Lecture 08 18th Century Literature(II)

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英美文学概况---十八世纪英国文学：理性的时代

18th—Century English Literature
2021/4/4
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Major contents:
I. Politcal and social background of British 18thcentury: early fragile stability; later turbulence
means, roughly speaking,
•
indulgence in emotion for its
own sake. The sentimentalist
does not weep because
painful thought are forced •
upon him but because he
B.
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C.
18th-century British poetry from Neoclassicism to Sentimentalism and Pro-Romanticism *
18th-century British prose fiction, social realistic and psychological expressive*
•
any definite aim for the
vague discontent was shared
constitutional monarchy and political dualism and capitalism • Extensive land enclosure: intensified misery of agricultural proletarians and popular uprisings • Industrial Revolution in the second half of 18th century: the first powerful capitalist country and a world factory • Colonial and commercial expansion: continued wars with France in North America and in India • Wide spreading influence of American Revolution(1775-81) and French Revolution in 1789: liberty, fraternity and equality

The 18th Century 18世纪英国文学史

CHAPTER 8 THE AGE OF CLASSICISM
2.
Classicism: a term when applied generally, means clearness, elegance, symmetry, and repose produced by attention to traditional forms. More precisely, the term refers to the admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, and architecture. It stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes including dominance of reason, balance and order etc. Classicism is usually contrasted with romanticism.
CHAPTER 8 THE 18TH CENTURY AND CLASSICISM
By Yao Benbiao
yaobenbiao@
CHAPTER 8 THE AGE OF CLASSICISM
I.
Great Events: 1. Glorious Revolution: In 1688, William of Orange and his wife Mary were invited to take the throne, a bloodless change of power 2. The constitutional monarchy was formally established after George I became the King of England, with more power left to the Parliament

The 18th Century English Literature

The 18th Century English Literature
Historical Information English Literature in the 18th
Century
Historical Information
England in the 18th Century
English Enlightenment Movement
English Realistic Novels
❖The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement in the 18th century English literature.
❖The major realist novelists of this century are Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollett.
Major Works
❖ An Essay on Criticism: written in heroic couplet; a manifesto of English neo-classicism; comprehensive study of theories of literary criticism
❖ In the early decades of 18th century: predominance of neoclassical poetry and prose
❖ In the middle: rise and flourish of modern realistic novel

The 18th century literature

Important Literary TermEnlightenment （启蒙运动）：The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The Enlighteners thought the chief means for bettering the society is enlightenment or education for the peopleSentimentalism（感情主义）：It indulges in emotion and sentiment, which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felt towards the world’s wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against the social injustice.●What are the characteristic of English literature in the 18th century?The main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. What the writers described in their works were social realities. The main characters of their works were usually common men. Most of the writers concentrated their attention on daily life. In this century the newspaper was born. And prose literature which include the book, the newspaper and the magazine, became the chief instument of the nation’s progress. The new social and political conditions demanded expressions not simply in books but more especially in pamphlets, magazines and newspapers. Poetry, which had been the glory of English literature in the preceding ages, was inadequate for such a task. So prose had a rapid development in this age. The 18th century was an age of prose. A group of excellent prose writers,such as Addison, Steele, Swift, Fielding, were produced.Novel writing made a big advance in this century. The main characters in the novels were no longer kings and nobles but the common people.In this age satire was much used in writing. Since there was fierce strife between the two political parties in society, nearly every writer of this century was employed and rewarded by Whigs or Tories for satirising their enemies. English literature of this age produced some excellent satirists, such as Pope, Swift and Fielding.●What are Jonathan Swift’s writing features?⑴Jonathan Swift is one of the realist writers. His realism is quite different from Defoe’s. Defoe’s stories are based upon the reality of human life, while all of Swift’s plots come from imagination, which is the important device he uses in his satires. His satire is marked by outward gravity and apparent earnestness. This makes his satire all the more powerful. He not only criticises the evils of the English bourgeoisie but those of other bourgeois countries.⑵Swift expresses democratic ideas in his works. This exerts strong influence on later writers, such as Sheridan, Fielding, Byron and even Bernard Shaw.⑶Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper place, makes the true definition of a style.” There are no ornaments in his writings. In simple, direct and precise prose, Swift is almost unsurpasses in English literature.●How are the poems in Songs of Innocence contrasted with the poems in Songs of Experience? Songs of innocence contains short lyrical poems with little children as the speakers. Through the mouths of the little children, the poet expresses his own love for the beauty of the world. Each poem in the collection is the expression of love and tender feeling and of belief in the goodness of nature. Using the language of small babies, Blake expresses his delight in the sun, the hills, thestreams, the insects and the flowers. The best-known poems in the collection are “The Lamb”, “Holy Thursday”and “Laughing Song”. The whole collection is pervaded with the breath of simplicity and fancy. The sweetest poems are those cradle songs. The melody is simple, artless, and yet exquisite.Songs of Experience is the counterpart of the first collection. It is a much maturer and Blakes’s most important work. The poems in this collection show that the poet’s eyes are open to the evils and vices of the world. He points out that the earth is unhappy and lacks love and gaiety. The miserable living conditions of the poor are reflected. The savation is to come through revolt or revolution. Through symbolic devices, Blake expresses his progressive democratic ideas. The best-known poems in the collection are “The Tyger”, “The Fly”, “London”, and “The Chimney-Sweeper”.What are the features of Robert Burns’ poetry?1) Burns is one of the greatest songwriters in the world. He is the national poet of Scotland. Most of his poems and songs are written in the Scottish dialect. 2) Burns is a plowman. He comes from the people and writes for the people. He is the people’s poet. 3) Burns has a deep knowledge and an excellent mastery of the old Scottish song tradition. He learns a lot from it in his poems. This is the main factor of his great success.Selected ReadingA Red，Red Roseby Robert BurnsO my luve is like a red, red rose,That's newly sprung in June;O my luve is like the melodieThat's sweetly played in tune.As fair thou art, my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a' the seas gang dry.Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi' the sun;And I will luve thee still , my dear,While the sands o' life shall run.And fare thee weel, my only luve,And fare thee weel a while;And I will come again, my luve,Tho'it wre ten thousand mile!Auld Lang SyneShould auld acquaintance be forgot,And never brought to mind?Should auld acquaintance be forgot,And auld lang syne!For auld lang syne, my dear,For auld lang syne.We'll tak a cup o' kindness yet,For auld lang syne.We twa hae run about the braes,And pou'd the gowans fine;But we've wander'd mony a weary fit,Sin' auld lang syne.For auld, &c.We twa hae paidl'd in the burn,Frae morning sun till dine;But seas between us braid hae roar'dSin' auld lang syne.For auld, &c.And there's a hand, my trusty fere!And gie's a hand o' thine!And we'll tak a right gude-willie waught,For auld lang syne.For auld, &c.And surely ye'll be your pint stowp!And surely I'll be mine!And we'll tak a cup o'kindness yet,For auld lang syne.For auld, &c.1.in the following descriptions of the Neoclassical Period, Which is wrong?A.The Neoclassical Period is prior to the Romantic Period.B.Henry Fielding is one of the representatives of the Neoclassical Period.C.The modern English novel came into being in the Neoclasssical Period.D.Neoclassical Period is also known as the Age of Enlightenment.2.By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, JohnBunyan intends to show the prevalent political and religious ______ of his time.A. persecutionB. improvementC. prosperityD. disillusionment3. An honest, kind-hearted young man, who is full of animal spirit, and lacks prudence, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and finally to have been accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative. The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fielding’s work ______.A. Jonathan Wild the GreatB. Tom JonesC. The Coffee-House PoliticanD. Amelia4. Which of following works was not written by Jonathan Swift?A. A Modest ProposalB. Gulliver’s TravelsC. A Tale of a TubD. The Rivals5. ______ was the greatest dramatist during the Neoclassical Period in England.A. GoldsmithB.SheridanC. SternD. Fielding6. ______is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A. GenesisB. ExodusC. The Pilgrim’s ProgressD. The Holy War7. ______is one of Swift’s masterpiece. It is a satire on corruption in religion and learning.A. The Way of the WorldB. Love for LoveC. The Beggar’s OperaD. A Tale of a Tub8. Many lines from Alexander Pope’s poem “Essay on Criticism” have become proverbial maxims, such as: “To err is human; to forgive, divine.”“______ learning is a dangerous thing.”A. A littleB. LittleC. NoD. Few9. Which of the following does not belong to pioneering efforts in the creation of the English novel?A. John Lily’s EuphuesB. Sir Philip Sidney’s ArcadiaC. Thomas Lodge’s RosalymdeD. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela10. The novel Gulliver’s Travels was written by ______.A. Tobias SmollettB. Jonathan SwiftC. Laurence SterneD. John Bunyan11. Whose work signaled the beginning of the age of Restoration Drama?A. William WycherleyB. John DrydenC. William CongreveD. John Gay12. Which of the following books was Samuel Johnson’s monumental success?A. The Dictionary of the English LanguageB. Oliver TwistC. The Old Curiosity ShopD. Barnaby Rudge13. Who is best remembered as the recipient of Johnson’s famous letter?A. DickensB. Lord ChesterfieldC. Thomas HardyD. Joseph Addison14. The Enlightenment movement was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against ______.A. social prejudiceB. feudalismC. superstition of religion15. The main literary current of the 18th century was ______.A. realismB. romanticismC. sentimentalism16. The romantic poets of late 18th century fought against the poetic tradition of ______.A. neo-classicismB. ancient timesC. sentimentalism17. Alexander Pope’s ______ was a manifesto of English neo-classicism because Pope put forward his aesthetic theories in it.A. An Essay on CriticismB. An Essay on ManC. The Dunciad18. The rise and Growth of the ______ is the most prominent achievement of the 18th centuryEnglish literature.A. realistic novelB. neo-classical literatureC. romantic poetry19. Among the pamphlets written by Swift about Ireland, the most famous are The Drapier’s Letters and ______.A. The Battle of the BooksB. A Tale of a TubC. A Modest Proposal20. Henry Fielding’s career as a playwright paved the way for his writing of ______.A. novelsB. poemsC. satiric plays。

