湖南师范大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题(综合英语)
湖南师范大学研究生入学考试2002基础英语
1湖南师范大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题学科、专业：英语语言文学；外国语言学及应用语言学；学科教学论 考 试 科 目：基础英语（时量：3小时）Warning: Write all your answers on your Answer Sheet!Ⅰ。
Tick off the right choice among A, B, C, and D. (10分)1.The words are arranged in alphabetic order.A. anB. aC. /D. the2.The zoo is within easy reach of our university.A. /B. anC. aD. the3.It was the second time that Tom the film.A. sawB. had seenC. seeD. sees4.It’s high time that Jane married.A . gets B. getC. gotD. will get5． I’d rather that Bob his homework now.A .didB .doesC. doneD. would do6． It’s essential that the worker to work in time.A. goesB. wentC. goD. will go7. I move that the meeting .A. is postponedB. would be postponedC. should be postponedD. was postponed8. It suggests that Mr. Brown right.A. beB. isC. should beD. are9. I don’t think you are right, ？A. are youB. aren’t youC. don’t ID. aren’t I10. Mr. Smith must have arrived in New York, ?A. didn’t heB. mustn’t heC. is sheD. hasn’t he11. She must be a doctor, ?A. isn’t sheB. mustn’t sheC. is sheD. must she12. The library urged that the bookat once.。
2008年考研英语试卷及参考答案
Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused Much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] common [C] mean [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D]instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in resp onse to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerat ing stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “It’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birt h to a son, but wad determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later her marriage ended and she became a single mot her. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women[A] Need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] Have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] Are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] Are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be[A] domestic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet–and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it- is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National BasketballAssociation (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people- especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations- apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients – notably, protein –to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height- 5′9〞for men, 5′4〞for women- hasn’t really changed since 1960. Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gord on, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] compare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw- having extracted them from the months of his slaves.That’s far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with i ts slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states. St ill, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children- though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal afterobserving the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery wad regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do notpermit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will nit lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraph by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revision.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that in unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote: “The A &P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times- and then again- working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decisi on to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A& P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your no tes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correctdraft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed he possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kids gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said:“Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
2008年到2010年湖师大广告学真题
2008年硕士研究生入学考试自命题科目试题册业务课代码：833业务课名称：广告学考生须知：1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其它纸上无效。
2.答题时必须使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答，用其他笔答题不给分。
不得使用涂改液。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1.广告环境2.整合营销传播3．广告本体4.广告策划5.应变性广告6.STP营销：二、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1.简述SP与广告在营销目标上的差异2.简述奥格威关于品牌形象理论的意义3．什么是PLC（产品生命周期），它具有怎样的价值和意义。
