absorption and maginal costing
电商企业成本核算主要方法
电商企业成本核算主要方法Cost accounting is a vital aspect for e-commerce businesses to understand the financial health and efficiency of their operations. There are several methods that can be used to calculate and allocate costs within an e-commerce business. One common method is activity-based costing (ABC), which involves identifying and assigning costs based on the activities that drive costs in the business. This method helps to more accurately track the costs associated with specific activities and can be useful for tracking the profitability of different products or services.成本核算是电子商务企业了解其运营的财务状况和效率的重要方面。
有几种方法可用于计算和分配电子商务企业的成本。
一个常见的方法是基于活动的成本核算（ABC），这涉及识别和分配基于驱动业务成本的活动的成本。
该方法有助于更准确地跟踪与特定活动相关的成本，并可以用于跟踪不同产品或服务的盈利能力。
Another common method of cost accounting in e-commerce businesses is absorption costing, which involves allocating both variable and fixed costs to products or services based on theanticipated production volume. This method helps to spread out the total costs of production across all units produced, providing a more accurate representation of the full cost of producing each unit.电子商务企业中成本核算的另一种常见方法是吸收成本法，这涉及根据预期生产量将可变成本和固定成本分配给产品或服务。
财务管理术语中英文对照
财务管理术语表Absorption costing 吸收成本法：Total Cost Methods全部成本法: 将某会计期间内发生的固定成本除以销售量，得出单位产品的固定成本，再加上单位变动成本，算出单位产品的总成本。
Accounting 会计：对企业活动的财务信息进行测量和综合，从而向股东、经理和员工提供企业活动的信息。
请参看管理会计和财务会计。
Accounting convention会计原则:会计师在会计报表的处理中所遵循的原则或惯例。
正因为有了这些原则，不同企业的会计报表以及同一企业不同时期的会计报表才具有可比性。
如果会计原则在实行中发生了一些变化，那么审计师就应该在年度报表附注中对此进行披露。
Accounts 会计报表和账簿: 这是英国的叫法，在美国，会计报表或财务报表叫做Financial Statements,是指企业对其财务活动的记录。
Chief financial officerAccounts payable应付账款: 这是美国的叫法，在英国，应付账款叫做Creditors，是指公司从供应商处购买货物、但尚未支付的货款。
Accounts receivable 应收账款:这是美国的叫法，在英国，应收账款叫做Debtors,是指客户从公司购买商品或服务，公司已经对其开具发票，但客户尚未支付的货款。
Accrual accounting 权责发生制会计:这种方法在确认收入和费用时，不考虑交易发生时有没有现金流的变化。
比如，公司购买一项机器设备，要等到好几个月才支付现金，但会计师却在购买当时就确认这项费用。
如果不使用权责发生制会计，那么该会计系统称作“收付制”或“现金会计”。
Accumulated depreciation 累计折旧:它显示截止到目前为止的折旧总额。
将资产成本减去累计折旧，所得结果就是账面净值。
Acid test 酸性测试:这是美国的叫法，请参看quick ratio速动比率（英国叫法）。
Management Accounting ch9
Marginal costing and absorption costing and the calculation of profit
In marginal costing, fixed production costs are treated as period costs and are written off as they are incurred
a) If inventory levels increase between the beginning and end of a period, absorption costing will report the higher profit. This is because some of the fixed production overhead incurred during the period will be carried forward in closing inventory (which reduces cost of sales) to be set against sales revenue in the following period instead of being written off in full against profit in the period concerned. b) If inventory levels decrease, absorption costing will report the lower profit because as well as the fixed overhead incurred, fixed production overhead which had been carried forward in opening inventory is released and is also incurred in cost of sales.
