2019最新4923平法图集讲座2优质文档英语
人教版(2019)选择性必修第四册Unit 2 Iconic Attractions 单词课件
sth is based：
The foundation of every state is its education of its youth.
“Lianda laid the foundation for every achievement I have made,” Yang
Zhenning recalled. [U] 创建；创办 (establishment)：
Unit 2 Iconic Attractions
words and expressions
1. iconic adj. 符号的；图标的 icon n. 图标，符号；偶像 iconic sites iconic attractions
03
2. foundation
found: v.创建; 建立 (founded) founder 创建者
定……位置；
坐落于; 位于
1 ___L_o_c_a_t_ed_(locate) in the tropical area, this
Be located at/in/near 坐 落于；位于
country is rich in a wide variety of fruits.
(2)location n. 地点, 位置; 2 The _lo_c_a_t_io_n_(locate) of the apartment is close to the
go diving
dive 语义网络图
跳进…… 的深处
dive 基本义
“跳进”水的“深处” “跳进”某个方向的“深处”
“跳进”事情的“深处”
跳水；潜水 冲向；俯冲；扑
全身心投入
1.They claim that some computer games encourage __v_i_o_le_n_t___ (violence) behaviour in children.
Unit2DiscoveringUsefulStructures课件高中英语人教版必修第三册(完整版
2. My broyher always loves playing
宾语
basketball after school.
3. His hobby is playing games.
表
语
4. The lady doing the live broadcast is called
Attention Please
2. 现在分词的语态。 使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要 取决于现在分词与句子主语之间的关系。句 子的主语就是现在分词的逻辑主语。若是主 动关系就用主动式(doing/having done), 若是 被动关系就用被动式(being done/having been done)(针对现在分词充当状语而言）.
Practice makes perfect!
请判断下列从句是何种状语从句，并将它们改写 成现在分词作状语。
1. When they saw their teacher, the students
stood up.
时间
2. Because he was ill, he couldn’t go to school.原因
3. If you work harder at English, you will make
greater progress.
条件
4. Although they felt very tired，they kept 让步
Attention Please 1. 现在分词的时态。
现在分词作状语时，要注意分词的时间性， 是用现在分词的一般式(doing), 还是用完成式 (having done). 1) 当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发 生时，用现在分词的一般式 (doing).
HwAN_PNX490x_Audio_Tuning_CTA_pxxxxx_V1_0
PNX490x Acoustic Test for CTAAudio Tuning for CTAAudio TuningRev. 1.20 16/02/2009NoteDocument informationInfo ContentTitle PNX490x Acoustic Test for CTAShort Title 490x AudioSubtitle Audio Tuning for CTAAuthor(s) Shan OuyangDepartment Division Cellular, BU EntryDocument IDDocument Type NoteRevision numberStatus Company ConfidentialKeywords 490x audio dasAbstractDistribution informationName Department AddressST-NXP wireless490x AudioAudio TuningContact informationFor additional information, please visit: Revision history Rev Date Description 1.0 20090216 Creation1. Content1.Content (3)2.Abbreviations (4)3.References (4)4.Introduction (5)5.Introduction of Audio Test in China TypeApproval (5)5.1Specifications (5)5.2Test items of CTA (5)6.Hardware and Software requirements (6)6.1Test Setup (6)6.2List of Equipment (6)6.3Audio Tuning Tools (7)7.Audio Tuning Procedures (7)7.1Tuning of Receive Frequency Response(RFR) (9)7.2Tuning of Receive Loudness Rating (RLR) (11)7.3Tuning of Send Frequency Response(SFR) (12)7.4Tuning of Send Loudness Rating (SLR) (13)7.5Tuning of Sidetone Masking Rate (STMR)14 7.6Tuning of Sending Distortion (15)7.7Tuning of Receive Distortion (17)7.8Tuning of Idle Channel Noise Receiving (18)7.9Tuning of Idle Channel Noise Sending (18)7.10Tuning of Acoustic Echo Control (AEC) (19)8.Legal information (19)8.1Disclaimers (19)2. AbbreviationsAcronym DescriptionAudioMon PC software used to adjust the audio subsystem. Version 2.44 and aboveshould be used with 4902.PGA Programmable Gain AmplifierCODEC Basically COder DECoder but used in the document as “DAC+ADC”LRGP Loudness Rating Guardring PositionERP Ear Reference PointMRP Mouth Reference Point3. References[1] Hw_UM_PNX490x_Audio_Mon_User_Manual_p23958.pdf : AudioMon user manual[2] Hw_ApplicationNote_PNX4902_Audio_Subsystem_p28595 : Audio structures and performance presentation[3] YD/T 1538-2006, Technical Requirements and Testing Methods for Acoustics Performance of Digital Mobile Terminal[4] 3GPP TS26.131, TS26.1324. IntroductionThis document helps readers understand audio test and gives guidelines how to tune the audio parameters of platform to pass audio tests of China Type Approval.5. Introduction of Audio Test in China Type ApprovalAll the mobile terminals sold in China market need to pass China type approval (CTA). The main test authority named CTTL (China Telecommunication Technology Labs) which Located in Beijing.5.1 SpecificationsThe Chinese national standard YD/T1538-2006 is followed by CTA. It has the same requirements with other international specifications which are:FTA: 3GPP TS 51.0103GPP TS 26.131 & TS 26.132ITU-T: P.51, P.57, P.58, P.64, P.67...5.2 Test items of CTACurrently seven items need to be tested in CTA and six of them must pass the test.Sending Frequency Response (SFR)Sending Loudness Rating (SLR)Receiving Frequency Response (RFR)Receiving Loudness Rating (RLR) nom volReceiving Loudness Rating (RLR) max volSide tone Masking Rating (STMR)Distortion SendingAlso following additional items were required by CTTL from Jan.1 2009.Distortion ReceivingEcho Loss (EL)Idle Channel Noise Receiving nomIdle Channel Noise Receiving maxIdle Channel Noise SendingStability MarginNote 3GPP TSTest name Requirement26.131CTA 5.4.1 Sending frequency response (Template)CTA 5.2.2 Sending loudness rating (SLR) 5...11 dBCTA 5.4.2 Receiving frequency response (Template)CTA 5.2.2 Nom. Receiving loudness rating (RLR) -1...5 dBCTA 5.2.2 Max. Receiving loudness rating (RLR) ≥ -13 dBCTA 5.5.1 Side Tone Masking Rating (STMR) 15...23 dBNew 5.7.1 Acoustic Echo Control ≥ 46 dBNew 5.6 Stability Loss (Nooscillation)CTA 5.8.1 Distortion – Sending (Template)New 5.8.2 Distortion – Receiving (Template)New 5.3.1 Idle noise – Sending -64dBNew 5.3.2 Idle noise – Receiving (Nominal) -57 dBNew 5.3.2 Idle noise – Receiving (Maximum) -54 dB6. Hardware and Software requirements6.1 Test SetupThe audio test can be conducted via DAI interface or air interface. Nowadays air interface is more popular and is used in CTA. Below is the typical test setup:6.2 List of EquipmentBelow are equipments using in STN Shanghai.Rhode & Schwarz UPV. (CTA is using ACQUR from Head Acoustic)Rhode & Schwarz CMU 200Artificial EarArtificial Ear ITU type 1: B&K Type 4185Artificial Ear ITU type 3.2: B&K Type 4195Artificial Mouth. B&K Type 4227Telephone Test Head: B&K Type 4602BSound level calibrator B&K Type 4231Microphone power-supply: B&K 2690A0S2The terminal under test, artificial mouth and ear should be put together into an acoustic chamber.6.3 Audio Tuning ToolsAll the audio parameters of terminal are stored in flash memory. A PC tool TAT (Test and Auto Test) is used to read, edit, import and export the audio parameters.AudioMon is another PC tool which is used to modify audio parameters on the fly. Detailed user guide please refer to reference.7. Audio Tuning ProceduresChosen settings of the audio parameters are stored in audio data section of flash memory. It is normallynecessary to have different settings of the audio parameters for different audio accessories connected to the mobile terminal (for example normal usage using the internal microphone and earphone, portable headset, loudspeaker, Bluetooth® headset, and so on). Hence, normally one pair of dedicated data sections called DSPTxOrgan[x] & DSPRxOrgan[x] should be prepared for each audio accessory used.Since FTA/CTA only test headset mode which only DSPTxOrgan[0] (main mic) and DSPRxOrgan[0] (main speaker) is involved, the following descriptions are all refer to DSPOrgan[0].Before first audio tuning, the default audio parameters has been stored in the mobile terminal with original delivery.After mounting the terminal in test set and a call was established between terminal and CMU200, audio tuning can be start. It is recommended that the tuning executed in the following common order:31.2.3. After tuning parameters, reread all parameters from terminal RAM into other active memo.4. Save the active memo to a file which will contain new parameters.5. Use TAT to import new parameters into terminal flash memory.Before continuing with the actual tuning it is recommended that the reader gets familiar with related 3GPP specifications, R&S equipments operation and NXP testing tools.TIP：During audio test, MS signal power level of CMU200 should be set as PCL 12 in GSM900.7.1 Tuning of Receive Frequency Response (RFR)This section describes how to tune frequency response in the audio receive path.7.1.1 DescriptionThe input frequency response is specified as the transmission ratio in dB of the sound pressure in the artificial ear to the input voltage at the voice coder input of CMU200.The mobile under test is installed in the LRGP position (ITU-T P.76) and the speaker is sealed to the artificial ear.The voice coder is driven so that tones with an internal reference level of -16 dBm0 are obtained. The noisepressure in the artificial ear is measured and evaluated.If type 1 artificial ear is used, The receiving frequency response must be within the limit lines specified in table30.2 of 3GPP TS51.010. The absolute sensitivity is not yet taken into account.Frequency (Hz) Upper Limit (dB) Lower Limit (dB)100 -12 -200 0 -300 2 -7500 - -51000 0 -53000 2 -53400 2 -104000 2 -Note 1: All sensitivity