献出处:The IUP Journal of Accounting Research & Audit Practices, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2016译文字数:3900 多字原文Factors Influencing Environmental Accounting and Disclosure Practices in India: Empirical Evidence from NIFTY CompaniesB Omnamasivaya* and M S V PrasadThe study examines the factors determining the level of environmental disclosure information by taking a sample of NIFTY 50 companies from National Stock Exchange (NSE). The environmental information disclosure is measured by using an Environmental Accounting Disclosure Index (EADI) and the variables used in the study are profitability, corporate size, age, financial leverage, industry type, legal ownership and foreign operations. The relationship is tested using multiple regression analysis. The results show that there is a positive relationship between EADI and profitability, financial leverage, industry type and legal ownership, and a negative relationship between EADI and corporate size, age and foreign operations.IntroductionClimate change is one of the greatest challenges that the world is facing today. Climate change is the variation in the global climate over time. The climate change creates manifold problems like global warming, glacier meltdown, soil erosion, land degradation, deforestation, loss of biodiversity and all kinds of pollution. Human influence on the nature is one of the major causes of such problems. Indiscriminate use of resourcesand undue influence on nature in the name of development can be identified as the prime causes of climate change. As a result, in the last few decades, the adverse effect of environmental pollution on economic development has become a public concern all over the world (Goswami, 2014).The state of world‘s environment and the impact of mankind on the ecology of the world have led to increased public concern and scrutiny of the operations and performance of organizations. Globally, corporations are expected to include environmental concerns in business operations and interaction with stakeholders. As a result, firms can no longer ignore the problems of the society in which they operate. This has thus instituted a social contract between organizations and the environment, thereby making environmental responsibility a corporate dictate (Olayinka and Oluwamayowa, 2014).Every business has responsibility to use the resources at judiciously. Every enterprise needs to behave like a good corporate citizen, and the corporate behavior is judged by its actions related to the community, the steps taken to protect the environment or pollution control. In the context of the Indian corporate sector, companies are not performing as good citizens. Due to this reason many laws have been laid down by the government for making the companies good corporate citizens and fulfill their social responsibility (Chauhan, 2005).In India, the economic reforms initiated in the 1990s have unwittingly contributed to a rise in environmental problems. The awareness level of stakeholders and public regarding the environmental issues has increased the pressure on companies to disclose environmental information. As a result, the companies have started disclosing the environmental information in annual reports and sustainability reports to satisfy all their stakeholders.The Indian government has taken several steps to protect the environment. It has set up the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) with the aim to coordinate, among the states and the various ministries, the issues relating to environmental protection and antipollution measures. Necessary legislation has also been passed. In India, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) were established under the Water Act. The CPCB has identified 17 categories of industries which are highly polluting (Joshi et al., 2011).In India, specific environmental accounting rules or environmental disclosure guidelines for communication to different stakeholder groups are not available for Indian companies. There is no mandatory requirement for quantitative disclosure of (financial) environmental information in annual reports either under the Companies Act or as per the Indian Accounting Standards. Furthermore there are 23 stockexchanges in India which are controlled by the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Act, 1992. Each of these stock exchanges has different listing requirement for Indian companies to disclose environmental information. Therefore, any