ACCA F2考官文章分析-marginal costing
ACCA F2考官文章分析-marginal costingIn marginal costing, fixed production costs are treated as period cost(期间费用)written off as they are incurred;In absorption costing, fixed production costs are absorbed into the cost of sales units and are carried forward in inventory to be charged against sales for the next period;Marginal costing 与absorption costing 本质区别的来源：产量在marginal costing下，all incurred fixed overhead直接当作期间费用扣除；（according to 当期产量production units ）而相对地，在absorption costing下，fixed overhead可以作为cost of sales 扣除；（according to 当期销量sales units ）因此，marginal costing 与absorption costing之间的差异体现在以下几个方面：第一，期末利润的不同=（产量-销量）* overhead absorption rate per units第二，期末存货价值的不同= the change in inventory level * overhead absorption rate per units同时，有关于inventory的相关公式：The closing inventory = the opening inventory + production units – sales units公式变形为：The change in inventory level = the closing inventory – opening inventory= production units (产量) –sales units (销量)结合上面所总结的知识，我们得出下面的相关结论：Difference in profits = change in inventory level * overhead absorption rate per unit1. If closing inventory opening inventory, then absorption costing profit will be greater than marginal costing profit;2. If opening inventory closing inventory, then absorption costing profit will be less thanmarginal costing profit;Question practiceA company which uses marginal costing has a profit of $37,500 for a period. Opening inventory was 100 units and closing inventory was 350 units. The fixed production overhead absorption rate is $4 per unit.What is the profit under absorption costing?A $5,700B $5,500C $8,500D $9,300The correct answer is C根据上面所总结的规律，我们可以知道：The change in inventory level = 350-100= 250 unitsDifferent in profits = the change in inventory level * overhead absorption rate= 250 units * $4 per units= $1,000The profit under absorption costing= profit under marginal costing + different in profits= $37,500 + $1,000 = $38,500。
管理会计(双语)-3
Cost of finished goods unsold sold Income statement
Inventory costs Bal. sheet
Costs of good sold
Profit statement under marginal costing
A £4.00 C £4.77 B D £4.27 £6.50
3.A company produces a single unit of product for which the variable production cost is $6 per unit. Fixed production overhead is $10000 per month. The selling price is $10 per unit. Suppose that in a particular month, production was in fact 5000units with 4800 units sold and 1200 units left in closing stock. Assume all costs were as budgeted.
CURRENT YEAR 10000000 8625000 300000 500000 575000 1000 units 160000 units 100000 units 61000 units
12000000 10800000 300000 600000 300000 1000 units 120000 units 120000 units 1000 units
Current year 100 86.25 50 15 21.25 10 11.25 5
ACCA历年考题f2_2006_dec_ppq
Sales Production
Month 1 Month 2
3,800
4,400
3,900
4,200
The opening inventory for Month 1 was 400 units. Profits or losses have been calculated for each month using both absorption and marginal costing principles.
(1 mark)
3 Regression analysis is being used to find the line of best fit (y = a + bx) from eleven pairs of data. The calculations have produced the following information: Σx = 440, Σy = 330, Σx2 = 17,986, Σy2 = 10,366, Σxy = 13,467 and b = 0.69171
Units (2 marks)
2 The following assertions relate to financial accounting and to cost accounting: (i) The main users of financial accounting information are external to an organisation. (ii) Cost accounting is that part of financial accounting which records the cash received and payments made by an organisation.
ACCA考试回顾,《F2管理会计》讲义辅导(28)
ACCA考试回顾，《F2管理会计》讲义辅导(28)本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处Session 7 Absorption and marginal costMain contents: 1. Marginal cost2. Contribution3. Absorption costing VS marginal costing4. Reconciling profits7.1 Marginal cost and marginal costingMarginal cost is the variable cost of one units of product or service.● Marginal production cost = direct materials +direct labour + variable production overheadMarginal costing is an alternative method of costing to absorption costing. In marginal costing, only variable costs are charged as a cost of sale and a contribution is calculated.● Cost of sales = cot of opening inventory + cost of production units – cost of closinginventory● Contribution = sales revenue – variable cost of salesExample 1:Company A produces a single product and has the following budget:Company A budget per unitSelling price $10Direct materials $3Direct wages$2Variable overheads $1Fixed production overhead is $10000 per month; production volume is 5000 units per month. Sales volume is 5000 units per month.Calculate the cost per unit to be used for stock valuation under.（1）Absorption costingDirect materials$3Direct wages $2Variable overheads $1Absorbed fixed overheads $2 = $10000/5000 unitsCost per unit$8（2）Marginal costingDirect materials$3Direct wages$2Variable overheads$1Cost per unit$6Calculate the profit:（1）Absorption costingSales revenue 5000 units x $10$50000Costs 5000 units x $8$40000Profits$10000（2）Marginal costingSales revenue 5000 units x $10 $50000Variable costs 5000 units x $6 $30000Contribution$20000Fixed costs$10000Profits$10000更多ACCA资讯请关注高顿ACCA官网：。
ACCAF2chapter9
Produced this term
marginal production
costs
marginal production costs
+ Variable selling
costs
Sold this term
marginal
production
closing
costs
inventory
Variable selling costs
overheads
production costs(生产成本)
administration costs
selling costs
1.2 Marginal costing（边际成本法）
（1）Marginal costs are charged aபைடு நூலகம் a cost of sale and contribution is calculated.
• The cost of sales
= marginal production costs +Variable
selling costs
= 10×5,000 + 2×5,000= ￡60,000
• Contribution = Sales revenue - cost of sales = 100,000- 60,000= ￡40,000
Sales revenue
fixed production overhead
Administration costs
fixed Selling and distribution costs
profit
Comparison !
