economist 经济学家
economist 经济学家
economist 经济学家简介经济学家是指研究经济学的专家，他们通过分析市场和经济数据，为决策者提供经济政策建议，并对经济开展趋势进行预测。
他们的研究范围包括宏观经济学、微观经济学、国际经济学、金融经济学等。
在现代社会中，经济学家在政府、金融机构、学术界都扮演着重要的角色。
经济学家的职责经济学家的职责主要包括以下几个方面：1. 经济数据分析经济学家需要收集和分析各种经济数据，例如国内生产总值〔GDP〕、通货膨胀率、失业率等。
通过对这些数据的分析，经济学家可以评估经济的健康状况，发现问题，并提供解决方案。
2. 经济政策研究经济学家对各种经济政策进行研究，包括财政政策、货币政策、税收政策等。
他们通过分析政策的影响和效果，为政府和决策者提供建议，帮助他们制定正确的经济政策。
3. 经济预测和预警经济学家通过分析市场和经济趋势，预测未来的经济开展走势，并提供预警和建议。
他们可以预测通货膨胀、经济增长，以及其他与经济相关的指标。
这些预测对于政府、企业和个人做出正确的决策非常重要。
4. 教育和研究经济学家在学术界发挥着重要的作用，他们进行经济学的教育和研究工作。
他们培养新一代的经济学家，推动经济学的开展，并发表各种经济学研究成果。
经济学家的重要性经济学家在现代社会中扮演着至关重要的角色。
他们的研究和分析对于决策者和各个领域的人士具有指导意义。
以下是经济学家的重要性的几个方面：1. 经济政策指导经济学家的研究成果和政策建议对于政府和决策者在制定和实施经济政策时具有重要指导作用。
通过经济学家的分析，政府可以制定出更为科学合理的政策，促进经济的稳定和开展。
2. 企业战略规划经济学家对市场和行业的研究可以帮助企业制定战略规划。
他们可以预测市场的需求和开展趋势，为企业提供决策依据，帮助企业降低风险，拓展市场。
3. 个人投资决策对于个人投资者来说，经济学家的研究和分析可以提供投资建议，帮助他们做出明智的投资决策。
个人投资者可以通过了解经济的开展趋势和市场的行情，躲避风险，获得更好的投资回报。
(完整版)商务英语词汇大全
商务英语词汇大全（一）economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给bank 银行current account 经常帐户（美作:checking account）current-account holder 支票帐户（美作:checking-account holder）cheque 支票（美作:check）bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本（美作:checkbook）endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币（美作:bill）to pay （in）cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation （货币）贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃securities business 证券市场stock exchange 贡市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,贡交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,贡shareholder, stockholder 贡持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 贡投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 贡经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行贡par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴cost 成本,费用expenditure, outgoings 开支,支出fixed costs 固定成本overhead costs 营业间接成本overheads 杂项开支,间接成本operating costs 生产费用,营业成本operating expenses 营业费用running expenses 日常费用,经营费用miscellaneous costs 杂项费用overhead expenses 间接费用,管理费用upkeep costs, maintenance costs 维修费用,养护费用transport costs 运输费用social charges 社会负担费用contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用apportionment of expenses 分摊费用income 收入,收益earnings 利润,收益gross income, gross earnings 总收入,总收益gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,总利润,利益毛额net income 纯收益,净收入,收益净额average income 平均收入national income 国收入profitability, profit earning capacity 利润率,赢利率yield 产量收益,收益率increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值duty 税taxation system 税制taxation 征税,纳税fiscal charges 财务税收progressive taxation 累进税制graduated tax 累进税value added tax 增值税income tax 所得税land tax 地租,地价税excise tax 特许权税basis of assessment 估税标准taxable income 须纳税的收入fiscality 检查tax-free 免税的tax exemption 免税taxpayer 纳税人tax collector 收税员China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, C.C.P.I.T. 中国国际贸易促进委员会National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易全国理事会Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会Association for the Promotion of International Trade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会British Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International Union of Marine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会International Alumina Association 国际铝矾土协会Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 关税合作理事会United Nations Trade and Development Board 联合国贸易与发展理事会Organization for Economic cooperation and Development, DECD 经济合作与开发组织European Economic Community, EEC, European Common Market 欧洲经济共同体European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲贸易联盟European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲贸易区Council for Mutual Economic Aid, CMEA 经济互助委员会Eurogroup 欧洲集团Group of Ten 十国集团Committee of Twenty（Paris Club）二十国委员会Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会Caribbean Common Market, CCM, Caribbean Free-Trade Association, CARIFTA 加勒比共同市场（加勒比贸易同盟）Andeans Common Market, ACM, Andeans Treaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场Latin American Free Trade Association, LAFTA 拉丁美洲贸易联盟Central American Common Market, CACM 中美洲共同市场African and Malagasy Common Organization, OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场Central African Customs and Economic Union, CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟West African Economic Community, WAEC 西非经济共同体Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, OAPEC 阿拉伯石油输出国组织Commonwealth Preference Area 英联邦特惠区Centre National du Commerce Exterieur, National Center of External Trade 法国对外贸易中心People's Bank of China 中国人银行Bank of China 中国银行International Bank for Reconstruction and development, IBRD 国际复兴开发银行World Bank 世界银行International Development association, IDA 国际开发协会International Monetary Found Agreement 国际货币基金协定International Monetary Found, IMF 国际货币基金组织European Economic and Monetary Union 欧洲经济与货币同盟European Monetary Cooperation Fund 欧洲货币合作基金Bank for International Settlements, BIS 国际结算银行African Development Bank, AFDB 非洲开发银行Export-Import Bank of Washington 美国进出口银行National city Bank of New York 花旗银行American Oriental Banking Corporation 美丰银行American Express Co. Inc. 美国万国宝通银行The Chase Bank 大通银行Inter-American Development Bank, IDB 泛美开发银行European Investment Bank, EIB 欧洲投资银行Midland Bank,Ltd. 米兰银行United Bank of Switzerland 瑞士联合银行Dresden Bank A.G. 德累斯敦银行Bank of Tokyo,Ltd. 