18世纪启蒙运动欧洲文学史课件

• The Enlightenment Movement
definition定义定义
• a term used to describe the intellectual trends • that the people of this period believed that they were emerging摆脱 from 摆脱 centuries of darkness and ignorance into a new age enlightened被启发文明的被启发文明的开明的 by reason, science, and a respect for humanity.
ideas
• He glorifies 赞美赞美human nature and attacks social inequality. • He favors a theory of social contract as the key to human freedom.
Glorification of human nature
It has triggered引起引起… 引起
1
The American “Declaration of Independence” ”
2
The United Kingdom’s ’ “Bill of Rights” ”
3
The French “Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen” ”
– Lessing莱辛莱辛 – Goethe 歌德 – Schiller 席勒
Historical Context
1 the Enlightenment movement the American Civil War (1775)

18世纪英国文学(课堂PPT)

6
Literary Development
• 1. Neo-classicism • 2. sentimentalism • 3. Modern novel • 4. Romanticism
7
1. Neoclassicism 新古典主义
• The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works, this tendency is known as neoclassicism.
• Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.
The Literature Of
18thCentury
1
Introduction
Literary background Literary Development Famous writers
2
Literary background
1. The contending(敌对的) factions(派别) 2. Literati(文人学士) as servants of
• The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, such as Homer.

环球时代英美文学讲义第二章

Chapter Two The Renaissance PeriodLiterary termsBrief descriptionRenaissance （文艺复兴） Humanism （人文主义） Spenserian stanza （斯宾塞诗节） Conceit（奇特的比喻） Metaphysical poetry （玄学派诗歌） Sonnet（十四行诗） Blank verse （无韵体诗） Meter （格律） Allegory （寓言） Stanza （诗节）University Wits （大学才子） Foreshadowing （预兆） Soliloquy （独白）Narrative Poem （叙述诗）(1) The word “Renaissance ” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. (2) The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. (3) The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.(1) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. (2) It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.(1) Spenserian stanza is the creation of Edmund Spenser. (2) It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter （六音步）, rhyming ababbcbcc. (3) Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza.(1) Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. (2) Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.(1) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. (2) With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. (3) The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. (4) The imagery is drawn from actual life.(1) Sonnet is the one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe. (2) A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. (3) Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.(1) Blank verse is verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. (2) It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.(1) The word “meter ” is derived from the Greek word “metron”,meaning “measure”. (2) In English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. (3) The analysis of the meter is called scansion（格律分析）.(1) Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something, especiallya long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself. (2) Allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice. (3) Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress,Golding's Lord of the Flies and Melville’s Moby Dick are three examples of this kind.(1)Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan. (2) The stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.(1) University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called “university wits”. (2) Thomas Greene, ThomasKyd, John Lily and Christopher Marlowe were among them. (3) They paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare.(1) Foreshadowing, in drama, means a method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come. (2) In Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet”, Romeo’s expression of fear in Act 1, Scene 4 foreshadows the catastrophe to come: I fear too early; for my mind misgives; Some consequence yet hanging in the stars…(1) Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud. (2) In the line “To be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Act 3, scene 1 of Shakespeare’s “Hamlet”. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living, and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life.(1) A Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story. (2) It may consist of a series of incidents, as in Homer’s “The Iliad” and “The Odysseus”, and John Milton’s “Paradise Lost”.Name of the WriterWorks Brief descriptionPhilip Sidney (1554-1586) （菲利普·锡尼爵士） (1) He stands for the spirit of the Elizabethan Age. (2) In many ways he represents the Renaissance ideal of “the complete man”.Arcadia 《阿卡狄亚》 Astrophel and Stella 《阿斯特罗菲尔与斯特拉》Defense of Poetry 《为诗歌辩护》 (1) Arcadia is a prose romance filled with lyrics. (2) It is regarded as a forerunner of the modern world. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)（埃德蒙·斯宾塞） (1) He is acclaimed as “the poets’ poet” in English literature. (2) His poetry is noted for such qualities as a perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid imagination, a lofty moral purity and seriousness, and a dedicated idealism. (3) He created the Spenserian stanza. (4) His masterpiece is the Faerie Queene.The Faerie Queene 《仙后》 The Shepherd Calendar 《牧羊人日记》 (1) The Faerie Queene is Spenser’s masterpiece, a great poem of its age. (2) The fairy queen in the poem stands for both the Queen Elizabeth and glory. (3) In the poem Spenser speaks of 12 virtues of a perfect gentleman. (4) This allegorical poem is distinguished for its rich content and exquisite style. (5) The poem is written in the form of the Spenserian Stanza. (6) The Red-cross Knight in the poem represents the Church of England. The Shepheardes Calender records and expresses the poet’s laments over the loss of Rosalind. Thomas More (1478-1535)（托马斯·莫尔） (1) He is the greatest of the English humanists. (2) He authored “Utopia”Utopia 《乌托邦》 (1) Utopia describes an ideal commonwealth in which property is shared in common and poverty does not exist. (2) The name “Utopia” is derived from two Greek words meaning “no place”. Christopher Marlowe (1564---1593)（克里斯托弗·马洛） (1) As the most gifted of the “University Wits”, Marlowe authored six plays Tamburlaine 《铁木耳大帝》 (1) Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious and cruel Tartar conqueror in the fourteenth century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king. (2) It voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.within his short lifetime. (2) The most important ones are: Tamburlaine , Dr. Faustus , The Jew of Malta . (3) Marlowe’s greatest literaryachievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama. (4) Marlowe’s second achievement consists in his creation of theRenaissance hero for English drama. Such hero is always individualistic and fullof ambition, facingbravely the challenge from both gods andmen. Such a heroembodies Marlowe’s humanistic ideal of human dignity and capacity. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero embodies the true Renaissance spirit.Dr. Faustus 《浮士德的悲剧》The Jew of Malta 《马耳他的犹太人》 The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 《多情的牧羊人致情人》 (1) Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring forknowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil. (2) It celebrates the human passion for knowledge and happiness. (3) It alsoreveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order. (4) And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition.The Jew of Malta expresses man’s desirefor wealth.(1) “The Passionate Shepherd to HisLove” is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature. (2) It is composed in the tradition of the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherdenjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. (3) Strong emotion is conveyed through thebeauty of nature when lovers are not disturbed by worldly concern. (4) The rhyme scheme of the poem is aabb. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)（威廉·莎士比亚） (1) He is the greatest of all Elizabethan dramatists. (2) His literary career falls into four periods. He wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets. (3) His sonnets represent the finest poetic craftsmanship of Henry VI 《亨利六世》 Richard III 《理查德三世》 Henry IV 《亨利四世》Henry V 《亨利五世》Henry VIII 《亨利八世》A Midsummer Night's Dream(1) Hamlet is the greatest tragedy of Shakespeare’s. (2) Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind. (3) His famous monologue is “To be or not to be”.(1) Othello is a tragedy of humanism. (2) Hisinner weakness is made use of by the outside evilforce.(1) Macbeth is a tragedy of all ambitiousElizabethan poetry. (4) The themes of his sonnets are about love, friendship, the destructive effects of time, the quickness of physical decay, and the loss of8 beauty, vigor, and love. 《仲夏夜之梦》 The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》 As You Like it 《皆大欢喜》 Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》Othello 《奥赛罗》 King Lear 《李尔王》 Mecbeth 《麦克白》 Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 The Tempest 《暴风雨》Sonnet 18adventurers who become the prey of theirambition. (2) Macbeth’s lust for power stirs ups his ambition and drives him to incessant crimes.(1) King Lear is based on an old British legend. (2) The old King Lear is a self-willed ruler who suffers from treachery and infidelity on account of his irresponsibility and vanity. (3) The climax of the play is Act III, Scene 4 where images of such animals as bear, wolf, fox, dog, monkey, rat and worm stand out. These images reflect the jungle law of the age of primitive accumulation. (4) In King Lear , Shakespeare has not only made a profound analysis of the social crisis in which the evils can be seen everywhere, but also criticized the bourgeois egoism. (5) Shakespeare points out that a king or ruler must be responsible to his people. (1) The Merchant of Venice is a play eulogizing the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, idealizing Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and exposing the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew represented by Shylock. (2) But people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christian’s hypocrisy and their false standards, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews. (3) The allusion “pound of flesh” comes from this comedy. (1) Sonnet 18 is one of Shakespeare’s most beautiful sonnets. In the poem he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poetry. (2) The rhyme of the poem is abab cdcd efef gg. Francis Bacon(1) The Advancement of Learning is a(1561-1626)（弗兰西斯·培根） (1) He is a philosopher, a scientist and the first English essayist. (2) He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. (3) He is best known for hisEssays that is the first example of that genrein English literature.Essays 《培根论说文集》 Of Studies 《谈读书》 The Advancement of Learning 《论学问的进步》Novum Organum (TheNew Instrument) 《论新工具》great tract on education. (2) Here Bacon highly praises knowledge, refuting the objections to learning and outlining the problems with which his plan is to deal. (3) Also he answers the charge that learning is against religion.(1) Novum Organum (The New Instrument ) is a successful treatise written inLatin on methodology. (2) The argument is forthe use of inductive method of reasoning inscientific study.(1) Of Studies is the most popular ofBacon’s essays. (2) It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character. (3) Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, the essay reveals to us Bacon’s mature attitude towards learning.John Donne (1572-1631)（约翰·邓恩） (1) He is the leading figure of the “metaphysical school”. (2) The most striking feature of Donne’s poetry is his frequent use of conceit. (3) He is a religious poet obsessed with death. (4) The Songs and Sonnets is probably his best-known lyrics. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body."The Sun Rising" 《升起的太阳》 The Holy Sonnets 《神圣体十四行诗》 The Songs and Sonnets 《歌谣与十四行诗》 "Death, Be Not Proud" 《死亡，你别骄傲》 The Flea 《跳蚤之歌》 A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 《分别：莫忧伤》 (1) The Songs and Sonnets is probably his best-known lyrics. (2) Love is the basic theme. John Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. (1) In A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning John Donne resents too much display of emotion when two lovers part. (2) In this poem we are familiarized with John Donne’s famous conceit: the two lovers (he and his wife) are likened to the two points of a compass. The wife stays at home. She is the fixed foot and the husband “roams” around, but never deviates from the center. (3) In a word, John Donne seems to emphasize the importance of Platonic love. John Milton Paradise Lost (1) Paradise Lost is the greatest of John(1608-1674)（约翰·弥尔顿） (1) As a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer, Milton holds an important place in the history of English literature. (2) He produced three epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.《失乐园》Paradise Regained 《复乐园》Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》 Milton’s epics. (2) It is the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. (3) The story is taken from the Bible. The theme of the epic is man’s disobedience and the loss of Paradise, with its prime cause ---- Satan who rebels against God’s authority and tyranny.Paradise Regained is a long narrative poem telling how man, in the person of Christ, withstands the tempter and is established once more in the divine favor.(1) Samson Agonistes is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English. (2) In this epic Milton presents to us a picture of how Samson, the Israel’s mighty champion, brings destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. (3) The whole poem strongly suggests Milton’s passionate longing like Samson’s that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. In this sense, Samson is Milton.John Bunyan (1628-1688)（约翰·班扬）(1) He is a religious novelist whose style was modeled after that of the English Bible. (2) His language is concrete and vivid. (3) His masterpiece, The Pilgrim’s Progress, is the most successful religious allegory. The Pilgrim's Progress 《天路历程》 (1) The Pilgrim’s Progress is John Bunyan’s masterpiece. It is the most successful religious allegory. (2) It tells of the experience of a devout Christian the Pilgrim with a neighbor named Faithful in a world full of vice and wickedness. (3) It is a prose allegory depicting the pilgrimage of a human soul in search of salvation. (4) The novel is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. (5) Its predominant metaphor is the metaphor of life as a journey. (6) The most famous scene in the novel if Vanity Fair.。