4．简述DAGMAR理论及意义三、问答题（每题15分，共45分）1.论述公共关系策略在现代广告策划中的作用2.试论整合营销传播的世纪性意义3．论影响现代广告发展的社会因素。
四、论述题（每题35分，共35分）请论述什么是4P理论、4C理论、4R理论和4V理论，并简要阐述其内在的关联性。
自命题科目试题册业务课代码：833业务课名称：广告学（含现代广告通论、广告策划艺术、20世纪广告传播理论研究）考生须知：1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其它纸上无效。
2.答题时必须使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答，用其他笔答题不给分。
不得使用涂改液。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共25分）1.到达率（reach）2.广告创意3.广告口号4.售点广告（POP）5.焦点小组（focus group）二、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1.我国广告审查制度的特点2.广告公司客户关系生命周期及其特点3.AE模式的特点4.我国广告管理法律法规体系的特点三、论述题（每题15分，共45分）1.试论网络与数字传播时代广告告知功能的回归2.试述百度竞价排名的特点及其存在的问题3.请联系现实，谈谈我国户外广告管理存在的问题四、案例操作题（每题40分，共40分）1.“三鹿奶粉事件”爆发之后，中国奶业陷入了前所未有的行业危机之中。
请以“中国奶业协会（Dairy Association of China,缩写为DAC）”为主体，以“重建信心、重振奶业”为主题（具体题目自拟），撰写一份“2009年中国奶业整合营销传播方案”。
湖南师范大学考博英语真题2008答案解析
湖南师范大学考博英语真题2008答案解析PartⅠReading ComprehensionPassage 11.答案A解析：根据第一段可知，这种矛盾体现在人们担心流行文化对社会的影响，同时又认为学习流行文化毫无意义可言，从而忽视学习流行文化。
由此意，可知A选项符合。
2.答案A解析：细节题，第三段的最后一句话道出了one-way movement of popular culture wll leads to cultural imperialism.3.答案C解析：题目问的问题是“推理出的而非文章陈述出的是哪一项”，利用排除法，A中“流行节目被忽视”，文章表达的是流行文化的忽视，但人们还是很热衷于流行节目的，所以A 不符合；B选项，根据第三段的内容，B 与文章所表达的内容相反，所以也不符合；D中的这句话在第二段的最后一句，是文章陈述出的，所以不符合。
4.答案B解析：由第三段的内容可知在美国几乎没有外国的流行文化存在，这就导致了美国人欣赏地大都是美国制造的节目和流行文化，根据此意，B符合。
5.答案A解析：根据最后一段的最后一句话，可知A 最能表达作者的学习流行文化的观点。
Passage 26.答案C解析：文章的主题句competent researchers cite the most authoritative source, but what counts as authoritative again varies by field，可知文章主要在论述怎样去判定权威来源。
7.答案B解析：根据最后一段In the sciences ,out-of date might be a month ago.可推出B。
8.答案B解析：根据第一段的内容if you are dealing with primary sources, be sure your edition is rencent and published by a reputable press.可知B符合。
湖南师范大学l历年年语言学及应用语言学现代汉语考研试题
湖南师范大学2004年语言学及应用语言学现代汉语考研试题应用语言学, 湖南, 现代汉语, 师范大学, 考研湖南师范大学2004年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题学科、专业：语言学及应用语言学考试科目：现代汉语（含古代汉语阅读）（435）一、语音（25分）1.术语解释（10分）（1）辅音的发音方法（2）儿化韵2.（语音分析）请给下面的古阳入字注上国际音标，并简述它们的声母和声调的关系。
（15分）（1）落纳木入月（2）拔夺局十昨二、文字（25分）1.什么是语素文字？什么是音素文字？二者的主要区别是什么？（15分）2.简述现代汉字部件和偏旁的关系（10分）三、词汇：（选做一题，25分）1.合成词的构词方式有哪几种（具体到小类）？请尽量使用改革开放以来汉语中出现的新词例证加以说明。
2.据统计，改革开放以来出现了数以千计的新词语，请举例说明，并简述它们的主要特点及其产生的原因。
四、语法（25分）“把”字句和“被”字句一般都有相应的平行句型（即“主语+动词+宾语”句），请举例说明这两种句型在语义上、语法上以及语用上和它们各自相应的平行句型有哪些不同。
五、修辞（25分）借喻和借代的主要区别是什么？请辨别下面3个句子，哪是借喻，哪是借代，并简述理由。
（1）幸亏躲的快，要不，我这一百多斤可就交代了。
（2）看不出你这豆芽菜还真有把子劲。
（3）长腿的跑不过有轮子的，有轮子的赶不上安翅膀的。
六、翻译下面的文言文（李斯的《谏逐客书》中的一段）并作简要分析（25分）湖南师范大学硕士研究生入学2006年试题——语言学及应用语言学专业应用语言学, 湖南, 硕士研究生, 师范大学, 试题2006年硕士研究生招生全国统考专业课试题专业课代码：434（湖南师范大学语言学及应用语言学专业）专业课名称：现代汉语及其应用（1）所有答案一律写在答题纸上。
写在试题纸上或者其他地方一律不给分数。
（2）必须使用黑色或者蓝色钢笔、圆珠笔工整书写，不能使用铅笔、涂改液。
(完整word版)971_英语教学论
湖南师范大学硕士研究生入学考试自命题考试大纲考试科目代码：[971] 考试科目名称：英语教学论一、考试形式与试卷结构1．试卷分值及考试时长本试卷满分为150分，考试时长为180分钟。
2．答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
3．试卷结构第一部分：英语教学理论基本知识（1）名词解释题：6道题，每题5分，共计30分。
（2）简答题：4道题，每题15分，共计60分。
第二部分：英语教学理论基本知识运用分析论述题：3道题，每题20分，共计60分。
二、考试内容与考试要求1．考试内容（1）学科教学论：优秀教师的基本素养；交际能力、语言教学的交际原则；任务及任务型教学；新课程标准；教案设计；课堂管理；语言知识教学与跨文化意识培养；语言技能教学与综合语言技能教学；形成性评价与终结性评价；教材评估、选择及开发利用；外语教学法主要流派及其发展脉络。
（2）第二语言习得：第二语言习得的定义；一语与二语习得的差异；第二语言习得的途径与习得顺序；中介语；影响第二语言习得的外部因素；输入、互动、输出对习得的影响；母语的作用；学习者差异对二语习得的影响；课堂教学对二语习得的作用；二语习得理论及其发展脉络。
2．考试要求（1）能比较系统地掌握英语学科教学及第二语言习得的核心概念、基本知识、基础理论与基本方法；（2）能熟练运用学科教学论及第二语言习得的基本理论和方法分析、解决教学中的实际问题；三、参考书目1．王蔷：《英语教学法教程》（第二版），高等教育出版社，2006年。
2．束定芳、庄智象：《现代外语教学：理论、实践与方法》（修订版），上海外语教育出版社，2008年。
3．Ellis，R. Understanding Second Language Acquisition（《第二语言习得概论》），上海外语教育出版社，1999年。
湖南师范大学汉语言文字学04-08考研真题
2008 年全国硕士研究生入学考试业务课试题业务课代码：714 （湖南师范大学汉语言文字学专业用）业务课名称：古代汉语一、指出下面字的“六书” 类型，说明字形结构表示的本义（20分）燕朱秉函厶元歸執斬誣二、用楷书写出下面小篆字体写的字（5分）蠢乘羞羅發收威疽話弛三、术语解释（25分）1．古今字2．偏义复词3．互文4．古无轻唇音5．义界四、简答（30分）1．举例说明什么是词义的扩大与缩小。
2．举例说明宾语前置的几种类型。
3．近体诗与古体诗在用韵方面有何不同。
4．中古四声与现代汉语四声的关系。
五、把古文翻译成现代汉语（所有内容都要翻译，包括小字部分）（60分）1．伯夷、叔齐，孤竹君之二子也。
父欲立叔齐，及父卒，叔齐让伯夷。
伯夷曰：“父命也。
”遂逃去。
叔齐亦不肯立而逃之。
国人立其中子。
于是伯夷、叔齐闻西伯昌善养老，盍往归焉。
及至，西伯卒，武王载木主，号为文王，东伐纣。
伯夷、叔齐叩马而谏曰：“父死不葬，爰及干戈，可谓孝乎？以臣弑君，可谓仁乎？”左右欲兵之。
太公曰：“此义人也。
”扶而去之。
武王已平殷乱，天下宗周，而伯夷、叔齐耻之，义不食周粟，隐于首当山，采薇而食之。
及饿且死，作歌。
其辞曰：“登彼西山兮，采其薇矣。
以暴易暴兮，不知其非矣。
神农、虞、夏忽焉没兮，我安适归矣？于嗟徂兮，命之衰矣！”遂饿死于首阳山。
（《史记•伯夷列传》）2.阳货欲见孔子，孔子不见，归孔子豚。
孔子时其亡也，而往拜之，遇诸涂。
【归，如字，一作馈。
阳货，季氏家臣，名虎。
尝囚季桓子而专国政。
欲令孔子来见己，而孔子不往。
货以礼，大夫有赐于士，不得受于其家，则往拜其门。
故瞰孔子之亡而归之豚，欲令孔子来拜而见之也。
】谓孔子曰：“来！予与尔言。
”曰：“怀其宝而迷其邦，可谓仁乎？”曰：“不可。
”“好从事而亟失时，可谓知乎？”曰：“不可。
”“日月逝矣，岁不我与。
”孔子曰：“诺。
吾将仕矣。
”【好、亟、知，并去声。
宝怀迷邦，谓怀藏道德，不救过之迷乱。
亟，数也。
湖南师范大学学科英语专业二真题