东京银行Hongkong and Shanghai Corporation 香港汇丰银行International Finance Corporation, IFC 国际金融公司La Communaute Financieve Africane 非洲金融共同体Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC 联合国经济及社会理事会United Nations Development Program, NUDP 联合国开发计划署United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO 粮食与农业组织, 粮农组织Economic Commission for Europe, ECE 欧洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Latin America, ECLA 拉丁美洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Asia and Far East, ECAFE 亚洲及远东经济委员会Economic Commission for Western Asia, ECWA 西亚经济委员会Economic Commission for Africa, ECA 非洲经济委员会Overseas Chinese Investment Company 华侨投资公司New York Stock Exchange, NYSE 纽约证券交易所London Stock Market 伦敦贡市场Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange 波罗的海商业和航运交易所instruction, education 教育culture 文化primary education 初等教育secondary education 中等教育higher education 高等教育the three R's 读、写、算school year 学年term, trimester 学季semester 学期school day 教学日school holidays 假期curriculum 课程subject 学科discipline 纪律timetable 课程表class, lesson 课homework 家庭作业exercise 练习dictation 听写spelling mistake 拼写错误（short）course 短训班seminar 研讨班playtime, break 课间,休息to play truant, to play hooky 逃学,旷课course （of study）学业student body 学生（总称）classmate, schoolmate 同学pupil 小学生student 大学生schoolboy 男生schoolgirl 女生auditor 旁听生swot, grind 用的学生old boy 老生grant, scholarship, fellowship 奖学金holder of a grant, scholar, fellow 奖学金获得者school uniform 校服teaching staff 教育工作者（总称）teachers 教师（总称）primary school teacher 小学老师teacher lecturer 大学老师professor 教授schooling 教授,授课assistant 助教headmaster 校长（女性为:headmistress）deputy headmaster, deputy head 副校长rector 校长dean 教务长laboratory assistant, lab assistant 实验员beadle, porter 门房,学校工友games master, gym teacher, gym instructor 体育教师private tutor 私人教师,家庭教师pedagogue 文学教师（蔑称）of school age 教龄beginning of term 开学matriculation 注册to enroll, to enroll 予以注册to take lessons （学生）上课to teach （老师）上课to study 学习to learn by heart 记住,掌握to revise, to go over 复习test 考试to test 考试to take an examination, to sit an examination, to do an examination 参加考试convocation notice 考试通知examiner 考试者board of examiners 考试团examination oral, written examination 口试,笔试question 问题question paper 试卷crib 夹带（美作:trot）to pass an examination （或exam）, 通过考试pass, passing grade 升级prizegiving 分配奖品to fall an examination 未通过考试failure 未考好to repeat a year 留级degree 学位graduate 毕业生to graduate 毕业project, thesis 毕业论文General Certificate of Education 中学毕业证书（美作:high school diploma）holder of the General Certificate of Education 中学毕业生（美作:holder of a high school diploma）doctorate 博士学位doctor 博士competitive examination 答辩考试Chinese 语文English 英语Japanese 日语mathematics 数学science 理科gymnastics 体育history 历史algebra 代数geometry 几何geography 地理biology 生物chemistry 化学physics 物理physical geography 地球物理literature 文学sociology 社会学psycology 心理学philosophy 哲学engineering 工程学mechanical engineering 机械工程学electronic engineering 电子工程学medicine 医学social science 社会科学agriculture 农学astronomy 天文学economics 经济学politics 政治学commercial science 商学biochemistry 生物化学anthropology 人类学linguistics 语言学accounting 会计学law, jurisprdence 法学banking 银行学metallurgy 冶金学finance 财政学mass-communication 大众传播学journalism 新闻学atomic energy 原子能学civil engineering 土木工程architecture 建筑学chemical, engineering 化学工程accounting and statisics 会计统计business administration 工商管理library 图书馆学diplomacy 外交foreign language 外文botany 植物major 主修minor 辅修school 学校kindergarten 幼儿园infant school 幼儿学校primary school, junior school 小学secondary school 中学high school, secondary school 专科学校business school 商业学校technical school 工业学校technical college 专科学校（university）campus 大学university 大学boarding school 供膳宿的学校day school 日校,无宿舍学校,走读学校day student who has lunch at school 提供午餐的走读学生academy 专科学院faculty 系hall of residence 学校公寓classroom 教室lecture theatre 阅览室（美作:lecture theater）amphitheatre 阶梯教室（美作:amphitheater）staff room 教研室headmaster's study, headmaster's office 校长办公室（assembly）hall 礼堂library 图书馆playground 操场desk 课桌blackboard 黑板（a piece of）chalk 粉笔slate pencil 石板笔wall map 挂图skeleton map 廓图,示意图globe 地球仪text book 课本dictionary 词典encyclopedia 百科全书atlas地图集satchel 书包exercise book 练习本rough not book 草稿本（美作:scribbling pad）blotting paper 吸墨纸tracing paper 描图纸squared paper, graph paper 坐标纸（fountain）pen 自来水笔biro, ballpoint （pen）圆珠笔pencil 铅笔propelling pencil 自动铅笔pencil sharpener 铅笔刀,转笔刀ink 墨水inkwell 墨水池rubber, eraser 橡皮ruler, rule 尺slide rule 计算尺set square 三角板protractor 量角器compass, pair of compasses 圆规Ministry of Labour 劳工部（美作epartment of Labor）labour market 劳工市场, 劳务市场Labour exchange, Employment exchange 职业介绍所（美作:Employment Bureau）labour management 职业介绍经纪人full employment 整日制工作to be paid by the hour 按小时付酬seasonal work 季节工作piecework work 计件工作timework work 计时工作teamwork work 联合工作shift work 换班工作assembly line work 组装线工作（美作:serial production）workshop 车间handicrafts, crafts 手艺, 技艺trade, craft 行当profession, occupation 职务employment, job 工作situation, post 位置job 一件工作vacancy 空缺, 空额work permit 工作许可证to apply for a job 求职, 找工作application（for a job）求职to engage, to employ 雇用work contract 劳务合同industrial accident 劳动事故occupational disease 职业病vocational guidance 职业指导vocational training 职业训练retraining, reorientation, rehabilitation 再训练, 再培训holidays, holiday, vacation 假期labour costs, labour input 劳力成本fluctuation of labour 劳力波动（美作f labor）worker 工作者permanent worker 长期工, 固定工personnel, staff 人员employee 职员clerk, office worker 办公室人员salary earner 雇佣工人workman 工人organized labour 参加工会的工人skilled worker 技术工人unskilled worker 非技术工人specialized worker 熟练工人farm worker 农场工人labourer worker 农业工人day labourer 日工seasonal worker 季节工collaborator 合作者foreman 工头trainee, apprentice 学徒工apprenticeship 学徒artisan, craftsman 工匠specialist 专家night shift 夜班shortage of labour, shortage of manpower 缺乏劳力working class 工人阶级proletarian 无产者proletariat 