values are expressed in dB on a coordinate axis.Note 2: The limit of “-” lies on a straight line drawn between the breaking points on alogarithmic (frequency)/linear (dB sensitivity) coordinate.Limit lines according to 3GPP TS51.010 table 30.2If type 3.2 artificial ear is used, The receiving frequency response must be within the limit lines specified in table2 of 3GPP TS26.131.Frequency (Hz) Upper Limit (dB) Lower Limit (dB)70 -10 -200 2 -300 - -9500 - -1000 - -73000 - -3400 - -124000 2 -Note 1: All sensitivity values are expressed in dB on a coordinate axis.Note 2: The limit of “-” lies on a straight line drawn between the breaking points on a logarithmic(frequency)/linear (dB sensitivity) coordinate.Limit lines according to 3GPP TS26.131 table 2The offset of the measured frequency response to the upper or lower limit curve is calculated and then the total curve is shifted by the mean value of the maximum and minimum offset. Then another limit check is performed.If the shifted curve is within the limit lines, PASS is output, otherwise FAIL is output. The limit check isperformed at each measured frequency. If the measured value and the end point of a limit curve are not at the same frequency, it may happen that the trace slightly crosses a corner of the limit trace although there are no limit violations.7.1.2 Procedure1. Turn off Downlink FIR&IIR filters in AudioMonDSP config section.2. Measure RFR and save curve to a file. Usethe PC which running AudioMon to open the data file and copy the curve data to clipart. The data format is like below: 100 1.36016106 1.98170455736302 112 2.45548160024953…3550 4.3738710304971 3750 -1.80146960957754 4000 -14.517183. Open filter design wizard of AudioMon. ① Flat both FIR and IIR filters. ② Paste measured spectrum ③ Select limit mask as TS26.131 ④ Press FIR auto correct⑤ If FIR auto calculation is ok then press OKbutton. FIR coefficients will be present in Filter section of AudioMon. Also some fine tuning may be implemented manually. ⑥ If FIR auto calculation is not ok then may needadjust IIR filters manually to compensate the lower spectrum first. ⑦ Repeat step 4 to 6 till the compensatedspectrum in limit mask.4. Turn on Downlink FIR&IIR filters in AudioMonDSP Config section. Enable DL filter coefficients and send them to target.5. Measure the frequency response again. Theactually measured spectrum may not same as calculated by AudioMon. If the frequency response is still fail, manually trim filters at some frequency points by using filter wizard.7.2 Tuning of Receive Loudness Rating (RLR)This section describes how to tune loudness rating in the audio receive path.7.2.1 DescriptionThe receiving loudness rating (RLR) takes into account the absolute loudness in the receive direction and weights the tones in compliance with the normal sensitivity of the average human ear. The RLR is calculated at frequency bands 4 to 17 according to Table 1 of ITU-T P.79. 200250315400500630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000The RLR depends on the receive loudness set on the ME under test and according to 3GPP TS 26.131, should be between -1 dB and +5 dB at a rated loudness setting, with lower decibel values corresponding to greater loudness (-1 dB = maximum loudness, +5 dB = minimum loudness).7.2.2 ProcedureRLR should be tuned after RFR.1. Make sure volume is set as normal. MeasureRFR.2. In case the measured RLR does not fall within thespecified limits (RLR = 2±3 dB). There are two programmable gains in receive path can be used to compensate it. If the measured RLR is less than -1dB, gains should be reduced. If themeasured RLR is higher than 5dB, gains should be increased.① DSP gain may involve digital distortion whichmay cause receive distortion failed in high sound pressure. It’s better to keep DSP DL gain no higher than 6dB. ② FIR filter gain also can be used adjust thewhole spectrum loudness. If the measured RLR is not far away thespecified limits. Tune the frequency response to change the weight of tones also can reach the target. But the RFR must keep in the mask.DSP DL GainFIR filter gain3. It’s better to trim RLR within 3~4dB which is incompliance with requirement and benefits to idle channel noise and echo loss test cases.7.3 Tuning of Send Frequency Response (SFR)This section describes how to tune frequency response in the audio send path.7.3.1 DescriptionThe send frequency response is specified as the transmission ratio in decibel of the voltage at the decoder output to the input noise pressure at the artificial mouth.The mobile terminal under test should be installed in the LRGP according to ITU-T P.76 and the speaker must be sealed to the artificial ear.Tones with a sound pressure of -4.7 dBPa are created with an artificial mouth at the Mouth Reference Point (MRP), and the corresponding output voltage is measured at the instrument voice coder (for example, CMU) output and evaluated.The send frequency response must be within the tolerance mask specified according to below table. The maskis drawn with straight lines between the breaking points in the table on a logarithmic (frequency)/linear (dBSensitivity) coordinate. Test results shall be within the mask.Frequency (Hz) Upper Limit Lower Limit100 -12 -200 0 -300 0 -121000 0 -62000 4 -63000 4 -63400 4 -94000 0 -Note 1: All sensitivity values are expressed in dB on a coordinate axis.Note 2: The limit of “-” lies on a straight line drawn between the breaking points on a logarithmic(frequency)/linear (dB sensitivity) coordinate.7.3.2 ProcedurePlease refer to section 7.1.2 (RFR tuning procedure). The difference is the tuning is in audio uplink path.7.4 Tuning of Send Loudness Rating (SLR)This section describes how to tune loudness rating in the audio send path.7.4.1 DescriptionThe send loudness rating (SLR) takes into account the absolute loudness in the transmit direction and weights the tones in compliance with the normal sensitivity of the human ear.The SLR is calculated at frequency bands 4 to 17 according to Table 1 of ITU-T P.79.According to 3GPP TS26.131 the send loudness rating should be between 5 dB and 11 dB, with lower decibel-values corresponding to greater loudness (5 dB = maximum loudness, 11 dB = minimum loudness).7.4.2 ProcedureThe main procedure can refer to section 7.2.2 (RLR tuning procedure) but there are some differences.Except DSP UL gain and UL FIR gain, a two stage PGA is in analog part. Too high gain of analog PGA may cause MIC saturated or involve much noise in uplink path.A noise suppress function in DSP is recommended to turn on which benefits to idle channel noise performance.But this function will reduce sending loudness significantly. It has to be compensated by increase digital gains.Details of noise suppressor please have a look at reference.7.5 Tuning of Sidetone Masking Rate (STMR)This section describes how to tune the sidetone masking rating (STMR).7.5.1 DescriptionThe so-called sidetone path is the desired output from the part of the signal picked up by the microphone from the phone's speaker. We need sidetone because if we cannot hear ourselves during a call, our brain refuses to accept that anyone else can hear us and we tend to speak too loudly.The artificial mouth generates tones with a sound pressure of -4.7 dBPa at the MRP, and the sound pressure is measured in the artificial ear.When the mobile terminal is set to the rated receiving loudness, the STMR should be between 18±5 dBaccording to 3GPP TS 26.131.TIP：According to the old spec (TS 51.010), STMR requirement has been 13±5 dB. Please note this has been modified in new spec which applies in CTA.A high level of sidetone has a significant effect on the use of the mobile terminal in high ambient noiseconditions, making received speech extremely difficult to recognize.Sidetone is related to SLR and RLR. Any attempt to change them to achieve compliance with loudness rating requirements can also have a marked effect on sidetone performance.7.5.2 Procedure1. Active sidetone in audio path of AudioMon CodecConfig section.2. Measure STMR in UPV, adjust sidetone gain inAudioMon Codec Misc section till the measuredSTMR is between 13~23dB.7.6 Tuning of Sending DistortionThis section describes how to tune sending distortion.7.6.1 DescriptionThe S/N ratio in the transmit path is measured as a function of the sound level.A sine-wave signal with a frequency in the range of 1004Hz to 1025Hz shall be applied in the test. The level ofthis signal at the MRP shall be adjusted until the output of the terminal is -10dBm0. The level of the signal at the MRP is then the ARL.The ratio of the signal to total distortion power (SINAD value) of the received signal is measured at the CMU’s decoder output. The SINAD value is measured at sound pressures between -35 dB and +10dB relative to the acoustic reference level ARL and compared with the limit lines specified in table as belowLevel Relative to ARL Sending Level Ratio (dB)-35 17.5-30 22.5-20 30.7-10 33.30 33.7+7 31.7+10 25.5Limits for intermediate levels