Mini-Dictionary of Financial English(May 17, 2011)

Mini-Dictionary of Financial EnglishMay 17, 2011A (1)B (3)C (4)D (8)E (10)F (11)G (12)H (13)I (13)L (15)M (15)N (17)O (17)P (19)Q (21)R (22)S (23)T (25)U (26)V (27)W (27)Y (28)Z (28)Aaccelerate depreciation 加速折旧 subtracting a high proportion of the cost of capital investments from taxable profit during the first years of useaccepting houses 承兑商 banks that buy (for a commission or fee) export merchants’short-term bills of exchange, expecting the debtor to pay up at the right time accountability 问责制 the state of being responsible to someone for some actions (company directors are accountable to the company’s shareholders)accounting-entity assumption 会计主体假设 see separate-entity principle accounting-period assumption 会计期假设 see time-period principleaccounting equation 会计等式 the fundamental identity of the balance sheet：Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equityaccounting principle 会计原理 a dozen or so concepts, conventions or doctrines generally observed in accountingaccounting standards 会计准则 a country’s exact rules concerning valuation, measurement and disclosureaccounts 会计账户 a company’s set of accounting records for a particular period accounts payable 应付账款 see creditorsaccounts receivable 应收账款 see debtorsaccrual 应计额 a gradual or automatic increase in an amount of money (e.g. interest), usually money owed to someone; (to accrue)accrual basis 权责发生制 in a budget or balance sheet, estimate expenses and income for the period in which they are incurred rather than actually spent or received accrued expenses 应计费用 expenses incurred at the date of the balance sheet, but not yet paid (e.g. wages, taxes and interest)accrued revenue 应计收入 revenue earned but not yet received or recorded accumulate 积累，累计 to grow by way of regular additions (e.g.: accumulated debts) acid-test ratio 速动资产比率，酸性测试比 see quick-asset ratioacquire 收购，并购 to buy, to gain, to get, to receive, to take possession of something; to take over a company by buying its shares; to make an acquisition actuary保险精算师 person who calculates probabilities for an insurance company, so that it can set its premiumsadministrator 管理人，资产清算人 see liquidatoraffiliate 分公司，分支机构；联营 one of a group of companies which is wholly or partly owned by another; to enter into association with othersagent 代理人– person who purchases and sales in return for commission or a fee aggregate demand 总需求– the total amount spent in a country by consumers, companies and the governmentaggregate supply 总供给– the amount of output that business produces and sells, given current prices, costs and production capacityaid 援助– money given to developing countries by richer onesallocating costs 成本分配–the process of assigning costs to individual products, processes and departmentsamortization 分配摊还–the process of repaying a debt by installments; in company accounts the systematic write-off costs incurred to acquire an asset(to amortize) Annual General Meeting (AGM) (GB) or Annual Stockholders Meeting (US) 股东年会–a yearly meeting to which companies have to invite all shareholdersannual report 年度财务报告– sent by all publicly quoted (US：listed) companies to their shareholders after each financial year ( before the AGM)annuity insurance 年金保险– a life assurance contract in which the insurer pays a fixed sum of money annually, usually in return for a single cash premiumanti-trust laws 反托拉斯法–legislation (especially in the US) to prevent commercial and industrial companies forming large, potentially monopolistic combinationsappreciate 升值– to increase in the value of an assetarbitrage 套利– the simultaneous buying and selling of the same currency in different markets to profit from rate differentialsarbitrageur 套利者–person who buys and sells currencies for profit; a person who buys stakes in companies involved (or expected to be involved) in takeover bids arrears 应付欠款–money owed that should already have been paid, e.g. rent, taxes, subscriptions, etcArticles of Association (GB) or Bylaws (US) 公司章程– the rules and regulations of a company , setting out shareholder s’ rights, directors’ duties, etc artificial person 法人– a company or corporation, which according to law has an existence separate from the actual persons who run and own itasset-stripping 资产剥离，拆卖资产– buying a poorly performing or under-valuedcompany and then selling off the assets at a profitasset value per share 每股资产价值– the total book-value of all a company’s assets divided by the number of ordinary shares issuedauction 拍卖 (verb and noun) a way of selling at a public meeting in which each item is sold to whoever makes the highest bidaudit report 审计报告–written by the external auditors, declares that the annual financial statements present a true and fair view or a fair presentation of the company’s situationausterity （经济）紧缩– economic situation when policies designed to reduce inflation, imports, government spending, etc. are in operationautarky 自给自足，闭关自守–total self-sufficiency