Knowledge Derived From Wikipedia For Computing Semantic Relatedness
关于知识的英语作文
Knowledge is a treasure that enriches the mind and broadens ones horizons.It is the foundation upon which individuals build their understanding of the world and their place within it.Here are some key points to consider when discussing the topic of knowledge in an English essay:1.Definition of Knowledge:Begin by defining what knowledge is.It can be described as the understanding,awareness,or familiarity gained through experience or education.2.Importance of Knowledge:Discuss the significance of knowledge in various aspects of life.It can be the key to personal growth,career advancement,and societal development.3.Sources of Knowledge:Highlight the different ways in which knowledge can be acquired.This includes formal education,selfstudy,experience,and the sharing of information through various media.4.Types of Knowledge:Distinguish between different types of knowledge such as theoretical,practical,and experiential knowledge.5.The Role of Education:Elaborate on the role of education in imparting knowledge. Discuss how formal schooling,vocational training,and higher education contribute to the development of a knowledgeable society.6.Lifelong Learning:Emphasize the concept of lifelong learning.Explain how the pursuit of knowledge should not end with formal education but continue throughout ones life.7.Knowledge and Innovation:Discuss the relationship between knowledge and innovation.Knowledge often leads to new ideas,inventions,and advancements in various fields.8.Challenges in Acquiring Knowledge:Address the challenges one might face in acquiring knowledge,such as access to education,language barriers,or the overwhelming amount of information available.9.The Impact of Technology:Reflect on how technology has transformed the way we access and share knowledge.Discuss the role of the internet,digital libraries,and online courses in democratizing education.10.The Future of Knowledge:Contemplate the future of knowledge in a rapidly changing world.Discuss the potential of artificial intelligence,machine learning,andother technologies to enhance our understanding and learning capabilities.11.Cultural Perspectives on Knowledge:Consider how different cultures value and approach the acquisition of knowledge.This can include traditional knowledge systems and the integration of indigenous wisdom with modern education.12.Ethics and Knowledge:Address the ethical considerations of knowledge dissemination,including issues of intellectual property,plagiarism,and the responsible use of information.13.Knowledge and Personal Development:Explore how knowledge contributes to personal development,including selfawareness,critical thinking,and problemsolving skills.14.Knowledge and Social Change:Discuss the role of knowledge in driving social change,from raising awareness about social issues to advocating for policy reform.15.Conclusion:Summarize the importance of knowledge and its impact on individuals and society.Encourage the continuous pursuit of knowledge and its responsible application for the betterment of all.When writing an essay on knowledge,its essential to provide concrete examples and evidence to support your arguments.Additionally,using a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary will help to make your essay engaging and persuasive.。
YUV英文翻译版
YUV的From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia维基百科，自由的百科全书Jump to: navigation , search跳转到：导航，搜索This article needs additional citations for verification .本文需要额外引用的核查。
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references .请协助改善这篇文章加入可靠的参考。
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .(August 2008)条目的内容可能被提出质疑，并删除。
（2008年8月）Example of UV color plane, Y' value = 0.5, represented within RGB color gamut紫外颜色平面，Y的值= 0.5为例，在代表的RGB色域An image along with its Y', U, and V components.随着形象的一个其Y'，U 和V组件。
YUV is a color space typically used as part of a color image pipeline . YUV的是一个色彩空间通常是用来作为部分彩色图像管道。
It encodes a color image or video taking human perception into account, allowing reduced bandwidth for chrominance components, thereby typically enabling transmission errors or compression artifacts to be more efficiently masked by the human perception than using a "direct" RGB-representation.它编码一个彩色图像或视频考虑到人类感知，让带宽降低色度成分，从而使传输错误通常或压缩文物，更有效地代表蒙面由RGB的人的看法比使用“直接”。
Symbiosis-Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
SymbiosisThis article is about the biological phenomenon, for other uses seeSymbiosis (disambiguation)Clownfish amid sea anemone tentaclesThe term symbiosis(from the Greek:σύνsyn"with"; andβίωσιςbiosis"living")commonly describes close and often long-term interactions between different biologic-al species.The term was first used in1879by the Ger-man mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary,who defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."[1][2] The definition of symbiosis is in flux,and the term has been applied to a wide range of biological interac-tions.The symbiotic relationship may be categorized as being mutualistic,parasitic,or commensal in nature.[3][4]Others define it more narrowly,as only those relationships from which both organisms benefit, in which case it would be synonymous with mutual-ism.[5][6][7]Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another(ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe),or where one partner lives inside the other(endosymbiosis,such as lactobacilli and other bac-teria in humans or zooxanthelles in corals).Symbiotic relationships may be either obligate,i.e.,necessary for the survival of at least one of the organisms involved,or facultative,where the relationship is beneficial but not essential for survival of the organisms.[8][9] Physical interactionEndosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiote lives within the tissues of the other,either in the intracellular space or extracellularly.[10][11] Examples are rhizobia,nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots;actinomycetenitrogen-Alder tree root nodulefixing bacteria called Frankia,which live in alder tree root nodules;single-celled algae inside reef-building corals;and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essen-tial nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.Ectosymbiosis,also referred to as exosymbiosis,is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host,including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands.[12][13]Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice,commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales,and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.MutualismAnemone hermit crabThe term"mutualism"describes any relationship between individuals of different species where both in-dividuals derive a benefit.[14]Generally,only lifelong in-teractions involving close physical and biochemical con-tact can properly be considered symbiotic.Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species,ob-ligate for one but facultative for the other,or facultativefor both.Many biologists restrict the definition of sym-biosis to close mutualist relationships.A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut fauna that help them digest plant matter,which is more difficult to digest than animal prey.[15]Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them.[16]Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants,which fix carbon from the air,and mycorrhyzal fungi,which help in extracting minerals from the ground.[17]An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones.The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish,and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators.A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.[18] Another example is the goby fish,which sometimes lives together with a shrimp.The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live.The shrimp is almost blind,leaving it vulnerable to predators when above ground.In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it.When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retract into the burrow.[19]One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps.The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane which the host supplies to them.These worms were dis-covered in the late1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world’s oceans.[20]There are also many types of tropical and sub-tropical ants that have evolved very complex relationships with certain tree species.[21] CommensalismCommensalism describes a relationship between two liv-ing organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped.It is derived from the English word commensal,meaning"sharing food"and used of human social interaction.The word derives from the medieval Latin word,formed from com-and mensa, meaning "sharing a table".[22][23]Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation(phoresy)or for hous-ing(inquilinism),or it may also involve one organism using something another created,after its death (metabiosis).Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants. ParasitismA parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed.[24] Parasitic symbioses take many forms,from endopara-sites that live within the host’s body to ectoparasites that live on its surface.In addition,parasites may be necrotrophic,which is to say they kill their host,or bio-trophic,meaning they rely on their host’s surviving.Bio-trophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life.Depending on the definition used,as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles,and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover,almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa.An example of a biotrophic rela-tionship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host.Symbiosis and evolutionLeafhoppers protected by an army of meat antsWhile historically,symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competi-tion,[25]it is increasingly recognised as an important se-lective force behind evolution,[26][27]with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution.[28]In fact,the evolution of all eukaryotes(plants,animals, fungi,and protists)is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between vari-ous sorts of bacteria.[29][30][31] SymbiogenesisThe biologist Lynn Margulis,famous for her work on en-dosymbiosis,contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution.She considers Darwin’s notion of evolution,driven by competition,as incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction,and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan,"Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."[32] Co-evolutionSymbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects,bats,or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also corres-pondingly adapted.The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers.Adaptive spe-ciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants,and,at the same time,corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups.Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen,while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources.In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent,[33] where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect.[34]Notes[1]Wilkinson 2001[2]Douglas 1994, p.1[3]Dethlefsen L, McFall-Ngai M, Relman DA (2007). "Anecological and evolutionary perspective on human-microbe mutualism and disease".Nature449: 811–808.doi:10.1038/nature06245.PMID 17943117.[4]Paszkowski U. (2006). "Mutualism and parasitism: the yinand yang of plant symbioses".Curr Opin Plant Biol9:364–370.doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2006.05.008.PMID 16713732.[5]Wilkinson 2001[6]Isaac 1992, p.266[7]Saffo 1993[8]Moran 2006[9]Ahmadjian & Paracer 2000, p.12[10]Ahmadjian & Paracer 2000, p.12[11]Sapp 1994, p.142[12]Ahmadjian & Paracer 2000, p.12[13]Nardon & Charles 2002[14]Ahmadjian & Paracer 2000, p.6[15]Moran 2006[16]Toller, Rowan & Knowlton 2001[17]Harrison 2005[18]Lee 2003[19]Facey, Helfman & Collette 1997[20]Cordes 2005[21]Piper, Ross(2007),Extraordinary Animals: AnEncyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals,Greenwood Press.[22]Ahmadjian & Paracer 2000, p.6[23]Nair 2005[24]Ahmadjian & Paracer 2000, p.7[25]Townsend, Begon & Harper 1996[26]Wernegreen 2004[27]Moran 2006[28]Ahmadjian & Paracer 2000, p.3-4[29]Brinkman 2002[30]Golding & Gupta 1995[31]Moran 2006[32]Sagan & Margulis 1986[33]Harrison 2002[34]Danforth & Ascher 1997References•Ahmadjian, Vernon; Paracer, Surindar (2000),Symbiosis:an introduction to biological associations, Oxford[Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-195-11806-5•Burgess, Jeremy (1994),Forum: What’s in it for me, NewScientist,/article/mg14119115.200-forum-whats-in-it-for-me--jeremy-burgess-examines-therole-of-cooperation-within-natures-competitive-ways-.html•Boucher, Douglas H (1988),The Biology of Mutualism:Ecology and Evolution, New York: Oxford University Press,ISBN 0195053923•Cordes, E.E.; Arthur, M.A.; Shea, K.; Arvidson, R.S.; Fisher,C.R. (2005), "Modeling the mutualistic interactions betweentubeworms and microbial consortia",PLoS Biol3(3): 1–10,doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030077•Brinkman, F.S.L.; Blanchard, J.L.; Cherkasov, A.; Av-gay, Y.;Brunham, R.C.; Fernandez, R.C.; Finlay, B.B.; Otto, S.P.;Ouellette, B.F.F.; Keeling, P.J.; Others, (2002), "EvidenceThat Plant-Like Genes in Chlamydia Species Reflect anAncestral Relationship between Chlamydiaceae,Cyanobacteria, and the Chloroplast",Genome Research12(8): 1159–1167,doi:10.1101/gr.341802,PMID 12176923,/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=5449063, retrieved on2007-09-30•Danforth, B.N.; Ascher, J. (1997), "Flowers and InsectEvolution",Science99: 42,doi:10.1126/science.283.5399.143a,/cgi/reprint/283/5399/143a.pdf, retrieved on2007-09-25•Douglas, A. E. (1994),Symbiotic interactions, Oxford[Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-854294-1•Facey, Douglas E.; Helfman, Gene S.; Collette, Bruce B.(1997),The diversity of fishes, Oxford: Blackwell Science,ISBN 0-86542-256-7•Golding, RS; Gupta (1995), "Protein-based phylogenies support a chimeric origin for the eukaryotic genome",Mol.Biol. Evol.12(1): 1–6,PMID 7877484•Harrison, Rhett (2002), "Balanced mutual use (symbiosis)",Quarterly journal Biohistory 10(2),https://www.brh.co.jp/en/experience/journal/32/ss_3.html , retrieved on 2007-09-23•Harrison, Maria J. (2005), "Signaling in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis",Annu. Rev. Microbiol.59: 19–42,doi :10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123749,PMID 16153162•Lee, J. (2003),"Amphiprion percula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web,/site/accounts/information/Amphiprion_percula.html ,retrieved on 2007-09-29•Isaac, Susan (1992),Fungal-plant interactions, London:Chapman & Hall,ISBN 0-412-36470-0•Isaak, Mark (2004),CB630: Evolution of obligate mutualism ,TalkOrigins Archive ,/indexcc/CB/CB630.html , retrieved on 2007-09-25•Moran, N.A. (2006), "Symbiosis ",Current Biology 16(20):866–871,doi :10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.019,/retrieve/pii/S0960982206022123, retrieved on 2007-09-23•Nardon, P.; Charles, H. (2002), "Morphological aspects ofsymbiosis",Symbiosis: Mechanisms and Systems.Dordercht/boson/London, Kluwer Academic Publishers 4:15–44,doi :10.1007/0-306-48173-1_2•Powell, Jerry (1992), "Interrelationships of yuccas andyucca moths",Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7: 10–15,doi :10.1016/0169-5347(92)90191-D•Nair, S. (2005),"Bacterial Associations: Antagonism to Symbiosis", in Ramaiah, N,Marine Microbiology: Facets &Opportunities;, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa,pp.83–89,/drs/handle/2264/74, retrievedon 2007-10-12•Roughgarden, J. (1975), "Evolution of Marine Symbiosis--ASimple Cost-Benefit Model ",Ecology 56(5): 1201–1208,doi :10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00157.x ,/sici?sici=0012-9658(197522)56%3A5%3C1201%3AEOMSSC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R ,retrieved on 2007-09-25•Saffo, M.B. (1993), "Coming to terms with a field: Words and concepts in symbiosis ",Symbiosis.14(1-3),/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=3004656,retrieved on 2007-10-05•Sagan, Dorion; Margulis, Lynn (1986),Origins of sex: three billion years of genetic recombination, New Haven, Conn:Yale University Press,ISBN 0-300-03340-0•Sagan, Dorion; Margulis, Lynn (1997),Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Evolution from Our Microbial Ancestors,Berkeley: University of California Press,ISBN 0-520-21064-6•Sapp, Jan (1994),Evolution by association: a history of symbiosis, Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-508821-2•Toller, W. W.; Rowan, R.; Knowlton, N. (2001),"Repopulation of Zooxanthellae in the Caribbean Corals Montastraea annularis and M. faveolata following Experimental and Disease-Associated Bleaching ",The Biological Bulletin 201(3): 360–373,doi :10.2307/1543614,PMID 11751248,/cgi/content/full/201/3/360•Townsend, Colin R; Begon, Michael; Harper, John D. (1996),Ecology: individuals, populations and communities ,Oxford: Blackwell Science,ISBN 0-632-03801-2•Weiblen, G.D. (2002), "How to be a fig wasp",Annual Review of Entomology 47(1): 299–330,doi :10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145213•Wernegreen, J.J. (2004), "Endosymbiosis: lessons in conflict resolution",PLoS Biology 2(3): e68,doi :10.1371/journal.pbio.0020068•Wilkinson, David M. (2001), "At cross purposes",Nature 412(6846): 485,doi :10.1038/35087676See also•aposymbiotic •aquaponics •decompiculture •list of symbiotic organisms •list of symbiotic relationships External links•Mycorrhizas – a successful symbiosis Biosafety research into gm-barley.•Symbiosis at Biology Reference.•Symbiosis Online Biology textbook, by Dr. John W.Kimball •Video: Symbiosis, Orchids and Orchid Bees Retrieved from "/wiki/Symbiosis "Categories :Ecology ,SymbiosisThis page was last modified on 17 May 2009, at 00:48 (UTC).All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered501(c)(3)tax-deductible nonprofit charity.Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers。
知识来源于理性英语作文