are found by drawing straight lines between the breaking points in the table on a linear (dB signal level)/linear (dB ratio) coordinate.7.6.2 ProcedureMeasure the sending distortion in UPV. According to the result, there are there scenarios to be analyzedrespectively.1. The curve failed in high sound pressure part. The distortion mainly caused by signal distortiondue to too high amplifier gain in uplink path. Reduce a certain PGA gain can resolve this problem.2. The curve failed in low sound pressure part and the failure is very significant (normally around20dB to the limit). This can be concluded the test signal is removed by uplink noise suppressor inDSP. Tune noise suppressor parameters can resolve this problem.3. The curve failed in low sound pressure part and the failure is slight. The reason is very complex. Mainlycaused by noise in MIC circuit. Optimize MIC circuit or replace MIC itself is helpful.Also it is worth to retrim sending frequency response. The main part of MIC noise is in lower frequency (217Hz and the harmonics) and the test signal is around 1K Hz. Thus, reduce lower frequency weight and increase 1KHz weight in spectrum can improve the S/N rate. Below are some examples:7.7 Tuning of Receive DistortionThis section describes how to tune receive distortion.7.7.1 DescriptionFor handset terminal, headset terminal, handheld hands-free terminal and Desktop-operated hands-freeterminal, when RLR is equal to the nominal value, receiving distortion shall be measured between MRP and the input port of the reference speed coder/decoder of the SS.The ratio of signal-to-total distortion power measured with the proper noise weighting (see Table 4 of ITU-T Recommendation G.223) shall be above the limits given in below table. For sound pressures ≥+10dBPa at the ERP there is no requirement on distortion.Receiving Level at Digital Interface of the TestedReceiving Level Ratio (dB)Apparatus (dBm0)-45 17.5-40 22.5-30 30.5-20 33.0-10 33.5-3 31.20 25.5Limits for intermediate levels are found by drawing straight lines between the breaking points on a linear (dB signal level)/linear (dB ratio) coordinate.7.7.2 ProcedureThe tuning method is very similar with tuning sending distortion. Please refer to section 7.6.2.The lower sound pressure part failure may caused by improper setting of Noise Gate.The high sound pressure part failure may caused by two high PGA gain setting especially the DSP DL gain.7.8 Tuning of Idle Channel Noise ReceivingThis section describes how to tune the idle channel noise receiving.7.8.1 DescriptionThe sound pressure in the artificial ear is measured with the mobile terminal set up in a quiet environment (<30 dB(A)).The sound pressure in the artificial ear is measured with A-weighting on.With optimum volume set on the mobile, the sound pressure should not exceed -57 dBPa(A).At maximum volume, the sound pressure should not exceed -54 dBPa(A).This measurement makes high demands on the sound insulation of the test chamber and the S/N ratio of the measuring microphone including preamplifier in the artificial ear. The artificial ear is observed sensitive withTDD noise. Please make sure the mobile power level is PCL12 and keep the cable of artificial ear as short as possible exposing in RF.7.8.2 ProcedureWith proper RLR, RFR and noise gate settings, normally no more tuning needed for this test case.If audio parameter modification still can not make the test pass, add two serial 10 Ohm resistors in receiver path should be considered.7.9 Tuning of Idle Channel Noise SendingThis section describes how to tune the idle channel noise sending.7.9.1 DescriptionThe noise voltage at the voice decoder output is measured with the mobile terminal set up in a quietenvironment (< 30 dB(A)).The decoder output voltage is measured, psophometrically weighted according to ITU-T G.223 and calculated at the internal level in dBm0p.The idle noise level should not exceed -64 dBm0p.7.9.2 ProcedureWith proper SLR, SFR and noise suppressor settings, normally no more tuning needed for this test case.7.10 Tuning of Acoustic Echo Control (AEC)This section describes how to tune the acoustic echo control. It has been said Echo Loss (EL) in 3GPP TS51.010.7.10.1 DescriptionThe AEC is the attenuation between the voice coder input and the voice decoder output. Normally the echocaused by internal acoustic coupling between the mobile phone receiver and the microphone. Since the echo considerably reduces the sound transmission quality, it should not exceed a certain value. 3GPP TS26.131specifies an echo loss of at least 46 dB.To obtain realistic results, an artificial voice is used for the echo loss test. Before the actual test, a trainingsequence consisting of 10s artificial voice (male) and 10s artificial voice (female) according to ITU-TRecommendation P.50 shall be applied.7.10.2 ProcedureEcho loss is measured on maximum volume.With default acoustic template, the echo canceller and echo suppressor are active. EL test case should be no problem to pass. But if the terminal under test has problems in mechanic design, there is not a full isolationbetween MIC and receiver within the mechanic for example, EL will fail. In this case, the best solution is tooptimize mechanic. But if change mechanic is impossible, reduce the RLR in maximum volume, increaseattenuation of ES are also considered.8. Legal information8.1 DisclaimersGeneral _Information in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, ST-NXP wireless does not give any representations or warranties,expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of such information and shall have no liability for the consequences of use of such information.Right to make changes _ ST-NXP wireless reserves the right to make changes to information published in this document, including without limitationspecifications and product descriptions, at any time and without notice. This document supersedes and replaces all information supplied prior to the publication hereof.Suitability for use _ ST-NXP wireless Semiconductors products are not designed, authorized or warranted to be suitable for use in medical, military, aircraft, space or life support equipment, nor in applications where failure or malfunction of a NXP Semiconductors product can reasonably be expected to result inpersonal injury, death or severe property or environmental damage. ST-NXP wireless accepts no liability for inclusion and/or use of ST-NXP wireless products in such equipment or applications and therefore such inclusion and/or use is at the customer’s own risk.Applications _ Applications that are described herein for any of these products are for illustrative purposes only. ST-NXP wireless makes no representation or warranty that such applications will be suitable for the specified use without further testing or modification.ST-NXP wireless 490x AudioAudio TuningNotesHwAN_PNX4902_Audio_Subsystem © NXP Semiconductors 2007. All rights reserved. Application note Rev. 1.2— 27/11/0821 of 21。
人教版(2019)高中英语必修第三册 unit2 Reading for writing课件
woman tripped over with water the stone
sad
limped away in tears
other villagers
avoid
the
stone
unhappy
complained but not moved the stone
young girl
tired
saw the stone worried/
it with your friends. 8. I have learned a lot from the story. I recommend
it to you.
Sample Writing
Paragraph 1: • What is the title of the story? Basic information • What kind of story is it? about the story • What is the main idea oaph 3： Your opinion about the story
• • •
What did you like about the What did you not like about Would you recommend this others?
story? the story? story to
Unit 3 Listening and speaking课件-高中英语人教版(2019)必修第二册
Listen again and fill in the blanks to complete the sentences.
1. A blog _is__li_k_e___an online diary where you write about something
you're interested in. _F_o_r__e_x_a_m_p_l_e, I like basketball, so I write a lot on my blog about my favorite team.
Pronunciation
1.Most sentences have two basic types of words: content words and function words. Content words are usually stressed. Read the sentence and notice which words are stressed.
stream videos and m_u__s_i_c; _l__o_o_k__u_p__information;
chat with _f_r_i__e_n_d_s
cheap and _e_a_s_y
use a _s_e_a_r_c_h_ engine to find information, videos, and pictures
Unit 3 The Internet
Listening and Speaking
Opening Page
因特网正成为明日地球村的闹市广场。 -- 比尔·盖茨
Period I Listening and Speaking
Learning Objectives
Key-to-Book-2-Unit-7PPT优秀课件
7. Mike is well over 40 now and is much worried about how to maintain _c_o_n_ti_n_u_i_ty_ between his youthful past and his middle-aged present.
D. flourishing
E. accomplishing F. jealous G. competition
H. diplomatically I. valid
J. expanded
K. suspended
L. dispute
M. genuine N. ridiculous O. administrative
10. Windsor Middle School has been famous for zero _t_o_le_r_a_n_ce_ to violence and emphasis on respect for its students and rules.
Word building
5. Fill in the blanks with the newly-formed words in Activity 4. Change the form where necessary. Each word can be used only once.