and the consequent absence of foreign tradeavailable assets 流动资产– see liquid assetsBbackward integration 后向整合，后向一体化–when a company takes over or acquires its suppliers of raw materials or componentsbad debts 坏账，呆账– amounts of debtors (GB) or accounts receivable (US) that are never likely to be paidbail out 注资拯救– to rescue a person or organization in financial difficulties by providing moneybalance of payments 国际收支–the difference between what a country pays for its imports and receives for its exportsbalance of trade 贸易差额–the difference between the money values of country’s visible imports and exportsbalance sheet 资产负债表–financial statement which shows a company’s financial condition (amount of debits and credits) on the last day of an accounting period bank account 银行存款账户– an arrangement with a bank to deposit and withdraw money, settle bills, etcbanker’s draft 银行汇票– a document guaranteeing payment by a bank (often used instead of cheques to pay bills in foreign currencies)Bank for International Settlements (BIS) 国际清算银行– the central bankers’central bank in Baslebank loan 银行贷款– a fixed sum of money, lent for a fixed period , on which interest is paidbankruptcy 破产– the state of being bankrupt or insolvent: unable to pay debts bank statement 银行对账单– record of all transactions (credits and debits) in a bank account during a particular periodbarriers to entry 进入壁垒– factors which prevent or deter new producers from entering an industrybear market 熊市–a period during which stock market or currency prices are falling below par 折价– describes a bond or fixed interest security whose market value is lower than its face valuebid 出价，投标– (to make) an offer to buy something at particular price**bill of exchange or commercial bill 汇票，商业汇票——a written order instructing someone (usually an importer ) to pay someone else (usually an exporter ) a certain sum on a given date*bill of lading 提单—— document giving title to goods that acts as a receipt and a contract to ship them ,and can be used by shippers as security when discounting bills of exchange .**black market 黑市—— goods or currencies sold illegallyblue chip 蓝筹股——a security in a company considered to be virtually without riskbond 债券—— an interest—bearing security ,redeemed after a fixed periodbonus 奖金—— something extra , usually a payment, as a reward for good work ,or for undertaking a dangerous or unpleasant job*bonus issue or scrip issue or capitalization issue 派发红股——British names for new shares issued to shareholders instead of a dividend**bookkeeping or book-keeping 账簿，记账——recording financial data by writing down the details of transactions**book value 账面价值——the worth of an asset as recorded in a company’accountsboom 景气，繁荣—— a period when demand is rising ,and an economy is working close to capacityboost ( an economy)促进，推动—— to expand it by fiscal policies: increased government spending or decreased taxationborrow 借款—— to receive money that will later have to be paid back (usually plus interest )bought deal 全数包销—— an arrangement by which a merchant bank or investment bank finds buyers for bonds before they are even offered for sale*branch 分支机构，分部——a local office or shop of a businessbreakdown 分类，分解——an analysis or classification of something into component parts**breakeven points 盈亏平衡点，收支相抵点—— sales volume at which a company covers its costs*Bretton Woods Agreement 布雷顿森林协议——pegged or fixed the value of many currencies against the US$, which was pegged against the price of gold (1944-1971) *broker经纪人——an agent in a particular makers, such as securities ,commodities ,insurance ,etc.bubble泡沫期—— a period during which speculative investors buy shares ,pushing their prices up to unsustainable levelsbudget 预算——a financial operation plan showing expected income and expenditurebull多头投机者——person who buys securities expecting their price to rise so that he or she can resell them before the next account day*bull market牛市——a period during which stock market or currency prices are rising**buyout 收购——see leveraged buyout and management buyoutbylaws 公司章程——see articles of associationCcall option 看涨期权——the right to buy a fixed quantity of a commodity , security or currency at a certain price on a certain future datecambist 汇兑商——a dealer in foreign currencies and bills of exchangecap or ceiling 利率上限——the upper limit of a floating interest ratecapital assets 资本资产——see fixed assetscapital formation or accumulation资本形成，资本积累——spending money to increase the supply of capital goods rather than consumer goodscapital gain tax资本利得税——a tax on profits from the sale of assetscapital goods or investment goods 生产资料；资本品——goods that are used to make further goods; the goods that make up the industrial market (machine, tools, factories, etc)capital intensive资本密集型——requiring a large amount of capital investment per employeecapital market资本市场——the banks and financial institutions from which companies and governments can raise long term financecapital ratio 资本比率——is