• The costs of opening inventory and closing inventory.
F5–Performance management costing II
/中华会计网校会计人的网上家园F5–Performance management costing II另一种传统的会计核算方法就是Marginal costing。
和Absorption costing最大的不同就是对产品的成本核算角度不同。
在Marginal costing中，认为只有Variable costs会引起产品的成本的变化，而Fixed cost是没有变化的，所以Contribution就在MC中成为了衡量的标准，这也是造成Marginal costing和Absorption costing对成本造成不同定价的原因。
但是这也并不意味着在MC中，Fixed costs就不考虑了。
在Marginal costing中，是先把所有的变动成本考虑完了以后，得出贡献，然后把固定成本直接冲减本期利润，这样得到最后的净利润，核算步骤稍有不同，但从企业的长期发展看来，不管是用Absorption costing还是Marginal costing，最终核算的利润都是极其相近的。
通过对比AC和MC两种方法，以下两个结论需要学员们理解性记忆。
第一个是从Cost of goodssold=Opening inventory + Purchase/Production – Closing inventory等是来看，当Opening inventory大于Closing inventory的时候，Cost of goods sold就会上升，便会导致成本销货成本上升，反之则会导致销货成本下降。
第二个需要注意的就是Marginal costing更适用于管理层做决策时使用，但是Absorption costing更适合在编制财务报告的时候使用。
现实情况也确实如此，因为Absorption costing更容易被理解和操作，所以管理层常用这种方法来处理企业的定价，财务报表以及编制财务报告的问题。
ACCAF5知识点：MarginalcostandAbsorptioncost
ACCA F5知识点：Marginal cost and Absorption cost今天给大家说一下ACCA F5#目中关于marginal cost和absorption cost ,其实这个知识点我们在F2的时候就已经学习到了，今天再给大家来整理一下。
Marginal cost means the cost of one unit of a product which could be avoided if that unit were not produced.这里还有一个contribution 的知识点，contribution means the difference between sales value and the variable cost of sales. 对于marginal cost, 这里有两个原贝U, 一个是a principle whereby production costs only are charged to cost units and the fixed costs attributable to the relevant period are written off in full against the contribution for the period;第二个是inventory is valued at variable cost of production.对于marginal cost,有一个计算顺序：Cost cardSalesVariable cost (X)ContributionFixed cost (X)Profit关于absorption cost 的原则, when use absorption costing technique, we look at the production costs only. i.e. direct material, direct labor, variable production overheads and fixed production overheads. The cost card can be summarized as below:Direct materials per unitDirect labor per unitProduction overhead per unitFull production cost per unitIt is easy to estimate direct materials per unit and direct labor per unit. However, it is much more difficult to estimate the production overhead per unit because production overheads an indirect cost, which by its nature, we do not know how much it contained in each unit. Therefore, weneed a method to estimate the production overheads to each unit. All production overheads must be absorbed into units of production, using a suitable basis.。
成本会计·外文翻译
成本的系统和理论成本会计系统的使用是在酒店业务决策质量的提高。
成本控制理论的发展,结合先进的信息技术,提高了对该体系的理论能力。
然而,在很大程度上仍没有回答两个问题:1)是否导致有形的改进这些理论;b)有哪些变量驱动成功的成本会计系统。
一、决策的重点及其考虑因素1、公司高管决策使用途径旅馆经理确信需使用和这样的系统绩效方面的决策过程。
经理任何所作的决定,都基于相关的外部环境和内部环境的组织准确、及时的信息。
然而收集外部信息取决于整体状态的经济质量 (会计透明度、行政管理、可靠性等),在这一过程中,公司和它的竞争者的操作方式、管理内部信息的流动情况, 变化从一家公司到另一家公司。
无论其类型、每个公司的内部各报告系统的渠道都要取决于会计,即在管理会计报告。
管理会计(包括新管理、预算及预算控制)关心的是估计的费用和投资公司愿意为了实现其商业目标,提高控制程序和培育其财务状况的监测。
导演们坚定使用正确的成本核算系统(完全吸收成本计算,边际成本,作业成本- ABC、标准成本),使用正确的IT支持可显著提高信息流。
这样一个系统的有效性由公司的高管通过测量绩效目标的公司，体现商业决策的正确性。
作为公司需要成长,扩大,要求尺寸报告(和它的支持功能)的成倍增加。
在此背景下,使得公司可以根据他们的内在需要将信息系统定制,以便他们能扮演一个关键的角色做为战略和战术决策,同时作为内部和外部利益相关者促进公司的整体形象。
2、成本控制的意旨和方向一个对于学习关于旅游服务管理会计系统领域是特别有趣的,特别是酒店。
产品成本关于酒店服务的一部分(成本)旨在控制成本(减少它们的同时提高质量),并利用它们制作的战略和战术进行决策。
虽然生产通常是为了领域发展应用管理会计理论的特点及特殊情况,需要更多的酒店,但这只是一个简单的适应现有的理论。
在过去的几十年里,在平行于发展中壮大的酒店行业,有一个扩张的范围的优惠服务,提供了相应的变形边界之间业务功能3、现代酒店的状况和难题现代酒店,特别是豪华酒店,不仅仅提供住宿,食物和饮料服务;提供一个扩展范围的服务,其中许多公司提供的non-hotel(例如会议设施、spa、高尔夫球场等)。
ACCA F2 PartB9
Year 2
M a rgina l costing
Inventoried costs on Balance Sheet Direct material Direct labor Variable MO Expense on Income Statement
Become expenses when the inventory is sold
General overhead
overhead
Selling/ distribution overhead
Year 1 Sales Less: cost of sales: Opening inventory Add: variable production cost Available for sale less: vale of closing inventory (at marginal cost) Cost of sales Less: Variable selling cost Contribution Less: Fixed cost: Fixed factory overhead Fixed Selling cost Total fixed cost Net profit/loss
Sales Less: Cost of sales: Opening inventory Add: production cost
Year 1 A bsorption-costing m Year 2 e thod
Less: vale of closing inventory
Over/under absorption
1.1 M a rgina l cost 边际成本
Marginal cost is the variable cost of one unit of product or service.
absorption costing 例子
absorption costing 例子什么是吸收成本法？吸收成本法是一种会计方法，用于计算和分配企业的制造成本和相关费用。
这种方法会将制造和生产过程中的直接成本和间接成本分配到产品上。
即使在暂时无销售的情况下，也能确定每种产品的成本。
吸收成本法将制造费用分为两类：1. 直接成本：生产中与具体产品直接相关的费用，如材料成本、直接人工成本和直接制造费用。
2. 间接成本：与产品制造有关的费用，并且不能直接分配给某个产品，如工厂租金、折旧、电费和管理人员薪资等。
在吸收成本法中，制造企业可以将所有成本分配到产品上。
每个产品的成本不仅包括直接成本，也包括分配后的间接成本。
举例：假设制造商A在三个月内制造了200支相同的手表。
生产成本如下：直接材料成本：$1000直接人工成本：$600间接制造费用：$3000总成本：$4600在吸收成本法下，生产每一个手表的总成本为：此时，如果A只销售了100支手表，则每个手表的成本就是$21。
如果A销售了200支手表，则每个手表的成本是$23：总成本：$4600÷200=$23吸收成本法的优缺点：1. 明确了产品成本，包括直接成本和间接成本。