The 18th century literature

美国文学复习资料

American Literature Lecture One 060511/2, 9th Nov. 2009Part I. IntroductionPart I: introduction questions1.Teaching schemes, examination, requirements, advice, contacts, and so on2.What is literature?3.How to define American Literature?4.How to study literature?1. What is literature?1)The definition of 14th century:It means polite learning through reading. A man of literature or a man of letters = a man of wide reading, “literacy”2)The definition of 18th century:practice and profession of writing3)The definition of 19th century:the high skills of writing in the special context of high imagination4)Robert Frost’s definition:performance in words5)Modern definition:We can define literature as language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages. Literature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by universality intellectual and emotional appeal.2. How to define the American literatureAmerican literature mainly refers to literature produced in American English by the people living in the United States.3. How to study literatureHistorical Perspectives: Biographical-Historical and Moral-Philosophical.(Diverse Types of Historicisms: including Feminist, Sociological or Marxian Studies of Language, Literature and Translation)Structuralist Perspectives: Looking for Systematic Deep Structures both in Form and Content.(Semiotics, TG Grammar, Systematic/Functional Grammar, Narratology, Freudian psycho-analysis, Russian Formalism, Anglo-American New Criticism, Archetypalism, Myth Criticism, Structural Marxism, Ideology)Poststructuralist or Postmodern Perspectives: Deconstructing Structuring Binaries (No Clear Distinction between Form and Content)[Postmodern Feminism, Postcolonialism, Postmodern Narratologies, New Historicism, Ideological Studies, Discourse Analysis, Reception Theories, Trauma Studies, Trans-Atlantic Studies, Transnationalism, Eco-criticism, Cultural Pathology, and other Postmodernisms]Approaches on Literature1. The Traditional Approaches:1)Analytical ApproachBe familiar with the elements of a literary work, eg: plot, character, setting, point of view, structure, style, atmosphere, theme, etc; answer some basic questions about the text itself.2)Thematic Approach“What is the story, the poem, the play or the essay about?”3)Historical - Biographical Approach4)Moral - Philosophical Approach.2.The Formalistic AppoachStructuralism, Poststructuralism, Semiotics3.The Psychological Approach: Freud4.Mythological and Archetypal Approach5.Feminist Approaches6.Sociological Approach7.Deconstruction8.Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, Reception Theory9.Cultural CriticismAmerican MulticultualismThe New Historicism, British Cultural Materialism10.Additional Approaches:①Aristotlian Criticism②Genre Criticism③Rhetoric, Linguistics, and Stylistics④The Marxist Approach⑤Ecological Criticism⑥Post ColonialismLecture Two 060511/2, 10th Nov. 2009Part II. The periods of American literature①The colonial period (约1607 - 1765)②The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)③The romantic period (1800 - 1865)④The realistic period (1865 - 1914)⑤The period of modernism (1914 - 1945)⑥The Contemporary Literature (1945 - 2000)1.The colonial period (约1607 - 1765)The main featuresPuritanism2.The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)Benjamin Franklin3.The romantic period (1800 - 1865)1)The early romanticismWashington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper2)“New England Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance (1836 - 1855)”Emerson, Thoreau/ Whitman, Dickinson/ Hawthorne, Melville , Allan Poe3)“New England Poets” or “Schoolroom Poets”Bryant/ Longfellow/ Lowell/ Holmes/ Whittier4) The Reformers and AbolitionistsBeecher Stowe/ Frederick Douglass4.The realistic period (1865 - 1914)1)Midwestern RealismWilliam Dean Howells2)Cosmopolitan NovelistHenry James3)Local ColorismMark Twain4)NaturalismStephen Crane/ Jack London/ Theodore Dreiser5)The “Chicago School” of PoetryMasters/ Sandburg/ Lindsay/ Robinson6)The Rise of Black American LiteratureWashington/ Du Bois/ Chestnutt5.The period of modernism (1914 - 1945)1)Modern poetry: experiments in form (Imagism)Ezra Pound/ T.S.Eliot/ Robert Frost/ Wallace Stevens/ Carlos Williams2)Prose Writing: modern realism (the Lost Generation)F.Scott Fitzgerald/ Ernest Hemingway/ William Faulkner3)Novels of Social AwarenessSinclair Lewis/ Dos Passos/ John Steinbeck/ Richard Wright4)The Harlem RenaissanceLangston Hughes/ Zora Neals Hurston5)The Fugitives and New Criticism6)The 20th Century American DramaEugene O’ Neil6.The Contemporary Literature (1945 - 2000)I.American Poetry Since 1945: the Anti-traditionII.American Prose Since 1945: Realism and Experimentation.I. Poetry:1)Traditionalism2)Idiosyncratic poets3)Experimental poetry4)Surrealism and Existentialism5)Women and Multiethnic poets6)Chicano / Hispanic / Latino poetry7)Native American poetry8)African-American poetry9)Asian-American poetry10)New DirectionsExperimental Poetry:1)The Black Mountain School2)The San Francisco School3)Beat Poets4)The New York SchoolII. Prose:1.The Realist Legacy and the Late 1940s2.The Affluent but Alienated 1950s3.The Turbulent but Creative 1960s4.The 1970s and 1980s: New Directions1.The Realist Legacy and the Late 1940s1)Robert Penn Warren2)Arthur Miller3)Tennessee Williams4)Katherine Anne Porter5)Eudora Welty2.The Affluent But Alienated 1950s1)John O’Hara2) James Baldwin3) Ralph Waldo Ellison4) Flannery O’Conner5) Saul Bellow6) Bernard Malamud7) Isaac Bashevis Singer8) Vladimir Nabokov9) John Cheever10) John Updike11) J.D.Salinger12) Jack Kerouac3. The Turbulent but Creative 1960s1) Thomas Pynchon2) John Barth3) Norman Mailer4. The 1970s and 1980s: New Directions1) John Gardner2) Toni Morrison3) Alice WalkerPart II. Early American and Colonial Period to 17651. Introduction1. Instead of beginning with folk tales and songs the American literature began with abstractions and proceededfrom philosophy to fiction because there were no written literature among the more than 500 different Indian languages and tribal cultures that existed in North America before the first Europeans arrived there and set up the first colony Jamestown in about 1607.2. American writing began with the work of English adventurers and colonists in the New World chiefly for thebenefit of readers in the mother country. Some of these early works reached the level of literature, as in the robust and perhaps truthful account of his adventures by Captain John Smith and the sober, tendentious journalistic histories of John Winthrop and William Bradford in New England. From the beginning, however, the literature of New England was also directed to the edification and instruction of the colonists themselves, intended to direct them in the ways of the godly.3. Therefore the writing in this period was essentially two kinds: (1) practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming,hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people “at home” what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration; (2) highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions.4. Furthermore, the influential Protestant work ethic, reinforced by the practical necessities of a hard pioneer life,inhibited the development of any reading matter designed simply for leisure-time entertainment.It is the belief that work itself is good in addition to what it achieves; that time saved by efficiency or goodfortune should not be spent in leisure but in doing further work; that idleness is always immoral and likely to lead to even worse sin since “the devil finds work for idle hands to do”. This belief late r developed into the American philosophic idea Puritanism.5. divines who wrote furiously to set forth their views was to defend and promote visions of the religious state. They set forth their visions —in effect the first formulation of the concept of national destiny —in a series ofimpassioned histories and jeremiads from Providence (1654) to Cotton Mather ’s epic Magnalia Christi Americana6. Even Puritan poetry was offered uniformly to the service of God. Michael Wigglesworth ’s Day of Doom (1662) wasuncompromisingly theological, and Anne Bradstreet ’s poems, issued as The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650), were reflective of her own piety. The best of the Puritan poets, Edward Taylor , whose work was not published until two centuries after his death, wrote metaphysical verse,Sermons and tracts poured forth until austere Calvinism found its last utterance in the words of Jonathan Edwards . In the other colonies writing was usually more mundane and on the whole less notable, though the journal of the Quaker John Woolman is highly esteemed, and some critics maintain that the best writing of the colonial period is found in the witty and urbane observations of William Byrd , a gentleman planter of Westover, Virginia.2. The Main Features of this period1) American literature grew out of humble origins. diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travelbooks, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, if there was any format all, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted.3) The Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought andAmerican literature.3. Puritanism1) Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the NorthAmerican continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. In content it means scrupulous moral rigor, especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences, that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion.2) With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences inAmerican thought and American Literature. To some extent it is a state of mind, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes, rather than a set of tenets.3) Actually it is a code of values, a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds, also a two-facetedtradition of religious idealism and level-headed common sense.Part III. The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)I. Introduction1) The 18th-century American enlightenment as a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather thantradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy.2) Enlightenment thinkers and writers, such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine, were devoted to the idealsof justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man.3) In these period with the exception of outstanding political writing, such as Common sense, Declaration ofIndependence, The Federalist Papers and so on, few works of note appeared. Even if there appeared poetry and fiction, they were full of imitativeness and vague universality. So most Americans were painfully aware of their excessive dependence on English literary models. The search for a native literature became a national obsession.4) Despite these we should pay attention to several points in this period:William Hill Brown (1765-1793) published the first American novel The Power of Sympathy in 1789.Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) was the first American author to attempt to live from his writing. Hedeveloped the genre of American Gothic.The Dictionary edited by Noah Webster (1758-1843) based the American lexicography. Updated Webster’sdictionaries are still standard today.Philip Freneau’s (1752-1832) was known as "the poet of the American Revolution". His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing. All the while...in romanticizing the wonders of nature in his writings...he searched for an American idiom in verse. II. Benjamin Franklin1706 - 1790(An Extraordinary Life and An Electric Mind)1. His Life1)Born the tenth of fifteen children in a poor candle and soap maker’s family, he had to leave school before he waseleven.2)At twelve he was apprenticed to an older brother, James, a printer in Boston.3)As a voracious reader he managed to make up for the deficiency by his own effort and began at 16 to publishessays under the pseudonym, Silence Dogood, essays commenting on social life in Boston.4)When he was 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune marking the beginning of a long successstory of an archetypal kind.5)He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, found the Junto Club and subscription library,issued the immensely popular Poor Richard’s Almanac.6)Retired around forty-two, he did what was to him a great happiness: read, make scientific experiments and dogood to his fellowmen. He helped to find the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society.7)At the same time he did a lot of famous experiments and invented many things such as volunteer firedepartments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal glasses, efficient heating devices, lightning-rod and so on.8)Beginning his public career in the early fifties, he became a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly, the DeputyPostmaster-General for the colonies, and for some eighteen years served as representative of the colonies in London.9)During the War of Independence, he was made a delegate to the Continental Congress and a member of thecommittee to write the Declaration of Independence. One of the makers of the new nation, he was instrumental in bringing France into an alliance with America against England, and played a decisive role at the Constitutional Convention.2. Major Works1)Poor Richard’s AlmanacMaxims（谚语，格言）and axioms（哲理，格言）a)Lost time is never found again.b) A penny saved is a penny earned.c)God help them that help themselves.d)Fish and visitors stink in three days.e)Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.f)Ale in, truth out.g)Eat not to dullness. Drink not to elevation.h)Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck.i)One Today is worth two tomorrow.j)Industry pays debts. Despair encreaseth them.2)Autobiographya.It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.b.It gives us the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state ofpoverty and obscu rity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.c.First of all, it is a puritan document. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self-examinationand self-improvement.d.It is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenthcentury enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.e.It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness ofimagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake.3. Evaluation1)He was a rare genius in human history. Nature seemed particularly lavish and happy when he was shaped.Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, citizen, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, musician and parlor man.2)He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fineexample helped to liberalize.3)Politically he brought the colonial era to a close. For quite some time he was regarded as the father of allYankees, even more than Washington was. He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and the constitution.4)Scientifically, as the symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment, he invented a lot of useful implements. Hisresearch on electricity, his famous experiment with his kite line and many others made him the preeminent scientist of his day.5)Literally, he really opened the story of American literature. D. H. Lawrance agreed that Franklin waseverything but a poet. In the Scottish philosopher David Hume’s eyes he was America’s “first great man of letters”.Assignment: Please read the material by Ralph Waldo EmersonLecture Three 060511/2, 16th Nov. 2009The American Romanticism(I)I. What is RomanticismSimply speaking, Romanticism is a literary movement flourished as a cultural force throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period. Also it remains powerful in contemporary literature and art.Romanticism, a term that is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism, which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. A romantic attitude may be detected in literature of any period, but as an historical movement it arose in the 18th and 19th centuries, in reaction to more rational literary, philosophic, artistic, religious, and economic standards.... The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U. S. was Transcendentalism.The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, and those of the late period contain Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe.II. The reasons on the rise of American RomanticismInternal causes:1)American burgeoned into a political, economic and cultural independence. Democracy and political equalitybecame the ideals of the new nation. Radical changes came about in the political life of the country. Parties began to squabble and scramble for power, and new system was in the making.2)The spread of industrialism, the sudden influx of immigration, and the pioneers pushing the frontier furtherwest, all these produced something of an economic boon and, with it, a tremendous sense of optimism and hope among the people.3)Ever-increasing magazines played an important role in facilitating literary expansion in the country.External causes:1)Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism in America.2)The influence of Sir Walter Scott was particularly powerful and enduring.III. Characteristics of American Romanticism (b)1)Sentimentalism, primitivism and the cult of the noble savage2)Political liberalism3)The celebration of natural beauty and the simple life4)Introspection5)The idealization of the common man, uncorrupted by civilization6)Interest in the picturesque past and remote places7)Antiquarianism8)Individualism9)Morbid melancholy10)Historical romanceIV. The Representatives of the early American romanticismA. Washington Irving(1783-1859 )1. About the Author1)Washington Irving was born in New York City on April 3, 1783 as the youngest of 11 children. His parents,Scottish-English immigrants, were great admirers of General George Washington, and named their son after their hero.2)Early in his life Irving developed a passion for books. He studied law privately but practiced only briefly. From1804 to 1806 he travelled widely in Europe. After returning to the United States, Irving was admitted to the New York bar in 1806.3)He was a partner with his brothers in the family hardware business and representative of the business inEngland until it collapsed in 1818. During the war of 1812 Irving was a military aide to New York Governor Tompkins in the U.S. Army.4)Irving's career as a writer started in journals and newspapers. His success in social life and literature wasshadowed by a personal tragedy because his engaged love died at the age of seventeen. So he never married or had children.5)After the death of his mother, Irving decided to stay in Europe, where he remained for seventeen years from1815 to 1832.6)In 1832 Irving returned to New York to an enthusiastic welcome as the first American author to have achievedinternational fame. Between the years 1842-45 Irving was the U.S. Ambassador to Spain.7)Irving spent the last years of his life in Tarrytown. From 1848 to 1859 he was President of Astor Library, laterNew York Public Library. Irving's later publications include Mahomet And His Successors(1850), Wolfert's Roost(1855), and his five-volume The Life of George Washington(1855-59). Irving died in Tarrytown on November 28, 1859.2. His Major Works1)His earliest work was a sparkling, satirical History of New York (1809) under the Dutch, ostensibly written byDiedrich Knickbo cker (hence the name of Irving’s friends and New York writers of the day, the “Knickbocker School”.)2)The Sketch Book (1819-20 as Geoffrey Crayon) - contains 'Rip Van Winkle' and 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'3)The Life of George Washington (1855-59, five volumes)3. Evaluation to him1)American author, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, biographer, and columnist. Irving hasbeen called the father of the American short story. He is best known for 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,' in which the schoolmaster Ichabold Crane meets with a headless horseman, and 'Rip V an Winkle,' about a man who falls asleep for 20 years.2)The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame, so he was regarded as father ofAmerican literature.3)The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book, ACOLLECTION OF ESSAYS, SKETCHES, AND TALES. It also marked the beginning of American Romanticism.B. James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)1. His Major WorksIn his life Cooper wrote over thirty novels which can be divided into frontier novels, detective novels and reference novels. He considered The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) his best works.The unifying thread of the five novels collectively known as the Leather-Stocking Tales is the life of Natty Bumppo. Cooper’s finest achievement, they constitute4 a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting. Indian tribes as Characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background. The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804.1)The Pioneers(1823): Natty Bumppo first appears as a seasoned scout in advancing years, with the dyingChingachgook, the old Indian chief and his faithful comrade, as the eastern forest frontier begins to disappear and Chingachgook dies.2)The Last of the Mohicans(1826): An adventure of the French and Indian Wars in the Lake George county.3)The Prairie(1827): Set in the new frontier where the Leatherstocking dies.4)The Pathfinder(1840): Continuing the same border warfare in the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario county.5)The Deerslayer(1841): Early adventures with the hostile Hurons on Lake Otsego, NY.2. Contributions of CooperThe creation of the famous Leatherstocking saga has cemented his position as our first great national novelist and his influence pervades American literature. In his thirty-two years (1820-1851) of authorship, Cooper produced twenty-nine other long works of fiction and fifteen books - enough to fill forty-eight volumes in the new definitive edition of his Works. Among his achievements:1)The first successful American historical romance in the vein of Sir Walter Scott (The Spy, 1821).2)The first sea novel (The Pilot, 1824).3)The first attempt at a fully researched historical novel (Lionel Lincoln, 1825).4)The first full-scale History of the Navy of the United States of America (1839).5)The first American international novel of manners (Homeward Bound and Home as Found, 1838).6)The first trilogy in American fiction (Satanstoe, 1845; The Chainbearer, 1845; and The Redskins, 1846).7)The first and only five-volume epic romance to carry its mythic hero - Natty Bumppo - from youth to old age. 3. His Skills1)He is good at making plots.2)All his novels are full of myths.3)He had never been to the frontier and among the Indians and yet could write five huge epic books about them isan eloquent proof of the richness of his imagination.4)He created the first Indians to appear in American fiction and probably the first group of noble savages.5)He hi t upon the native subject of frontier and wilderness, and helped to introduce the “Western” tradition intoAmerican literature.V. American Renaissance1. The Concept1)It also called New England Renaissance period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American CivilWar in which American literature, in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age as an expression of a national spirit.2)The literary scene of the period was dominated by a group of New England writers, the “Brahmins”. They werearistocrats, steeped in foreign culture, active as professors at Harvard College, and interested in creating a genteel American literature based on foreign models.3)One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Emerson,Thoreau and so on.4)The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Theyadvocated reforms in church, state, and society, contributing to the rise of free religion and the abolition movement and to the formation of various utopian communities, such as Brook Farm. The abolition movement was also bolstered by other New England writers, including the Quaker poet Whittier and the novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) dramatized the plight of the black slave.5)Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginative writers—NathanielHawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman—whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. Contemporary with these writers but outside the New England circle was the Southern genius Edgar Allan Poe, who later in the century had a strong impact on European literature.Lecture Four The American Romanticism(II)TranscendentalismIt is a 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought.Emerson defined it as “idealism” simply. In reality it was far more complex collection of beliefs: that the spark of divinity lies within man; that everything in the world is a microcosm of existence; that the individual soul is identical to the world soul, or Over-Soul. By meditation, by communing with nature, through work and art, man could transcend his senses and attain an understanding of beauty and goodness and truth.In application, American transcendentalism urged a reform in society, and that such a reform may be reached if individuals resist customs and social codes, and rely rather on reason to learn what is right. Ultimately, transcendentalists believed that one should transcend society's code of ethics and rely on personal intuition in order to reach absolute goodness, or Absolute Truth.It was indebted to the dual heritage of American Puritanism. That is to say, it was in actuality romanticism on the puritan soil.Transcendentalism dominated the thinking of the American Renaissance, and its resonance reverberated through American life well into the 20th century. In one way or another American most creative minds were drawn into its thrall, attracted not only to its practicable messages of confident self-identity, spiritual progress and social justice, but also by its aesthetics, which celebrated, in landscape and mindscape, the immense grandeur of the American soul.The Representativesof American RenaissanceI. The Essayists1)Ralph Waldo Emerson2)Henry David ThoreauRalph Waldo Emerson(1803 - 1882)1.His philosophy:1)Strongly he felt the need for a new national vision.2)He firmly believes in the transcendence of the Oversoul and thought that the universe was composed of Nature。