between a bank’s capital and reserves on the one hand ,and its total assets(loans) on the othercapital turnover ratio资本周转率——the ratio of annual sales to issued share-capitalcarrying cost 持有成本，持仓成本——the cost of owning assets which can be compared with the amount of interest that could be earned if the money was lent instead cartel 卡特尔，企业联合——a group of producers or sellers who combine to avoid competition and increase profits by fixing prices and quantitiescash discount 现金折扣——a price reduction offered for immediate cash payment cash flow现金流——a company’s ability to earn cash; the amount of cash made during a specified period which can be used for investmentceiling 利率上限——see capcentral bank中央银行——the bank that issues currency, carries out the government’s financial policy, etc.certificate of deposit 可转让定期存单——short-term ,interest-bearing bank deposits that can be traded like a share or bondcertificate of incorporation公司执照——see memorandum of associationCertified Public Accountant (CPA )注册会计师（美）——person who has passed the standard American accounting examinationsChartered Accountant注册会计师（英）——person who has passed the standard British accounting examinationsChecking accounts 活期账户，支票账户——see current accountCheque (GB) or check (US)支票——a written order to a bank to pay on demand a specified sum to a named person or businessCirculating assets 流动资产- see current assetsClaim 索赔，要求- demand made to an insurance company for payment according to an insurance policy; a demand for higher wages, etc; to make such a demandClean floating exchange rate 自由浮动汇率- see freely floatingClear 市场出清；支票清算- (adj) describes a market situation in which prices fluctuate until supply matches demand;(v) to pass a cheque through the banking system.Clearing 清算- the process by which cheques and other payments are passed through the banking systemClosing entry 结账分录- a journal entry transferring a balance from an ongoing account to the profit and loss account at the end of an accounting period. Collateral 抵押品- anything that acts as a security or a guarantee for a loan Collective bargaining 劳资谈判- group negotiations between trade unions and employers, concerning pay and working conditionsCollectivism 集体经济制- economic system in which the means of production are owned by the state, which plans the economy, sets prices and output levels, etc. Command economy 指令经济，计划经济- see planned economyCommerce 商业，贸易- the buying and selling of goods and the activities of banks and other financial institutions.Commercial bank 商业银行- a business that trades in money,receiving and holdingdeposits, paying money according to customers’ instructions, lending money, etc. Commercial bill 商业汇票- see bill of exchangeCommercial paper 商业票据- short-term, discounted and unsecured corporate debt of large American banks and companies issued as a way of borrowing money. Commission 佣金- money paid to sales representatives, proportional to the total value of the goods they sell; money charged by a bank for undertaking a transaction Commodities 商品，原材料- either goods in general, or specific raw materials or primary products (cereals, metals, tea, coffee, rubber, etc.) traded on special markets.Common pricing 共同定价- an agreement between companies to sell at the same prices, or to tender at the same price.Common stock 普通股- see ordinary shares.Company or corporation (US) 公司，企业- an association of people formally registered as a business (partnership, limited company, etc.)Comparative advantage 比较优势- relative advantage in the production of particular goods over some, but not all, other countries.Compensation 补偿金- money paid (by an insurer) to someone who has suffered injury or had property lost or damaged.Competition 竞争- rivalry between businesses in the same marketCompetitive advantage 竞争优势- the element that makes one company better than its competitors; a better product or service, lower prices (due to economies of scale), etc.Competitive bidding 竞争性招标- see tenderingCompetitor 竞争者- a rival in business offering the same or similar goods or services.Component 零部件- any of the pieces or parts that make up a machine, product, etc. Conglomerate 联合大企业- a large corporation, or a group of companies, marketing a large number of different goods or services.Conservatism or prudence 稳健性- an accounting principle which states that where alternative accounting methods are possible, one understates rather than overstates profits.Consistency principle 一致性原则- the same methods (of inventory valuation, depreciation, etc) are used from one accounting period to the next. Consolidated statements 合并报表- the combination of the financial statements of a parent company and its subsidiaries, as if they formed a single entity. Consumer or end-user 消费者；最终用户- person who (buys and) uses goods or services; person whose needs are satisfied by producersConsumer goods 消费品- goods that are bought and used by the public, rather than being used for manufacturing further goods.Consumer market 消费品市场- the individuals