这对企业来说非常重要，因为它们可以以更具竞争力的价格销售产品，并在企业内部更好地管理和分配资源。
2. 支持企业做出更好的决策，如与产品相关的定价、生产策略。
然而，吸收成本法也有一些缺点，从而有可能导致企业做出错误的决策。
例如：1. 对于那些采用批量生产的制造企业而言，吸收成本法无法准确确定每一个单独的产品成本。
因此，即使某些产品已经过时，企业也可能继续生产，从而延长了不必要的损失。
2. 由于吸收成本法的成本计算不直观，可能会导致企业难以正确计算产品成本，从而得出错误的决策。
3. 吸收成本法难以衡量生产流程的有效性和效率，同时也难以衡量企业成本阮型的可用性。
吸收成本法和Variable Costing的比较：吸收成本法和变动成本法(variable costing)都是制造企业常用的计算制造成本的方法。
09-Marginal-And-Absorption-Costing
CH9 MARGINAL AND ABSORPTION COSTING1. MARGINAL COST AND MARGINAL COSTINGMarginal costing is an alternative method of costing to absorption costing. In marginal costing, only variable costs are charged as a cost of sale and a contribution is calculated （sales revenue minus variable cost of sales）. Closing stocks of work in progress or finished goods are valued at marginal （variable）production cost. Fixed costs are treated as a period cost, and are charged in full to the profit and loss account of the accounting period in which they are incurred.Marginal cost is the cost of a unit of a product or service which would be avoided if that unit were not produced or provided.The marginal production cost per unit of an item usually consistsSurat is a small business which has the following budgeted marginal costingbudgeted at ￡4,000 per month and absorbed on the normal level of activity of units produced.2. CONTRAST BETWEEN ABSORPTION vs. MARGINAL COSTINGExample :A company sells a single product at a price of ￡14 per unit. Variable manufacturing costs of the product are ￡6.40 per unit. Fixed manufacturing overheads, which are absorbed into the cost of production at a unit rate （based on normal activity of 20,000 units per period）, are ￡92,000 per period. Anyover-absorbed or under-absorbed fixed manufacturing overhead balances are transferred to the profit and loss account at the end of each period, in order to establish the manufacturing profit.（a）Prepare a trading statement to identify the manufacturing profit for Period 2 using the existing absorption costing method.（b）Determine the manufacturing profit that would be reported in Period 2 if marginal costing was used.（c）Explain, with supporting calculations, why the manufacturing profit in （a）and （b）differs.2.1 The cost accounting processThe key issue between absorption costing and marginal costing is how the costs of a business’s input resources are best organized and presented so as to identify individual product/service and total business profit.The choice of costing system may be influenced by the costing method adopted. Specific order costing methods will frequently deploy full absorption costing. One reason for this is that the pricing of each unique piece of work will invariably make reference to the total costs incurred. Continuous operation costing methods are more likely to deploy marginal costing （although this may be in addition to absorption costing）because of the opportunities in such an environment to usecost-volume-profit （CVP）analysis.2.2 Absorption costing principlesIn product/service costing, an absorption costing system allocates or apportions a share of all costs incurred by a business to each of its products/services. In this way, it can be established whether, in the long run, each product/service makes a profit. This can only be a guide. Arbitrary assumptions have to be made about the apportionment of many of the costs which, given that some costs will tend to remain fixed during a period, will also be dependent on the level of activity.An absorption costing system traditionally classifies costs by function. Sales less production costs （of sales）measures the gross profit （manufacturing profit）earned. Gross profit less costs incurred in other business functions establishes the net profit （operating profit）earned.Using an absorption costing system, the profit reported for a manufacturing business for a period will be influenced by the level of production as well as by the level of sales. This is because of the absorption of fixed manufacturing overheads into the value of work-in-progress and finished goods stocks. If stocks remain at the end of an accounting period, then the fixed manufacturing overhead costs included within the stock valuation will be transferred to the following period.2.3 Absorption costing profit statementThe first stage in the preparation of absorption costing profit statements is the measurement of the gross profit （manufacturing profit）earned. This requires the calculation of unit production costs, including the establishment of absorption ratesfor manufacturing overheads.Referring to the example, variable manufacturing costs per units are given in the question （at ￡6.40 per unit）. Fixed manufacturing overheads of ￡92,000 per period are to be absorbed at a unit rate （based on normal production activity of 20,000 units per period）. The fixed manufacturing overhead absorption rate is therefore ￡4.60 per unit （￡92,000 ，20,000 units）giving a total manufacturing cost of ￡11.00 per unit （￡6.40 + ￡4.60）.The use of normal activity as the basis for overhead absorption is similar to the use of budgeted activity. It is to be expected that actual activity （and indeed actual expenditure also）will be different to normal/budget thus giving rise to overhead over or under absorption. It is important that this is highlighted in profit statements. The use of normal （or budgeted）activity and expenditure to establish the absorption rate not only helps to focus attention on overhead recovery but also has the effect of‘normalising’ per unit product/service costs.Fixed manufacturing overheads will be over-absorbed in Period 2 because the actual production of 21,000 units exceeds the normal activity, the basis used to establish the absorption rate, by 1,000 units. The extent of the over-absorption （the balance remaining in the fixed manufacturing overhead account）is, therefore,￡4,600 （1,000 units at ￡4.60 per unit）. This amount will be transferred to the profit and loss account in order to establish the manufacturing profit. It will have a positive effect （i.e., it will be added to profit）because more manufacturing overhead has been absorbed into stock in the period than has been incurred （see the entries in the fixed manufacturing overhead account demonstrated later in examples）.Some candidates wrongly calculated the over/under- absorption based upon the difference between sales and production quantities, rather than upon the difference between actual production and normal production.Preparation of the remainder of the trading statement （to identify the manufacturing profit for Period 2 using absorption costing）should be straightforward （see Example 2）. The manufacturing cost of sales （the transfer out of the finished goods stock account）is simply the 21,600 units sold in the period（which at a selling price of ￡14.00 per unit yields total sales for the period of ￡302,400）multiplied by the unit manufacturing cost of ￡11.00.examination scripts marked）of candidates matching the cost of the goods produced in the period （not the manufacturing cost of the goods sold）with sales.Many examination candidates also got into difficulty because they attempted to introduce stock into the profit statement. There is generally no requirement to do this （unless opening and closing stocks are valued at a different rate per unit）but such an approach should （but often did not）lead to the same profit result.In this example, no details of stock are provided in the question, but it could be assumed, for example, that 3,000 units were in stock at the end of Period I （production of 18,000 units less sales of 15,000 units）. Finished goods stock at the end of Period 2 would then be 2,400 units due to the excess of sales over production of 600 units in that period （see Example 3）.information provided about costs incurred in other business functions （selling, administration, distribution）and thus it is not possible to complete the profit statement. If information on other costs was available, the costs incurred in the period would simply be deducted from the adjusted manufacturing profit to arrive at net profit.2.4 Marginal costing principlesIn product/service costing, a marginal costing system emphasises the behavioural, rather than the functional, characteristics of costs. The focus is on separating costs into variable elements （where the cost per unit remains the same with total cost varying in proportion to activity）and fixed elements （where the total cost remains the same in each period regardless of the level of activity）. Whilst this is not easily achieved with accuracy, and is an oversimplification of reality, marginal costing information can be very useful for short-term planning, control and decision-making, especially in a multi-product business.In a marginal costing system, sales less variable costs （regardless of function）measures the contribution that individual products/services make towards the total fixed costs incurred by the business. The fixed costs （regardless of function）are treated as period costs and, as such, are simply deducted from contribution in the period incurred to arrive at net profit.2.5 Marginal costing profit statementReferring back to Example 1, as there is no information regardingnon-manufacturing costs, it may be assumed that sales less variable manufacturing costs measures contribution. NB. If any variable costs are incurred innon-manufacturing functions then they would also be deducted from sales in the measurement