知识来源于理性英语作文英文回答：The question of whether knowledge is derived from reason or experience has been a central topic of debate in philosophy for centuries. Rationalists such as René Descartes and Immanuel Kant believed that knowledge is innate and derived from the workings of the mind, while empiricists such as John Locke and David Hume argued that knowledge is acquired through experience and observation.There are several arguments in favor of the rationalist position. First, rationalists argue that knowledge of certain truths, such as the laws of mathematics and logic, cannot be derived from experience. For example, we do not need to experience every triangle to know that the sum of its angles is 180 degrees. Rationalists argue that these truths are known apriori, or independently of experience.Second, rationalists argue that experience is oftenunreliable and can lead to false beliefs. Our senses can deceive us, and our memories can be faulty. Rationalists argue that reason is a more reliable source of knowledge than experience because it is not subject to these same limitations.However, there are also several arguments in favor of the empiricist position. First, empiricists argue that all knowledge begins with experience. We cannot have any ideas or concepts without first having experienced the world through our senses. Empiricists argue that the mind is a blank slate at birth and that knowledge is gradually acquired through experience.Second, empiricists argue that reason alone cannot provide us with knowledge of the world. Reason can only operate on the information that is provided by experience. Empiricists argue that we cannot use reason to prove the existence of God or to determine the nature of reality.The debate between rationalism and empiricism is a complex one, and there are strong arguments to be made onboth sides. Ultimately, the question of whether knowledgeis derived from reason or experience is a matter of philosophical inquiry.中文回答：知识究竟来源于理性还是经验，几个世纪以来一直是哲学领域争论的焦点。
各个定律
达西定律Darcy’s Law反映水在岩土孔隙中渗流规律的实验定律。
由法国水力学家H.-P.-G.达西在1852～1855年通过大量实验得出。
其表达式为Q=KFh/L式中Q为单位时间渗流量，F为过水断面，h为总水头损失，L为渗流路径长度，I=h/L为水力坡度，K为渗流系数。
关系式表明，水在单位时间内通过多孔介质的渗流量与渗流路径长度成反比，与过水断面面积和总水头损失成正比。
从水力学已知，通过某一断面的流量Q等于流速v与过水断面F的乘积，即Q＝Fv。
或，据此，达西定律也可以用另一种形式表达v=KIv为渗流速度。
上式表明，渗流速度与水力坡度一次方成正比。
说明水力坡度与渗流速度呈线性关系，故又称线性渗流定律。
达西定律适用的上限有两种看法：一种认为达西定律适用于地下水的层流运动；另一种认为并非所有地下水层流运动都能用达西定律来表述，有些地下水层流运动的情况偏离达西定律，达西定律的适应范围比层流范围小。
这个定律说明水通过多孔介质的速度同水力梯度的大小及介质的渗透性能成正比。
这种关系可用下列方程式表示：V＝K［（h2－h1）÷L］。
其中V 代表水的流速，K 代表渗透力的量度(单位与流速相同, 即长度/时间)，（h2－h1）÷L 代表地下水水位的坡度（即水力梯度）。
因为摩擦的关系，地下水的运动比地表水缓慢得多。
可以利用在井中投放盐或染料，测定渗流系数和到达另一井内所需的时间。
达西定律只适用于低流速条件。
3.达西（Dracy）渗透定律(1)达西渗透实验与达西定律地下水在土体孔隙中渗透时，由于渗透阻力的作用，沿程必然伴随着能量的损失。
为了揭示水在土体中的渗透规律，法国工程师达西(H.darcy)经过大量的试验研究，1856年总结得出渗透能量损失与渗流速度之间的相互关系即为达西定律。
图2-3 达西渗透实验装置图达西实验的装置如图2-3所示。
装置中的①是横截面积为A的直立圆筒，其上端开口，在圆筒侧壁装有两支相距为l 的侧压管。
wikipedia
wikipediaWikipedia: The Online Encyclopedia Revolutionizing Knowledge SharingIntroductionIn the digital age, information is easily accessible with just a few clicks. With the advent of the internet, the way we search for and consume information has undergone a dramatic transformation. One of the notable pioneers in this landscape is Wikipedia. Launched in 2001, Wikipedia has revolutionized the way we access and share knowledge. This document explores the history, structure, and significance of Wikipedia, highlighting its impact on information dissemination in the modern world.History of WikipediaWikipedia was founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger as a freely accessible online encyclopedia. The idea behind it was to create a collaborative platform that would enable users from all over the world to contribute and edit articles, ensuring a diverse range of perspectives on various topics.Initially, the website started with a modest number of articles, but it quickly gained popularity, attracting a growing community of volunteers who were passionate about knowledge sharing.Structure and FunctionalityWikipedia operates on a wiki-based model, allowing anyone with an internet connection to create and edit articles. This unique approach facilitates the growth and expansion of the encyclopedia, covering a wide range of topics including history, science, arts, and popular culture. The interface is designed to be user-friendly, allowing individuals to search for specific articles or browse through different categories effortlessly.The collaborative nature of Wikipedia attracts contributors from diverse backgrounds, such as scholars, experts, enthusiasts, and everyday users. This diverse community ensures that a vast array of perspectives are captured, resulting in a more comprehensive and multi-faceted encyclopedia.Reliability and CredibilityOne of the main concerns surrounding Wikipedia is the question of reliability and the credibility of its content. Due to its open editing policy, there is always a risk of misinformation or biased articles being published. However, the Wikipedia community has established strict guidelines and standards to combat these issues. A dedicated group of volunteers regularly monitors and reviews the content, ensuring its accuracy and maintaining the credibility of the information presented.Moreover, Wikipedia has implemented a robust system of citations and references. Each article encourages contributors to cite reliable sources, allowing readers to verify the information and evaluate its credibility. This transparency and emphasis on evidence-based information have contributed to fostering trust in the platform.Impact on Information DisseminationThe impact of Wikipedia on information dissemination cannot be overstated. With its vast and ever-expanding collection of articles, Wikipedia has become the go-to source of information for millions of users worldwide. Whether it's for academic research, general knowledge, or settlingdisputes, Wikipedia is often the starting point for most individuals seeking information on a wide range of topics.Furthermore, the reach of Wikipedia extends beyond the English-speaking world. It is available in multiple languages, making it accessible to people all over the globe. This multilingual aspect allows for the exchange of knowledge and promotes cultural understanding on a global scale.Collaboration and CommunityOne of the key factors behind Wikipedia's success is its vibrant and passionate community. Thousands of volunteers dedicate their time and expertise to contribute, improve, and maintain the articles. This collaborative effort has created a platform for individuals to engage in meaningful discussions, share knowledge, and foster a sense of belonging. The community bonds formed through these interactions have led to the development of friendships and collaborations, making Wikipedia not just an encyclopedia, but a community of like-minded individuals.ConclusionIn conclusion, Wikipedia stands as a testament to the power of collaboration and the importance of freely accessible knowledge. Since its inception, Wikipedia has grown exponentially, becoming an essential part of our digital landscape. While challenges regarding the reliability of content persist, the platform's commitment to transparency and collaboration has made it a valuable resource for information-seekers worldwide. As we move forward, Wikipedia has the potential to further shape the way we acquire and share knowledge, empowering individuals to contribute to the global pool of information.。
单模光纤英文介绍
Single-mode Optical Fiber (SMF)OverviewIn fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical fiber (SMF) (monomode optical fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, or unimode fiber) is an optical fiber designed to carry only a single ray of light (mode). Modes are the possible solutions of Helmholtz equation for waves, which is obtained by combining Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions. These modes define the way the wave travels through space, i.e. how the wave is distributed in space. Waves can have the same mode but have different frequencies. This is the case in single-mode fibers, where we can have waves with different frequencies, but of the same mode, which means that they are distributed in space in the same way, and that gives us a single ray of light. Although the ray travels parallel to the length of the fiber, it is often called transverse mode since its electromagnetic vibrations occur perpendicular (transverse) to the length of the fiber. The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Charles K. Kao for his theoretical work on the single-mode optical fiber.CharacteristicsLike multi-mode optical fibers, single mode fibers do exhibit modal dispersion resulting from multiple spatial modes but with narrower modal dispersion. Single mode fibers are therefore better at retaining the fidelity of each light pulse over longer distances than multi-mode fibers. For these reasons, single-mode fibers can have a higher bandwidth than multi-mode fibers. Equipment for single mode fiber is more expensive than equipment for multi-mode optical fiber, but the single mode fiber itself is usually cheaper in bulk.A typical single mode optical fiber has a core diameter between 8 and 10 µm and a cladding diameter of 125 µm. There are a number of special types of single-mode optical fiber which have been chemically or physically altered to give special properties, such as dispersion-shifted fiber and nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber. Data rates are limited by polarization mode dispersion and chromatic dispersion. In 2005, data rates of up to 10 gigabits per second were possible at distances of over 80 km (50 mi) with commercially available transceivers (Xenpak). By using optical amplifiers and dispersion-compensating devices, state-of-the-art DWDM optical systems can span thousands