and households that buy products for their own personal consumptionConsumer price index (CPI) 消费品价格指数- see retail price indexConsumption 消费- the using, or using up of goodsContingent liabilities 或有负债- possible future liabilities that are mentioned in notes added to a balance sheetContinuity principle or going-concern assumption 持续经营原则，持续经营假设- in accounting, assumes that a business will continue indefinitely into the future Contract 合同，合约；收缩，缩小- a legal agreement,e.g: to buy, to sell ,to provide insurance, etc; or to shrink or get smallerContraction 收缩，紧缩- act of getting smaller, like national income during a recessionControlling interest 控股权- possession of more than 50% of a company’s voting shares, allowing one to decide policyConvertible bond 可转换债券- fixed interest company security which the holder may convert into the issuer’s ordinary shares at a specified priceCorrespondent bank 往来银行- one that works as an agent for another bank, especially abroadCost accounting 成本会计- involves the determination of the unit cost of a particular product made by a company, including materials, labor, overheads, etc. Cost leadership 成本优势- a strategy that aims to create a competitive advantage by producing goods at a lower cost than competitors.Cost of living 生活费用- the amount of money that has to be paid for essentials such as food, accommodation, heating, clothing, etc.Cost-plus pricing or make-up pricing 成本加成定价法- involves adding a fixed percentage to ) unit cost (which includes an approximate allocation of fixed costs) Cost-push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀- when costs( rather than excessive demand) push up prices and wages (e.g excessive wage increases or increases in the price of oil)Counter-trade 易货贸易- see barterCoupon 息票- the amount of interest paid by a bondCrash 价格报跌，行情暴跌- a dramatic collapse in the value of stocks and shares, caused by large-scale sellingCreative accounting or window dressing 粉饰财务状况- the attempt to disguise the true financial position of a companyCredit 赊销；贷记额；贷方；贷记- an arrangement to receive goods or servies but pay later; an amount of money paid into a bank account; an amount entered on the right-hand side of an account, recording a payment received; to make such an entry. Credit card信用卡- a plastic card issued by a bank or finance company that guarantees payment for goods or servies purchased by the cardholder, who pays back the bank at a later date.creditor 债权人，贷款人-person or organization to whom money is owed (for goods or services rendered ,or as repayments of a loan )creditor standing or credit rating 信用地位信用评级—a lender’s estimation of a borrower’s resent and future solvencycredit terms 信贷条件- the possibility of goods in installments ,over a period of time –cum div 附红利，带股利—means that the shareholder will receive the next dividend paymentscurrency 通货，货币 the money used in a particular countrycurrency swap 货币互换–an exchange of one currency for another between two borrowers in different countriescurrent account (GB) or checking account (US) 活期存款 bank account which pays no or little interest ,but allows the holder to withdraw his or her cash with no restrictionscurrency assets or circulating assets or floating assets 流动资产 those which will be consumed or turned into cash in the ordinary course of businesscurrent cost accounting or replacement cost accounting 当期成本会计，重置成本会计----values assets (and related expense like depreciation )at the price that would have to paid to replace them todaycurrent liabilities or current debt 流动负债 --are usually (arbitrarily) definedas debts to be paid within one year of the date of the financial statementcurrent ratio 流动比 measures liquidity ,and is current assets divided by current liabilitiesCurrent value 现值--the actual value of an asset, as opposed to its historical priceCurrent yield 现时收益率 --the income form a security expressed as a percentage of its present market priceCustomer 顾客客户person (or ) company that buys a product or service form a shop or a producerCustoms duties 关税 --taxes charged on most imports ( expert in customs unions or free trade made ares like the European Union and NAFTA )Cyclical surplus or deficit 周期性盈余或赤字 --is caused by business cycle (e.g. Changes in tax revenue ),rather than by deliberate government policyCyclical unemployment 周期性失业--occurs during recessions ,when the demand for labor declinesDDeal 交易合同，买卖，交易--an agreement to buy or sell goods or provide a service ;to trade (buy or sell ) something ,e.g. Securities ,foreign currenciesDealer 商人a person who buys and resell merchandise to make a profitsDebenture 信用债券--a fixed interest loan issued by a company and (in Britain ) secured by its assetsDebit 借方借记---an account entered on the left-hand (debtor) side of an account ;to make such an entryDebt 债务--(pronounced/det/) money owed to someone (for a business this might include bank loans ,debentures ,bonds bills or goods or services ,etc. )Debt financing 举债筹资--the issuing of bonds ,debentures, etc., that have to be repaidDebt/equity ratio 负债权益比 the amount of money a company has borrowed divided by shareholders' equityDebtor 债务人，借方 --person ,company or country that has borrowed moneyDeclining balance method of depreciating 余额递减折旧法--see reducing balance methodDeducts 扣除，减去--to take away an amount of something (e.g. A withholding tax deducted form share dividends )Default 违约--to fail repay a loan at the scheduled time ,or fail to respect a contactDefer 推迟延期- to put off (a payment , a decision , etc .) to a later timeDeferred shares 递延付息股票–do not receive a divided until other categories of shares have received theirsDeficit 赤字–a deficiency , or an excess of expenditure over incomeDeflation 通货紧缩–the opposite of inflation , a reduction in the money supplyDemand-differential pricing or multiple pricing 需求区别定价，多重定价-selling the same good or service at different prices to different markets segmentsDemand-pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀- rising prices caused when total demand exceeds what a country can produce, even at full employmentDemerge 公司拆分–to split up a previously merged company into separate business once againDe-nationalize 非国有化，使…私有化- see privatizeDeposit 存款；押金– to place money in a bank ; an amount of money in a bank; an amount of money paid to reserve an item; an amount of money paid when hiring something (e.g. a car) that is repaid if it is returned in a good conditionDeposit account 存款账户–pays interest , but usually cannot be used for paying cheques (US: checks); notice is often required to withdraw moneyDepreciate 折旧，贬值-to close value ,or decline in priceDepreciation 折旧，贬值---the reduction in value of a fixed asset due to use ,obsolescence ,etc.(by a charge against profits );or the loss of value a currency Depression 萧条，不景气 --a services ,long-lasting recession ,as in the early 1930s Deregulation 解除管制，放松管制--the ending or relaxing of the legal regulations in a particular industry (e.g. The stocks exchanges in New York in 1975 ,in London in 1975)Derivatives 金融衍生工具 --financial instruments such as options that are based on underlying securitiesDerived demand 派生需求--secondary demand :e.g. The demand for industrial goods which itself depends on the demand for consumer goodsDevaluation 贬值 --when a government or central bank formally decrease the value of its currency under a system of otherwise fixed exchange ratesDiminishing balance method of depreciating 余额递减折旧法--see reducing balance methodDirect selling 直接销售，直销--when manufacturers sell directing to retailers ,without using wholesaler ;or when wholesaler sell directly to the public without using retailersDiscount 折扣折价贴水 --a price reduction ;to sell at a reduced price,in return for the purchase of a large quantity ,payment in cash ,rapid payment ,etc;or to sell a bill at below its face valueDiscounted cash flow 贴现现金流 a method of calculating how profitable an investment will be ,by looking at the amount paid ,the interest earned ,and the degree of risk takenDiscount houses贴现行-banks in London that buy(at a discount) and resell both traders' bills of exchange and short-term government securitiesDiscount rate贴现率-the interest rate at which central banks discount government and other sure debt instruments from commercial banks; the rate at which they lend to commercial banks with such instruments as collateralDisinflation反通货膨胀-government policy designed to slow down price inflation Disposable income可支配收入-the amount of money that a person has left after paying taxes, compulsory insurance contributions, etc.Distribution分配，分销-in economics, refers to the division of a community's income among its members; in marketing, moving goods to outlets where they are sold Distribution channel分销渠道-all the companies or individuals involved in moving a particular good or service from the producer to the final consumer Distributor经销商-person or organisation that stocks and resells components or goods to manufacturers or retailersDiversification分销经营，经营多样化-moving into new markets or activities so as to reduce or spread risks, often by buying other companies in different fields Divest资产剥离-to sell assets or subsidiary companiesDividend红利-a share in the annual profits of a limited company, paid to shareholdersDividend payout ratio股利支付率-expresses the percentage of income paid out to shareholdersDomestic国内的；家庭的-of or inside a particular country(in economics);of or insidethe homeDouble-entry bookkeeping复式薄记-records the dual effect of every transaction: a value both received and paidDownturn衰退，衰落-the end of a boom, when an economy starts to contract Dumping倾销-selling goods in foreign markets at a lower price than in the home market, or even selling at cost price or at a loss in order to obtain foreign exchange Duty-free免税的-describes goods that can be imported without customs taxesEEarned income劳动所得，工薪收入-money received for work（wages, salary, profits from one's business, royalties, pensions, etc.)rather than from