of contribution. （这一点非常重要,务必要深刻理解）The trading statement for Period 2, assuming that a marginal costing system was in place instead, would be as in Example 4.costing approach is more straightforward. The Examiner’s Report noted thatcandidates generally had rather more success with the marginal costing statement in part （b ） than with the absorption costing statement in part （a ）, although some confusion between the two was demonstrated.In practice, the marginal costing profit statement would be completed by the further deduction of fixed costs incurred in other functions.2.6 Profit reconciliationThe net profit reported by absorption and marginal costing systems may not be the same owing to the differing treatment of fixed manufacturing overheads. As has been demonstrated above, whilst marginal costing systems treat fixed manufacturing overheads as period costs （i.e. a charge against profit in the period incurred ）, in absorption costing systems they are absorbed into the cost of goods produced and are only charged against profit in the period in which those goods are sold.As a result, if quantities produced and sold in a period are not the same （i.e., if the levels of work-in-progress or finished goods stock change ）a different profit will be reported by the two systems. The differing profits can be reconciled, and the difference explained, by an analysis of the product of the stock change and the fixed of Example 1:￡69,400 and the marginal costing manufacturing profit of ￡72,160. Absorption costing has a lower profit because more goods are being taken out of stock（including a charge for fixed manufacturing overhead ） than are going into stock. This is demonstrated by the entries in the respective cost accounting systems （fixed manufacturing overhead only ） as in Example .Example2,760 more fixed manufacturing overheads and less profit in absorption costing.NB. The difference in profit between absorption and marginal costing systems is nothing to do with overhead over/under absorption, a popular misconception amongst examination candidates. Despite an over-absorption of ￡4,600, which is a positive adjustment to the absorption costing profit, the profit was nevertheless less than the marginal costing profit.To emphasise again –the difference in reported profit demonstrated above, which can only be a timing difference, is due to changes in the level of finished goods stock which in an absorption costing system moves overhead, and therefore profit, from one period to another. As a general rule:If production quantity > sales quantity then absorption costing profit > marginal costing profit. If production quantity < sales quantity then absorption costing profit <marginal costing profit.Many candidates, when answering examination questions on this topic, do appreciate that the different treatment of fixed manufacturing overhead is the reason for profit differences but they are rarely able to reconcile the profits.。
中级考试笔记--会计(7)
中级考试笔记－－会计（7）chapter 12absorption costing and marginal costinginventory costing methodstwo major methods of inventory costing are absorption costing and marginal costing. these methods differ in one conceptual aspect: whether fixed manufacturing costs are inventoriable.absorption costing (total cost)is a method of inventory that includes all direct or indirect manufacturing costs as inventoriable costs it is the total cost divided by the number of items produced. it includes all the costs incurred in making the product spread evenly and fairly over each item produced.marginal cost concerned yourself only with what extra cost has been incurred in making one more item. it is a method of inventory costing that includes only variable manufacturing costs as inventoriable costs; fixed manufacturing costs are written off in the period when they are incurred.marginal costing is concerned with the extra cost of producing another item on the basis that despite increased production, certain costs won’t increase at all. marginal cost equation:s---sales revenue v----total variable costsc-------contribution margin f-------total fixed costs.p-------profitc=s - v p=c – f s – v=p+fif the total contribution has just covered all fixed costs, it is called breakeven situation.if the variable costs remain in direct proportion to the sales revenue is 40%, the contribution to sales is 60%.【。
MARGINALCOSTING-Home-COMMERCEHUB
Marginal Cost = Variable Cost = Direct Labour + Direct Material + Direct Expenses + Variable Overheads
MEANING OF ABSORPTION COSTING
It refers to the conventional technique of costing under which the total costs (fixed and variable) are charged to products. It is considered to have only a limited application today.