英国文学8 The 18th Century

The 18th Century tkground: The 18th century can be subdivided into two halves. a. The first half of the century was centripetal, with all the forces coming together. The British Empire had become one on which the sun never set. On the economic scene, the country became increasingly affluent, the factory system began to develop, trade flourished, and there was an outburst of productivity. On the political scene, a fragile kind of balance exited. b. But troubles began to appear in the second half of the century. The middle class continued its push for more freedom to do business as it pleased. Technology and science jumped, and inventions and the protections for patents facilitated change and growth. All of these brought about huge changes in the basic eco-social scene of the country. The Industrial Revolution was now in full swing. This part of the century was a period of growing fortune for the middle class, but one of intensified debasement for the working class. Hence the occurrence of widespread social upheavals.

18th Century literature

ed the heroic couplet as the standard meter of English poetry. Dryden's heroic couplet became the dominant poetic form of the 18th century.
The 18th century saw the fast development of England as a nation. Abroad, a vast expansion of British colonies. At home, Acts of Enclosure British bourgeois grew rapidly
John Dryden’s major dramas: The Rival Ladies 1664 The Conquest of Grenada 1670 (finest heroic play) Marriage la Mode 1672 (best comedy) All for Love 1678 (best tragedy) John Dryden’s best work, the criticism ---An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 1668
The enlighteners advocated universal education.
△ They believed that human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education. If the masses were well educated, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. △ Literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.

高考英语阅读理解名校好题100篇：专题08 应用文专练二 (原卷板)