Word building
4923_平法图集讲座2--
二~四级抗震
梁
梁
梁钢筋端部构造 梁箍筋钢筋构造 加腋梁钢筋构造 梁中间支座构造 主次梁加筋构造 其它梁钢筋构造 梁侧面钢筋构造 屋面框架梁构造 梁悬挑钢筋构造
G101 系 列 图 集
• ——重复性设计内容部分（主要是节点构造和杆件构造） 以《广义标准化》方式编制成国家建筑标准构造设计
5
G101 系 列 图 集
6
学习主要构件
柱
G101 系 列 图 集
梁
主要构件
楼梯
墙
板
基础
7
第一节
柱的平法识图
柱
柱类型
编
号
表2.2.2
代号
序号
柱
03G101 1P7
框架柱 框支柱
侧面钢筋布置情况
梁
03G101-1P62 63 • 当箍筋为多肢复合箍时，应采用大箍套小箍的形式。 • 当hw≥450时，在梁的两个侧面应沿高度配置纵向构造 钢筋；纵向构造钢筋间距a≤200。 • 当梁宽≤350时，拉筋直径为6mm；梁宽>350时，拉筋直 径为8mm。拉筋间距为非加密区箍筋间距的两倍。当设 有多排拉筋时，上下两排拉筋竖向错开设置。 • 侧面钢筋除了构造钢筋以外还有抗扭钢筋，抗扭钢筋按 照设计要求布置，计算同梁下部钢筋
墙
03G101-1P12
构造边缘暗柱
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recent initiaatives by the basel-based r_qt0806
BIS Quarterly ReviewJune 2008 International banking and financial market developmentsBIS Quarterly ReviewMonetary and Economic DepartmentEditorial Committee:Claudio Borio Frank Packer Paul Van den BerghWhite Már Gudmundsson Eli Remolona William Robert McCauley Philip TurnerGeneral queries concerning this commentary should be addressed to Frank Packer(tel +41 61 280 8449, e-mail: frank.packer@), queries concerning specific parts to theauthors, whose details appear at the head of each section, and queries concerning the statisticsto Philippe Mesny (tel +41 61 280 8425, e-mail: philippe.mesny@).Requests for copies of publications, or for additions/changes to the mailing list, should be sent to:Bank for International SettlementsPress & CommunicationsCH-4002 Basel, SwitzerlandE-mail: publications@Fax: +41 61 280 9100 and +41 61 280 8100This publication is available on the BIS website ().©Bank for International Settlements 2008. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is cited.ISSN 1683-0121 (print)ISSN 1683-013X (online)BIS Quarterly ReviewJune 2008International banking and financial market developmentsOverview : a cautious return of risk tolerance (1)Credit market turmoil gives way to fragile recovery (1)Box: Estimating valuation losses on subprime MBS with theABX HE index – some potential pitfalls (6)Bond yields recover as markets stabilise (8)A turning point for equity prices? (11)Emerging market investors discount growth risks (12)Tensions in interbank markets remain high (13)Highlights of international banking and financial market activity (17)The international banking market (17)The international debt securities market (23)Derivatives markets (24)Box: An update on local currency debt securities marketsin emerging market economies (28)Special featuresInternational banking activity amidst the turmoil (31)Patrick McGuire and Goetz von PeterThe build-up of international bank balance sheets (32)Developments in the second half of 2007 (36)Bilateral exposures of national banking systems (39)Concluding remarks (42)Managing international reserves: how does diversification affect financial costs? 45 Srichander RamaswamyFramework of the analysis (46)Risk-return trade-offs (48)Financial cost of acquiring reserves through FX intervention (49)Box: Methodology for computing estimates of financial cost (51)Central bank objectives and FX reserve allocation (53)Conclusions (54)Credit derivatives and structured credit: the nascent markets of Asiaand the Pacific (57)Eli M Remolona and Ilhyock ShimCredit default swaps (58)Traded CDS indices (60)Collaterised debt obligations (61)How the region’s markets have fared in the global turmoil (63)Conclusion (65)Asian banks and the international interbank market (67)Robert N McCauley and Jens ZukunftAsian banks’ international interbank liquidity: where do we stand? (68)Foreign banks and the local funding gap (73)Box: The Asian financial crisis: international liquidity lessons (76)Conclusions (78)BIS Quarterly Review, June 2008 iiiRecent initiatives by Basel-based committees and groupsBasel Committee on Banking Supervision (81)Joint Forum (84)Financial Stability Forum (87)Statistical Annex ........................................................................................ A1 Special features in the BIS Quarterly Review ................................ B1 List of recent BIS publications .............................................................. B2Notations used in this Reviewe estimatedlhs, rhs left-hand scale, right-hand scalemillionbillion thousand… notavailableapplicable. not– nil0 negligible$ US dollar unless specified otherwiseDifferences in totals are due to rounding.iv BIS Quarterly Review, June 2008BIS Quarterly Review, June 20081Ingo Fender +41 61 280 8415ingo.fender@Peter Hördahl+41 61 280 8434peter.hoerdahl@Overview: a cautious return of risk toleranceFollowing deepening turmoil and rising concerns about systemic risks in the first two weeks of March, financial markets witnessed a cautious return of investor risk tolerance over the remainder of the period to end-May 2008. The process of disorderly deleveraging which had started in 2007 intensified from end-February, with asset markets becoming increasingly illiquid and valuations plunging to levels implying severe stress. However, markets subsequently rebounded in the wake of repeated central bank action and the Federal Reserve-facilitated takeover of a large US investment bank. In sharp contrast to these favourable developments, interbank money markets failed to recover, as liquidity demand remained elevated.Mid-March was a turning point for many asset classes. Amid signs of short covering, credit spreads rallied back to their mid-January values before fluctuating around these levels throughout May. Market liquidity improved, allowing for better price differentiation across instruments. The stabilisation of financial markets and the emergence of a somewhat less pessimistic economic outlook also contributed to a turnaround in equity markets. In this environment, government bond yields bottomed out and subsequently rose considerably. A reduction in the demand for safe government securities contributed to this, as did growing perceptions among investors that the impact from the financial turmoil on real economic activity might turn out to be less severe than had been anticipated. Emerging market assets, in turn, performed broadly in line with assets in the industrialised economies, as the balance of risk shifted from concerns about economic growth to those about inflation.Credit market turmoil gives way to fragile recoveryFollowing two weeks of increasingly unstable conditions in early March, credit markets were buoyed by a cautious return of risk tolerance, with spreads recovering from the very wide levels reached during the first quarter of 2008. Sentiment turned in mid-March, following repeated interventions by the Federal Reserve to improve market functioning and to help avert the collapse of a major US investment bank. As these actions alleviated earlier concerns about risks to the financial system, previously dysfunctional markets resumed trading and prices rallied across a variety of risky assets.2BIS Quarterly Review, June 2008Between end-February and end-May, the US five-year CDX high-yield index spread tightened by about 144 basis points to 573, while corresponding investment grade spreads fell by 63 basis points to 102. European and Japanese spreads broadly mirrored the performance of the major US indices, declining by between 25 and 153 basis points overall. Between 10 and 17 March, all five major indices had been pushed out to or near the widest levels seen since their inception. They then rallied back and seemed to stabilise around their mid-January values, remaining significantly above the levels prevailing before the start of the market turmoil in mid-2007 (Graph 1).business lines, tightening repo haircuts caused a number of hedge funds and other leveraged investors to unwind existing positions. As a result, concerns underlying exposures are almost entirely protected by federal guarantees, as summer of 2007 (Graph 3, right-hand panel).BIS Quarterly Review, June 20083Fears about collapsing financial markets reached a peak in the week March, triggering repeated policy actions by the US authorities. investment grade credit default swap (CDS) indices underperforming lower-quality benchmarks (Graph 4, left-hand and centre panels). Spreads were temporarily arrested when, on 11 March, the Federal Reserve announced an expansion of its securities lending activities targeting the large US dealer banks (see section on money markets and Table 1 below). European CDS indices tightened by more than 10 basis points on the news, while the two key basis points down, respectively (Graph 1). allowing it to make secured advance payments to the troubled investment These developments appeared to herald a turning point in the market, funds target down to 2.25%. Earnings announcements by major investment banks on 18 and 19 March that were better than anticipated provided further support, with investors increasingly adopting the view that various central bank initiatives aimed at reliquifying previously dysfunctional markets were gradually gaining traction. Consistent with perceptions of a considerable reduction in systemic risk, spreads, and particularly those for financial sector and other investment grade firms, tightened from the peaks reached in early March(Graph 4). Movements were partially driven by the unwinding of speculative short positions, as suggested by changes in pricing differentials across products with similar exposures, according to the ease with which such positions can be opened or closed. For example, spreads on CDS contracts referencing the major credit indices moved more strongly than those on the same indices’ constituent names (Graph 1, centre and right-hand panels). Similarly, CDS markets outperformed those for comparable cash bonds, as market participants adjusted their synthetic trades.risks (Graph 1, centre and right-hand panels). Similarly, implied volatilities from CDS index options eased into the second quarter, indicating a somewhat reduced uncertainty about shorter-run credit spread movements (Graph 3, centre and right-hand panels).losses based on ABX prices (see box). This was despite the lack of a recovery for the index series with lower original ratings, whose prices continued to4 BIS Quarterly Review, June 2008BIS Quarterly Review, June 20085suggest expectations of complete writedowns of all underlying bonds by mid-2009 (Graph 2, centre panel). At these low levels, and with none of the ABX indices having experienced any principal writedowns so far, investors appeared to be pricing in the possibility of legislation writing down mortgage principal. Against this background, issuance of private-label mortgage-backed securities remained depressed, with volume growth coming mainly from US agency-Supported by optimism about banks’ recapitalisation efforts, spreads pace of capital replenishment. Following news of a rights issue on 31 March, CDS spreads referencing debt issued by Lehman Brothers tightened. UBS announced large first quarter losses and a fully underwritten capital increase on 1 April, and other institutions followed over the rest of the month. Globally, banks managed to raise more than $100 billion of new capital in April alone, stemming the deterioration in capital ratios. Financial CDS spreads, the monoline segment excluded, outperformed corresponding equity prices in the process (Graph 4, right-hand panel), reflecting diminishing