无产阶级trade union 工会（美作:labor union）trade unionist 工团主义者trade unionism 工团主义guild 行会,同会,公会association, society, union 协会emigration 移,移居employer 雇主,老板shop steward （工厂的）工会代表（美作:union delegate）delegate 代表representative 代表works council 劳资联合委员会labour law 劳工法working day, workday 工作日full-time employment, full-time job, full-time work 全天工作part-time employment, part-time job, part-time work 半日工作working hours 工作时间overtime 业余时间remuneration 报酬pay, wage, salary 工资wage index 工资指数minimum wage 最低工资basic wage 基础工资gross wages 全部收入net, real wages 实际收入hourly wages, wage rate per hour 计时工资monthly wages 月工资weekly wages 周工资piecework wage 计件工资maximum wage 最高工资（美作:wage ceiling）sliding scale 按物价计酬法payment in kind 用实物付酬daily wages 日工资premium, bonus, extra pay 奖励payday 发工资日, 付薪日pay slip 工资单payroll 薪水册unemployment benefit 失业救济old-age pension 退休金,养老金collective agreement 工会代表工人与资方代表达成的协议retirement 退休claims 要求strike 罢工striker 罢工者go-slow 怠工（美作:slow-down）lockout 停工（业主为抵制工人的要求而停工）staggered strike 阶段性罢工strike picket 罢工纠察队员strike pay 罢工津贴（由工会给的）strikebreaker, blackleg 破坏罢工者down tools, sit-down strike 静坐demonstration, manifestation 示威sanction 制裁unemployment 失业seasonal unemployment 季节性失业underemployment 不充分就业unemployed man 失业者（个人）the unemployed 失业者（集体）to discharge, to dismiss 辞退,开除,解雇dismissal 开除,解雇to terminate a contract 结束合同,结束契约negotiation 谈判collective bargaining 劳资双方就工资等问题谈判receptionist 接待员typist 打字员key puncher 电脑操作员stenographer 速记员telephone operator 电话接线员programmer 电脑程序员system analyst 系统分析员shorthand typist 速记打字员office girl 女记事员public servants 公务员national public servant 国家公务员local public service employee 地方公务员nation railroad man 国营铁路职员tracer 绘图员illustrator 汇稿员saleswoman 女店员pilot 驾驶员simultaneous 同时译员publisher 出版人员graphic designer 美术设计员delivery boy 送报员secretary 秘书policeman 警察journalist 记者editor 编辑interpreter 通译者director 导演talent 星探actor 男演员actress 女演员photographer 摄影师scholar 学者translator 翻译家novelist 小说家playwright 剧作家linguist 语言学家botanist 植物学家economist 经济学家chemist 化学家scientist 科学家philosopher 哲学家politician 政治学家physicist 物理学家astropologist 人类学家archaeologist 考古学家geologist 地质学家expert on folklore 俗学家mathematician 数学家biologist 生物学家zoologist 动物学家statistician 统计学家physiologist 生理学家futurologist 未来学家artists 艺术家painter 画家musician 音乐家composer 作曲家singer 歌唱家designer 设计家sculptor 雕刻家designer 服装设计师fashion coordinator 时装调配师dressmaker 女装裁剪师cutter 裁剪师sewer 裁缝师tailor 西装师傅beautician 美容师model 模特ballerina 芭蕾舞星detective 刑警chief of police 警察局长taxi driver 出租车司机clerk 店员mailman 邮差newspaper boy 报童bootblack 擦鞋童poet 诗人copywriter 撰稿人producer 制片人newscaster 新闻评论人milkman 送奶人merchant 商人florist 卖花人baker 面包师greengrocer 菜贩fish-monger 鱼贩butcher 肉贩shoe-maker 鞋匠saleswoman 女店员stewardess 空中小姐conductor 车掌station agent 站长porter 行李夫car mechanic 汽车修理师architect 建筑师civil planner 城市设计师civil engineer 土木技师druggist, chemist, pharmacist 药剂师guide 导游oil supplier 加油工（public）health nurse 保健护士dentist 牙科医生supervisor 监工forman 工头doctor 医生nurse 护士宏观经济的macroeconomic通货膨胀inflation破产insolvency有偿还债务能力的solvent合同contract汇率exchange rate紧缩信贷tighten credit creation私营部门private sector财政管理机构fiscal authorities宽松的财政政策slack fiscal policy 税法tax bill财政public finance财政部the Ministry of Finance平衡预算balanced budget继承税inheritance tax货币主义者monetariest增值税VAT （value added tax）收入revenue总需求aggregate demand商务英语词汇大全（二）货币化monetization赤字deficit经济不景气recessiona period when the economy of a country is not successful, business conditions are bad, industrial production and trade are at a low level and there is a lot of unemployment经济好转turnabout复苏recovery成本推进型cost push货币供应money supply生产率productivity劳动力labor force实际工资real wages成本推进式通货膨胀cost-push inflation需求拉动式通货膨胀demand-pull inflation双位数通货膨胀double- digit inflation极度通货膨胀hyperinflation长期通货膨胀chronic inflation治理通货膨胀to fight inflation最终目标ultimate goal坏的影响adverse effect担保ensure贴现discount萧条的sluggish认购subscribe to支票帐户checking account货币控制工具instruments of monetry control 借据IOUs（I owe you）本票promissory notes货币总监controller of the currency拖收系统collection system支票清算或结算check clearing资金划拨transfer of funds可以相信的证明credentials改革fashion被缠住entangled货币联盟Monetary Union再购协议repo精明的讨价还价交易horse-trading欧元euro公共债务membership criteria汇率机制REM储备货币reserve currency劳动密集型labor-intensive贡交易所bourse竞争领先frontrun牛市bull market非凡的牛市a raging bull规模经济scale economcies买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价bid-ask spreads 期货（贡）futures经济商行brokerage firm回报率rate of return贡equities违约default现金外流cash drains经济人佣金brokerage fee存款单CD（certificate of deposit营业额turnover资本市场capital market布雷顿森林体系The Bretton Woods System经常帐户current account套利者arbitrager远期汇率forward exchange rate即期汇率spot rate实际利率real interest rates货币政策工具tools of monetary policy银行倒闭bank failures跨国公司MNC （Multi-National Corporation）商业银行commercial bank商业票据comercial paper利润profit本票，期票promissory notes监督to monitor佣金（经济人）commission brokers套期保值hedge有价证券平衡理论portfolio balance theory外汇储备foreign exchange reserves固定汇率fixed exchange rate浮动汇率floating/flexible exchange rate货币选择权（期货）currency option套利arbitrage合约价exercise price远期升水forward premium多头买升buying long空头卖跌selling short按市价订购贡market order贡经纪人stockbroker国际货币基金the IMF七国集团the G-7监督surveillance同业拆借市场interbank market可兑换性convertibility软通货soft currency限制restriction交易transaction充分需求adequate demand短期外债short term external debt汇率机制exchange rate regime直接标价direct quotes资本流动性mobility of capital赤字deficit本国货币domestic currency外汇交易市场foreign exchange market国际储备international reserve利率interest rate资产assets国际收支balance of payments贸易差额balance of trade繁荣boom债券bond资本captial资本支出captial expenditures商品commodities商品交易所commodity exchange期货合同commodity