专题08 应用文专练二距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。

1.（2023秋·北京房山·高三统考期末）Some libraries use unique architecture to encourage visitors to explore the bookshelves and settle down with a new book, or use roving libraries to bring books to hard-to-reach populations. No matter how they achieve it, these novel libraries are keeping the magic of reading alive.Bishan Library (Singapore)Built in 2006, this library with skylights and trellises, is meant to invoke a modern glass treehouse. Glass pods of varying colors stick out of the building randomly to create cozy yet airy corners for reading throughout the building. At the same time, a more open-plan children’s room on the basement level invites interaction while preventing noise from filtering upward and disturbing those concentrating in the lofty perches above.Stuttgart City Library (Stuttgart, Germany)Opened in 2011, this nine-story public library is characterized by its attractive white color scheme (lit by blue light at night), its bold cubic shape. This cultural center for the city, designed to feel open and full of light, can be entered from any of its four sides, and people can borrow artwork as well as books.The Camel Library Service (North Eastern Province, Kenya)To combat low literacy rates in the desert of Kenya, the government created a roaming library composed of nine camels bringing books to villages. The library travels four days a week serving the region’s nomadic people.With more funding, they plan to increase their reach both in distance and the books they carry.Macquarie University Library (Sydney, Australia)A wonderful combination of cutting-edge and sustainable ideas, this building was made from recycled materials, features a green roof, and was designed to look like the shape of a eucalyptus tree. It is also state of the art, using robot cranes to bring requested books to the front desk.1．Which of the following can offer the service of lending artwork?A．Bishan Library. B．Stuttgart City Library.C．The Camel Library Service. D．Macquarie University Library.2．What can we know about the Macquarie University Library?A．It is intelligent and environmentally-friendly.B．It has a green roof and a eucalyptus tree outside.C．It is like a modern glass treehouse with skylights.D．It opens four days a week serving the local people.3．According to the passage, the four libraries are all designed to ________.A．prevent noiseB．recycle old booksC．encourage readingD．present beautiful appearances2.（2022秋·北京大兴·高三统考期末）It’s exciting when your bookworm teen announces his or her plans to bea writer. Rather than bombard them with fancy pens and motivational reading, direct them to a comfort zone: the Internet. These sites are great resources and landing spots for future storytellers.FigmentSpecially tailored for the teen reader/writer, Figment is a community dedicated to reading and writing stories online. Addictively fun, users can rate stories by whether they made them laugh, blush, cry, or just say “wow.” The site frequently runs contests and features work from well-known authors and editors who sometimes drop in for Figment chats with the site’s community.WattpadIt is the largest online reading platform, and allows authors to share their work with the world. Well-known writers such as Margaret Atwood and Cory Doctorow even post their work here. Teens can find and follow their favorite authors and release their own works as serial novels.Teen InkSupported by the nonprofit Young Authors Foundation, Teen Ink is the twenty-five-year veteran in the fostering-teen-writers game. The magazine, book series, and website are devoted entirely to writing, art, and photos by teens. It’s also a go-to for teens interested in writing and publishing nonfiction essays and articles as well as poetry.One Teen StoryDirect kids here to introduce them to the nonprofit’s monthly magazine. Each issue features one short story about the teen experience, usually from a known young adult author. Teens drawn to the short story form can also submit their work for consideration in an annual issue that features a story written by a teen for teens. NaNoWriMoNaNoWriMo is an awesome thirty-day adventure for any writer, but teens might be especially inclined to join. In November, would-be novelists over the world attempt to write a 50,000-word(or more) book in thirty days. 4．The passage is intended for _________.A．teachers B．teens C．parents D．writers5．Which sites may provide the chance to interact with recognized writers?A．Figment and Wattpad. B．Figment and Teen Ink.C．Teen Ink and NaNoWriMo. D．Wattpad and One Teen Story.6．What can be learned from the passage?A．One Teen Story is a nonprofit’s annual magazine.B．Figment regularly features young adult writers’ works.C．NaNoWriMo offers teens a thirty-day adventure around the world.D．Teen Ink is the first choice of teens who are keen on writing poems.3.（2022·全国·模拟预测）Events for AugustAugust 1st, 7:30 p. m.—9:00 p. m.TimbuktuMary Hunter Morrison, a well-known writer and adventurer, will talk about her successful trip to Timbuktu, a place which she reached by traveling along Africa’s salt road through the Sahara Desert.Form: Lecture Place: OnlineTickets: Free Geog.gr/TimbuktuAugust 5th, 7:00 p. m.—10:00 p. m.Mexican historyIn this talk, a famous Mexican historian wi ll talk about Mexico’s long history and major events. Besides, he will offer thoughts about what has changed and what has not.Form: Lecture Place: OnlineTickets: $3.60, members $2.00 Geog.gr/Mexican historyAugust 12th, 10:00 a. m.—3:00 p. m.Romantic ruinsAlthough Gunnerside Gill looks beautiful now, it was very ugly in the past. Look into the lead mining history and the things left behind by the industry during this guided walk by Vivienne Crow.Form: Guided walk Place: Park in Gunnerside Village along the GillTickets: Free Geog.gr/RomanticruinsAugust 17th, 10:30 a. m.—3:00 p. m.Kings Weston and Blaise Castle EstateProfessor Stephen Curry will first give a talk about Kings Weston, the Grade I-listed building. Then he will introduce Blaise Castle Estate, which is a secondary historical protection building dating from the 18th century.Form: Guided walk Place: Kings Weston HouseTickets: Free Geog.gr/Kingsweston7．What will the event on August 1st be mainly about?A．The Sahara Desert. B．Traveling experiences.C．The history of Timbuktu. D．Transportation in Africa.8．How is the event on August 5th different from other events?A．It will last two hours. B．It will be held online.C．It will require people to pay. D．It will be organized as a lecture.9．Which website will you visit if you are interested in buildings?A．Geog.gr/Timbuktu. B．Geog.gr/Kingsweston.C．Geog.gr/Romanticruins. D．Geog.gr/Mexicanhistory.4.（2022·全国·模拟预测）Robot science fiction has long been a favorite for readers. If you want to check out any of these titles for free, you can do so with Audible’s one-month free trial. Click here to download Audible’s app to try for $0.00.I. RobotThe author of I, Robot, Isaac Asimov, is an indisputable giant within the world of robot science fiction due to his creation of the three laws of robotics. I, Robot is a landmark work of robot sci-fi which explores every facet of robots and their place in the world of humans, from their conception through to their possible replacement of humanity.Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? is an absolute landmark work of robot science fiction and has gained even greater recognition due to being made into the classic motion picture Blade Runner. The story’s hero is tasked with hunting down sentient robots that have gone immoral.The Night SessionsThe Night Sessions by Ken MacLeod envisions a world in which religions and those who believe in them have been pushed to the edge of society. This is also a world populated by sentient robots that sometimes help humanity but are often shunned by their very creators.Sea of RustSea of Rust is set in a future world in which humanity has been totally wiped out by an unimaginably powerful artificial intelligence system and the robots it has at its command. In this world without mankind, the two most powerful artificial intelligence systems fight for control. It is both a tight story of survival and an optimistic adventure.10．Which book has become more popular after being made into a movie?A．I, Robot B．Sea of RustC．The Night Sessions D．Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?11．What can we learn about Sea of Rust?A．It is a story of human survival.B．It is set in a world full of robots.C．It is about a harmonious world without mankind.D．It’s about robots and humans fighting for control.12．Where is the text probably taken from?A．A website. B．A newspaper.C．A book review. D．A journal of literary criticism.5.（2022·四川成都·石室中学校考一模）London, with countless famous sites and all manner of food, drink, shopping, history, and culture, is definitely a wonderful city to visit.Time ZoneGreenwich Mean Time during the winter, British Summer Time during the rest of the year(starting at Daylight Saving Time).Best Time to GoThe best time to visit London overall is in spring, when the temperatures have warmed up, the sun has started to shine and London’s gardens and parks are looking their best. However, the reality is that the best time to travel to London depends a lot on what you’re looking for. If you’re all about taking a look inside Queen Liz’s palace, you’d better make it in summer, while winter is beautiful and festive for those looking to get their fill of Christmas markets and traditional cheer.Things to KnowLondoners, and English people in general, have a much different manner of interacting with one another than Americans do--while an American might think nothing of smiling at a stranger they pass on the sidewalk or asking about work in the first few minutes of a conversation, Londoners might c onsider it impolite or strange. Don’t mistake this for unfriendliness；it’s just a cultural difference. Instead, talk about things like movies, TV shows, books, your travels, and the like, instead of work or family.How to Get AroundGetting around London is unbelievably easy thanks to the well-maintained and extensive Underground. The Underground, unlike American transportation systems which often pay per ride or pay per length of trip, is paid in zones. Fare also varies based on time of day and the method you use to pay. It’s worth getting an Oyster card to make your life that much simpler.13．When is the best time to visit London for people who enjoy a lively atmosphere?A．Spring. B．Summer. C．Autumn. D．Winter.14．Where is this text most probably taken from?A．A survey. B．A guidebook.C．A research paper. D．A travel journal.15．Which of the following is the most suitable topic for starting a conversation with Londoners?A．Daily entertainments. B．Future career plans.C．Personal relationships. D．Annual incomes.6.（2022·上海虹口·统考一模）Guidelines for Poster PresentationsDate: Friday 28 OctoberTime: 13.00-14.20 (Presenters are required to be by their posters by 12.55 sharp.)Poster Session Format- The poster session is a self-explanatory exhibit where the presenter(s) is/are available for one-on-one discussion.- All the in-person poster presentations will take place simultaneously (同时进行的). See below for specific details of online poster presentations.Poster design and Layout- Each poster should measure about 90×120cm (36×48 inches).- The texts and illustrations should be readable from 150cm (about 5 feet) away.- Posters can be hand-written or printed in colour/black and white.Set-up and Removal- Posters will be displayed by fixing them on boards/walls provided. You will be given the necessary tools to carry out this task.- Presenters are required to hang their posters during the lunch break (12:00-13:00) on Friday 28 October and remove them after the session (14:20).- Presenters are responsible for the set-up and removal of their own posters. Staff will also be in the poster area to assist you.- Each poster presentation will be numbered in the programme schedule. Poster numbers will also be shown on the display boards. Make sure the poster is fixed under the correct number.- Playing of loud audio or video clips is not allowed, keeping in mind the noise level in the hall.For online poster presentations:- Once your poster is ready, take a good picture of it and send it to us at least one week before the conference. We’ll take a print out of this and display it like the other posters. This will help the audience in the Hall in Chennai to look at them before they can log into your presentation at the assigned time.- During poster presentation whoever would like to interact with you will log into your session. This will be for the entire duration of the presentation with brief explanations and Q&A interspersed (穿插) with each other. Participants can move around to other poster presentations during this period, both online and in-person. 16．According to the guidelines, the posters have to be _______.A．handwritten on paper in black and whiteB．hung on the walls of a specific area in the hallC．easily recognizable from five meters awayD．numbered by an on-site staff member17．Which of the following is a specific requirement for online poster presenters?A．They should remain online for the entire 100 minutes.B．They should get ready for presentation at exactly12:55.C．They need to send an e-version of their posters to the organizer.D．They will be required to give explanations or answer questions.18．The passage is meant for _______.A．people who have unsolved questions to consult aboutB．people who are interested in visiting an exhibitionC．people who are skilled at making good postersD．people who want to exhibit their posters7.（2022·河南开封·统考一模）As one of the most popular Podcasts( 播客), we’re excited to announce that applications for the Code Switch Fellowships Class of 2022 are now open. There are two fellowships designed to allow experienced, working journalists to develop and report an in-depth story about race, identity and social justice. Fellowships are open to all mid-career journalists and storytellers.What we’re looking for in a fe llowIdeally, you’re a mid-career journalist and already have a story in mind, but could use guidance and resources to report. You would benefit from weekly check-ins with a dedicated editor, training on how to report, script and produce sound-rich narratives, and working with a team that has expertise covering race and identity. You might have a track record covering stories about race, working in audio or both. You’re excited to spend 6-7 months working on one story, from ideation to reporting, scripting and production.What you should expectThese fellowships are designed to be flexible, so that fellows can continue working their current jobs while crafting their stories for Code Switch. Fellows will receive a stipend( 津贴) of $12,000 to cover travel and reporting related costs, worked out together with the fellows current employer. Up to two candidates will be selected.How to submit an applicationApplicants must submit a detailed proposal for the story or project they wish to pursue and the resources and financial support they’ll likely need to complete it. Applicants should submit their proposal and a resume ( attached asPDFs)*********************,withthesubjectline“CodeSwitchMid-career Fellowship Application”.The deadline for applying for this reporting fellowship is September 30, 2022. If you have any questions, click here to reach out to the Code Switch editors.19．What do we know about the fellowships?A．Fellows need to quit their current jobs.B．Fellows will receive editorial support to report a story.C．Fellows need to spend a long time covering a story on their own.D．Fellows will have to pay for their travelling and reporting expenses.20．What is required while submitting an application?A．The resume should be in the form of JPG.B．The application should be submitted by post.C．The application should be sent with a subject line.D．The submission shouldnt be earlier than September 30, 2022.21．Where is this text most likely to be taken from?A．A magazine. B．A website. C．A research report. D．A novel.8.（2022·全国·一模）Urban gardens are valuable assets to communities. They provide green spaces to grow sustainable food, build community cohesion (凝聚力), make new friends, connect with the earth, and much more. So, let’s check out our lis t of 4 inspiring urban gardens in the US.Gotham GreensWhere: New York &ChicagoWhat: Gotham Greens first started in Brooklyn and now has four locations in New York City and Chicago. Their flagship farm in Brooklyn produces over 100,000 pounds of greens p er year. But it doesn’t just produce healthy local vegetables. It is using high-tech greenhouses with solar panels to make sure the food grown is healthy and sustainable.Baltimore Urban Gardening with StudentsWhere: Baltimore, MarylandWhat: The Baltimore Urban Gardening with Students (BUGS) program encourages students to get their hands dirty and plant vegetables through their after-school and summer programs. Many of these kids don’t have access to green spaces, and have never had the opportunity to grow food.ReVision Urban FarmWhere: Boston, MassachusettsWhat: ReVision Urban Farm in Boston works in partnership with the ReVision Family Home-a shelter for 22 homeless parents and their kids. The farm provides these families with information on healthy eating, and access to the farm’s fresh vegetables. The organization also provides job training to help families escape the cycle of poverty. SwaleWhere: New YorkWhat: Swale, a floating food forest located on a large boat, is an innovative project meant to inspire citizens to rethink the relationship between our cities and our food. This urban garden serves as both a living art exhibit and an educational farm. Food forests are sustainable gardens that include vegetables, fruit, nut trees, bushes, herbs, and vines -each one complementing the other in a symbiotic (共生的) relationship.22．What is special about Gotham Greens?A．It provides job training for students. B．It uses high-tech greenhouses to grow healthy food.C．It creates a sustainable garden on a large boat. D．It offers homeless families information on healthy eating. 23．Which urban garden offers first-hand farming experience?A．Gotham Greens. B．Baltimore Urban Gardening with StudentsC．Revision Urban Farm. D．Swale.24．What do these four urban gardens have in common?A．They are inspirational multinational project. B．They have educational and entertaining purposes.C．They create job opportunities for farmers. D．They are important for city dwellers.9.（2022·北京·一模）Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in New ZealandNature has shaped New Zealand with the beauty of a movie set. Few places have so many natural wonders packed into such a small area. Here are the best attractions travelers can explore.Kaikoura, South IslandBirders, wildlife and seafood enthusiasts will love the charming coasted village of Kaikoura. Between the Seaward Kaikoura Range and the Pacific Ocean, Kaikoura offers excellent coastal hikes and popular whale watching tours. In addition to whales, passengers may spot fur seals, dolphins and a wide variety of birds.Queenstown, South IslandQueenstown is New Zealand’s adventure capital. Bungee jumping, jet boating, rock climbing, mountain biking and downhill skiing are just some of the thrilling things to do here. In addition to the adventure sports, Queenstown offers all the comforts, with first-class hotels, spas, restaurants, galleries and shops.Bay of Islands, North IslandA three-hour drive north of Auckland, the beautiful Bay of Islands is one of the most popular vacation destinations in the country. There are more than 144 islands on the bay, making it a perfect place for sailing. Penguins, dolphins, and whales live in these fertile waters, and the region is a popular sport-fishing spot. The old towns in the area such as Russell, Opua and Paihia are great bases for exploring this scenic bay.Rotorua, North IslandThis is a land where the Earth speaks. Boiling mud pools, volcanic craters and steaming thermal springs reveal the forces of New Zealand’s dramatic landscapes. Visitors can take a walki ng tour of these geothermal wonders and bathe in the springs while visiting the interesting attractions to learn about the region’s rich Maori history and culture.25．Where can visitors experience sports with fun and risk?A．In Kaikoura. B．At Bay of Islands.C．In Queenstown. D．In Rotorua.26．What do we know about Bay of Islands?A．There are several islands there.B．It is good choice for fishing lovers.C．There are many military bases there.D．It belongs to South Island of New Zealand.27．What makes Rotorua special?A．Coastal hike tours.B．Whale watching.C．Varieties of wildlife.D．Spring bathing.10.（2022·全国·模拟预测）Young Writers AwardsAbout the ContestBennington College has a unique literary tradition. We’ve had twelve Pulitzer Prize winners, three US poet laureates, four MacArthur Geniuses, and two of Time magazine’s 100 most influential people. In celebration of this, Bennington launched the Young Writers Awards to promote excellence in writing at the high school level. Students are invited to enter with the following work:•Poetry: A group of three poems•Fiction: A short story (1,500 words or fewer) or one-act play•Nonfiction: A personal or academic essay (1,500 words or fewer)A first-, second-, and third-place winner is selected in each category. We welcome participation of both US and international students.Awards & RulesFirst-place winners in each category are awarded a prize of $1,000; second-place winners receive $500; third-place winners receive $250.•No charge for entrance. Fees for acc idents caused by participants are required.•All entries must be original work reviewed, approved and guided by a teacher. We will use your teacher as a contact for the competition should we have any questions. For homeschooled students, please contact one to assist in your writing even if you have experience in such competitions.Young Writers Awards finalists and winners are also qualified for undergraduate scholarships at Bennington. Young Writers Awards finalists who apply and gain admission to Bennington will receive a $10,000 scholarship every year for four years, for a total of $40,000. Young Writers Awards winners reaching the standard will receive $15,000 every year, for a total of $60,000.28．What can be learned about the Young Writers Awards?A．It rewards three winners at last.B．It’s a tradition of Bennington College.C．It accepts participants worldwide.D．It offers scholarships to undergraduates.29．What are the participants asked to do?A．Hand in a personal essay. B．Have related writing experience.C．Pay an entry fee on time. D．Find a teacher to help with the entry.30．How much will the second-place winner to be admitted into Bennington gain in total?A．$10,500. B．$15,500.C．$40,500. D．$60,500.高考质量提升是一项系统工程，涉及到多个方面、各个维度，关键是要抓住重点、以点带面、全面突破，收到事半功倍的效果。