concerns about imminent financial sector risk as well as the dilutory effects of equity financing. Markets retraced some of these gains in early May, partially driven by strong supply flows from corporate issuers that included, at $9 billion, the largest US dollar deal by a non-US borrower in seven years. Volumes were dominated by6 BIS Quarterly Review, June 2008Pitfalls in using the ABX. Estimated mark to market losses and actual writedowns made by banks and other investors can differ for a variety of reasons. Analysts, depending on their objective, thus have to be mindful of potential sources of bias. At least three such sources can be identified, of which two are specific to the ABX index:•Accounting treatment. Subprime MBS are held by a variety of investors and for different purposes. While large amounts of outstanding subprime MBS are known to reside inbanks’ trading books, banks and other investors may also hold these securities tomaturity. This can result in different accounting treatments, which would tend to deflateactual writedowns and impairment charges relative to estimates of mark to market losseson the basis of market indices, such as the ABX. The size of this effect, however, isdifficult to determine. Further complexities are added once securities cease to be tradedin active markets, implying the use of valuation techniques, which may differ acrossinvestors, in establishing fair value.5•Market coverage. ABX prices may not be representative of the total subprime universe, due to limited index coverage of the overall market. Original balance across all four serieshas averaged about $31 billion. This compares to average monthly MBS issuance ofsome $36 billion over the 10 quarters up to mid-2007, ie almost a month’s worth ofsubprime MBS supply per index series. Similarly, with 2004–07 vintage subprime MBSvolumes estimated at around $600 billion in outstanding amounts, each series representssome 5% of the overall universe on average. At the same time, ABX deal composition isknown to be quite similar in terms of collateral attributes (such as FICO scores and loan-to-value ratios) to the overall market (by vintage).6 Therefore, despite somewhat limitedcoverage, this particular source of bias may not be large.•Deal-level coverage. Similarly, ABX prices may not be representative because each index series covers only part of the capital structure of the 20 deals included in the index(see Graph A, right-hand panel, for an illustration).7 In particular, tranches referenced bythe AAA indices are not the most senior pieces in the capital structure, but those with thelongest duration (expected average life) – the so-called “last cash flow bonds”. Theseclaims will receive any cash flow allocations sequentially after all other AAA trancheshave been paid; and tend to switch to pro rata pay only when the highest mezzaninebond has been written down. It follows that AAA ABX index prices are going to reflectdurations that are longer, and effective subordinations that are lower, than those of theremaining AAA subprime MBS universe. As a result, using newly available data for MBStranches with shorter durations, the $119 billion of losses implied by the ABX AAA indicesas of end-May would be some 62% larger than those implied under more realisticassumptions.8_________________________________1 See, for example, International Monetary Fund, Global Financial Stability Report, April 2008, pp 46–52, and Box 1 in Bank of England, Financial Stability Report, April 2008.2 Supplementary indices, called ABX HE PENAAA, were introduced in May 2008 to provide additional pricing information for all four existing vintages.3 An alternative approach, likely to lead to very different results, would estimate future default-related cash flow shortfalls on the basis of deal-level or aggregate data for subprime securities. To obtain these estimates, such methodologies rely on information about collateral performance and require the analyst to make assumptions about structural relationships and model parameters. Typical subprime loss projections, for example, use delinquency data and assumptions about factors such as delinquency-to-default transitions, default timing, and losses-given-default. See Box 1 in the Overview section of the December 2007 BIS Quarterly Review for an example on the basis of an approach devised by UBS. 4Mark to market losses (relative to par) are calculated assuming that unrated tranches are written down completely; ABX prices for the BBB– indices are used to mark BB collateral; rated tranches from the 2004 vintage are assumed unimpaired; outstanding amounts remain static.5 For details, see Global Public Policy Committee, Determining fair value of financial instruments under IFRS in current market conditions, December 2007.6 See, for example, UBS, Mortgage Strategist, 17 October 2006. 7 Incomplete coverage at the deal level further reduces effective market coverage: typical subprime MBS structures have some 15 tranches per deal, of which only five were originally included in the ABX indices. As a result, each series references less than 15% of the underlying deal volume at issuance.8 Duration effects at the AAA level are bound to be significant for overall loss estimates as the AAA classes account for the lion’s share of MBS capital structures. Using prices for the newly instituted PENAAA indices, which reference “second to last” AAA bonds, to calculate AAA mark to market losses generates an estimate of $73 billion. This, in turn, translates into an overall valuation loss of $205 billion (ie some 18% below the unadjusted estimate of $250 billion).capitalisation had recovered, while remaining weaker than before the crisis. At the same time, still-elevated implied volatilities suggested ongoing investor uncertainty over the future trajectory of credit markets. With the credit cycle continuing to deteriorate and related losses on exposures outside the residential mortgage sector looming, it was thus unclear whether liquidity supply and risk tolerance had recovered to an extent that would help maintain this improved environment on a sustained basis.Bond yields recover as markets stabiliseFrom its low point on 17 March, the 10-year US Treasury bond yield rose by 75 basis points to reach 4.05% at the end of May. During this period, 10-year yields in the euro area and Japan climbed by around 70 and 50 basis points, respectively, to 4.40% and 1.75% (Graph 5, left-hand panel). In US and euro area bond markets, the increase in yields was particularly pronounced for short maturities, with two-year yields rising by 130 basis points in the United States and by almost 120 basis points in the euro area (Graph 5, centre panel). Two-year yields went up in Japan too, but by a more modest 35 basis points. In addition to reduced safe haven demand for government securities, the rise in short-term yields reflected a reassessment among investors of the need for monetary easing, following the stabilisation of financial markets.In the first two weeks of March, as the financial turmoil deepened and forward rates dropping (Graph 6, right-hand panel). While flight to safety and other effects relating to the volatility in financial markets may have influenced consistent with the observed fall at the short end of the forward break-evencurve. At the same time, these same concerns led investors to increasinglyexpect the Federal Reserve to maintain a more accommodative policy stancethan normal in an effort to contain the fallout on economic growth. Insofar asthis was seen as likely to lead to higher prices down the road, it could explainthe rise in distant forward break-even rates at the time.As the situation in financial markets stabilised after the rescue of BearStearns in mid-March, and perceptions of the economic outlook improvedsomewhat, the US forward break-even curve shifted in the opposite directionand flattened considerably. To a large extent, this shift in the forward curve islikely to have reflected a reversal of the same influences that had been at playin the first two weeks of March: the dampening effect on prices coming from theturmoil was perceived to be weaker after mid-March, while the Federal Reservewas seen to be less likely to deliver further sharp rate cuts. Moreover, upwardprice pressures appeared to intensify in the short to medium term, with foodprices rising continuously and oil prices reaching new all-time highs during thisperiod (Graph 5, right-hand panel), pushing near-term forward break-evenrates further upwards.real yields reflected a combination of expectations of higher average realinterest rates in coming years and a reversal of flight to safety pressures. Theformer component, in turn, was due to perceptions among investors that thereal economic fallout from the financial turmoil was likely to be less severe thanhad previously been anticipated. This was despite indications of deterioratingconsumer confidence amid tighter bank lending standards and continuedweakness in US housing markets. The revival in investor confidence seemedinstead to follow from the stabilisation in markets and from a number ofrelatively upbeat macroeconomic announcements. These included better thangovernment securities.In line with perceptions that the stabilisation of markets had reduced therisks to economic growth somewhat, prices of short-term interest rateindicating expectations of a period of stable rates, followed by rising rates inthe first half of 2009 (Graph 7, left-hand panel). In the euro area, EONIA swapprices at the beginning of March had signalled expectations of sizeable ECBrate cuts, but by end-May prices had shifted to reflect expectations of graduallyincreasing policy rates (Graph 7, centre panel). Meanwhile in Japan,expectations of mildly falling policy rates in March had by May been revised toindicate rising rates (Graph 7, right-hand panel).A turning point for equity prices?to end-2007 levels, gained almost 10% between 17 March and end-May. Equity markets in Europe and Japan, which had seen losses in excess of 20% between the turn of the year and 17 March, subsequently also displayed a strong recovery, with the EURO STOXX gaining 11% and the Nikkei 225 rising Reflecting the improved situation in financial markets during this period, by almost 20% and 34%, respectively. These gains occurred despiteannouncements by several banks of record losses during the first quarter amidcontinued credit-related write-offs. Investors obviously took solace from the factthat losses – although big – were no worse than expected, and that a numberof banks had been successful in their recapitalisation efforts (see credit marketsection above).surprises remained well above that of negative surprises, provided somesupport for equity prices. In addition, as fears failed to materialise that economic growth might slow dramatically in the first few months of the year,investors increasingly began to see equity valuations as attractive following thesharp price declines in late 2007 and early 2008. markets recovered after a sharp dip in March (Graph 8, right-hand panel).Emerging market investors discount growth risksequities fell up to mid-March, before rebounding in the wake of the change inmarket sentiment following the Bear