湖南师范大学学科英语专业二真题1、He is a student of _______. [单选题] *A. Class SecondB. the Class TwoC. Class Two(正确答案)D. Second Two2、5．Shanghais is known ________ “the Oriental Pearl”, so many foreigners come to visit Shanghai very year. [单选题] *A．forB．as (正确答案)C．withD．about3、There _____ wrong with my radio. [单选题] *A. are somethingB. are anythingC. is anythingD. is something(正确答案)4、—Why do you call him Mr. Know?—______ he knows almost everything that we want to know.（）[单选题] *A. SoB. OrC. ButD. Because(正确答案)5、_____ of the teachers in this district are women teachers. [单选题] *A. Four fifthB. Four fifths(正确答案)C. Fourth fifthsD. Four five6、When you have trouble, you can _______ the police. They will help you. [单选题] *A. turn offB. turn to(正确答案)C. turn onD. turn over7、At nine yesterday morning, I ______ an English class while they ______ a PE class.（）[单选题] *A. was having; were having(正确答案)B. had; hadC. was having; hadD. had; were having8、We all wondered（）Tom broke up with his girlfriend. [单选题] *A. thatB. whatC. whoD. why(正确答案)9、95--Where and when _______ you _______ it? [单选题] *A. did; buy(正确答案)B. do; buyC. have; boughtD. will; buy10、Will you see to（）that the flowers are well protected during the rainy season? [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. meC. oneD. yourself11、What he said sounds _______. [单选题] *A. pleasantlyB. nicelyC. friendly(正确答案)D. wonderfully12、In the closet（）a pair of trousers his parents bought for his birthday. [单选题] *A. lyingB. lies(正确答案)c. lieD. is lain13、We need some green paint badly, but there' s _____ at hand. [单选题] *A. notB. nothingC. little(正确答案)D. none14、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?--I like potatoes best. [单选题] *A. fruitB. vegetable(正确答案)C. drinkD. meat15、（）of the twins was arrested because I saw them both at a party last night. [单选题] *A. NoneB. BothC. Neither(正确答案)D. All16、The manager demanded that all employees _____ on time. [单选题] *A. be(正确答案)B. areC. to beD. would be17、39．—What do you ________ my new dress?—Very beautiful. [单选题] *A．look atB．think aboutC．think of(正确答案)D．look through18、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?? ? ? --like peaches best. [单选题] *A. fruit(正确答案)B. vegetablesC. drinkD. plants19、Thank you very much. You gave us ____ our factory needed. [单选题] *A. informationB. informationsC. the information(正确答案)D. the informations20、75．Why not________ for a walk? [单选题] *A．go out(正确答案)B．to go outC．going outD．goes out21、Either you or the president（）the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting. [单选题] *A. is handing outB. are to hand outC. are handing outD. is to hand out(正确答案)22、33．Body language is even___________ and ___________ than any other language. [单选题] *A．stronger, loudB．strong, louderC．strong, loudD．stronger, louder (正确答案)23、As I know, his salary as a doctor is much higher_____. [单选题] *A. than that of a teacher(正确答案)B. than a teacherC. to that of a teacherD. to a teacher24、Having stayed in the United States for more than ten years, he got an American（）[单选题] *A. speechB. accent(正确答案)C. voiceD. sound25、90．—I want to go to different places, but I don’t know the ________. —A map is helpful,I think. [单选题] *A．price(正确答案)B．timeC．wayD．ticket26、79．On a ________ day you can see the city from here. [单选题] *A．warmB．busyC．shortD．clear(正确答案)27、Since we have _____ money left,we can't afford the expensive computer. [单选题] *A. a littleB. a fewC. little(正确答案)D. few28、16．Lily is a lovely girl. We all want to ________ friends with her. [单选题] * A．haveB．make(正确答案)C．doD．take29、Three ______ died of water pollution last winter. [单选题] *A. hundreds of villagersB. hundred villagers(正确答案)C. hundreds villagersD. hundred of villagers30、_____ yuan a month _____ not enough for a family of three to live on today. [单选题] *A. Five hundred; is(正确答案)B. Five hundreds; areC. Five hundred; areD.Five hundreds; is。
湖南师范大学学位英语历年考试真题
湖南师范大学学位英语历年考试真题您的姓名（真实全名）： [填空题] *_________________________________一、交际用语（10分，每题1分）根据情景补全对话，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. —The visit to Italy is fairly good, though we did have quite a lot of rain. —________________. [单选题] *A. It's a wonderful journey.B. You must get wet.C. It's a hard journey.D. What a pity！(正确答案)2. —This is Kathy Chen, our Financial Officer. —__________________. [单选题] *A. Finance Officer is an important position.B. OK. Let's go to see her.C. I'm pleased to meet you, Kathy.(正确答案)D. Thank you, Kathy.3. —Would you mind if I smoke here? —___________________. [单选题] *A. Yes, go ahead.B. No, I wouldn't mind at all.(正确答案)C. No, you cannot smoke here.D. You are a smoker!4. —Sorry, I made a mistake again.—__________________________. Practice more, and you'll succeed. [单选题] *A. Take it easy.(正确答案)B. Certainly not.C. Don't mention it.D. Don't blame yourself.5.—______________________. —I am so glad that there was no traffic jam. [单选题] *A. How have you been recently?B. How did you come over here?C. How was the traffic coming over here?