英国文学史2整理大纲

英国文学史及选读History & Anthology of English Literature18世纪最主要的是enlightenment and Neo-classicism ，新古典主义主要是prose and essay，文艺复兴时期主要是戏剧。

18世纪初期，新古典主义，中期sentimentilism 感伤主义，后期，浪漫主义。

感伤主义在形式上是新古典主义，但内容上是浪漫主义，所以是新古典主义向浪漫主义过渡时期。

⏹The Eighteenth Century 。

1688-1798（1798年浪漫主义开始）⏹Age of Reason⏹Age of Enlightenment⏹Age of Neo-classicism⏹Age of Prose⏹ 1. Historical background:⏹ A comparatively peaceful period in which English capitalism gained rapid development;⏹Politically----The two parties;----newspapers and Journals⏹Economically----The Industrial Revolution, the completion of the EnclosureMovement;⏹Intellectually----The Enlightenment;(1) Newton’s scientific discovery and the philosophy of John Locke affected people’s thinking of the world.(2)Reason rather than superstition dominated.⏹English literature was influenced by French enlighteners and ancient Roman writers.⏹Neo-classicism was the leading literary trend in early 18th century.⏹Enlightenment⏹ a progressive intellectual movement (mainly philosophical and artistic movement)⏹Originated in France:⏹It grows out of the Renaissance and continues until the 19th century. Its purpose wasto enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas (So literature during this period is heavily didactic and moralizing).⏹The enlighteners celebrated reason, equality and science. They called for a reference toorder, reason & rules and advocated universal education, believing that the best way to improve human society is to educate the people, to use critical reason to free them of false beliefs, prejudice, superstitions, misunderstandings (They optimistically believed that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reason to all things).①Nature: On the whole an expression of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.②They thought science was to answer the actual needs and requirements of the people and they intended to reform social life according to a more reasonable principle.③Representatives: Famous among the greatenlighteners in England were those great writers like Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists; Alexander Pope, the poet.⏹These writers in their works criticized different aspects of contemporary England,discussed social problems, and even touched upon morality and private conduct.⏹In religion: secular; Deism: the universe is set in motion by a God as a self-regulatingmechanism; everything was operated according to natural laws, which could be understood by the human mind.⏹In art and literature: neo-classicism great respect for the classical artists. Harmony,proportion, balance and restraint⏹In economic thought: state inference did violate to the law of nature; favoredlaissez-faire policies.⏹2．An Overview of the 18th Century English Literature:⏹(1) Neo-classicism in poetry of Alexander Pope, a new prose literature in theessays of Addison and Steele⏹(2) The rise and growth of modern English novel---- the first realistic fiction of Defoe and Swift;---- the realistic novels of Richardson, Fielding and Smollett, of whom the last two made rather fierce attacks on the existing social conditions but still maintained sufficient faith in the eventual triumph of virtue over vice and in the final attainment somehow of social justice.⏹(3) The 18thC English Drama----R.B. Sheridan(1751-1816) and O. Goldsmith(1730-1774)⏹(4)The last decades, decline of the Enlightenment, the appearance of new literarytendencies of sentimentalism (representatives wrote for the poor though still in a classical style) and pre-romanticism.⏹ 3. Neo-classicism in Early 18th century⏹In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival ofinterest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.⏹According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after theclassical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, & so on)& those of the contemporary French ones.⏹They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion &accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.⏹⏹Features of Neoclassical Literature⏹①witty, intellectual and restrained: order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy⏹②polished form---- almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws &rules.⏹(Rhymed couplets instead of blank verse, the 3 unities of time, place, and action,regularity in construction, the presentation of types rather than individuals—these were some of standards the classicists required of drama. Poetry should be lyrical, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth, and flexible. )⏹③didactic and satirical; writer had the duty to educate as well as entertain people(middle class), satire being an effective means of correcting people’s folly andweaknesses.⏹④city life and man-made object preferred; city life gave a sense of order while ruralwild life, natural landscape were coarse, chaotic and disorderly.⏹Representativesof Neoclassical Literature⏹Joseph Addison and Richard Steele —Famous essayists⏹The major representative of neoclassical poetry is Alexander Pope.⏹ 3.1 Alexander Pope (1688-1744):⏹having great influence on the18th century poetry, a man of extraordinary wit andextensive learning, one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet.⏹He used heroic couplet with exceptional brilliance and made it popular (five-footiambic rhymed in couplets).⏹Literary ideas-----Pope strongly advocated Neoclassicism, emphasizing that literaryworks should be judged by classical rule of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.⏹His language style---- a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful &well-balanced style. Hewrote witty & polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day.⏹Major works①Essay on Criticism---- a long didactic poem;Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of an Essay on Criticism in 1711.“ A little learning is a dangerous thing”“To err is human, to forgive, divine.”②The Rape of the Lock---- A delightful burlesque of epic poetry, ridiculing the manners of the English nobility;③Dunciad----- a scathing attack on dullness & pedantry in literature;④Essay on Man-----brilliantly expressing the philosophical trends & concepts of his age. Translations⏹ 3.2 Periodical Literature in Early 18th-Centruy England: Addison and Steele⏹Joseph Addison and Richard Steele —Famous essayists, the publishers of a moralisticpaper The Spectator. The latter also started his paper The Tatler in 1709.⏹Their essays and stories gave a great push to the development of the 18th centurynovel.•Literature in the 18th Century (II)(1688-1798)•Lecture Outline•I. Neo-classicism in Early 18th century1.1 Introduction1.2 Features of Neoclassical Literature1.3 Representatives•II. Modern English novel1.1 Definition1.2 Representatives• 1.1 Introduction to Neo-classicism•In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. (在文学领域，启蒙主义运动使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。