of kilometers at 10 Gbit/s, and several hundred kilometers at 40 Gbit/s.The lowest-order bounds mode is ascertained for the wavelength of interest by solving Maxwell's equations for the boundary conditions imposed by the fiber, which are determined by the core diameter and the refractive indices of the core and cladding. The solution of Maxwell's equations for the lowest order bound mode will permit a pair of orthogonally polarized fields in the fiber, and this is the usual case in a communication fiber.In step-index guides, single-mode operation occurs when the normalized frequency, V, is less or equal than 2.405. For power-law profiles, single-mode operation occurs for a normalizedfrequency, V, less than approximately,where g is the profile parameter.In practice, the orthogonal polarizations may not be associated with degenerate modes.Optical fiber connectors are used to join optical fibers where a connect/disconnect capability is required. The basic connector unit is a connector assembly. A connector assembly consists of an adapter and two connector plugs. Due to the sophisticated polishing and tuning procedures that may be incorporated into optical connector manufacturing, connectors are generally assembled onto optical fiber in a supplier’s manufacturing facility. However, the assembly and polishing operations involved can be performed in the field, for example to make cross-connect jumpers to size.Optical fiber connectors are used in telephone company central offices, at installations on customer premises, and in outside plant applications. Their uses include: - Making the connection between equipment and the telephone plant in the central office - Connecting fibers to remote and outside plant electronics such as Optical Network Units (ONUs) and Digital Loop Carrier (DLC) systems - Optical cross connects in the central office - Patching panels in the outside plant to provide architectural flexibility and to interconnect fibers belonging to different service providers - Connecting couplers, splitters, and Wavelength Division Multiplexers (WDMs) to optical fibers - Connecting optical test equipment to fibers for testing and maintenance.Outside plant applications may involve locating connectors underground in subsurface enclosures that may be subject to flooding, on outdoor walls, or on utility poles. The closures that enclose them may be hermetic, or may be “free-bre athing.” Hermetic closures will prevent subjection of the connectors within to temperature swings unless they are breached. Free-breathing enclosures will subject them to temperature and humidity swings, and possibly to condensation and biological action from airborne bacteria, insects, etc. Connectors in the underground plant may be subjected to groundwater immersion if the closures containing them are breached or improperly assembled.The latest industry requirements for optical fiber connectors are in Telcordia GR-326, Generic Requirements for Singlemode Optical Connectors and Jumper Assemblies.A multi-fiber optical connector is designed to simultaneously join multiple optical fibers together, with each optical fiber being joined to only one other optical fiber.The last part of the definition is included so as not to confuse multi-fiber connectors with a branching component, such as a coupler. The latter joins one optical fiber to two or more other optical fibers.Multi-fiber optical connectors are designed to be used wherever quick and/or repetitive connects and disconnects of a group of fibers are needed. Applications include telecommunications companies’ Central Offices (COs), installations on customer premises, and Outside Plant (OSP) applications.The multi-fiber optical connector can be used in the creation of a low-cost switch for use in fiber optical testing. Another application is in cables delivered to a user with pre-terminated multi-fiber jumpers. This would reduce the need for field splicing, which could greatly reduce the amount of hours necessary for placing an optical fiber cable in a telecommunications network. This, in turn, would result in savings for the installer of such cable.(Remark: Above information is derived from , as reference only)。
知识来自于问题的英语作文初三
知识来自于问题的英语作文初三The Origin of Knowledge: The Power of Inquiry.In the annals of human history, the quest for knowledge has been a relentless pursuit. From the earliest cavemen scratching pictures on walls to the modern scientist peering into the mysteries of the universe, the quest has been the same: to understand, to explain, to gain wisdom. And often, this quest begins with a simple question.Questions are the spark that ignites the flame of curiosity. They are the gateway to exploration and discovery. When we ask a question, we open ourselves to the possibility of learning something new. We invite the world to reveal its secrets, to share its wisdom. And often, the answers we seek lead us to even more questions, deeper mysteries, and richer understandings.Consider the scientific method, which is fundamentally based on asking and answering questions. Scientists observethe world, formulate hypotheses, conduct experiments, and analyze data in order to answer the questions that perplex them. Through this iterative process, they gain knowledge and understanding that benefits society at large.In the same way, the quest for knowledge in everydaylife is powered by questions. When we encounter a new concept or idea, we naturally ask questions about it. We want to know how it works, why it exists, and what it means. These questions drive us to seek answers, to delve deeper into the subject matter, and to expand our horizons.Moreover, questions are the foundation of learning.They鼓励我们挑战现有的理解，促使我们去探索未知的领域。
感知是知识的起源英语作文
感知是知识的起源英语作文The Origin of Knowledge: The Role of Perception.In the vast landscape of human understanding and cognition, perception stands as the fundamental building block. It is the gateway to knowledge, the initial spark that ignites the flame of curiosity and wonder. Without perception, our world would be a blank canvas, devoid of color, shape, and texture. This essay delves into the intricate relationship between perception and knowledge, exploring how our senses shape our understanding of the world.Perception is the process by which we interpret and organize information from our environment. It involves the interaction of our senses with external stimuli, converting these stimuli into meaningful experiences. Our five senses sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch are the mediators of perception, allowing us to interact with and comprehend the world around us.Vision, for instance, is a crucial sense that contributes significantly to our perception of the world. Through vision, we can discern shapes, colors, and movements, enabling us to navigate our environment and recognize familiar faces. Similarly, hearing allows us to perceive sound waves, interpreting them as speech, music, or other sounds that carry meaning and information.Perception is not merely a passive process; it is actively shaped by our past experiences, beliefs, and expectations. This is known as perceptual set or perceptual bias. For example, when we expect to see a certain object, our brain may interpret ambiguous information in a way that confirms our expectation. This bias can lead to errors in perception, but it also allows us to quickly andefficiently process information in familiar contexts.The role of perception in the formation of knowledge is profound. Knowledge is built upon the foundation of perceived information. As we perceive our environment, we begin to categorize and organize this information, creatingmental representations or schemas. These schemas form the building blocks of our understanding, allowing us to make sense of the world and predict future outcomes.For instance, when we learn a new concept, such as the laws of gravity, our perception of falling objects guidesus in understanding and applying this concept. Similarly, scientific knowledge is often derived from observations and experiments that rely heavily on perception. Scientists observe phenomena, interpret their sensory input, and then formulate hypotheses and theories to explain their observations.Perception also plays a crucial role in emotional and social knowledge. Our perception of facial expressions,tone of voice, and bodily postures informs ourunderstanding of others' emotions and intentions. Thissocial perception allows us to navigate social interactions, understand social norms, and form meaningful relationships.However, it is important to note that perception is not always accurate. Our senses can be deceived, and ourinterpretations can be biased. This is why it is crucial to subject our perceived information to critical analysis and verification. Science, for instance, employs rigorous methods to test and validate hypotheses derived from perception.In conclusion, perception is the fundamental origin of knowledge. It is the gateway to understanding and cognition, shaping the way we interpret and organize information from our environment. Our senses are the vehicles of perception, converting external stimuli into meaningful experiences. However, perception is not infallible, and it is crucial to subject our perceived information to critical analysis and verification. By continuously refining and validating our perceptions, we can expand the boundaries of our knowledge and deepen our understanding of the world.。