(正确答案)D. How was the position?6. —I've started my own software company. —______________________. [单选题] *A. Could you tell me who is the owner?B. No kidding! Congratulations!(正确答案)C. If I had the money, I'd start one.D. My company runs well.7. —Are you ready to buy a car, Sir? —_______________. [单选题] *A. Yes, please.B. Please don't buy it.C. No, don't mention it.D. Yes, I'd like to have a Jeep.(正确答案)8. —What is the distance between the two places? —__________________. [单选题] *A. The distance is not important.B. We should care about it.C. It is about 15 kilometers.(正确答案)D. It is not far away.9. —How did you enjoy the performance? —______________________. [单选题] *A. Perfect. It is attractive.(正确答案)B. It's up to you.C. It is a good question.D. Yes, you did well.10. —I love the Internet. I've come to know many friends on the Net.—__________________. Few of them would become your real friends. [单选题] *A. That's for sure.B. It's hard to say.(正确答案)C.I couldn't agree more.D. I'm pleased to know that.二、词语用法与语法结构（30分，每题1分）阅读下面的句子，从A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。
2008年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题
四、不定项选择题（每题至少有一个选项是正确的，请选出，每题1分，共15分）。
（1）下列著名语言学家中，＿＿＿是历史比较语言学的代表人物之一。
A．乔姆斯基B．萨丕尔C．索绪尔D．拉斯克
（2）狭义的应用语言学指的是＿＿＿。
A、语言教学B、语言学教学
C、语言信息处理D、心理语言学
第2页，共4页
A．社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的
B．社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的
C．一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言
D．一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言
（11）下列选项中有关国际音标的论述正确的是＿＿＿。
A．国际音标是国际语音协会1888年8月制定的一套记音符号
B.音素和音标一一对应，记音精确
2008年硕士研究生招生入学考试试题
科目代码及名称:语言学概论（813）（A）卷适用专业：汉语言文字学、语言学及应用语言学
（请考生在答题纸上答题，在此试题纸上答题无效）
一、名词解释（每题3分，共18分）
（1）语言学
（2）语法范畴
（3）音位
（4）语流音变
（5）历史比较法
（6）语言融合
二、判断题，下列句子表述正确的打“√”，错误的打“×”。（每题1分，共12分）
（1）语言是思维的重要工具，没有语言人类就无法思维。
（2）文字是在语言的基础上产生的，是记录语言的工具，始终从属于语言。
（3）语言是人类最重要的交际工具，哑巴不能发声，不会交际。
（4）“石头”的“头”和“船头”的“头”都是成词语素。
（5） 从本质上看，语言也是一种符号，也有形式和声音两个方面。
（6）以词形变化作为表示语法关系的主要手段的语言是屈折语。
湖南师范大学 专业硕士 期末英语口语考试
1.“Habit is a second nature. Habit is ten times nature.” Do youagree ? Why?It has been rightly said that habit is a second nature. That is what we do often today will soon become a part of our natural self tomorrow. For habit, whether good or bad, is the basis of character and a man is regarded by society according to his habits and disposition.We should never disregard the importance of habit. Some are in the habit of forgetting to do things or of mislaying things. Some have a habit for being always late. Some always give up a job after the first attempt. Some are habitual late-risers; others are always slow; habit causes loss to oneself and irritates others.I still remember a case which is unforgettable to me. It was duringthe summer vacation. After my shopping from the supermarket, I couldn't find my key when I arrived at home and began to do my homework. Being anxious and worried, I began to research each corner of my room for the key. And I even looked for it in everyoneplace of my house where I had passed. However, all that I did came to be vain and I wasted my whole morning in this meaningless thing otherwise I should have finished my homework.Finally, being depressed and frustrated, I told it to my parents and had the preparation of being criticized for my carelessness. It isnot out of my expectation that my parents blamed me, nevertheless my mother gave the key to me which I thought it was lost. She told me that I had forgotten to take it away after inserting it into the lock hole, and instructed me to be more careful in my daily life. Definitely this case indeed gives me alesson that I ought to be careful, and it also makes me recall a typical case which reflect the importance of habit. I think we must make automatic and habitual ,as early as possible,as many useful actions as we can .Because more of the details of our daily life we can hand over to the effortless custody of automatism, the more our higher powers of mind will be set free for their own proper and important work.2.Some people think “I speak both languages”equals “I’m agood translator”，Do you agree with them?I don’t agree with the ideal.The translator is a bridge betweenthe two languages.The translator's task is to create conditions under which the source language author and the target language reader can interact with one another. It is known to all thata good translator’s talentlies in being good with languages. They must have abilities to handle both languages very skillfully,which is the basic requirement for a translator.But it was not enough to become a good translator. Translation is a complicatedandchallenging