Stearns rescue in the United States.Between end-February and end-May, the MSCI emerging market indexgained about 4% in local currency terms, and was up more than 14% from thelows established in mid-March. Latin American markets, which had seen ahigh trading volumes in commodity derivatives (see the Highlights section inthis issue) and speculative demand as a source of part of that strength, otherspointed to low supply elasticities and expectations of sustained rates ofindustrialisation throughout the emerging markets. With the region being amajor net commodities importer and natural disaster contributing to weakerequity prices in China, Asian markets were broadly flat over the period.Emerging Europe, in turn, remained exposed to the risk of a reversal in privatecapital flows, owing to large current account deficits and associated financingneeds in a number of countries. Nevertheless, strong gains in Russia and thebetter than expected growth performance of major European economies in thefirst quarter seemed to aid equity markets in May.Emerging market credit spreads, as measured by the EMBIG index,accounting for most of the spread tightening, the EMBIG remained almost flatin return terms, gaining about 1.1% between end-February and end-May(Graph 9, left-hand panel). Large stocks of foreign reserves and favourablemacroeconomic performance in key emerging market economies continued toprovide support, aiding the market recovery. Spread dispersion remained high,pointing to ongoing price differentiation according to credit quality (Graph 10,centre panel). At the same time, with inflation running well above target in anumber of major emerging market economies, policy credibility appeared tobecome more of a concern, putting pressure on local bond markets. Risinginflation expectations, combined with increasing US Treasury yields andrelatively resilient markets during the earlier stages of the recent marketturmoil, may thus have contributed to a somewhat more muted performancefrom emerging market bonds relative to other asset markets over the periodsince mid-March.Tensions in interbank markets remain highas high at the end of May as three months earlier, across most horizons and inall three major markets (Graph 10). This appeared to imply expectations thatinterbank strains were likely to remain severe well into the future.After a relatively smooth turn of the year, interbank market tensions hadappeared to ease somewhat until early March 2008, and Libor-OIS spreadshad shown some signs of stabilising. However, as the financial turmoilsuddenly deepened in the second week of March, following an acceleration inmargin calls and rapid unwinding of trades (see the credit section above),interbank market pressures quickly increased. With market rumoursproliferating about imminent liquidity problems in one or more large investmentbanks, banks became increasingly wary of lending to others. At the same time,their own demand for funds jumped as they sought to avoid being perceived ashaving a shortage of liquidity.Selected central bank liquidity measures during the period under review7 March The Federal Reserve increases the size of its Term Auction Facility (TAF) to $100 billion andextends the maturity of its repos to up to one month.11 March The Federal Reserve introduces the Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF), which allowsprimary dealers to borrow up to $200 billion of Treasury securities against collateral. Theexisting dollar swap arrangements between the Federal Reserve and the ECB and the SNB areincreased from a total of $24 billion to $36 billion.16 March The Federal Reserve introduces the Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF), which providesovernight funding for primary dealers in exchange for collateral. The Federal Reserve alsolowers the spread between the discount rate and the federal funds rate from 50 to 25 basispoints, and lengthens the maximum maturity from 30 to 90 days.28 March The ECB announces that the maturity of its longer-term refinancing operations (LTROs) wouldbe extended from up to three months to a maximum of six months.21 April The Bank of England introduces the Special Liquidity Scheme, under which banks can swapilliquid assets for Treasury bills.2 May The Federal Reserve boosts the size of its TAF programme to $150 billion, and announces abroadening of the collateral eligible for the TSLF auctions. The dollar swap arrangements withthe ECB and the SNB are increased further, from $36 billion to $62 billion.Source: Central bank press releases. Table 1The near collapse and subsequent takeover of Bear Stearns onMarch highlighted the risks that banks face in such situations. On the would not be allowed to fail, and this helped restore order in other markets. On the other hand, the speed with which Bear Stearns’ access to market liquidity had collapsed underscored the vulnerability of other banks in this regard, which kept Libor-OIS spreads high even as CDS spreads on banks and brokerages Throughout the period, central banks maintained and even stepped up activity from central banks seemed to have limited immediate impact oninterbank rates. To some extent, this may have reflected the fact that while thesums involved in central bank liquidity schemes were large in absolute terms,they were still rather limited compared to banks’ assessment of their overallliquidity needs against the background of a sharp decline in traditional sourcesof funding. One significant source of short-term funding for banks in the pasthas been money market mutual funds. Such funds have seen substantialinflows since the outbreak of the financial turmoil (Graph 11, left-hand panel),reflecting a noticeable reduction in investors’ appetite for risk. However, thisloss of risk appetite also resulted in money market funds shifting theirinvestments increasingly into treasury bills and other safe short-term securities,hence depriving banks of a key funding source (Graph 11, centre panel). Thissuggests that determining how persistent the interbank tensions will be maydepend significantly, among other things, on how long the risk appetite ofmoney market fund managers, and investors more broadly, will continue to bedepressed.。
4AM2U3period2市公开课一等奖省优质课获奖课件
• This is my friend. His name’sZa_c__. 11
He’s___. He’s tall and thisnw.eaHteer has a
_____.Today heTi-sshwirtearing a _____sahnordts a
pair of __re_a_d_. He pclaaynba_s_ke_tb_alal nd
A: Do you have a friend? B: Yes, I have a friend. A: What’s your friend’s name? B: His/Her name’s ____.
He’s / She’s ____.
第5页
This is my new friend,Zac.
He is wearing a T-shirt and a pair of shorts.
…is wearing…
第6页
He’s fat and short. But he can do many things.
What can he do? What can’t he do?
He can
He can and
第8页
M: What’s your name? Z: My name’s Zac. M: How old are you? Z: I’m 11. M: What can you do?What can’t you do? Z: I can read and play basketball,but I can’t ride a bicycle. M: What do you like? Z: I like apples. M: What have you? Z: I have a green sweater. M: What are you wearing？ Z: I’m wearing a T-shirt and a pair of shorts. M: Do you like each other? Z: Yes,we do.
人教版高中英语必修二Unit3课件省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件
B．语法填空 ③ This rule can't ______________________ (apply) to every case.这个规则不能合用于全部旳情况。 [答案] be applied ④His __________ (apply) to the court for bail has been refused.他向法庭申请保释遭到拒绝。 [答案] application
2．universal adj.(P17)普遍的；通用的；宇宙的，世界性的 universally adv.普遍地
[一句背诵] It is universally admitted that climate change is a universal problem.It is also said the whole universe is experiencing big changes.普遍认为气候变化是个世界性的问题。 也有人说整个宇宙正在经历大的变化。
3．logical adj.合逻辑旳；合情理旳→__________ adv.逻辑 上；有条理地
[答案] logically 4．intelligence n．智力；智能；聪明→__________ adj.智 能旳；聪明旳 [答案] intelligent
5．personal adj.私人旳；个人旳；亲自旳→__________ adv.就个人而言；亲自→________ n．个性；人格
①________，let's froget about that for the moment.不论 怎样，咱们临时忘记那件事。
[答案] Anyhow/Anyway ②________，I don't feel I can trust him.不知怎么地，我 觉得不能信任他。 [答案] Somehow
Stationary entanglement induced by dissipation
1
arXiv:quant-ph/0402211v1 27 Feb 2004
A system prepared in an entangled state may show rather puzzling behavior and counterintuitive features. In such a state, for example, the system exhibits the astonishing property that the results of measurements on one subsystem cannot be specified independently from the parameters of the measurements on the other components. The renewed and more and more growing interest toward entanglement concept reflects the consolidated belief that unfactorizable states of multipartite system provide an unreplaceable applicative resource, for example, in the quantum computing research area [1]. However, the realization of quantum computation protocols suffers from the difficulty of isolating a quantum mechanical system from its environment. Unavoidably, the system-environment interaction leads to decoherence phenomena which, as intuition suggests, are always noxious for quantum computers, since they imply loss of the information stored in the system. This circumstance is at the origin of an intense research aimed at proposing theoretical and experimental schemes to fight or control decoherence manifestations [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Very recently, however, the possibility of environmentinduced entanglement in an open quantum system has opened new intriguing perspectives [9, 10, 11, 12]. For example, it has been shown that dissipation can be exploited to implement nearly decoherence-free quantum gates [13, 14], the main requirement being the existence of a decoherence-free subspace for the system under consideration [15]. Moreover, despite the widely held belief, it has been shown that transient entanglement between distant atoms can be induced by atomic spontaneous decay or by cavity losses [10, 12, 16]. It has been also demonstrated [17] that asymptotic (stationary) entangled states of two closely separated two-level atoms in free space can be created by spontaneous emission. Notwithstanding the nearness of the two atoms, dipoledipole interaction is however neglected in Ref. [17]. In this paper we investigate the dynamics of a couple of spontaneously emitting two-level atoms confined within a bad single-mode cavity, taking into account from the very beginning their dipole-dipole interaction. Our main
外研版(2019)必修 第二册Unit 3 On the move Vocabulary 课件
Cricket is another sport that is very popular in the UK. It is also played widely across the world, mainly in former British colonies, like India, Australia and the West Indies. Because cricket can only be played in good weather, the cricket season in England is from April to September. As well as the national and county teams, even very small villages sometimes have teams. The bowler tries to hit the three sticks, called stumps, behind the batsman, and the batsman defends them using his bat. When he hits the ball, he tries to hit it as far as possible so that he can score lots of runs. National cricket teams go on tour every year and one of the major international tournaments is called The Ashes, which is played every two years between England and Australia. In cricket, players need to wear protection from the ball, but in rugby they need protection from other players. It can be a very physical game.