知识论（Epistemology）
知识论（Epistemology）A catalogue of the theory of knowledge [hidden]Theory of knowledge (source: knowledge theory, Nanfeng public welfare College)The theory of knowledge (English: epistemology) derives from Greek episteme (knowledge) and logos (word / speech), which is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature, origin and range of knowledge. At present, the relationship between epistemology and epistemology is controversial. Some people think that they are the same concept, while others believe that they are actually two different concepts that have some close ties.[edit this paragraph] definition of knowledgeKnowledge is the true faith that is proved (justified, also testified).The most influential work on knowledge is Platon's the Tai Atai de Chapter, in which he developed the definition of knowledge. We know that to be defined as knowledge, it must be true and must be believed to be true. Socrates thought it was not enough, and people had to find reasons or proof for it.Platon defined knowledge as a confirmed and true belief (believed thing).This definition implies that we cannot because we believe in something and that it is true, and say we know about it. A nomedical knowledge of the patient that he would recover soon, even after the fact, we can not say that the patient knows he will be good, because of his lack of trust confirmed at the time.Knowledge is therefore different from what is believed and true because of corroboration. The problem solved by epistemology is how to properly prove the true belief. This is sometimes called confirmation theory.The definition in Tai Atai De's article suggests that we can believe in something without knowing it. It implies that we can believe everything we know. In this way, what we know is a subset of what we believe.[edit this paragraph] define the trouble of knowledgeFor most of the history of philosophy, knowledge means the belief that absolute truth has been proved. Any lack of absolute truth is called a possible view. This view at least Bertrand Russell in the early twentieth Century the works of philosophical problems (The Problems of Philosophy) is also very popular. In the ensuing decades, this view began to lose its attention.In 1960s, Edmund Gettier (Edmund Gettier) criticized the knowledge definition of Tai Atai De. He points out that in some cases something that one believes is partly verified, but does not reach an absolute level, in which case one can assume that the man has no knowledge.[edit this paragraph] a priori and a posteriori knowledgeWestern philosophers divide knowledge into two kinds: a priori and a posteriori.A priori means knowledge derived from reasoning (prior to empirical observation) without immediate or indirect experience (where experience usually refers to the observation of the world through the senses).The latter refers to other kinds of knowledge, that is, the acquisition and validation of knowledge, which requires experience (empirical observation), also known as empirical knowledge.One of the key questions of knowledge theory is whether there is a priori comprehensive knowledge. Generally speaking, the rationalist thinks of existence, and therefore has to face the question of how "a priori synthetic knowledge is possible". On the contrary, the empiricist holds that all knowledge is, to some extent, a reflection of external experience, and there is no prior synthesis.The domain of knowledge that is often thought to have primacy (priori, status) is logic and mathematics, and they explore mainly abstract, formal objects (objects).The empiricist denies that these fields are pre knowledge. The two most famous refutation is that these knowledge are derived from experience (e.g. John Stuart Muller John Mill Stuart) and that these areas do not constitute real knowledge (e.g. Hume).[editor this paragraph] knowledge and faithKnowledge is true, and is believed to be true, is the intersection. Before considering the definition of knowledge in detail, it is necessary to distinguish between two meanings which are believed to have slight differences. The first meaning is to believe its authenticity when there is not enough evidence. In this sense, a person may believe in ghosts or similar phenomena in the absence of sufficient evidence. One might say, "I know that the highway is not safe by air, but I just don't believe it." it's an irrational fear.In the second sense, believing something means that it is right. To believe in one thing is to simply think. It is this belief that philosophers use in the study of knowledge. The logic here is that when a person wants to know something, he must believe it is true.If someone says, "I know A, but I don't believe it is true."." In deep sense, this man is self contradictory.Knowledge is different from belief and view.It is true that someone claims that he believes something, but of course he may make a mistake. That is not the case with knowledge. For example, Xiao Ming thought that a bridge was safe and tried to pass through it. Unfortunately, the weight of Xiao Ming made the bridge collapse. We can say Xiao Ming believes that the bridge is safe, but he is wrong. But we can not say that he knows the bridge is safe, because the bridge is not safe. If something wants to become knowledge, it must be true.Similarly, two people can believe in two conflicting things, but they cannot know the two things that contradict each other. For example, you can believe that the bridge was safe, and at the same time, Xiaogang believe that it is not safe. But they don't know two things that contradict each other at the same time.[edit this paragraph] distinguish between knowing and able to do"Freestyle is the fastest swimming stroke," Ruo Xiaoli said. The swimming method is to swing the legs and the arms to the front in a nearly circle shape."According to Xiao Li's speech, Xiao Li may have the knowledge of free style and can really swim freestyle. If Xiao Li's knowledge sheet comes from an encyclopedia, she does not have the skills to swim freestyle. In other words, she has propositional knowledge, but has no procedural knowledge; that is, knowing the theory, but not doing it.The theory confirmed [edited]1, anti rationalismSome attempts to prove knowledge are irrational; they refuse to admit that validation must follow logic or reasoning. Nihilism started as a political philosophy of materialism, but sometimes is defined as knowledge can not prove this apparently absurd theory and absurdity of this argument is that it claimedthat knowledge is not contradictory, but perhaps for the nihilist, self contradictory may not be important.2, mysticismThe use of irrational means to arrive at what is believed and what is believed is knowledge. For instance, according to one's emotions, the authenticity of something is considered epistemological mysticism, and it is not by inference, logic, or scientific experimentation that the conclusion is not. An individual believes that something exists, just one's own wish is an example. Tear the petals of chrysanthemum and read, "he loves me / he doesn't love me" is also an example. In this case, mysticism embodied in the girl on the assumption that tearing petals have prophetic ability without rational evidence. In these two instances, people's belief is not confirmed by rational means. Mysticism is not necessarily a conscious process; people unknowingly fall into mysticism.[editor this paragraph] reasonIf a man does not reject reason, but still believes that knowledge cannot be proved, he is called a skeptic. Skeptics accept reasoning, so they can logically demonstrate their point of view, so they have a more firm philosophical foundation.For example, according to the push theory, we can ask any statement confirmed. If it is proved to exist in the form of a statement, we may then demand that the statement be confirmed and thus go on. This seems to lead to endless.It is impossible to prove that every step of the argument is satisfactory, such a series of arguments leads to scepticism.In addition, we can claim that some statements need not be verified. Most of the history of epistemology is interpreted with diametrically opposed philosophical views, arguing that a particular knowledge has a special status story. This view is called fundamentalism.We can also say that a statement must be a statement of support this hypothesis is misleading, so you can avoid falling into the vicious circle of backstepping. Coherence that holds that a statement cannot be verified by a small subset of other knowledge, but should be confirmed by the whole set. That is to say, if a proposition is unified with all the knowledge in the system, it can be said that it is proved. This is to avoid the back of the cycle, is not particularly pointed out that the special status of a certain statement.