futures contract普通贡common stock联合大企业conglomerate货币贬值currency devaluation通货紧缩deflation折旧depreciation贴现率discount rate归个人支配的收入disposable personal income 从业人员employed person汇率exchange rate财政年度fiscal year企业free enterprise国生产总值gross antional product库存inventory劳动力人数labor force债务liabilities市场经济market economy合并merger货币收入money income跨国公司Multinational Corproation个人收入personal income优先贡preferred stock价格收益比率price-earning ratio优惠贷款利率prime rate利润profit回报return on investment使货币升值revaluation薪水salary季节性调整seasonal adjustment关税tariff失业人员unemployed person效用utility价值value工资wages工资价格螺旋上升wage-price spiral收益yield补偿贸易compensatory trade, compensated deal 储蓄银行savings banks欧洲联盟the European Union单一的实体a single entity抵押贷款mortgage lending业主产权owner''''s equity普通股common stock无形资产intangible assets收益表income statement营业开支operating expenses行政开支administrative expenses现金收支一览表statement of cash flow贸易中的存货inventory收益proceeds投资银行investment bank机构投资者institutional investor垄断兼并委员会MMC招标发行issue by tender定向发行introduction代销offer for sale直销placing公开发行public issue信贷额度credit line国际债券international bonds欧洲货币Eurocurrency利差interest margin以所借的钱作抵押所获之贷款leveraged loan权利股发行rights issues净收入比例结合net income gearing外贸中常见英文缩略词1 C2 T/T（telegraphic transfer）电汇3 D/P（document against payment）付款交单4 D/A （document against acceptance）承兑交单5 C.O （certificate of origin）一般原产地证6 G.S.P.（generalized system of preferences）普惠制7 CTN/CTNS（carton/cartons）纸箱8 PCE/PCS（piece/pieces）只、个、支等9 DL/DLS（dollar/dollars）美元10 DOZ/DZ（dozen）一打11 PKG（package）一包，一捆，一扎，一件等12 WT（weight）重量13 G.W.（gross weight）毛重14 N.W.（net weight）净重15 C/D （customs declaration）报关单16 EA（each）每个，各17 W （with）具有18 w/o（without）没有19 FAC（facsimile）传真20 IMP（import）进口21 EXP（export）出口22 MAX （maximum）最大的、最大限度的23 MIN （minimum）最小的，最低限度24 M 或MED （medium）中等，中级的25 M/V（merchant vessel）商船26 S.S（steamship）船运27 MT或M/T（metric ton）公吨28 DOC （document）文件、单据29 INT（international）国际的30 P/L （packing list）装箱单、明细表31 INV （invoice）发票32 PCT （percent）百分比33 REF （reference）参考、查价34 EMS （express mail special）特快传递35 STL.（style）式样、款式、类型36 T或LTX或TX（telex）电传37 RMB（renminbi）人币38 S/M （shipping marks）装船标记39 PR或PRC（price）价格40 PUR （purchase）购买、购货41 S/C（sales contract）销售确认书42 L/C （letter of credit）信用证43 B/L （bill of lading）提单44 FOB （free on board）离岸价45 CIF （cost,insurance补充：CR=credit贷方，债主DR=debt借贷方（注意：国外常说的debt card，就是银行卡，credit card就是信誉卡。
economist 经济学家.doc
economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给bank 银行current account 经常帐户（美作:checkingaccount）current-account holder 支票帐户（美作:checking-account holder）cheque 支票（美作:check）bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本（美作:checkbook）endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币（美作:bill）to pay （in）cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation （货币）贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃securities business 证券市场stock exchange 贡市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,贡交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,贡shareholder, stockholder 贡持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 贡投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 贡经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行贡par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴cost 成本,费用expenditure, outgoings 开支,支出fixed costs 固定成本overhead costs 营业间接成本overheads 杂项开支,间接成本operating costs 生产费用,营业成本operating expenses 营业费用running expenses 日常费用,经营费用miscellaneous costs 杂项费用overhead expenses 间接费用,管理费用upkeep costs, maintenance costs 维修费用,养护费用transport costs 运输费用social charges 社会负担费用contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用apportionment of expenses 分摊费用income 收入,收益earnings 利润,收益gross income, gross earnings 总收入,总收益gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,总利润利益毛额net income 纯收益,净收入,收益净额average income 平均收入national income 国收入profitability, profit earning capacity利润率赢利率yield 产量收益,收益率increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值duty 税taxation system 税制taxation 征税,纳税fiscal charges 财务税收progressive taxation 累进税制graduated tax 累进税value added tax 增值税income tax 所得税land tax 地租,地价税excise tax 特许权税basis of assessment 估税标准taxable income 须纳税的收入fiscality 检查tax-free 免税的tax exemption 免税taxpayer 纳税人tax collector 收税员China Council for the Promotion ofInternational Trade, C.C.P.I.T. 中国国际贸易促进委员会National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易全国理事会Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会Association for the Promotion of InternationalTrade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会British Council for the Promotion ofInternational Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International Union of Marine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会International Alumina Association 国际铝矾土协会Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 关税合作理事会United Nations Trade and Development Board联合国贸易与发展理事会Organization for Economic cooperation andDevelopment, DECD 经济合作与开发组织European Economic Community, EEC,European Common Market 欧洲经济共同体European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲贸易联盟European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲贸易区Council for Mutual Economic Aid, CMEA 经济互助委员会Eurogroup 欧洲集团Group of Ten 十国集团Committee of Twenty（Paris Club）二十国委员会Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会Caribbean Common Market, CCM,Caribbean Free-Trade Association, CARIFTA 加勒比共同市场（加勒比贸易同盟）Andeans Common Market, ACM, AndeansTreaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场Latin American Free Trade Association,LAFTA 拉丁美洲贸易联盟Central American Common