environmental disclosure by Indian companies is purely voluntary (Makori and Jagongo, 2013). Against this backdrop, the present study examines the factors determining the level of environmental disclosure information in India.Legitimacy TheoryIn order to explain the reasons for environmental disclosure, we use legitimacy theory. There are many theories which explain the various reasons for social and environmental accounting disclosures, but legitimacy theory is the most suitable theory to explain the environmental disclosure. Organizations cannot survive without meeting the societal expectations. The society expects that the organizations should be proactive in protecting the environment and minimizing the environmental hazards. In case organizations fail to meet the societal expectations, there is a severe threat to their existence. Nowadays Indian companies are legitimizing because of the awareness about environmental disclosure practices in the society. Therefore, Indian companies are taking several steps to protect the environment and are disclosing the relevant environmental information in their annual reports and company websites.Legitimacy relates to the environmental issues which are disclosedin the companies’ annual reports. This indicates the management concerns towards the community. Therefore, the management of different companies or managers have different ideas or thoughts about what the society expects and managers will adapt different strategies to show the society that the organization is meeting the expectations of the community (Zain, 2006).The theory of legitimacy is based on two fundamental ideas: companies need to legitimize their activities, and the process of legitimacy that confers benefits to businesses. Thus, the first element is compatible with the idea that environmental disclosure is related to the social pressure. In this context, the need for legitimacy is not the same for all companies due to the degree of social pressure the company is exposed to, and the level of response to this pressure. There are a number of factors which determine the degree of social pressure on companies and their responses to the pressure. These factors are potential determinants of corporate social disclosure. The second component is based on the idea that companies can expect to benefit by a legitimate behavior based on the social responsibility activity. In addition to that, the legitimacy theory provides a comprehensive framework to explain both the determinants and consequences of social disclosure (Mohamed et al., 2014).Literature ReviewKokubu et al. (2001) examined the annual reports of 1,203 companies to investigate the determinants of environmental disclosure. Environmental disclosure was measured by using an environmental disclosure index and the six independent variables used in the study were company size, financial performance, strength of consumer relations, dependence on debt, dependence on the capital market and type of industry. The study found that company size and industry type influence environmental disclosure.Elijido-Ten (2004) conducted a study on the determinants of environmental disclosures by using 40 Malaysian companies by applying stakeholder theory. The environmental disclosure was measured by using an environmental disclosure index. The study used three determinants: stakeholder power, strategic posture and economic performance. The study found that both top management and government power were the determinants of environmental disclosure, and it was also found that there was no relationship between economic performance and environmental disclosure.Yuen et al. (2009) examined 200 companies to investigate the relationship between firm characteristics and voluntary disclosure. Voluntary disclosure practices were measured by using a disclosure index and the independent variables used in the study were concentration of ownership, ownership by state, individual ownership, firm size, leverage,profitability and type of industry. The study found that individual ownership, audit committee, firm size, and leverage positively related to voluntary disclosure.Galani et al. (2011) examined the relationship between environmental disclosure and firm size by using 100 Greek companies. Environmental disclosure was measured by using environmental disclosure index and the independent variables tested in the study were profitability, size and listing status. The study found that there was a positive