[edit this paragraph] analysis and synthesis statementSome statements seem to require no confirmation as long as people understand what they mean. For example, "my father's younger brother is my uncle."". Philosophers call such statements analytic, or rather, the concept of predicates, contained in the subject. As the example above, the concept of uncle (predicate) is contained in my father's younger brother. Mathematical statements are usually analytic. (source: Nanfeng Academy of public welfare)In order to extend analytic concepts to relational propositionsto meet the requirements of mathematical logic, it is stated that, if the analysis of a proposition comes only from its form (i.e., the meaning of logical term terms), the proposition is a syntactic analysis proposition. All bachelors are bachelors. If the analysis of a proposition comes not only from its form, but also from the meaning of non logical lexical terms, the proposition is a semantic analysis proposition. All single men are unmarried. Semantic analysis propositions can be transformed into syntactic analysis propositions by defining substitution.If the bachelor is defined as an unmarried adult man, the syntactic analysis is substituted for the proposition that all unmarried adult men are unmarried."Synthesis statement: subject and predicate are independent of each other. My father's brother is overweight".Because of the vagueness of natural language, some scholars deny that there is a clear division between the semantic analysis proposition and the synthetic proposition, or simply deny the existential statement and analyze the proposition. Other scholars believe that successive sequences of propositions should be used instead of the traditional dichotomy of analysis and synthesis.Hume was aware of this distinction, but this distinction was explicitly put forward by Kant, and later by Frege (Frege) a more explicit form was given. In his philosophy of philosophy, Wittgenstein pointed out that analytic statements do not express any point of view, that is, they do not tell people newthings. Although they do not need to be confirmed, they are not knowledgeable.[editor this paragraph] the theory of Epistemology1, empiricismThe empiricist asserts that knowledge is the product of human experience. Naive empiricist our thoughts and theory needs to be proved in reality, and then based on the matching degree and the fact that it should be held to decide whether this theory, since then, the core problem of philosophy into the experience test match degree.Empiricism is closely related to science. Although the validity of science is beyond doubt, the question of how and why science works in philosophy has aroused controversy. The scientific method was once beloved by its success in ensuring the success of scientific experiments, but now the problems encountered in philosophy of science have made people more prone to coherence.Empiricism is often confused with positivism, but the latter emphasizes the view of man over reality, not the experience of man in reality.2, idealismIdealism that our perception of the world is our mind's conjecture. George Bekele, Kant and Hagel hold different views of idealism.3, naive realismNaive realism, that is, realism in the usual sense, that there is a real external world, and that our feelings are caused directly by that world. It is based on a causal basis that the existence of a thing leads us to see it. In this way, the world remains the same as it is known - not as it is perceived. The opposite theory is the theory of self. Naive realism does not take psychological perception into account.4. PhenomenologyPhenomenology develops from George Bekele's point of view "perception is existence". From his point of view, we can not think that what we see is an individual independent of our senses. He believes that the only thing that exists is the sense organ itself.5, rationalismA rationalist believes in prior knowledge or innate thought that does not come from sensory experience. This point can be seen from a lot of experience. These ideas may come from the structure of the human brain, or that they are independent of the brain. If they exist independently, they can be understood by humans as they reach a necessary complexity.The rationalist view can be concentrated in Descartes, I think, therefore I am, where skeptics can see that they suspect that this simple act implies a doubt. Spinoza established a rational system in which only God had one thing. Leibniz has built asystem with unlimited numbers of his.6, figurativeThe embodiment of realism or realism, unlike simple realism, can only perceive its manifestations. In other words, the world and things we see are not themselves, but a copy of the inner virtual reality. The so-called sense yarn makes it impossible for us to perceive the world directly.7, objectivismObjectivism is Ayn Rand's cognitive theory, which is similar to simple realism. He also believes that we acquire knowledge through the senses from the outside world. Objectivism, unprocessed sensory information, is automatically integrated into the brain by perceiving objects, then conscious of perceiving information rather than creating or inventing it in any way. Once we realize that two entities like each other, and the other is different, we can regard them as a species, this species can be all the same kind of entities include, so our consciousness can be a word of the infinite entity. Objectivism rejected pure empiricism, and thought that we could transcend the senses by means of objective concepts. Nor does it recognize purely figurative and idealistic ideas that we perceive as reality, and that it is meaningless to talk about what we do not know.8. Current theoriesThe present theory of knowledge is based on fundamentalism andcoherence.苏珊·哈克（Susan Haack）试着将这两种学说融入她的基础连贯主义（基础融贯论），她通过调和这两种理论而使她自己的理论更为可信。
知识的高度和广度作文素材
知识的高度和广度作文素材英文回答：Knowledge is the foundation of human progress and development. It plays a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the world and enables us to make informed decisions. The height and breadth of knowledge refer to the depth and range of our understanding in different fields.Firstly, the height of knowledge refers to the depth of understanding in a particular subject or field. It represents the level of expertise and mastery one has achieved in a specific area. For example, a medical doctor who has spent years studying and practicing medicine has a high level of knowledge in the field of medicine. They possess a deep understanding of human anatomy, diseases, and treatment methods.Similarly, in the field of technology, someone who has extensive knowledge of computer programming languages andalgorithms has a high level of knowledge in that area. They can write complex code and develop innovative software solutions. The height of knowledge is essential as it allows individuals to contribute to their respective fields and make significant advancements.On the other hand, the breadth of knowledge refers to the range of subjects or fields in which one has a basic understanding. It represents the diversity of knowledge one possesses across various disciplines. For example, a well-rounded individual with a broad knowledge base may have a basic understanding of subjects like history, literature, science, and art. They can engage in conversations and appreciate different perspectives in these areas.Having a broad range of knowledge is beneficial as it allows individuals to make connections between different fields and encourages interdisciplinary thinking. For instance, a scientist with knowledge in both biology and chemistry may be able to approach a research problem from a unique perspective, leading to innovative solutions. Moreover, a person with a wide range of knowledge can adaptto different situations and excel in various professional settings.中文回答：知识是人类进步和发展的基石。
建筑施工企业质量管理规范讲解
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《工程建设施工企业质量管理规范》讲义
2 术语
----Message(消息) ----Information(信息) ----Knowledge(知识)
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《工程建设施工企业质量管理规范》讲义
施工质量检查所形成的各项记录是开展施工质量管理 活动的依据，也是企业进行质量管理策划的依据，同 时还是企业进行质量管理改进和创新的依据。
在工程建设领域，施工企业对施工质量进行的检查和 评定活动并不是孤立存在的，施工企业的质量检查和 评定活动必须和建设单位、监理单位、政府相关主管 部门等的质量检查和评定活动相一致。
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《工程建设施工企业质量管理规范》讲义
ENR国 际 承 包 商 225 强 前 十 位排名
2007 2006
公司名称
2007 2006 公 司 名 称
1
1 HOCHTIEF AG，Essen，
德国
Bechtel，San Francisco,Calif.,
6
7 美国
Skanska AB， Solna，
Supervision（监督） Inspection（检查）
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《工程建设施工企业质量管理规范》讲义
施工质量检查不仅包括对施工过程和结果的检查和评 定，而且包括对施工检查前检查标准的分析和制定。
施工质量检查的目的是及时发现质量活动中存在的隐 患和问题，并为实施质量改进提供依据。
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《工程建设施工企业质量管理规范》讲义
2 术语
初二英语科学发现过程单选题30题及答案
初二英语科学发现过程单选题30题及答案1.Scientists are always looking for new ways to solve problems. The underlined word “scientists” is a(n) _____.A.nounB.verbC.adjective答案：A。
“scientists”是“科学家”的意思，是名词。
B 选项“verb”是动词；C 选项“adjective”是形容词。
2.The discovery was very important. The underlined word “discovery” is a(n) _____.A.nounB.verbC.adjective答案：A。
“discovery”是“发现”的意思，是名词。
B 选项“verb”是动词；C 选项“adjective”是形容词。
3.The experiment was successful. The underlined word “experiment” is a(n) _____.A.nounB.verbC.adjective答案：A。
“experiment”是“实验”的意思，是名词。
B 选项“verb”是动词；C 选项“adjective”是形容词。
4.The scientific method is a way to find answers. The underlined word “scientific” is a(n) _____.A.nounB.verbC.adjective答案：C。
“scientific”是“科学的”的意思，是形容词。
A 选项“noun”是名词；B 选项“verb”是动词。
5.The researcher found a new species. The underlined word “researcher” is a(n) _____.A.nounB.verbC.adjective答案：A。
维基的类别与词条可视化方法
第21卷增刊1 系统 仿 真 学 报© V ol. 21 Suppl. 12009年10月 Journal of System Simulation Oct., 2009维基的类别与词条可视化方法马永焘，陈小武（虚拟现实技术与系统国家重点实验室，北京航空航天大学计算机学院，北京 100191）摘 要：维基百科是一个自由、免费、开放的多语言百科全书协作计划，允许来自世界各地的参与者共同编辑维基百科的任何词条及类别，已经成为了人们在网络中获取知识的重要来源。