Market, CACM中美洲共同市场African and Malagasy Common Organization,OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场Central African Customs and Economic Union,CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟West African Economic Community, WAEC西非经济共同体Organization of the Petroleum ExportingCountries, OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of Arab Petroleum ExportingCountries, OAPEC 阿拉伯石油输出国组织Commonwealth Preference Area 英联邦特惠区Centre National du Commerce Exterieur, National Center of External Trade 法国对外贸易中心People's Bank of China 中国人银行Bank of China 中国银行International Bank for Reconstruction and development, IBRD 国际复兴开发银行World Bank 世界银行International Development association, IDA 国际开发协会International Monetary Found Agreement 国际货币基金协定International Monetary Found, IMF 国际货币基金组织European Economic and Monetary Union 欧洲经济与货币同盟European Monetary Cooperation Fund 欧洲货币合作基金Bank for International Settlements, BIS 国际结算银行African Development Bank, AFDB 非洲开发银行Export-Import Bank of Washington 美国进出口银行National city Bank of New York 花旗银行American Oriental Banking Corporation 美丰银行American Express Co. Inc. 美国万国宝通银行The Chase Bank 大通银行Inter-American Development Bank, IDB 泛美开发银行European Investment Bank, EIB 欧洲投资银行Midland Bank,Ltd. 米兰银行United Bank of Switzerland 瑞士联合银行Dresden Bank A.G. 德累斯敦银行Bank of Tokyo,Ltd. 东京银行Hongkong and Shanghai Corporation 香港汇丰银行International Finance Corporation, IFC 国际金融公司La Communaute Financieve Africane 非洲金融共同体Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC 联合国经济及社会理事会United Nations Development Program, NUDP 联合国开发计划署United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金United Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganization, UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment, UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO 粮食与农业组织, 粮农组织Economic Commission for Europe, ECE 欧洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Latin America,ECLA 拉丁美洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Asia and Far East,ECAFE 亚洲及远东经济委员会Economic Commission for Western Asia,ECWA 西亚经济委员会Economic Commission for Africa, ECA 非洲经济委员会Overseas Chinese Investment Company 华侨投资公司New York Stock Exchange, NYSE 纽约证券交易所London Stock Market 伦敦贡市场Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange 波罗的海商业和航运交易所instruction, education 教育culture 文化primary education 初等教育secondary education 中等教育higher education 高等教育the three R's 读、写、算school year 学年term, trimester 学季semester 学期school day 教学日school holidays 假期curriculum 课程subject 学科discipline 纪律timetable 课程表class, lesson 课homework 家庭作业exercise 练习dictation 听写spelling mistake 拼写错误（short）course 短训班seminar 研讨班playtime, break 课间,休息to play truant, to play hooky 逃学,旷课course （of study）学业student body 学生（总称）classmate, schoolmate 同学pupil 小学生student 大学生schoolboy 男生schoolgirl 女生auditor 旁听生swot, grind 用的学生old boy 老生grant, scholarship, fellowship 奖学金holder of a grant, scholar, fellow 奖学金获得者school uniform 校服teaching staff 教育工作者（总称）teachers 教师（总称）primary school teacher 小学老师teacher lecturer 大学老师professor 教授schooling 教授,授课assistant 助教headmaster 校长（女性为:headmistress）deputy headmaster, deputy head 副校长rector 校长dean 教务长laboratory assistant, lab assistant 实验员beadle, porter 门房,学校工友games master, gym teacher, gym instructor 体育教师private tutor 私人教师,家庭教师pedagogue 文学教师（蔑称）of school age 教龄beginning of term 开学matriculation 注册to enroll, to enroll 予以注册to take lessons （学生）上课to teach （老师）上课to study 学习to learn by heart 记住,掌握to revise, to go over 复习test 考试to test 考试to take an examination, to sit an examination,to do an examination 参加考试convocation notice 考试通知examiner 考试者board of examiners 考试团examination oral, written examination 口试,笔试question 问题question paper 试卷crib 夹带（美作:trot）to pass an examination （或exam）, 通过考试pass, passing grade 升级prizegiving 分配奖品to fall an examination 未通过考试failure 未考好to repeat a year 留级degree 学位graduate 毕业生to graduate 毕业project, thesis 毕业论文General Certificate of Education 中学毕业证书（美作:high school diploma）holder of the General Certificate of Education 中学毕业生（美作:holder of a high school diploma）doctorate 博士学位doctor 博士competitive examination 答辩考试Chinese 语文English 英语Japanese 日语mathematics 数学science 理科gymnastics 体育history 历史algebra 代数geometry 几何geography 地理biology 生物chemistry 化学physics 物理physical geography 地球物理literature 文学sociology 社会学psycology 心理学philosophy 哲学engineering 工程学mechanical engineering 机械工程学electronic engineering 电子工程学medicine 医学social science 社会科学agriculture 农学astronomy 天文学economics 经济学politics 政治学commercial science 商学biochemistry 生物化学anthropology 人类学linguistics 语言学accounting 会计学law, jurisprdence 法学banking 银行学metallurgy 冶金学finance 财政学mass-communication 大众传播学journalism 新闻学atomic energy 原子能学civil engineering 土木工程architecture 建筑学chemical, engineering 化学工程accounting and statisics 会计统计business administration 工商管理library 图书馆学diplomacy 外交foreign language 外文botany 植物major 主修minor 辅修school 学校kindergarten 幼儿园infant school 幼儿学校primary school, junior school 小学secondary school 中学high school, secondary school 专科学校business school 商业学校technical school 工业学校technical college 专科学校（university）campus 大学university 大学boarding school 供膳宿的学校day school 日校,无宿舍学校,走读学校day student who has lunch at school 提供午餐的走读学生academy 专科学院faculty 系hall of residence 学校公寓classroom 教室lecture theatre 阅览室（美作:lecture theater）amphitheatre 阶梯教室（美作:amphitheater）staff room 教研室headmaster's study, headmaster's office 校长办公室（assembly）hall 礼堂library 图书馆playground 操场desk 课桌blackboard 黑板（a piece of）chalk 粉笔slate pencil 石板笔wall map 挂图skeleton map 廓图,示意图globe 地球仪text book 