significant relationship between environmental disclosure and size of the firm and it was also found that there was no relationship between environmental disclosure and profitability listing requirements.Joshi et al. (2011) analyzed as ma ny as 45 Indian companies’ annual reports to investigate the factors influencing environmental disclosure. The environmental disclosure was measured using environmental disclosure index and the independent variables used in the study were profitability, size, accounting firm, industry, foreign operations, age, ownership and financial leverage. The study found that size and industry were significant determinants for environmental disclosure.Rouf (2011) examined the relationship between firm-specific characteristics and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure (CSRD) by taking 176 Bangladesh companies. CSRD was measured by using the CSRD index and the variables in the study were independent directorsand firm size. The study found that there was a positive relationship between CSRD and independent directors and firm size did not affect CSRD.Abdo and Al-Drugi (2012) studied whether any company characteristics influenced environmental disclosures by using 43 Libyan oil and gas companies. Environmental disclosures were measured using content analysis through word count and four characteristics were selected: company’s size, privatization, age, and nationality. The study found that there was a positive association between environmental disclosure and company’s size, company’s privatization, and company’s nationality; and it was also found that the age of the company was significant and negatively related to the level of environmental disclosure.Oba and Fodio (2012) examined the relationship between board characteristics and quality of environmental disclosure by taking 21 companies in Nigeria. Environmental disclosure was measured by using an environmental disclosure index and the independent variables used in the study were board size, foreign directors, gender mix, and board independence. The study found that there was no relationship between board size and environmental disclosure.Suttipun and Stanton (2012) conducted a study on the determinants of environmental disclosure by using 75 Thai companies. The environmental disclosure was measured by word count and the fiveindependent variables used in the study were size of the company, type of industry, ownership status, profitability and country of origin of the company. The study found that there was a positive relationship between environmental disclosure and size of the company.Development of HypothesesCorporate SizeMany of the researchers found a positive relationship between environmental disclosure and size, and many studies supported that large- sized firms disclose more on environment (e.g., Kokubu et al. 2001; Joshi et al., 2011; Suttipun and Stanton, 2012; Makori and Jagongo, 2013; Akbaş , 2014; and Sulaimana et al., 2014).There is a contrast between small enterprises and large enterprises. Large companies require more funds and for that they raise funds through external sources. For attracting the investors and to reduce the agency cost, large companies disclose more information and therefore get public support (Joshi et al., 2011).ProfitabilityThe profitability of a firm is an important factor in determining the environmental disclosure practices. As for whether environmental issues are important or not, it is argued that when the profit is low, the importance of environmental issues is low (Joshi et al., 2011). Many studies have reported that there is a positive relationship betweenprofitability and environmental disclosure (e.g., Nurhayati et al., 2015). A very few studies did not support that (e.g., Galani et al. 2011; Rouf, 2011; Akbaş , 2014; and Sulaimana et al., 2014).Many studies have used the profitability ratios like Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Equity (ROE), Net Profit Margin and Dividend Per Share (DPS) to measure the firm profitability. This study uses ROE to measure profitability.Financial LeverageThe agency theory states that with the increase of debt proportion in capital structure, the greater is likely to be the conflict of interest between shareholders, creditors and managers; and the higher the agency cost, the greater is the incentive for managers to disclose more information. From the perspective of social and environmental responsibilities, companies with higher