然而，维基类别数量庞大、嵌套层次深，维基词条间关系数量巨大，这些关系共同构成了复杂而庞大的知识网络，不利于用户迅速定位其感兴趣的信息并获取相应知识。
针对该问题我们分析了维基类别与词条关系的特点，通过统计策略提取类别间的核心关系，使用户可以在大数量的词条关系中迅速定位普遍存在的重要关系。
在此基础上，设计了维基类别与词条可视化界面，该界面能够展现维基类别与词条复杂的相互关系，并且兼顾维基整体与细节信息。
关键词：信息可视化；数据挖掘；关系抽取；维基百科中图分类号：TP39 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1004-731X (2009) S1-0159-04Approach on Visualization of Categories and Articles in WikipediaMA Yong-tao , CHEN Xiao-wu(State Key Lab of Virtual Reality Technology and System, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China)Abstract: Wikipedia is a free and open online encyclopedia, which allows users from all over the world to edit its articles and categories, and it has been an important online knowledge source. However, the number of categories and articles relationship is huge, and the depth of categories is too deep, those together form a complicated and huge knowledge network. For Wikipedia’s huge size and complication, users cannot locate their interested information and learn knowledge from Wikipedia. To solve the problem, the approach of this paper analyses the feature of categories and articles in Wikipedia, extracts core relationship among categories based on statistic method, and the core relationship allows user find existing important relationships from all relationships of an article. In further, this approach designs the visualization of categories and article, and is able to display multi-type relations and detail & whole information of Wikipedia. Key words: information visualization; data mining; relationship extraction; wikipedia引 言维基百科[1]始于2001年，创始人是Jimy Wales 和Larry Sanger ，是一个自由、内容开放的多语言百科全书协作计划，允许来自世界各地的参与者共同编辑维基百科中的任何文章及条目。
关于维基百科的英语作文
关于维基百科的英语作文案例一：From Wikipedia, free encyclopedia to navigation, search, the Loess Plateau is the Loess Plateau (Simplified Chinese: Traditional Chinese: Pinyin: In fact, the soil in this area is called "the most erodible soil on the earth". The Loess Plateau and its sandy soil cover almost all parts of Shanxi and Shaanxi, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.案例二：The computer is my best electronic friend. It gives me knowledge. Our school has a big computer room.All the children have the opportunity to work there. I also have a computer at home. I send an email to my friends.Encarta encyclopedia is very helpful for my study. I also play games in the computer. I even learn to fly f fighter planes.So computers are really in need of a friend.案例三：Beijing is the second largest city in China, after Shanghai. Beijingis a major transportation hub with dozens of railways, highways and expressways passing through Beijing. Beijing is also the center of many international flights.Beijing is recognized as the political, educational and cultural center of the people's Republic of China. Although Shanghai and Hong Kong are dominant in the economic field, they host the Olympic Games. Apart from Beijing, almost no city in the world has ever served as the political and cultural center of a region in China, because for a long time, the encyclopedia called ANAR "one of the greatest cities in the world" 1 "."And announced that Beijing has been an integral part of Chinese history for centuries. In Beijing, there are almost no major buildings of any era that do not have national historical significance. Beijing is famous for its magnificent palaces, temples, huge stone walls and gates, and art treasures and universities have long been built.The city is the center of Chinese culture and art. The Encyclopedia Britannica of Shanghai Beijing game world.。
新视野大学英语第四册英语翻译 缺4.6
亚里士多德是古希腊的哲学家和科学家。
他的作品涵盖了许多学科，包括物理学、生物学、动物学、逻辑学、伦理学、诗歌、戏剧、音乐、语言学、政治和政府，构成了第一个综合的西方哲学体系。
亚里士多德是第一个将人类的知识领域划分为不同学科的人，如数学，生物学和伦理学。
他相信人所有的观念和所有的知识在根本上都是基于感知能力。
他对自然科学的看法构成了他许多作品的基础。
他几乎对他所处时期的每一个人类知识领域都作出了贡献。
他的作品包含了人们所知的最早的关于逻辑的正式研究，即使在今天，亚里士多德哲学所涵盖的方方面面仍是学术研究的重要课题。
他的哲学对所有的西方哲学理论的发展有着经久不衰的影响。
在去世2,300多年后，亚里士多德仍是最有影响力的哲学家和科学家之一。
10The Doctrine of the Mean is the core of Confucianism. The so-called "mean" by Confucius doesn't mean "compromise" but a "moderate" and "just-right" way when understanding and handling objective things. Confucius advocated that this thought should not only be treated as a way to understand and deal with things but also be integrated into one's daily conduct to make it a virtue through self-cultivation and training. The Doctsine of the Mean is not only the core of Confucianism but also an important component of traditional Chinese culture. From the time it came into being to the present, it has played an invaluable role in the construction of national spirit, the transmission of national wisdom, and the development of national culture. U2人们普遍认为，威廉·莎士比亚是最伟大的英语作家和世界杰出的戏剧家。
当今时代获取知识英语作文
当今时代获取知识英语作文In today's era, acquiring knowledge is more accessible and diversified than ever before. The advent of theinternet and technological advancements has revolutionized the way we gather information. Here, I'll delve into various avenues through which knowledge can be obtained in English.Firstly, the internet serves as an inexhaustible wellspring of knowledge. With just a few clicks, one can access vast repositories of information on almost any subject imaginable. Search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo provide instant access to articles, research papers, tutorials, and videos covering diverse topics. Platforms like Wikipedia offer encyclopedic knowledge contributed by experts and enthusiasts worldwide. Moreover, online courses and educational websites cater to those seeking structured learning experiences.Furthermore, social media platforms have emerged asvibrant hubs for knowledge exchange. Networks like Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook host communities where professionals, academics, and enthusiasts share insights, research findings, and educational resources. Discussion forums such as Reddit and Quora facilitate engaging conversations and provide platforms for seeking answers to specific queries.Additionally, traditional sources of knowledge such as books remain indispensable. Despite the digital revolution, libraries continue to play a crucial role in providing access to a wide array of books, journals, and otherprinted materials. E-books and audiobooks have further enhanced accessibility, allowing readers to carry entire libraries in their pockets and consume knowledge on the go.Moreover, educational institutions, both traditionaland online, remain vital avenues for knowledge acquisition. Universities, colleges, and schools offer structured curricula taught by qualified instructors, fosteringcritical thinking and in-depth understanding of various subjects. Online learning platforms like Coursera, Udemy, and Khan Academy provide flexible and affordablealternatives for individuals seeking to enhance theirskills or explore new disciplines.In addition to formal education, experiential learning plays a pivotal role in knowledge acquisition. Hands-on experiences, internships, and apprenticeships offer invaluable insights and practical skills that cannot be gleaned from textbooks alone. Traveling, volunteering, and engaging with diverse communities expose individuals to different cultures, perspectives, and ways of life,enriching their understanding of the world.Furthermore, mentorship and peer learning are effective means of knowledge transfer. Mentors provide guidance,share expertise, and offer invaluable advice based on their experiences. Peer-to-peer learning fosters collaboration, stimulates creativity, and encourages the exchange of ideas among individuals with shared interests and goals.Lastly, self-directed learning empowers individuals to take charge of their educational journeys. By setting goals, seeking out resources, and maintaining curiosity, one cancontinuously expand their knowledge and skills throughout life. Tools like online tutorials, podcasts, and educational apps facilitate self-paced learning and cater to diverse learning styles.In conclusion, the avenues for acquiring knowledge in today's era are diverse and abundant. Whether through the internet, social media, books, formal education, experiential learning, mentorship, peer interaction, orself-directed study, individuals have unprecedented access to information and opportunities for intellectual growth. Embracing lifelong learning and utilizing these various channels can empower individuals to stay informed, adapt to change, and thrive in an increasingly complex and interconnected world.。
研究生多维教程熟谙_课文翻译与课后练习答案全本
课文全文翻译Unit1 从能力到责任当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。
他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。
年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。
处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。
一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。
一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。
最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。
尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。
一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。
”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。
在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。
美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。
那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。
所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。