人教版(2019)选择性必修第二册Unit 3 课件(共24张PPT,内嵌视频)
Video Time
Learning objectives
By the end of the lesson, you will be able to
1. figure out the new cuisine appearing in the video; 2. infer people’s attitudes towards new cuisine; 3. develop critical thinking about different preference for food; 4. express your viewpoints on attitudes towards different preference for food.
1. What is his identity? A diner. 2. What’s his attitude towards this new cuisine? How do you know that? He enjoys eating it.
After you watch
Discuss the following questions with your partner. 1.Have you ever eaten an insect? What was it like?
Which one do you like most? Which one will be your last choice?
Making prediction
1. How do you think the man feels? What food is the man looking at? He feels hesitant. He might look at some food that he never tastes before.
Unit 2 Period 7 Workbook-高中英语课件(人教版2019)(必修第三册)
Book 3 Unit 2
WB: Using Structures (P68-69)
P68 Ex 1 Complete the conversations using the correct forms of the words in brackets.
Lap 大腿 9. To say something very quietly, using your breath rather than your voice
Whisper 低语/耳语 10. The most northern or most southern point on a planet
Pole 极地
P67 Ex 2 Match the words on the left to the words on the right to make phrases.
1. tuition 2. health 3. precious 4. heart 5. island 6. maple 7. resident 8. court 9. coffee 10. flexible
P67 Ex 3 Compare each pair of words and choose the correct one to complete each sentence.
majority / most 1. The survey says that the _m_a_j_o_ri_ty___ of citizens are satisfied with the government’s efforts to reduce smog. 2. When he came out of his office, it was already midnight and _m__o_st__ of the restaurants were closed. illustrate / describe 3. This picture _il_lu_s_t_ra_t_e_s__ how water can be reused and recycled. 4. Can you _d_e_sc_r_ib_e___ what your hometown was like when you were young? reject / refuse 5. You might not believe this, but even some famous authors’ books were _re_j_e_c_te_d___ many times before being accepted and published. 6. He offered her more coffee, but she _re_f_u_s_e_d__ politely.
课件-中职英语2(高教版)-U2-1.0
Imitate and practice. 模仿活动6，与同伴练习对话。
under pressure
• don’t look well • busy all the time • stay up late • tired • find help from a team
toothache
• like sweet food • have a decayed tooth • brush teeth twice a day
Listening 02 a n d
Speaking
Listen and tick. 听录音，勾选出对话可能发生的场所。
√
A
B
C
Listen and decide. 再听录音，判断以下说法的正误。
F
1) Jack always has a bad temper and he doesn’t know why.
T
2) Jack’s co-workers would like to help him with the work.
T
3) Jack will go to the hospital if he feels worse.
Listen and complete. 再听录音，完成对话中人物的就诊记录单。
food
Role play. 假设你是学校医务室的工作人员，根据以下内容与同伴完成
关于健康问题及对策的咨询和解答。
• have a sore neck
• control weight
• h•abvee pdhryyseicyaellsy active • •eeyae•tsamvgooluirdeedjhuentaokltfthohyoefdood mobile
Unit2 Listening and Speaking 课件-高中英语人教版(2019)必修第三册
• If you hear people speaking very quickly or loudly, they may be excited or angry.
The best portion of a good man’s life is his little, nameless, unremembered acts of kindness and love. -William Wordsworth
一个好人一生中最美好的部分就是他那小小的、无名的、不 为人知的善良和爱的行为。 -威廉.华兹华斯
2. Read the conversation and mark ↗in the correct places. Then listen to the recording to check. Notice the meaning of each rising intonation.
PPeeteterr: :IIt'ts'saanniciceeddaayy, ,isisnn't'titi?t? NNicickk: :YYeess, ,bbuut tititloloookkssgglolooommyytotommee. . PPeeteterr::WWhhyy??WWhhaatthhaappppeenneedd?? NNicickk::YYoouukknnooww↗TToonnyy?? PPeeteterr::↗YYese.s. NNicickk: :HHeeaasskkeeddmmeetotowwrritieteaanneesssaayyffoorrhhimim. .BBuut tII
Iconic+Attractions+Reading+and+Thinking+教案 高中英语人教版
人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册Unit 2 Iconic AttractionsReading and ThinkingTeaching Plans1. 教材分析：教材选取了人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册Unit 2的阅读材料《Iconic Attractions》。
该篇文章主要介绍了澳大利亚的几个标志性的景点，包括悉尼歌剧院、大堡礁、阿瑞斯洛克号船票以及澳大利亚特色食物。
通过这篇文章，可以了解澳大利亚的饮食、文化及生活方式，提高学生的文化意识和国际视野。
2. 教学目标：a. 知识目标：引导学生了解博客文章的特征及写作目的，了解并能介绍澳大利亚的饮食、文化及生活方式，了解澳大利亚的标志性景点和特色食物。
b. 能力目标：培养学生的阅读理解能力，提高他们的文化意识和国际视野，能够从文化对比的视角思考并提炼文化特征，辩证地看待文化特征，创造性地进行文化介绍。
c. 情感目标：培养学生积极宣传国家和地方特色文化的意识，增强他们对中国文化的自信心。
3. 教学重点：a. 学习澳大利亚的标志性景点和特色食物。
b. 学习阅读文章，提高阅读理解能力。
c. 学习跨文化比较和思考。
4. 教学难点：a. 理解和掌握博客文章的特征及写作目的。
b. 培养学生的文化意识和国际视野，能够从文化对比的视角思考并提炼文化特征。
5. 学情分析：学生为高二学生，英语水平相对较高，已经具备一定的词汇和语法基础，能够理解和运用一些复杂的句子和表达方式。
他们对于文化的认知相对较少，对于国际视野的拓宽和文化意识的提高尚需加强。
6. 教学策略：a. 激发学生的学习兴趣：通过介绍澳大利亚的标志性景点和特色食物，激发学生对于文化的兴趣。
b. 合作学习：设置小组合作活动，让学生共同学习、讨论和分享。
c. 创设真实情境：通过观看相关视频、图片等多媒体资源，给学生创设真实情境，增强他们的学习体验和情感参与。
7. 教学方法：a. 预习导入：通过展示澳大利亚的一些图片和短视频，引发学生与澳大利亚文化相关的思考和讨论，激发学生的学习兴趣。
CERTIFICATE
Let q be a positive integer and let Fq be a set of q -alphabets. A code C of length n and size M is a subset of Fn q having M elements. The elements of C are called codewords. In order to be able to correct errors we associate some algebraic structure with Fq . If q is a prime power one usually take Fq = GF (q ) otherwise Fq = Zq . Let Fq = GF (q )( Zq ). A linear code of length n over GF (q )( Zq ) is a subspace (submodule) of Fn q . Two codes over Zps are said to be equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by a permutation of coordinates and or by multiplying one or more coordinates by a unit in Zps . Let C be a linear code of length n over Zps . In 1995, Calderbank and Sloane have shown that C is equivalent to a code generated by the rows of the matrix (see[15])
人教版2019年Unit 2 Discovering Useful Structures示范课件(共16张PPT)
3. The action is usually regarded as having been decided upon beforehand.
2 ______ Gray might visit China next year, but he’s still not sure. 3 ______ Kate has been invited to a meeting in Iceland. She will apply for a
visa soon. 4 ______ Could you help me with this box, please? I’m afraid I’m going to
be doing
• The present continuous tense in sentence 1 and 2 expresses the ongoing actions.
• The present continuous tense in sentence 3 and 4 expresses speakers’ likes and dislikes.
1. I’ve just booked my air ticket! I’ll visit my grandparents in December. I’ve just booked my air ticket! I’m visiting my grandparents in December.
Unit2IconicAttractionsWordsandExpressions课件人教版高中英语
Words and Expressions
iconic adj. 符号的；图标 的 iconic attractions 标志性风物 icon n. 符号；图标；偶 像
Important words
【考点精练】 (1)Four years’ college life laid a solid foundation____f_o_r______his work. (2) The organization has grown enormously since its __f_o_u_n_d_a_ti_on___in 1955. (3)The town__w_a_s_f_ou_n_d_e_d___by English settlers in 1790.
同义 lie in/on/at… 位于……
be situated in/on/at/near… 位于/坐落于……
1. Located to the south of the equator, below many other countries on the globe, it's often informally referred to as “down under”．
就在那一刻他意识到金钱只能带来短暂的快乐。 It was at the very moment that he realized that money could do nothing but supply some temporary pleasure.