financial leverage are willing to disclose more environmental information to maintain good relationship with stakeholders (Joshi et al., 2011).Many studies have supported the association between financial leverage and environmental disclosure (Joshi et al., 2011; and Sulaimana et al., 2014). They reported that financial leverage has no impact on the disclosure level in India. Kokubu et al. (2001) stated that debt did not significantly influence the corporate environmental reports in Japan. However, this study uses debt-equity ratio for measuring financialleverage.Industry TypeMany studies have examined whether the industry influences the disclosure of environmental information, and many studies have supported strongly that environmental-sensitive companies disclose more environmental information than non-environmental-sensitive companies. Joshi et al. (2011) stated that environmental-sensitive companies in India are likely to disclose more environmental protection information than others. Akbaş (2014) reported that t here is a significant positive relationship between industry membership and the extent of environmental disclosure.ConclusionThe study examined the factors influencing EADI by taking a sample of 50 companies listed on NSE. The environmental accounting disclosure is measured by EADI, and the independent variables used in the study are corporate size, age, profitability, financial leverage, legal ownership, industry and foreign operations. The relationship is tested using multiple regression analysis. The R2 under the model is 0.6033, which indicates that the model is capable of explaining 60.33% of variability in the disclosure of environmental information in the sample companies. The adjusted R2 indicates that 53.72% of variation in the dependent variable is explained by the variations in the independentvariables. The results of multiple regression reveal that there is a positive relationship between EADI and profitability, financial leverage, industry type, and legal ownership, and a negative relationship between EADI and corporate size, age and foreign operations.Limitations: The main limitation of the study is that the data was selected only for one year. The sample size was also limited. Another limitation of the study is that there are many variables which may influence environmental disclosure like board of directors, CEO’s role, audit firm size, etc., but we have selected very few variables.Future Scope: There is huge scope for further research on environmental accounting disclosure in the Indian context, as there is less amount of research on this subject. Further research can focus on the relationship between environmental accounting disclosure practices and financial performance of the companies.译文印度环境会计披露实践的影响因素:来自NIFTY 公司的经验证据B Omnamasivaya,M S V Prasad该研究通过从国家证券交易所(NSE)获取NIFTY 50 公司的样本来分析环境披露信息水平的影响因素。
IAPWS1997中文版
国际水和水蒸气性质学会1997年9月于德国埃尔兰根IAPWS1997年关于工业用水和水蒸气热力学性质计算公式的公布1997国际水和水蒸气性质学会允许全部或部分公开提供的国家其解释权归国际水和水蒸气性质学会所有主席:R.费尔南德斯- 普里尼博士国家原子能委员会解放者大道8250号布宜诺斯艾利斯- 1429阿根廷执行秘书:R.B.杜利博士电力科学研究院山景大道3412帕洛阿尔托,加利福尼亚州94304,美国此公告共计48页此公告在国际水和水蒸气性质协会(IAPWS)于1997年9月14日至20日在埃尔兰根的会议上得到授权,以便其秘书处对此公告的发行。
国际水和水蒸气性质学会的成员包括:阿根廷,加拿大,捷克共和国,丹麦,德国,法国,意大利,日本,俄罗斯,英国,美国。
本公告中提供的性质制定推荐用于工业使用,并将其称为“国际水和水蒸气性质学会对工业用1997年IF公式水和水蒸气热力学性质的制定”简称为“国际水和水蒸气性质学会工业用计算公式1997”(简称IAPWS-IF97公式)。
IAPWS-IF97公式取代了之前由国际公式化委员会制定的“工业用1967年IFC 公式”(简称IFC-67公式)[1].关于本公告的更多细节可参考W.瓦格纳[2]等人的相关文章。
国际水和水蒸气性质学会为普通和科技使用也作了相应的制定。
国际水和水蒸气性质学会秘书处提供更多关于本公告和由国际水和水蒸气性质学会发行的其他文件的相关信息。
目录1 符号解释 32 公告结构 43 参考常数 54 2区和3区之间的边界辅助方程 55 1区方程6 5. 1 基本方程 6 5. 2 导出方程95. 2. 1 导出方程T ( p,h ) 95. 2. 2 导出方程T ( p,s ) 106 2区方程11 6. 1 基本方程11 6. 2 亚稳定蒸汽区的补充方程15 6. 3 导出方程176. 3. 1 子区域2a,2b和2c的导出方程T( p,h ) 196. 3. 2 子区域2a,2b和2c的导出方程T( p,s ) 227 3区基本方程258 4区方程27 8. 1 饱和压力方程(基本方程)288. 2 饱和温度方程(导出方程)299 5区基本方程3010 区域边界的一致性3310. 1 单相区域边界一致性3310. 2 饱和线的一致性3411 IAPWS-IF97公式与IFC-67公式计算时间的比较3511. 1 1,2和4区计算时间的调查3511. 2 3和5区计算时间的调查3612 不确定性估计3713 参考文献3914 计算程序4015 致谢571符号解释热力学量:Cp 等压热熔Cv 定容热熔f 亥姆霍兹自由能g 吉布斯自由能h 焓M 摩尔质量P 压力R 气体常数Rm 摩尔气体常数S 熵T 绝对温度u 内能v 体积w 音速x 总质量β转变压力,方程29aγ吉布斯自由能量纲,γ=g /(RT)δ密度减少量,δ=ρ/ρ*∆变化量η焓差,η=η/η*θ温差,θ=T/T*υ转变温度公式(29b)π对比压力π=P/P*ρ质量密度σ比熵τ相反的对比温度ψ无量纲的等温等容自由能上标符号:o 理想气体r 残留部分* 减少量' 饱和液体〃 饱和蒸汽角标:C 临界点max 最大值RMS 均方根值s 饱和状态t 三倍点tol 数量的公差均方根误差:∆xRMS =2)(1xN∆,此公式中x∆在相应数量之间可以是绝对值也可以是相对值;N是x∆值得个数。
实时预报和水资源管理平台Delft-FEWS-DeltaresOpenSoftware
实时预报和水资源管理平台Delft-FEWS面向洪水预报,干旱和季节性预报以及实时水资源管理的专家数据处理和模型集成软件水资源部门的洪水预报员,水库操作和运营管理人员经常需要根据当前水情的观测和预报信息做出负责任的,及时关键的决定。