investments or propertyEarnings收入，所得-see incomeEarnings per share(EPS)每股盈利-a company's distributable profit divided by the number of sharesEarnings yield收益率，盈利率-(of a company), the proportion of total profits available for distribution to the total market value of the ordinary shares;(of a security), the last dividend paid as a percentage of the current market price Econometrics计量经济学-the application of mathematical and statistical models to economic theories and problemsEconomic(adjective)经济学的，经济的-of or relating to an economy or economics Economical(adjective)节约的，经济的，合算的-using a minimum of resources; or cheap Economic goods经济物品-those that are useful, scarce, and rationed by price Economic growth经济增长-an increase in per capita income ,resulting from the increased production of goods and servicesEconomic rent经济租金-money paid to someone over and above the amount he or she needs to remain in that particular line of workEconomies of scale经济规模-reductions in unit costs arising from large-scale productionEconomies of scope范围经济-the cost advantages for an established manufacturer to make related productsEconomy经济，经济体系-an organized system for the production, distribution and consumption of goodsEfficiency效率；有效-the ability to produce good results without wasting time or resource; in financial theory, the fact that all new information is rapidly communicated, understood by market participants, and incorporated into prices Elasticity of demand需求弹性-the responsiveness of the quantity of a good or service demanded to changes in market priceElasticity of supply供给弹性-changes in the supply of a good or service in response to changes in priceEmploy雇用-to use somebody's labour or service in exchange for moneyEmployee雇员-person employed by someone else, working for money(salary or wages) Employer雇主-person or organization who employs people who work for money Employment就业，受雇-the state of being employed, having paid work to do Endogenous内生的-coming from or controlled from within, e.g. variables that are totally under the control of a company or a governmentEnd-user消费者；最终用户-see consumerEnterprise企业；事业心；冒险精神-an informal term for a business organization; andthe act of taking risks and setting up businessEntrepreneur企业家-person who organizes, finances and manages a business that produces and sells goods or servicesEquity financing股权融资-involves issuing stock or shares(equities) that will normally pay dividends but need never be repaidEurocurrency欧洲货币-any currency held outside its country of origin, bought and sold on Euromarkets (typically ,the Yen, the Dollar, the Swiss Franc)Ex div除息-means that a shareholder buying the share now will not receive the next dividend paymentExchange controls外汇管制-limits on the amount of a country’s currency that residents can exchange for anotherExchange rate汇率-the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another one Exercise price or strike price of an option期权执行价-the price at which the holder may buy or sell the underlying securityExogenous外生的-coming from or controlled from without; undercontrollable variablesExpansion发展，拓展-act of getting bigger, like an economy during a boom Export出口，出口品-to sell goods or services to another country; something sold to another countryExternal audit外部审计-a review of financial statements and accounting records by an accountant not belonging to the firmExternalities外部性，外部效应-costs imposed on others without their receiving compensation, or benefits received by others without their paying the proper costs Extraordinary General Meeting(EGM)股东特别大会-a meeting that a company’s directors may call if they need to consult shareholders over matters that cannot wait for the next AGMFFace value 面值-see nominal valueFactors of production or inputs生产要素-resources used by firms in their production processes, namely land（and the natural resources in it ）, labour and capital Factory cost工厂成本，制造成本-prime cost (direct material and labour costs) plus overhead (US) or overheads(GB)Fair presentation公允表达，公正反映-what American law requires accounts of a company’s financial position to giveFederal Reserve Board(“The Fed”)美国联邦储蓄系统-the US central bank, made up of a group of twelve regional banksFiduciary note issue信用发行-paper money (banknotes) that is not backed by reserves of goldfinancial instruments 金融手段,金融工具 - all the different ways of raising money, including bonds, shares, warrant, etc.financial statements 财务报告 - the balance sheet, the profit and loss account(or income statement),the funds flow statement, etc.financial supermarket 金融超级市场 - the name given to financial conglomerates arising from recent deregulation in the US and Britainfirst-in, first-out(FIFO)先进先出法 - method of inventory valuation that assumes that the goods received first are sold firstfiscal year 财政年度 - an arbitration chosen 12-month period for tax purposes Fisher equation 费雪方程- MV=PT, where M is money supply, V is velocity of circulation, P is the price level, and T is the volume of transactions。