课本dictionary 词典encyclopedia 百科全书atlas地图集satchel 书包exercise book 练习本rough not book 草稿本（美作:scribblingpad）blotting paper 吸墨纸tracing paper 描图纸squared paper, graph paper 坐标纸（fountain）pen 自来水笔biro, ballpoint （pen）圆珠笔pencil 铅笔propelling pencil 自动铅笔pencil sharpener 铅笔刀,转笔刀ink 墨水inkwell 墨水池rubber, eraser 橡皮ruler, rule 尺slide rule 计算尺set square 三角板protractor 量角器compass, pair of compasses 圆规Ministry of Labour 劳工部（美作epartmentof Labor）labour market 劳工市场, 劳务市场Labour exchange, Employment exchange 职业介绍所（美作:Employment Bureau）labour management 职业介绍经纪人full employment 整日制工作to be paid by the hour 按小时付酬seasonal work 季节工作piecework work 计件工作timework work 计时工作teamwork work 联合工作shift work 换班工作assembly line work 组装线工作（美作:serialproduction）workshop 车间handicrafts, crafts 手艺, 技艺trade, craft 行当profession, occupation 职务employment, job 工作situation, post 位置job 一件工作vacancy 空缺, 空额work permit 工作许可证to apply for a job 求职, 找工作application（for a job）求职to engage, to employ 雇用work contract 劳务合同industrial accident 劳动事故occupational disease 职业病vocational guidance 职业指导vocational training 职业训练retraining, reorientation, rehabilitation 再训练, 再培训holidays, holiday, vacation 假期labour costs, labour input 劳力成本fluctuation of labour 劳力波动（美作f labor）worker 工作者permanent worker 长期工, 固定工personnel, staff 人员employee 职员clerk, office worker 办公室人员salary earner 雇佣工人workman 工人organized labour 参加工会的工人skilled worker 技术工人unskilled worker 非技术工人specialized worker 熟练工人farm worker 农场工人labourer worker 农业工人day labourer 日工seasonal worker 季节工collaborator 合作者foreman 工头trainee, apprentice 学徒工apprenticeship 学徒artisan, craftsman 工匠specialist 专家night shift 夜班shortage of labour, shortage of manpower 缺乏劳力working class 工人阶级proletarian 无产者proletariat 无产阶级trade union 工会（美作:labor union）trade unionist 工团主义者trade unionism 工团主义guild 行会,同会,公会association, society, union 协会emigration 移,移居employer 雇主,老板shop steward （工厂的）工会代表（美作:uniondelegate）delegate 代表representative 代表works council 劳资联合委员会labour law 劳工法working day, workday 工作日full-time employment, full-time job, full-timework 全天工作part-time employment, part-time job,part-time work 半日工作working hours 工作时间overtime 业余时间remuneration 报酬pay, wage, salary 工资wage index 工资指数minimum wage 最低工资basic wage 基础工资gross wages 全部收入net, real wages 实际收入hourly wages, wage rate per hour 计时工资monthly wages 月工资weekly wages 周工资piecework wage 计件工资maximum wage 最高工资（美作:wageceiling）sliding scale 按物价计酬法payment in kind 用实物付酬daily wages 日工资premium, bonus, extra pay 奖励payday 发工资日, 付薪日pay slip 工资单payroll 薪水册unemployment benefit 失业救济old-age pension 退休金,养老金collective agreement 工会代表工人与资方代表达成的协议retirement 退休claims 要求strike 罢工striker 罢工者go-slow 怠工（美作:slow-down）lockout 停工（业主为抵制工人的要求而停工）staggered strike 阶段性罢工strike picket 罢工纠察队员strike pay 罢工津贴（由工会给的）strikebreaker, blackleg 破坏罢工者down tools, sit-down strike 静坐demonstration, manifestation 示威sanction 制裁unemployment 失业seasonal unemployment 季节性失业underemployment 不充分就业unemployed man 失业者（个人）the unemployed 失业者（集体）to discharge, to dismiss 辞退,开除,解雇dismissal 开除,解雇to terminate a contract 结束合同,结束契约negotiation 谈判collective bargaining 劳资双方就工资等问题谈判receptionist 接待员typist 打字员key puncher 电脑操作员stenographer 速记员telephone operator 电话接线员programmer 电脑程序员system analyst 系统分析员shorthand typist 速记打字员office girl 女记事员public servants 公务员national public servant 国家公务员local public service employee 地方公务员nation railroad man 国营铁路职员tracer 绘图员illustrator 汇稿员saleswoman 女店员pilot 驾驶员simultaneous 同时译员publisher 出版人员graphic designer 美术设计员delivery boy 送报员secretary 秘书policeman 警察journalist 记者editor 编辑interpreter 通译者director 导演talent 星探actor 男演员actress 女演员photographer 摄影师scholar 学者translator 翻译家novelist 小说家playwright 剧作家linguist 语言学家botanist 植物学家economist 经济学家chemist 化学家scientist 科学家philosopher 哲学家politician 政治学家physicist 物理学家astropologist 人类学家archaeologist 考古学家geologist 地质学家expert on folklore 俗学家mathematician 数学家biologist 生物学家zoologist 动物学家statistician 统计学家physiologist 生理学家futurologist 未来学家artists 艺术家painter 画家musician 音乐家composer 作曲家singer 歌唱家designer 设计家sculptor 雕刻家designer 服装设计师fashion coordinator 时装调配师dressmaker 女装裁剪师cutter 裁剪师sewer 裁缝师tailor 西装师傅beautician 美容师model 模特ballerina 芭蕾舞星detective 刑警chief of police 警察局长taxi driver 出租车司机clerk 店员mailman 邮差newspaper boy 报童bootblack 擦鞋童poet 诗人copywriter 撰稿人producer 制片人newscaster 新闻评论人milkman 送奶人merchant 商人florist 卖花人baker 面包师greengrocer 菜贩fish-monger 鱼贩butcher 肉贩shoe-maker 鞋匠saleswoman 女店员stewardess 空中小姐conductor 车掌station agent 站长porter 行李夫car mechanic 汽车修理师architect 建筑师civil planner 城市设计师civil engineer 土木技师druggist, chemist, pharmacist 药剂师guide 导游oil supplier 加油工（public）health nurse 保健护士dentist 牙科医生supervisor 监工forman 工头doctor 医生nurse 护士宏观经济的macroeconomic通货膨胀inflation破产insolvency有偿还债务能力的solvent合同contract汇率exchange rate紧缩信贷tighten credit creation私营部门private sector财政管理机构fiscal authorities宽松的财政政策slack fiscal policy税法tax bill财政public finance财政部the Ministry of Finance平衡预算balanced budget继承税inheritance tax货币主义者monetariest增值税VAT （value added tax）收入revenue总需求aggregate demand货币化monetization赤字deficit经济不景气recessiona period when the economy of a country is notsuccessful, business conditions are bad,industrialproduction and trade are at a low level andthereis a lot of unemployment经济好转turnabout复苏recovery成本推进型cost push货币供应money supply生产率productivity劳动力labor force实际工资real wages成本推进式通货膨胀cost-push inflation需求拉动式通货膨胀demand-pull inflation双位数通货膨胀double- digit inflation极度通货膨胀hyperinflation长期通货膨胀chronic inflation治理通货膨胀to fight inflation最终目标ultimate goal坏的影响adverse effect担保ensure贴现discount萧条的sluggish认购subscribe to支票帐户checking account货币控制工具instruments