The child is going through a difficult phase. 那孩子正经历困难的阶段。
prison n.监狱；监禁
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16
墙身的表示方法
•
墙
QXX(x排) Q——表示剪力墙 XX——表示墙的序号 (x排)——表示剪力墙的钢筋配置排数
示例标注见： 03G101-1P19~21
03G101-1P13
03G101-1P12
17
• 墙柱分类：
墙柱类型 约束边缘暗柱
墙 约束边缘端柱 约束边缘翼墙柱 约束边缘转角墙柱 构造边缘端柱 构造边缘暗柱 构造边缘翼墙柱 构造边缘转角墙柱 非边缘暗柱 扶壁柱
11
第二节 梁的平法识图
12
梁类型
梁
楼层框架梁
屋面框架梁
03G101 1P23
框支梁
－
非框架梁
悬挑梁 井字梁
梁编号 表4.2.2
代号
序号 跨数及是否带悬挑
KL WKL KZL
L XL JZL
xx
(xx)、(xxA)或
(xxB)
xx
(xx)、(xxA)或
(xxB)
xx
(xx)、(xxA)或
(xxB)
50
梁
、
抗震框架梁箍筋布置情况
一级抗震 二~四级抗震
梁箍筋距支座边的距离 为50mm 加密区的长度为 max(2hb，500)或 max(1.5hb，500) 如果纵筋采用搭接时， 在搭接部位的箍筋应加 密，设计未注明时，其 加密间距为min(5d， 100)，d为搭接钢筋的较 小直径。
弧形梁沿中心线展开， 箍筋间距沿凸面线量度， hb为梁截面高度。
LL(JG)
xx
暗梁
AL
xx
边框梁
BKL
xx
19
第四节 板的平法识图
04G101-4P5
20
板类型
板 楼面板
屋面板 延伸悬挑板 纯悬挑板
板块编号
代号 LB WB YXB XB
序号 xx xx xx xx
21
有梁板配筋原位示例
• 1、LB5 h=110
• B：xΦ12@120;yΦ12@110
板 • 2、YXB h=150/100
33
第三节 梁钢筋工程量计算基本方法
03G101-1
柱 梁 墙
通常情况下梁钢筋构造
1
梁
1
• 上：上部通长筋 • 中：侧面纵向钢筋－构造或抗扭 • 下：下部钢筋(通长筋或不通长) • 左：左支座钢筋 • 中：架立钢筋或跨中钢筋 • 右：右支座钢筋 • 箍筋 • 附加钢筋：吊筋、次梁加筋、加腋钢筋
梁
框架梁中间支座负筋构造
03G101-1P54 35
、
此处的上部第一排负筋伸入跨中的长度为ln/3，第二排负筋伸入跨中的长度 为ln/4，ln的取值为该支座左右两侧的最大跨的净跨长度。 图中Lle如果是架立筋搭接时，搭接为150
40
框架梁钢筋计算
上通筋计算
梁
• 公式：长度＝净跨长+左支座锚固+右支座 锚固
1
第一章 钢筋平法识图
2
平法基本原理（1）
G101
平法的系统科学原理：
——视全部设计过程与施工过程为一个完整的主系统，主 系统由多个子系统构成：（1）基础结构 、（2）柱墙结 构、（3）梁结构、（4）板结构
系 ——各子系统有明确的层次性、关联性、相对完整性
列 图
——层次性：基础→柱墙→梁→板，均为完整的子系统
基础梁是柱的支座
柱是梁的支座
4
平法基本原理（2）
G101
• 平法的应用理论（三要点）：
• ——将结构设计分为创造性设计内容与重复性（非创造 性）设计内容两部分，两部分为对应互补关系，合并构 成完整的结构设计
系 • —— 设计工程师以数字化、符号化的平面整体设计制图
列 图
规则完成其创造性设计内容部分
03G101-1P39
墙上柱、梁上柱构造
柱
墙上起柱，在墙顶面标高以下锚固范围内的柱箍筋按上柱非加密区箍筋要求配 置。（见注5）。 梁上起柱，在梁内设两道箍筋
31
柱基础层钢筋计算
基础插筋的计算公式：
长度＝弯折长度a+锚固竖 直长度+非连接区 Hn/3+搭接长度Lle
柱
32
• 手工算附录题1柱子基础插筋 时间：10分钟
• B：Xc&YcΦ8@200
04G101-4P5
22
贯通纵筋
• 1、贯通纵筋按板带下部和板带上部分别注写，并 以B代表下部，T代表上部，B&T代表下部和上部；
板
04G101-4P10
23
原位标注原则
04G101-4P6
• • •
板•
• •
1、板支座原位标注的钢筋，应在配置相同跨的第一跨表达； 2、垂直于板支座绘制一段适宜长度的中粗实线(当该筋通长设置在悬挑 板或短跨板上部时，实线段应画至对边或短跨)，以该线段代表支座上部 非贯通纵筋； 3、在线段上方注写钢筋编号、配筋值、横向连续布置的跨数，以及是 否连续布置到梁的悬挑端； 4、板支座上部非贯通纵筋自支座中心线向跨内的延伸长度，注写在线 段的下方位置；当中间支座延伸长度为对称配置时，可在支座一侧标注 其长度，另一侧不注；为非对称布置时，应分别在支座的两侧线段下标 注； 5、对线段画至对边贯通全垮或贯通全悬挑长度的上部通长筋，贯通全 跨或延伸至全悬挑一侧的长度不注，只注明非贯通筋另一侧的延伸长度 值； 6、当板支座为弧形，支座上部非贯通纵筋呈放射状分布时，设计者应 注明配筋间距的度量位置并加注“放射分布”四字；
梁
梁
梁钢筋端部构造 梁中间支座构造 梁侧面钢筋构造 梁悬挑钢筋构造
梁箍筋钢筋构造 主次梁加筋构造 屋面框架梁构造
加腋梁钢筋构造 其它梁钢筋构造
抗震楼层框架梁端支座构造
此处为梁上下部纵筋在端支座的锚
固。
当支座宽度不足以设置直锚时，须
将纵筋伸至柱外侧纵筋内侧，再弯
梁
折，其弯折长度为15d。 当支座宽度满足设置直锚时，其锚
• 下排长度=2*max(第一跨,第二跨)净跨长/4+
梁 支座宽
44
框架梁钢筋计算
架立筋的计算
梁
• 注：当梁的上部既有通长 筋又有架立筋时，其中架
• 架立筋长立度筋=的净搭跨接长长-净度跨为长15/03*2＋150*2
• 架立筋长度=净跨长-左支座负筋伸入跨内
梁
梁
梁钢筋端部构造 梁中间支座构造 梁侧面钢筋构造 梁悬挑钢筋构造
xxxx
——
xx
(xx)、(xxA)或
(xxB)
13
框架梁注写方式
框架梁的平法注写方式分为：平面注写方式 （p22）和截面注写方式两种（p27、32）
梁 平面注写方式：
03G101-1P22~27
14
第三节 墙的平法识图
15
剪力墙平法注写方式
• 列表注写方式：
梁箍筋钢筋构造 主次梁加筋构造 屋面框架梁构造
加腋梁钢筋构造 其它梁钢筋构造
侧面钢筋布置情况
梁
当箍筋为多肢复合箍时，应采用大箍套小箍的形式。 当hw≥450时，在梁的两个侧面应沿高度配置纵向构造钢筋；纵向构造钢筋间
距a≤200。 、 当梁宽≤350时，拉筋直径为6mm；梁宽>350时，拉筋直径为8mm。拉筋间
24
第二章 钢筋工程量计算方法
25
第二节 柱子钢筋工程量计算基本方法
26
03G101-1
柱 梁 墙
柱
柱钢筋生根构造
底层钢筋构造
中间层钢筋构造 变截面钢筋构造
钢筋变化构造
柱
顶层钢筋构造
箍筋构造
非抗震框架柱钢筋构造
梁板式基础层柱插筋
柱
04G101-3P32
平板式基础层柱插筋
柱
04G101-3P45
列表注写方式，系分别在剪力墙柱表、剪力墙身
墙
表和剪力墙梁表中，对应于剪力墙平面布置图上 的编号，用绘制截面配筋图并注写几何尺寸与配
筋具体数值的方式，来表达剪力墙平法施工图。
03G101-1P12
• 截面注写方式：
截面注写方式，系在分标准层绘制的剪力墙平面 布置图上，已直接在墙柱、墙身、墙梁上注写截 面尺寸和配筋具体数值的方式来表达剪力墙平法 施工图。
48
框架梁钢筋计算
拉筋的计算03G101-1P24、62
梁
• 拉筋直径取值：梁宽≤350取6mm，>350取 8mm
49
梁
梁
梁钢筋端部构造 梁中间支座构造 梁侧面钢筋构造 梁悬挑钢筋构造
梁箍筋钢筋构造 主次梁加筋构造 屋面框架梁构造
加腋梁钢筋构造 其它梁钢筋构造
03G101-1P62 63
代号 KZ KZZ XZ LZ QZ
序号 xx xx xx xx xx
框架柱列表注写方式
柱
－
03G101 1P10
03G101 1P11
柱
－
框架柱截面注写方式
屋面
4 3 2 1 -1 层号
15.870
12.270 8.670 4.470 -0.030 -4.530 标高（m）
3.6 3.6 4.2 4.5 4.5 层高
固长度为max(0.5hc+5d，Lae)
当梁纵筋（不包括侧面G打头的构
造钢筋）采用绑扎搭接接长时，箍
筋应加密，其要求同40页注2
03G101-1P54
梁
梁
梁钢筋端部构造 梁中间支座构造 梁侧面钢筋构造 梁悬挑钢筋构造
梁箍筋钢筋构造 主次梁加筋构造 屋面框架梁构造
加腋梁钢筋构造 其它梁钢筋构造
通长钢筋
集 ——关联性：基础→关联→柱墙（以基础为支座）；柱→
关联→梁（以柱为支座）；梁→关联→板（以梁为支座）