work. Firstly, as a translator, you are expected to be an expert in translating each individual text.You have to be able to read as well as a critic and write as well as a writer.Secondly, a good translator should be familiar with the culture, customs, and social settings of the source and target language speakers. He should also be familiar with different registers, styles of speaking, and social stratification of both languages.In addition,a good translator should be patient. It is a work taking much time. You cannot act like a child.Today you are happy, and you translate several paragraphs; tomorrow you are unhappy, and you cannot put your heart into it. A translator must be sure that heis in good condition and not be influenced by emotion. In my opinion, translation is a silent work. So a good translator shouldn’t be afraid of loneliness andremaining nameless.Oppositely, he should love this situation and shoulder the responsibility readily.3.Is the work of translation easy or difficult？What is yourproblem while doing translation?I think translation is extremely difficult for me.I know my proficiency level in English is very low, so i will not try a work of translation, unless it is in the Englishexamination.First of all, thebiggest problem is that my vocabulary is very limited; therefore I often don’t understand what the author’s idea exactly,not to mentionfinding the right and appropriate words to express the author’s meaning. Secondly, lack of discourse management strategies;I feel that the original meaning of the text has been changed after my translation.Finally, I don't understand the social background of the original work.I easily put my personal ideas and the imagination into them.Although there are some difficulties in my learning English, but I will continue to work hard and continue to solve my own problems.4. The brainwashing song Little Apple is so popular that it can be heard here and there recently. Some readily dance to the music while others turn up their nose at it. What do you think of the song?Called "brainwashing pop song" by many, Little Apple has become popular overnight in China like Gangnam Style or Tante in the recent past. Like any other brainwashing song, it is simple and easy on rhythm with straightforward but meaningless lyrics and fast paced. I really love this song. First of all, I think one of the main functions of music is to bring happiness to people and this song really makes people relaxed and takes their minds off troubles. It can be quickly learned and easy to follow even devoted to the practical work. It canbe called a sense of the work song. Secondly, I think the lyrics of this song are very enthusiastic, expressing bold love to the lover. If this song was vulgar, that many other songs may have been group of vulgar. Finally, this song has no error values on publicity, also does not mislead the mass. I think that it’s necessary to have elegan t and meaningful music, and they will be the classics of the times and cast a long shadow. While, we also need some simple and crude folk songs which can satisfy the common and natural needs of everyone. Diversification and Inclusiveness is always good for our society.5. What are the major problems in China’s high education system? How do you think we should address them?Now, Chinese higher education systems, which were established since the reform in 1977, have been carried out, and have been developed for more than 20 years. When we review and meditate upon this system, we can find out some negative phenomenon. I have much of my opinions on Chinese higher education and have strong feeling in expressing my opinion.The following questions remain in the current Chinese higher education: As we know, a good education should train students to think for themselves, but the value outlook of traditional education pays much attention to the examination system.A student can or can’t gain credits and graduate is due to weather he or she can pass the allkinds of tests designed by school or other institutions.Thus not only can’t motivate studen ts to learn widely and develop their interests and passion for their major but also deprive the students’ freedom.Another problem in higher education is that there is less relationship between the theories and practices.What we have been learning now in a lot of time is the knowledge of the theories, which maybe underlie the students of the basic knowledge, but at the same time, it also makes students lose a lot of opportunities to discover and implement patterns by themselves in practice, and in the end leads