of monetry control借据IOUs（I owe you）本票promissory notes货币总监controller of the currency拖收系统collection system支票清算或结算check clearing资金划拨transfer of funds可以相信的证明credentials改革fashion被缠住entangled货币联盟Monetary Union再购协议repo精明的讨价还价交易horse-trading欧元euro公共债务membership criteria汇率机制REM储备货币reserve currency劳动密集型labor-intensive贡交易所bourse竞争领先frontrun牛市bull market非凡的牛市a raging bull规模经济scale economcies买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价bid-askspreads期货（贡）futures经济商行brokerage firm回报率rate of return贡equities违约default现金外流cash drains经济人佣金brokerage fee存款单CD（certificate of deposit营业额turnover资本市场capital market布雷顿森林体系The Bretton Woods System 经常帐户current account套利者arbitrager远期汇率forward exchange rate即期汇率spot rate实际利率real interest rates货币政策工具tools of monetary policy银行倒闭bank failures跨国公司MNC （Multi-National Corporation）商业银行commercial bank商业票据comercial paper利润profit本票，期票promissory notes监督to monitor佣金（经济人）commission brokers套期保值hedge有价证券平衡理论portfolio balance theory外汇储备foreign exchange reserves固定汇率fixed exchange rate浮动汇率floating/flexible exchange rate货币选择权（期货）currency option套利arbitrage合约价exercise price远期升水forward premium多头买升buying long空头卖跌selling short按市价订购贡market order贡经纪人stockbroker国际货币基金the IMF七国集团the G-7监督surveillance同业拆借市场interbank market可兑换性convertibility软通货soft currency限制restriction交易transaction充分需求adequate demand短期外债short term external debt汇率机制exchange rate regime直接标价direct quotes资本流动性mobility of capital赤字deficit本国货币domestic currency外汇交易市场foreign exchange market国际储备international reserve利率interest rate资产assets国际收支balance of payments贸易差额balance of trade繁荣boom债券bond资本captial资本支出captial expenditures商品commodities商品交易所commodity exchange期货合同commodity futures contract普通贡common stock联合大企业conglomerate货币贬值currency devaluation通货紧缩deflation折旧depreciation贴现率discount rate归个人支配的收入disposable personalincome从业人员employed person汇率exchange rate财政年度fiscal year企业free enterprise国生产总值gross antional product库存inventory劳动力人数labor force债务liabilities市场经济market economy合并merger货币收入money income跨国公司Multinational Corproation个人收入personal income优先贡preferred stock价格收益比率price-earning ratio优惠贷款利率prime rate利润profit回报return on investment使货币升值revaluation薪水salary季节性调整seasonal adjustment关税tariff失业人员unemployed person效用utility价值value工资wages工资价格螺旋上升wage-price spiral收益yield补偿贸易compensatory trade, compensateddeal储蓄银行savings banks欧洲联盟the European Union单一的实体a single entity抵押贷款mortgage lending业主产权owner''''s equity普通股common stock无形资产intangible assets收益表income statement营业开支operating expenses行政开支administrative expenses现金收支一览表statement of cash flow贸易中的存货inventory收益proceeds投资银行investment bank机构投资者institutional investor垄断兼并委员会MMC招标发行issue by tender定向发行introduction代销offer for sale直销placing公开发行public issue信贷额度credit line国际债券international bonds欧洲货币Eurocurrency利差interest margin以所借的钱作抵押所获之贷款leveraged loan权利股发行rights issues净收入比例结合net income gearing外贸中常见英文缩略词1 C2 T/T（telegraphic transfer）电汇3 D/P（document against payment）付款交单4 D/A （document against acceptance）承兑交单5 C.O （certificate of origin）一般原产地证6 G.S.P.（generalized system of preferences）普惠制7 CTN/CTNS（carton/cartons）纸箱8 PCE/PCS（piece/pieces）只、个、支等9 DL/DLS（dollar/dollars）美元10 DOZ/DZ（dozen）一打11 PKG（package）一包，一捆，一扎，一件等12 WT（weight）重量13 G.W.（gross weight）毛重14 N.W.（net weight）净重15 C/D （customs declaration）报关单16 EA（each）每个，各17 W （with）具有18 w/o（without）没有19 FAC（facsimile）传真20 IMP（import）进口21 EXP（export）出口22 MAX （maximum）最大的、最大限度的23 MIN （minimum）最小的，最低限度24 M 或MED （medium）中等，中级的25 M/V（merchant vessel）商船26 S.S（steamship）船运27 MT或M/T（metric ton）公吨28 DOC （document）文件、单据29 INT（international）国际的30 P/L （packing list）装箱单、明细表31 INV （invoice）发票32 PCT （percent）百分比33 REF （reference）参考、查价34 EMS （express mail special）特快传递35 STL.（style）式样、款式、类型36 T或LTX或TX（telex）电传37 RMB（renminbi）人币38 S/M （shipping marks）装船标记39 PR或PRC（price）价格40 PUR （purchase）购买、购货41 S/C（sales contract）销售确认书42 L/C （letter of credit）信用证43 B/L （bill of lading）提单44 FOB （free on board）离岸价45 CIF （cost,insurance补充：CR=credit贷方，债主DR=debt借贷方（注意：国外常说的debt card，就是银行卡，credit card就是信誉卡。
常用经济学专业英语词汇
常见经济学常用词汇economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡更多词汇1、General terms 一般术语economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collectiveeconomy 集体经济 planned economy 计划经济 controlled economy 管制经济ruraleconomics 农村经济 liberal economy 自由经济 mixed economy 混合经济politicaleconomy 政治经济学 protectionism 保护主义 autarchy 闭关自守 primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economicdepression 经济衰退 economic stability 经济稳定 economic policy 经济政economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holdingcompany 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势 infrastructure 基本建设 standard of living生活标准,生活水平 purchasing power, buying power 购买力 scarcity 短缺stagnation停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的2、Capital 资本initial capital 创办资本 frozen capital 冻结资金 frozenassets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulatingcapital, working capital 流动资本 available capital 可用资产 capital goods资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds资金分配 contribution of funds 资金捐献 working capital fund 周转基金revolvingfund 循环基金,周转性基金 contingency fund 意外开支,准备金 reserve fund 准备金 bufferfund 缓冲基金,平准基金 sinking fund 偿债基金 investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给 bank 银行 current account 经常帐户(美作:checkingaccount) current-account holder 支票帐户 (美作:checking-account holder) cheque 支票 (美作:check) bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer无记名支票,来人支票 crossed cheque 划线支票 traveller's cheque 旅行支票 chequebook支票簿,支票本 (美作:checkbook) endorsement 