这样的决策变得越来越重要,不仅因为与天气相关的极端事件如洪水和干旱日益增多,已经紧张的水资源压力越来越大,而且由于这些效整合,处理数据的专用模块化和用于轻松整合新的或现有建模功能的通用接口。
在过去的15年间,Deltares对于如何在洪水风险或其他与水有关的情况下如何最好地管理决策预报流程的回答是:给您的专家配备代尔夫特洪涝预警系统(Delft-FEWS)。
Delft-FEWS是一款能够高效处理大量预报数据的专家软件,它能将最新的观测资料与最新的气象预报结合起来,提供数据质量检验,标准化的工作流程,可视化和报告。
Delft-FEWS可以在专用硬件,云端或者两者兼备的情况下进行大规模的计算,并且允许多位专家之间对相同数据进行远程交互协作。
Delft-FEWS处理大量的异构数据集Delft-FEWS提供导入模块,允许从各种外部资源(如网页服务,外部数据库和许多不同的文件格式)导入数据。
这些数据包括例如从遥测系统获得的时间序列,如水位和降水,还包括水质样本数据,气象预报数据,雷达数据和数值天气预报。
数据是使用标准交换格式导入的,如CSV,XML,GRIB,Hdf5,NetCDF以及150多种专有数据格式。
外部数据的导入也支持由气象预报机构常规提供的集合天气预报。
Delft-FEWS数据库中的高效数据存储提供了广泛的性能优化,能够快速有效地处理所有这些异构数据集。
质量控制和预处理您想要的数据Delft-FEWS支持使用广泛的数据验证和转换库对导入的数据进行质量检查和预处理。
数据验证包括对极值,变化率,空间均匀性和趋势的检查。
例如,串行插补(间隙填充)在需要时可用于保证数据系列的完成性。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
Global WaterWater Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Facility ConstructionProjectsProgress Report2009‐2010Includes Projects Conducted inGuatemala, Nicaragua, Peru and BotswanaWritten byKathleen KuepperAssistant Program ManagerGlobal Water Program Office3600 S. Harbor Blvd. #514Oxnard, CA 93035USAThe following is a summary of the projects funded by Global Water during 2009 and 2010.CENTRAL AMERICAGUATEMALAHealthy Schools Program – Malacatancito RegionTwo Schools: Santa Maria Visitacion and Caserío TuicicánStart Date: January, 2009Completion Date: March, 2009Global Water has funded two projects within the Healthy Schools Program in partnership with the Peace Corps and local NGOs at Santa Maria Visitacion and Caserío Tuicicán School in Malacatancito. This project has provided access to clean drinking water and a consistent water supply through the construction of two hand washing stations, a water storage tank and a drainage pit for the schools.Two students brushing their teeth at the new hand washing station at Caserío Tuicicán School.Students in front of the newhand washing station at Caserío Tuicicán SchoolHealthy Schools Program – Pexla Grande RegionOne School: Pexla GrandeStart Date: February, 2009Completion Date: July, 2009The Pexla Grande School lacked safe water and a consistent water supply for the students drinking and sanitation use. Global Water funded this project to provide access to clean drinking water through the construction of a hand washing station and water tank. The school also lacked an efficient stove to cook the students morning snack, which consists of “atol” or “mosh” (local versions of porridge). Two improved stoves were constructed with chimneys connected, which improves the air flow and therefore optimizes the wood consumption and vents the smoke outside.This project was completed in August of 2009 and includes a hand‐washing station that provides eight taps and a 500 liter water tank to ensure the school children’s access to safe water. This project has benefited a total of 365 students at the Pexla Grande School.Previous school kitchen with an open fire pitNew stove constructedStudents using thefinished hand washing stationStudents using the finished hand washing stationNICARAGUAHealthy Schools Program – San Lorenzo and Dario RegionFive Schools: El Recreo, Calpules, Tamalapa, Tempisque and Potrero de San AntonioStart Date: October, 2009 Completion Date: April, 2010Five schools in the San Lorenzo and Dario area, including El Recreo, Calpules, Tamalapa, Tempisque and Potrero de San Antonio School were in need of basic water and sanitation services. These projects have provided access to clean drinking water for El Recreo School through the rehabilitation of their well and improved sanitation at the four other schools by the construction of latrines. A total of 228 people, including seven teachers haveNew school latrines in Potreros de San Antonio New rehabilitated wellBefore: School latrines at Tempisque School After: New school latrines for studentsNew school latrines in Tamalapa New school latrines in CalpulesHealthy Schools Program – San Lorenzo RegionFour Schools: La Uva, La Rinconada, Emmanuel Mongalo and Andres CastroStart Date: August, 2009Completion Date: April, 2010Four schools in the San Lorenzo area, including La Uva, La Rinconada, Andres Castro, and Emmanuel Mongalo School were in need of basic water and sanitation services. Because of the lack of clean water, students were responsible for carrying water from neighboring properties or nearby streams. Deteriorated latrines at each of the schools have also sustained unsanitary conditions. This project provided access to clean drinking water in one of the schools and improved sanitation for all