them to be unfamiliar to realistic development of social environment.The third problem is therprevalent administrativization and bureaucratization in many universities.There are some officials who often do not have an academic background, yet they make decisions on issues ranging from setting majors, curriculum planning and performance evaluation to the distribution of funds. And it is well-known that many academics pay more attention to cultivating ties with influential officials to secure their career development than to serious scholarship, as the prevalent bureaucratisation has fuelled the desire for official ranks even among academics. Students are also affectedby these trends .They lose the qualities which as equally important to a person as the person's academic achievement and friendsourcingare her sense of self-worthiness, self-respect, herability to think critically and independently, her ethic standard, and her commitment to her civic responsibilities as a citizen of her country. These are aspects of life that a mere degree in higher education cannot offer to its recipient.The ideal modern university is one with academic freedom, institutional autonomy, and governance by professors and students. There needs to be a reasonable relationship between the education providers, educators and those being educated. Based on these standards, there is really no true modern university in our country at the moment.So higher education shouldfind some equilibrium pots among universities, government and society on the one hand, and on the other, set up equilibrium between economic interest and moral civilization. Only if higher education in China sets up the equilibrium and keeps it well, society would find the graduate students it needs and the graduate students could find their appropriate position in society, and real masters would arise in the future.6. What do you think college students should learn from their college experience?Time spent at a university is a most worthwhile period in a young person's life.This is a time when a student begins to form his or her ideas about life in general.During the four years,he not onlydevelops his academic intellectual abilities, but also develops social skills as well as knowledge and wisdom necessary for choosing a future career.I think that the most important we should learn in college isIndependent thinking. We need to establish the value system of our own, instead of being good boy or girl in the eyes of parents. The foremost objective in college life is not acquiring knowledge and academic skills, but to find your true passion, theidealitywhich you can pursuit during lifetime, and plan for the implementation of each step.In process of search, pursuit and realization, you will naturally understand what knowledge and ability you need, and you will naturally exercise these capabilities. I have ever met many college students who don’t know their own interests and what they really what to do,just following the crowd in different ways.When they faced with graduation, they attributethe confusion, vacantness, and helpless feeling tothe inevitable pain of youth. Eventually, the cost of all this forsocietyisthe simplification of social value orientation and money worship.Because the driving force of social progress don't know what theyreally want. For that reason, I believe that thinking independently and realizing what is the way to be your future life is foremost affairs that the college student should learn from college experience.7. What role does mass media play in our life？How much will itaffect people’s decision?The mass media plays extensi ve role in an individual’s daily life. There is no doubt that the mass media can influence the way that people’s behavior. Advertising is one of the most fundamental and typical way, where consumers are brought into buying what they are shown to be good or popular, with their decisions based on what they saw on television, newspapers or internet. Advertisers can promote, exploit the demands or even produce the needs of people. For example, since 2010online retailers have transformed theSingles' Day, also known as "Double 11" into an epic online shopping extravaganza akin to America's Cyber Monday.On that day you may don’t have much shopping demand, but under the overwhelmingadvertising campaigns, you might unknowingly buy a lot of things online not in the budget and spend lots of money beyond expected.Meanwhile it should be recognized that the mass media canpropagateinformation,changing people’s minds and guide st year,mass media reported many times