The Profitability of different products is judged by their P/V ratio.
The difference in the magnitude of opening stock and closing stock does not affect the unit cost of production.
Income Statement under the two approaches
1. Absorption Costing
Sales
XXXXX
Production Costs:
Direct material consumed
XXXXX
Direct labour cost
XXXXX
Variable manufacturing overhead
Profit Volume Ratio [P/V Ratio]:-
{Contribution / Sales} * 100 {Contribution per unit / Sales per unit} * 100 {Change in profit / Change in sales} * 100 {Change in contribution / Change in sales} * 100
chapter 9 Marginal and absorption costing
Introduction cost card - marginal cost
$/unit Direct materials X
Direct labour
Variable overhead Marginal cost
X
X X
used to value inventory under MC
Marginal cost is the variable cost of one unit of product or service
–
20,000
280,000 230,000 280,000 250,000
Less: Closing inventory (1,000 $20) (20,000) (260,000) 65,000 (6,500) – (250,000) 62,500
Less: variable selling costs (13,000 $0.50) (12,500 $0.50) Contribution Less: fixed costs – Production – Selling Net profit
(b)
Absorption profit and loss
Year 1 $
Sales @ $25 Less: : Opening inventory (1,000 $20.90) Production costs – variable (14,000 $20) (11,500 $20) – fixed (absorbed) (14,000 $0.90) (11,500 $0.90)
58,500
(6,250) 56,250
11,000 5,000 (16,000) 42,500
absorption costing计算
absorption costing计算Absorption costing计算是一种企业用于成本计算和产品定价的方法。
该方法以所有直接和间接成本作为生产成本的一部分，因此参考了整体产品成本。
这种方法可以帮助企业计算成本，确保产品的定价覆盖所有成本，从而帮助企业获得利润。
下面是如何进行Absorption costing计算的步骤：1. 收集所有生产成本：首先，企业必须收集所有与产品生产相关的成本，包括直接人工、直接材料和间接费用成本。
直接人工成本指生产员工的薪资和工资，直接材料成本指用于生产产品的材料成本，间接费用成本指不直接参与生产但与生产有关联的费用，如设备维护和租金等。
2. 分配间接费用成本：接下来，企业需要将间接费用成本分配到每个产品上。
这通常通过建立一个成本池的方式实现，然后将池子中的费用分配到每个产品上，或者通过使用各种成本驱动器（如工作小时或直接人工成本）来分配成本。
3. 计算总成本：完成分配之后，企业需要将所有成本总和，包括直接成本和间接费用成本，得出总成本。
4. 计算单位成本：为了计算单位成本，企业需要将总成本除以产量，得到每单位成本。
5. 确定产品的定价：最后，企业必须借助Absorption costing计算的结果来决定产品的定价。
它必须考虑成本、竞争和市场需求等因素。
Absorption costing计算是一种全面的成本计算方法，它将所有与产品生产相关的成本都包括在内，使企业在定价时能够覆盖所有成本，确保生产利润。
但是，Absorption costing计算也有一些缺点，如将所有成本分配到每个单位产品上可能会导致某些产品被高估，从而影响企业的决策。
综上所述，Absorption costing计算是一种有效的成本计算方法，可以帮助企业确定产品的正确定价，并确保企业实现利润。
但是，企业必须谨慎地分配所有成本，以确保每个单位产品得到适当估价。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
C01 Chapter 4 Overhead costs-absorption costingAt first text with mistakes1.Which of following statements about overhead absorption rates are true? P121)They are predetermined in advance for each period2)They are used to charge overheads to products3)They are based on actual data for each period4)They are used to control overhead costsA (1) and (2) onlyB (1), (2) and (4) onlyC (2),(3) and (4) onlyD (3) and (4) only2.Budgeted information relating to two departments in JP Co for the next period is as follows.P13Production Direct Direct Direct Machine Department overhead material cost labor cost labor hours hours$ $ $1 27000 67500 13500 2700 450002 18000 36000 100000 25000 300Individual direct labor employees within each department earn differing rates of pay , according to their skills, grades and experience.1)What is the most appropriate production overhead absorption rate for department 1?A 40% of direct material costB 200% of direct labor costC $10 per direct labor costD $0.60 per machine hour2)What is the most appropriate production overhead absorption rate for department 2?A 50% of direct material costB 18% of direct labor costC $0.72 per direct labor hourD $60 per machine hour3.The pharmacy in a busy hospital uses pre-determined rates for absorbing total overheads,based on the budgeted number of prescriptions to be handled. A rate of $7 per prescription has been calculated, and the following overhead expenditures have been estimated at two activity levels. P14Total overheads Number of prescriptions$ $97,000 13,000109,000 16,000Based on the data above, what was the budgeted level of activity in prescriptions to be handled?A 13,000B 15,000C 16,000D 303334. In the context of overhead analysis, what is meant by reciprocal servicing ? P14A Where only one service cost center exists which provides services to all production costcenters.B Where two service cost centers provide service for all production departments but not foreach other.C Where two or more service cost centers provide service for production departments and foreach other.D Where two or more service cost centers provide service to only some productiondepartments and not for each other.5. Which of following statements about predetermined overhead absorption rates are true? P15(1) Using a predetermined absorptions rate avoids fluctuations in unit costs caused byabnormally high or low overhead expenditure or activity levels.