four rural schools through the rehabilitation of a well and the construction of twelve latrines. A total of 277 people, including nine teachers and 268 primary school students have benefited from this project.Before: Students in front of damaged well at La Uva School After: New rehabilitated wellNew school latrines at Emmanuel Mongalo New school latrines at Rinconada SchoolBefore: Deteriorated Latrines at Andres Castro School After: New latrines for studentsHealthy Schools Program ‐ San Lorenzo & El Sucre RegionsThree Schools: San Francisco, Carlos Miguel and San LuisStart Date: August, 2009Completion Date: April, 2010Three schools in the San Lorenzo and El Sucre area, including San Francisco, Carlos Miguel, and San Luis School were in need of basic water services. Water availability was limited at these schools and the services that were present had deteriorated so much that school classes were sometimes canceled because of lack of water. This project has provided access to clean drinking water through the construction of a hand washing station at San Francisco School, a had dug well at Carlos Miguel School, and the rehabilitation of a deteriorated well at San Luis School. This project has benefited a total of 1,679 people, including 1,628 primary and pre‐school students and 51 teachers.ArrayBefore: Starting to dig the well at Carlos Miguel School After: New rehabilitated wellBefore: Student is washing her hands from a bowl in front After: New rehabilitated wellof the non‐functioning well at San Luis schoolStudents attending San Francisco School Students using new hand‐ washing station at SanFrancisco SchoolSOUTH AMERICAPERUAccha Alta Water Project – Eastern Botswana RegionStart Date: August, 2009Completion Date: August, 2010This project provides access to clean drinking water through the construction of biosand water filters in thehomes, schools and community kitchens of the Accha Alta sector. Biosand water filters use a slow sand filtrationprocess to remove organic contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa and particles. Water from thesefilters can be used for drinking, food preparation and personal sanitation. The focus of this project is treatmentof the water supplies because the surface water in the area is frequently contaminated by coliform bacteria,parasites, and other pathogens. In addition to the installation of the water filters, all participating families and institutions will be provided with on‐going filter monitoring and hygiene and sanitation instruction. The AcchaAlta sector includes 3 schools, a community kitchen, and 130 families with an estimated population of 780people.Child pouring water into biosand water filter Family with their biosand water filterAFRICABOTSWANAMahopa Settlement Well Project – Eastern Botswana RegionStart Date: August, 2009Completion Date: August, 2009Global Water has funded the installation of a well in the settlement of Mahopa in Botswana, Africa, only 7kmeast of the Namibia border. It is estimated that this well accommodates around 450 villagers.The water sources in this region vary depending on the time of the year, power availability, transportation, andrain fall. The common primary source of water are rain and surface water catchments, which are polluted(when in existence) and are sometimes far from villages, making them labor and time intensive for children, whomostly have the responsibility to haul water for their families. The secondary source of water is cisterns that arefilled with municipal water, however, requires transportation and money to buy it. The third source is agovernment borehole 12 kilometers from the village that is diesel powered, which rarely operates and water canbe purchased at a relatively high cost. Due to the economic situation in the region, many villagers do not havethe option to buy water from the two latter sources and resort to drinking water from contaminatedcatchments.In this region of Botswana, there are three groups of people, the Tswana, Herero and the bush people. Thesegroups are traditionally hunter‐gathers for subsistence; however permission to hunt on surrounding land hasbeen severely limited, leaving these people to gather from the surrounding land what they can. Lack of waterhas been an important factor as to why agriculture has not been successful in this area.A cup of water from current surface water source . Rain catchment ditch.The drilled well with hand pump.Two boys using the new drilled well with hand pump.。