that mainland touristswere discriminatedand suffered from unfair treatment in Hong Kong.As a result,the number of Chinese travelling abroad during Last Spring Festival went up 10 percent, but the number visiting Hong Kong fell for the first time over the past 20 years because of anti-mainland sentiment. In summary, the media role of informationprovider should be acknowledged and it can greatly affect people’s decisions and action.8. Do you like travelling? Can you share with us the most interesting or unforgettable experience during your travel?I love traveling. Last summer vacation, I went to Hainan. Going to Hainan for one week was a very enjoyable and excited experience for me. I have experienced a lot of things for the first time.In haikou, the sky is also brighter and clearer than that I had ever seen and the climate is totally different from that in Changsha.It was warm there and we could see coconut trees everywhere. I visited the tomb of Hairui, an officer in Qing dynasty who was famous for rectitude andincorruptness. I think he should be the role model of everyofficials. I also went to Boao where is famous for its forum. It was my first time to admirethe sea and the beach in the sunshine. I could clearly see the ocean wavesbreaking on the shore. The ship would lie there mirrored in a perfectly unmoving glossy sea.Tourists sunbathe and frolic in the ocean. Sunshine, beach and seawater, what a joyous and restful holiday!I can’t forget this trip, not only does it give me a lot of joy, relaxation and good memory, but also it give me a chance and time to think about myself and what I want out of life.9. Nowadays, people, especially the youth, like to follow andimitate celebrities.Do you have some tips for them?Nowadays,star-worship is popular among people,especially the youth.However, blindly worshipping and imitatingcelebrities is a kind of irrationalbehavior.To tell the truth，I am a fan of AKB48 but I am not crazy. According to my experience, there are some tips for these youth: Firstly,We can’t be a blindly fanboy or fangirl.Following an idol is not regarding him as a God .He is not your motivation of catfight, either.It is his life you see that you will never live forever.And that person will be very seriously go ahead carrying your dream. Only such a person can be an idol.What you worship should be truly character rather than appearance. Secondly,don't lavish too much time and money on these things. Star-worship should not become your whole life. I think that the cost should not be more than 10% of your expense. Thirdly,abandon the narrow perspective. Your classmate and friend may worship different idols;we can’t force others to accept our own preferences.For example,I like mayuyu-a member of AKB48 but one of my roommatelikes Huachenyu very much who is a littlesilly in my opinion.But we never say onebad wordabout our idols each other. Last but not least,be good at absorbing the positive experience from the idol and don't lose yourself because you can only be yourself.10. Are you fond of travelling? For what purpose do you usually travel?I love travelling. Travel is a good way to refresh and broaden my horizon. During the travel, I can turn off mobile phone and keep away from the Internet; forget my work, study and just enjoy the leisure time. From the moment when I start journey, all the trifles should be locked at my house. Travel is a window for me to know a different world. I have opportunity to meet various people and experience different cultures. It is inevitable that through these experiences i will learn a lot about myself. The ideal that whoi am as a person and what i want out of life might very well be changed.We all get a limited amount of time on this Earth, and no one knows when it will come to an end.As Mark Twain said“Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do.”I really don’t want to stay in the same town or city formywhole life, without meeting new people, tasting new foods and seeing and experiencing life as others do.11. On Saturday evening,fireworks are set off on the Orange Isle from May to October every year. It has become a must for tourists to Changsha to watch the fireworks. On the other hand, environmentalists are lobbyingto put an end to this practice. What’s your opinion on this issue?As far as I'm concerned, it’s unrealistic to put an end to thispractice although it has produced a lot of air pollutantsand causedserious traffic congestion with the cost ofa huge amount of money. Fireworkshas been one of the famous travel brandfor Changsha and caused great economic effect