(2) Using a predetermined absorption rate offers the administrative convenience of beingable to record full costs sooner.(3) Using a predetermined absorption rate avoids problems of under/over absorption ofoverheads because a constant overhead rate is available.A (1) and (2) onlyB (1) and (3) onlyC (2) and (3) onlyD All of them6. Over-absorbed overheads occur whenA. absorbed overheads exceed actual overheadsB. absorbed overheads exceed budgeted overheadsC. actual overheads exceed budgeted overheadsD. budgeted overheads exceed absorbed overheads7. The budgeted absorption rate for variable production overhead in department X is $2.50 per direct labor hour and for fixed overhead is $4 per direct labor hour. Actual direct labor hour worked fell short of budget by 1,000 hours. If expenditures were as expected for variable and fixed overheads, the total under-absorbed overhead for the period would be: P16A $0B$2,500C$4,000D$65008. A company has the following actual and budgeted data for year 4Budget ActualProduction 8,000 units 9,000 unitsVariable production overhead per unit $3 $3Fixed production overheads $360,000 $432,000Sales 6,000 units 8,000 unitsOverheads are absorbed using a rate per unit, based on budgeted output and expenditure.1)The production overhead absorbed during year 4 was P17A $ 384,000B$ 405,000C $432,000D$459,0002)Production overhead wasA under absorbed by $27,000B under absorbed by$72,000C under absorbed by$75,000D over absorbed by $ 27,0009. The following information relates to a management consultancy organization. P28 Overhead absorption rate per consulting hour $25.00Salary cost per consulting hour (senior) $40.00Salary cost per consulting hour (junior) $30.00The organization adds 35% to total cost to arrive at the selling price.Assignment number 3036 took 172 hours of a senior consultant’s time and 440 hours of junior time .The price that should be charged for assignment number 3036 is $10. The following data relate to the Super. P29Material cost per unit $15.00Labor cost per unit $52.05Production overhead cost per machine hour $9.44Machine hours per unit 7General overhead absorption rate 8% of total production costThe capital invested in manufacturing and distributing 9,530 units of the Super per annum is estimated to be $36,200.If the required annual rate of return on capital invested in each product is 14%, the selling price per unit of the Super is, to the nearest $0.01:A $133.66B $144.31C $152.61D $163.9111. Product X is produced in two production centers. Budgeted data for product X are for product X are as follows. P30Cost center A Cost center B Direct material cost per unit $ 60.00 $30.30 Direct labor hours per unit 3 1 Direct labor rate per hour $20.00 $15.20 Production overhead absorption rate perdirect labor hour $12.24 $14.94General overhead costs are absorbed into product cost at a rate of ten per cent production cost. If a 20 per cent return on sales is required from product X, its selling price per unit should be, to the nearest $0.01:A $260.59B $271.45C $286.66D $298.6012. B Company has been approached by two customers to provide 2,000 units of product X by a certain date. B Company can only fulfill one of these orders. Customer X is a long-standing customer and the contribution on customer X’s order would be $50,000. B Company has not dealt with customer Y before and so they do not receive the discount given to customer X. the contribution on customer Y’s order will be $60,000. B Company decides to fulfill customer X’s order. The marginal cost of the 2,000 units is $25,000. What is the economic cost of customer X’s order?A $50,000B $60,000C $25,000D $35,000。