设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。
类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。
当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。
2021年上半年教师资格证考试《英语学科知识与教学能力》(高级中学)真题及答案
2021年上半年教师资格证考试《英语学科知识与教学能力》（高级中学）真题及答案第1题单项选择题（每题2分，共30题，共60分）下列每小题的四个选项中，只有一项是最符合题意的正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。
1、Which of the following English phonemes has more than one allophone based on its position in a word?（）。
A、/wiB、lj/C、/miD、/ Ⅳ【正确答案】D【正确解析】本题考查音系学。
题干要求找出英语音素中基于单词中位置不同造成不止一个音位变体的是____, 辅音字母l在单词中会有不同的音位，比如leaf/li:f/ , 而feel /fi:l/两个不同的/l/ , 就是音位/l/的两个不同变体。
前者是普通的齿龈边音[l]，后者软腭化齿龈边音。
故本题选D。
2、What is the right pronunciation of the word "permit" when it is used as a noun?（）。
A、['pomit]B、[po'mrt]C、[po:'mrt]D、['pa:mit]【正确答案】D【正确解析】本题考查音系学。
permit 作名词时重音位于第一个音节，为['pə:mit]且为长元音；作动词时重音一般位于第二个音节，[pəˈmit]。
故本题选D。
3、Astronomer Heidi Hammer, a proponent of science education, conveys a passion for planetary science that her fascinated audience find___（）。
A、equivocalB、archaicC、timidD、infectious【正确答案】D【正确解析】本题考查形容词辨析。
维基百科英文版
维基百科英文版Wikipedia is a free, multilingual online encyclopedia that is currently available in over 300 languages. It was launched on January 15, 2001, by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger. Wikipedia can be edited by anyone with an internet connection, and has become one of the world's most popular reference sites.HistoryWikipedia was founded in 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, both of whom had worked on the earlier online encyclopedia Nupedia. Nupedia had a strict peer-review process, which made it difficult for new articles to be published quickly. In 2000, Sanger proposed the creation of a wiki-based encyclopedia, which would allow anyone to edit articles in real-time. The proposal was accepted, and Wikipedia was born.Initially, Wikipedia was only available in English, but it quickly expanded to include other languages. By 2005, there were versions of Wikipedia in over 100 languages. Today, the English version of Wikipedia has over 6 million articles, and the entire site has over 50 million articles.ContentWikipedia articles cover a wide range of subjects, from history and science to popular culture and current events. Articles can be created and edited by anyone, although edits are subject to review by other users. There are several policies and guidelines that govern content on Wikipedia, such as the neutral point of view (NPOV) policy, which requires that articles be written from a neutral perspective without bias.In addition to articles, Wikipedia also includes other types of content such as images, videos, and audio files. Media files are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons, a separate site that hosts free media files that can be used on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects.CriticismWikipedia has faced criticism over the years, particularly over the reliability and accuracy of its content. Because anyone can edit Wikipedia, it has been the target of vandalism, hoaxes, and inaccurate information. Measures have been taken to combat this, such as requiring users to register and limiting editing rights for new users. Additionally, Wikipedia has a system of moderators and administrators who can revert edits, delete content, and block users who violate rules.Another criticism of Wikipedia is that certain topics may be underrepresented or have biased coverage. For example, in 2018, a study found that only 17 percent of biographies on Wikipedia were about women, and that those biographies were more likely to be shorter and less well-referenced than those about men. Other studies have found that certain topics, such as Africa and Asia, have less coverage than others.Despite these criticisms, Wikipedia remains a valuable resource for information, and its open editing structure allows for a collaborative approach to knowledge building.ImpactWikipedia has had a significant impact on the way we access and share information on the internet. It has become one of the most popular sites on the internet, with over 600 million unique visitors every month. Wikipediaarticles often rank highly in search engines, making them an important source of information for many people.Wikipedia has also influenced other websites and platforms, such as social media, which rely heavily on user-generated content. The idea of collaborative knowledge-building has become more widespread, and many other websites and platforms have adopted similar approaches.ConclusionWikipedia is a unique platform that allows anyone to contribute to the world's knowledge. It has become an important resource for information and has had a significant impact on the internet as a whole. While it has faced criticism and challenges, it continues to evolve and adapt to the changing landscape of online information sharing, and remains a valuable resource for anyone seeking knowledge on a wide range of topics.。
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research (Charniak, 1973; Hobbs, 1978), but has been integrated only recently by means of WordNet (Harabagiu, Bunescu, & Maiorano, 2001; Poesio, Ishikawa, Schulte im Walde, & Vieira, 2002). We begin by introducing Wikipedia and measures of semantic relatedness in Section 2. In Section 3 we show how semantic relatedness measures can be ported to Wikipedia. We then evaluate our approach using datasets designed for evaluating such measures in Section 4. Because all available datasets are small and seem to be assembled rather arbitrarily we perform an additional extrinsic evaluation by means of a coreference resolution system in Section 5. In Section 6 we show that relatedness measures computed using Wikipedia can be easily ported to a language other than English, i.e. German. We give details of our implementation in Section 7, present related work in Section 8 and conclude with future work directions in Section 9.
Simone Paolo Ponzetto Michael Strube
EML Research gGmbH, Natural Language Processing Group Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 33, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany http://www.eml-research.de/nlp
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 30 (2007) 181-212
Submitted 03/07; published 10/07
Knowledge Derived From Wikipedia For Computing Semantic Relatedness
2. Wikipedia and Semantic Relatedness Measures
In this section we describe the structure of Wikipedia and present the measures we use for computing semantic relatedness within its categorization network. 2.1 Wikipedia Wikipedia is a multilingual web based encyclopedia. Being a collaborative open source medium, it is edited by volunteers. Wikipedia provides a very large domain-independent encyclopedic repository. The English version, as of 14 February 2006, contains 971,518 articles with 18.4 million internal hyperlinks2 . The text in Wikipedia is highly structured. Apart from article pages being formatted in terms of sections and paragraphs, various relations exists between the pages themselves. These include: Redirect pages: These pages are used to redirect the query to the actual article page containing information about the entity denoted by the query. This is used to point alternative expressions for an entity to the same article, and accordingly models synonymy. Examples include CAR and SICKNESS3 redirecting to the AUTOMOBILE and DISEASE pages respectively, as well as U.S.A., U.S., USA, US, ESTADOS UNIDOS and YANKEE LAND all redirecting to the UNITED STATES page. Disambiguation pages: These pages collect links for a number of possible entities the original query could be pointed to. This models homonymy. For instance, the page BUSH contains links to the pages SHRUB, BUSH LOUISIANA, GEORGE H.W. BUSH and GEORGE W. BUSH. Internal links: Articles mentioning other encyclopedic entries point to them through internal hyperlinks. This models article cross-reference. For instance, the page ‘PATAPHYSICS contains links to the term inventor, ALFRED JARRY, followers such as RAYMOND QUENEAU, as well as distinctive elements of the philosophy such as NONSENSICAL and LANGUAGE. Since May 2004 Wikipedia provides also a semantic network by means of its categories: articles can be assigned one or more categories, which are further categorized to provide a so-called
PONZETTO @ EML - RESEARCH . DE STRUBE @ EML - RESEARCH . DE
Abstract
Wikipedia provides a semantic network for computing semantic relatedness in a more structured fashion than a search engine and with more coverage than WordNet. We present experiments on using Wikipedia for computing semantic relatedness and compare it to WordNet on various benchmarking datasets. Existing relatedness measures perform better using Wikipedia than a baseline given by Google counts, and we show that Wikipedia outperforms WordNet on some datasets. We also address the question whether and how Wikipedia can be integrated into NLP applications as a knowledge base. Including Wikipedia improves the performance of a m resolution system, indicating that it represents a valuable resource for NLP applications. Finally, we show that our method can be easily used for languages other than English by computing semantic relatedness for a German dataset.
1. This article builds upon and extends Ponzetto and Strube (2006a) and Strube and Ponzetto (2006).
c 2007 AI Access Foundation. All rights reserved.