and long-lasting social effect.It is reported thatevery Orange Island fireworksattracted an average of 150 thousand people to watch in 2013. At present tourist receipts has grown by35%, and the 97% of tour groups arrangedfor Orange Island fireworks. It has already become a part of cultural construction and an important step towards internationalization of Changsha. In other time, I think that fireworks were set off 30times this year was too much. It may bore the local audiences like me. I think we can conduct SuperFireworks Show in summer every year concluding several activities such as firework;music concert;Outdoor Play and Food Festivalat the same time just like a grand ceremonyinstead of increasing times to set off the fireworks.Meanwhile we couldcelebrate the festivals in summer likeDouble Seventh Festival or Children’s day.Above is only my individual viewpoint.12. What does “happiness” mean to you? What is the best thing happened on you during the last ten years?Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people.While some people link happinessto wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships. Yet others think that spiritual paths,are the only way to true happiness.In my opinion, happiness is doing what I love with someone I like.My happiest timeduring the last ten years is in the fourthyear of my college. I do not have any courses to learn and I spent most of time with my best friend---Chen Yuanyuan. It was the last free time for us and we didn’t do anything special like travelling together. I realized one year later we had to say a temporary goodbye so I really appreciated the leisure time we live together. We shared each other's gossip and feelings and talk about our life, ideals. We even exchanged our views on social issues and imaginedthe future.Almost every day we eat dinner together and took a walk. Even if it is only face to face with the phone or computer, I also feel very happy. Now she is a civil servant in local government, and we still sent messages everyday.13. What differences do you think your college education has made in your life? Say something about them.Time spent in collegewas a most worthwhile period in my life.Thatwas a time when I began to form my ideas about life and found my real passion. College education was not as a product that used to increase my income in that all-important first job ormaximize the return on investment, but as a platform from which I willgenerate some of the most important features in my life. It’s an intermediary,a capacity builder that led to many more things than at any one moment you could possibly know would be useful.During the four years, I had the opportunity and free time to readextensive books and listen to the lectures of top experts in their fields. I took part in a lot of practical activities to understand the world and other different people better. This stimulation and experiences encouragedme to thinkindependently, ask questions, and explore new ideas, which allowed for additional growth and development and providedme with an edge and opportunity to acquire the graduate education.。
湖南师范大学行政管理历年真题-(08-11年)
湖南师范大学行政管理考研历年真题（2008-2011）2008年公共管理学名词解释1. 公共管理2. 前瞻性管理3. 政府失灵4. 公共政策评估5. 电子政府6. 绩效评估的4E标准7. 政府再造简答1．简述公共管理与私部门管理的差异2．简述B途径的公共管理与P途径的公共管理的不同之处3．简述战略管理的基本特征4．简述公共组织的特质5．简述人力资源管理的主要功能6．简述企业型政府的基本特征论述1. 试论全面整合的危机管理模式2. 试论公共部门绩效管理的问题及改进策略2008年公共政策学名词解释（5*6）1. 公共政策学的研究对象2. 马克思韦伯3. 概率抽样4. 渐进主义模型5. 公共政策评估6. 公共政策目标简答（5*10）1. 如何理解公共政策研究的多学科性2. 古代中国的政策缘何发达？3. 简述公民参与公共决策的主要途径怎样理解公共决策过程的民主化？公共政策监控的作用论述（2*25）1．试比较危机决策与常规决策2．结合实际，谈谈你对公共政策分析的认识案例（20）长株潭城市群的申报过程与武汉新特区的申报过程结合案例，如何进行公共政策方案的规划分析2009年公共管理学一、名词解释30分1电子政府2绩效管理3全面整合的危机管理体系4企业型政府5新公共管理6政府失灵二、简要问答60分1简述市场经济中政府的基本职能2简述胡德提出的新公共管理的七个要点3简述波兹曼和史陶斯曼提出的理想的公共管理者应有的七个基本特质。
4简述公共政策的特质5简述公共组织的特性6简述顾客导向的公共管理与传统公共管理的不同三、论述60分1. 试论公共危机管理政策2. 试论公共部门绩效管理的问题以及改进策略2009年公共政策学一、名词解释30分1.公共政策分析2.克劳塞维斯3.概率抽样4.动态规划5.元政策6.全体一致规则二、简答50分1.简评《民主视野》一书中关于公共利益的四种具有代表性的定义。
2.列举美国学者罗伯特贝恩给想成为政策终结者的人们提出的十二项忠告。
08年湖大史论真题
湖南大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生
入学考试命题专用纸
招生专业名称：设计艺术学
考试科目代码：605 考试科目名称：设计艺术史论
………………………………………………………………………………………………………注意：答题（包括填空题、选择题）必须答在专用答题纸上，否则无效。
一、简答题，每题20分，共40分。
1、根据考生所报考的专业方向，简述设计师应对全球性气候变
化所担负的历史责任。
2、论设计的综合化趋势
二、填空题，每题1分，共10分。
1、请列出后现代主义的三个特征:
2、请列出柯布西埃新建筑5大特点中的三点：
3、明代家具取得了高度的艺术成就，从设计上来说有四个方面
的重要因素：
三、名词解释（可用中文答题），每题5分，共30分。
1、Arts and Crafts
2、Bauhaus
3、High-Tech
4、Memphis
5、Rococo
6、Modernism
四、绘图题，每题2分，共10分。
1、各雷夫斯1985年为阿莱西公司设计的自鸣叫水壶
2、塔特林设计的第三国际纪念塔
3、爱奥尼克柱式
4、阿尔瓦。
阿尔托20世纪30年代设计的玻璃花瓶
5、半坡小口尖底瓶
五、论述题，每题20分，共60分。
1、简述中国古代建筑的基本特色
2、简论以人为中心的设计
3、简述二次大战后德国现代设计的发展及其特点。