Lecture 8

• The Vanity of Human Wishes: a 1749 poem by Samuel Johnson. It was completed while Johnson was busy writing A Dictionary of the English Language. • The poem focuses on human futility but concludes that Christian values are important to living properly. The Vanity of Human Wishes emphasizes philosophy over politics. The poem was not a financial success, but later critics considered it to be Johnson's greatest poem.
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Seven years, my Lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before. The Shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks. Is not a Patron my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it: till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a Patron, which providence has enabled me to do for myself. Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation,

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Teaching Plan（The 8th Time, 2 Hours）I.Title: Swift, Fielding and Sheridan: The Maturity of Novel and the 18th Century Drama II.Aim: To introduce English literature of the 18th century.III.Emphases: Swift, Fielding and Sheridan’s works and writing featuresIV.Difficulties: Their status and contributionV.Type of the Class: New Lesson TaughtVI.Means of Teaching LectureVII.Teaching Process:(I)Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)1.1 Life✓Poet, pamphleteer/Novelist/Born in Ireland/A posthumous son,/Depend on an uncle✓Supporter of Irish independence✓Appointed different clerical posts in England, dean of St. Patrick‟s Church in Dublin (1713)✓1704, political pamphlets, in favour of the Whigs, not well received✓1710, deserted the Whigs, joined the Tories who were getting in power✓1737, Swift‟s 70th birthday, through Ireland celebrated with bells, bonfires toasts of “long life to the Drapier, (The Drapier‟s Letters《布商的书信》 ) prosperity to poor Ireland, and the liberty of the press!”✓1742, Dean Swift, 74, declared insane, died in 17451.2 works1704,The Battle of the Books《书的战争》✓Spider (moderns) vs. bee (ancients)✓In their study (mind) vs. draw from natureA Tale of A Tub《一个木桶的故事》Attacked the disputes among the different branches of Christianity1) A tub is used to distract the whale‟s attenti on in whalingTo divert the attention of Hobbes‟ “Leviathan” [li‟vIuthun] 《利维坦》from picking holes in religion and government(英国17世纪著作家霍布斯论国家组织的著作); 极权主义的国家2) Tub, a pulpit,讲道台esp. of a Nonconformist非英国国教的minister, also tub-pulpit, derogatory, old man (Christ) three sons✓Peter, arrogant, Roman Catholic✓Martin, the Anglican (Martin Luther)✓Jack, the Dissenters (from John Calvin)1724, The Drapier’s Letters布商的书信4 letters✓Tyranny, lost freedom, 1722, one of the mistresses of George I, & William Wood, coining ✓“From reason, all government without the consent of the governed is the very definition of slavery.”✓Tyranny, lost freedom, one of the mistresses of George I, & William Wood, copper, coining ✓“From reason, all government without the consent of the gove rned is the very definition of slavery.”1729, A Modest Proposal《谨慎建议》《一个温和的建议》 greatest and bitterest of his Irish tracts1726, Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》masterpiece(A V oyage to Lilliput/ Brobdingnag/ Laputa, /The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记)✓Developed the genre novel, (plot construction)1.3 feature of writing. P.102✓Realistic (But his realism is different from Defoe‟s. Defoe‟s stories are based on the reality of human life, while Swift‟s plots come from imagination. His satire is marked by outward gravity and an apparent earnestness.)✓Democratic ideas.✓Master of English prose, His language is simple, clear and vigorous. (He said, “Proper words in proper place, makes the true definition of a style.”) In simple, direct and precise prose, Swift is almost unsurpassed in English literature.(II)Henry Fielding# The greatest novelist of the 18th century and is one of the most artistic in English literature.# A versatile man: a novelist, a dramatist, essayist, political pamphleteer, learned authority on law, an able and efficient magistrate, a political economist# The founder of English realistic novels.2.1 life (1707-1754)✓Of aristocratic descent, great-grand father, an earl, father, a colonel, mother from prosperous country gentlemen family✓Sent to Eton for early education✓1728, at 21, first play “Love in Several Masques” comedy of manners: a comedy satirizingthe attitudes and behavior of a particular social group, often of fashionable society. 风尚喜剧✓1730-1737, composed and adapted more than 25 plays✓1736, bought Little Theatre in Haymarket, put to sage his own plays✓His satires ( Pasquin& The Historical Register for the Year 1736) attacking Robert Walpole caused a warning to appear in the government…s official paper (“An Adventurer in Politics”) 《1736年历史记事》✓1737, upon his open defiance at the warning, The Licensing Act was passed in the Parliament✓1734, married, to support his family, law student, completed 7 years course in 3 years, doing all sorts of literary work✓1740, was admitted to the Bar, but his criticism prevent him from regular attendance at the law courts.✓1739-1752, edited four papers✓1748, appointed Justice of the Peace for Westminster (later for Middle Sea), profitable->ill-paid &honorable, (the experience used in Amelia)✓1744, first wife died, 1747 was married to his house keeper✓1754, w ent to Portugal for health, and wrote his last work “Journal of a V oyage to Lisbon”✓October 1754, died not long after arrival in Lisbon.2.2 novels✓Began his fictional writing by attacking Samuel Richardson✓“An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews” probably his work✓1742, anonymously, “The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews, and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams” first novel《约瑟·安德鲁传》 (He wrote this novel as a parody为取得喜剧或嘲讽效果的模仿作品 of Richardson‟s novel Pamela.)✓Joseph Andrews brother of Pamela✓Mrs. Booby, kinsman of Mr. B.✓1743, “The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great”, written earlier, 《大英雄江奈生·魏尔德传》 , notorious criminal of London underworld hanged in 1725✓Wild, the leader of the thieves—Robert Walpole, the P.M.✓political satire✓1749, masterpiece, “The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling” 《汤姆·琼斯》， (It gives usa vivid and truthful panoramic picture of the 18th century England. )✓well knit plot, praised by Coleridge, 18 chapters, 6 on the road,✓Characterization (round characters)✓Language, clarity, suppleness 轻快流畅✓1751, last novel, “Amelia” 《阿美利亚》✓Mature product of Fielding‟s artistic talent,✓Somber in tone describing grimmer social reality2.3 Dramas✓From 1729~1737, he wrote 26 plays( including regular comedies, farces, burlesques滑稽戏剧, dramatic satires)✓Fielding in his plays ridicules and attacks the corruption of politics, the injustice of law, and the mischief of religious superstition.2.4Achievements✓Bernard Shaw characterized Fielding as “the greatest practising dramatist, with the single exception of Shakespeare, produced by England between the Middle Ages and the nineteenth century.” (Shaw, “prefaces”, 1934)✓Novel in his hands came to maturity✓Plot construction (causality): well-knit, complete, logical✓Vivid Characterization✓Sharp criticism on the social reality2.5 Features of Fielding’s writing(1) tell the story directly by the author (third person point of view, Defoe and Swift tell their stories in the first person point of view.); (2) Satire abounds in his works; (3) Fielding believed in the education function of the novel; the object of his novel is to present a faithful picture of life; (4) fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, and at the same time vivid and vigorous. His sentences are distinguished by logic a musical rhythm.(III)Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)(English drama in the early and middle decades of the 18th century lost its vitality, for the genius of the century had passed from drama to novel.)# The greatest playwright of the 18th century# He inherited the tradition of realism in dramatic writing.3.1 life and status✓Born in Dublin Ireland, father an actor, mother an authoress✓Greatest dramatist between Shakespeare and Bernard Shaw (transitional)✓Began his political career as M.P. for Stafford, opposed the continuation of war against the Americans, against George III in controlling the government and Parliament✓In 1789, he stood by the side of the French Revolution, and spoke against the war with France.✓In 1798, he patriotically opposed the suppression on the Irish uprising of 1798, and he always spoke for Catholic emancipation in Ireland.✓He spent his second half of life in poverty and misfortune. His wife died, and he lost his property in a fire. He died in poverty in 1816.3.2 works✓1774, The Rivals, staged in 1775 情敌 (when he was 23 years old)， prose comedy✓Romantic ladies of upper classes✓Following the tradition of Ben Jonson‟s comedy of manners, exaggeration of a single trait ✓The School for Scandal《造谣学校》masterpiece, one of the greatest dramas (regarded as the best English comedy since Shakespeare)3.3 writing featuresSheridan mainly wrote comedies. In his dramatic works the artificial comedy reaches its climax and the anti-sentimental movement reaches its culmination. His plays have amusing scenes, clever situations, epigrammatic wit, satiric character drawing, deep insight, and more sophisticated dramatic irony and satire. In a word, he brought the comedy of manners风尚喜剧 to the highest perfection.Realistic satire + humour + sentimentalismWell-knit plot, disguise, dramatic ironyWitty Language, he excels at epigram3.4 ContributionBrought comedy of manners to perfection p.138VIII.Homework:✓What are the major forms of literature and the major schools in the 19th century?✓Why?plementary material1.Burlesque: A literary or dramatic work that makes a subject appear ridiculous by treating itin an incongruous way, as by presenting a lofty subject with vulgarity or an inconsequential one with mock dignity. ，滑稽戏剧：以一种不和谐的方式處理事物，使其显得滑稽可笑的文学或戏剧作品，比如用粗俗的方法来表达高尚的主题或者给一个微不足道的人嘲笑地給以高位显爵。

Lecture 08 18th Century Literature(II)

英美文学概况---十八世纪英国文学：理性的时代

The 18th Century 18世纪英国文学史

The 18th Century English Literature

The 18th century literature

18世纪 启蒙运动 欧洲文学史课件

18世纪英国文学(课堂PPT)

环球时代 英美文学讲义 第二章

The 18th century literature

美国文学复习资料

英国文学8 The 18th Century

18th Century literature

高考英语阅读理解名校好题100篇：专题08 应用文专练二 (原卷板)

英国文学史2整理大纲

Lecture 8

18世纪启蒙运动欧洲文学史课件

环球时代英美文学讲义第二章