背书 transfer 转让,转帐,过户 money 货币issue 发行 ready money 现钱 cash 现金 ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠 change 零钱 banknote, note 钞票,纸币 (美作:bill) to pay(in) cash 付现金 domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币exchange rate汇率,兑换率 foreign exchange 外汇 floating exchange rate 浮动汇率 free exchange rates 自由汇兑市场 foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hardcurrency 硬通货 speculation 投机 saving 储装,存款 depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation (货币)贬值 revaluation 重估价 runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩 capital flight 资本外逃 securities business 证券市场 stockexchange 股票市场 stock exchange corporation 证券交易所 stock exchange 证券交易所,股票交易所 quotation 报价,牌价 share 股份,股票 shareholder, stockholder股票持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 股票投资investment trust 投资信托 stock-jobber 股票经纪人 stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司 securities 有价证券 share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股 income gain 股利收入 issue 发行股票 par value 股面价格,票面价格 bull 买手, 多头 bear 卖手, 空头 assigned 过户 opening price 开盘 closingprice 收盘 hard times 低潮 business recession 景气衰退 doldrums 景气停滞 dull盘整 ease 松弛 raising limit 涨停板 break 暴跌 bond, debenture 债券WallStreet 华尔街3、Credit 信贷short term loan 短期贷款 long term loan长期贷款 medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人 creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人 borrowing 借款 interest 利息 rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣 rediscount 再贴现 annuity 年金 maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款 short term credit 短期信贷 consolidated debt 合并债务fundeddebt 固定债务,长期债务 floating debt 流动债务 drawing 提款,提存 aid 援助 allowance,grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴4、Pruduction 生产output 产出,产量producer 生产者,制造者 productive, producing 生产的 products, goods 产品consumer goods 消费品 article 物品,商品 manufactured goods, finished goods制成品,产成品raw product 初级产品semifinished goods 半成品by-product 副产品foodstuffs 食品raw material 原料supply 供应,补给input 投入productivity生产率 productiveness 赢利性 overproduction 生产过剩5、Expenses 耗费cost 成本,费用 expenditure, outgoings 开支,支出 fixed costs 固定成本overheadcosts 营业间接成本 overheads 杂项开支,间接成本 operating costs 生产费用,营业成本operating expenses 营业费用running expenses 日常费用,经营费用miscellaneouscosts 杂项费用overhead expenses 间接费用,管理费用upkeep costs, maintenancecosts 维修费用,养护费用 transport costs 运输费用 social charges 社会负担费用contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用 apportionment of expenses 分摊费用6、Profit 利润income 收入,收益 earnings 利润,收益 gross income,gross earnings 总收入,总收益 gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,总利润,利益毛额 netincome 纯收益,净收入,收益净额 average income 平均收入 national income 国民收入profitability, profit earning capacity 利润率,赢利率 yield 产量收益,收益率increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值7、taxes 税duty 税taxation system 税制 taxation 征税,纳税 fiscal charges 财务税收 progressivetaxation 累进税制 graduated tax 累进税 value added tax 增值税 income tax 所得税land tax 地租,地价税 excise tax 特许权税 basis of assessment 估税标准taxableincome 须纳税的收入 fiscality 检查 tax-free 免税的 tax exemption 免税taxpayer纳税人 tax collector 收税员8、Internal economic and trade orgnization国际经济与贸易组织China Council for the Promotion of InternationalTrade, C.C.P.I.T. 中国国际贸易促进委员会 National Council for US-China Trade美中贸易全国理事会Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会Association forthe Promotion of International Trade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会 British Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会 International Union ofMarine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会International Alumina Association国际铝矾土协会Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟Customs Co-operationCouncil, CCC 关税合作理事会 United Nations Trade and Development Board 联合国贸易与发展理事会Organization for Economic cooperation and Development,DECD 经济合作与开发组织 European Economic Community, EEC, European CommonMarket 欧洲经济共同体 European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易联盟European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易区Council for Mutual EconomicAid, CMEA 经济互助委员会 Eurogroup 欧洲集团 Group of Ten 十国集团Committee ofTwenty(Paris Club) 二十国委员会 Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会Caribbean Common Market, CCM, Caribbean Free-Trade Association, CARIFTA 加勒比共同市场（加勒比自由贸易同盟） Andeans Common Market, ACM, AndeansTreaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场 Latin American Free Trade Association, LAFTA 拉丁美洲自由贸易联盟 Central American Common Market, CACM中美洲共同市场 African and Malagasy Common Organization, OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场 Central African Customs andEconomic Union, CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟 West African Economic Community, WAEC 西非经济共同体 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC 石油输出国组织 Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, OAPEC 阿拉伯石油输出国组织 Commonwealth Preference Area 英联邦特惠区CentreNational du Commerce Exterieur, National Center of External Trade法国对外贸易中心 People's Bank of China 中国人民银行 Bank of China 中国银行International Bank for Reconstruction and development, IBRD国际复兴开发银行World Bank 世界银行International Development association, IDA国际开发协会 International Monetary Found Agreement 国际货币基金协定International Monetary Found, IMF 国际货币基金组织 European Economic andMonetary Union 欧洲经济与货币同盟 European Monetary Cooperation Fund 欧洲货币合作基金 Bank for International Settlements, BIS 国际结算银行AfricanDevelopment Bank, AFDB 非洲开发银行 Export-Import Bank of Washington 美国进出口银行 National city Bank of New York 花旗银行 American Oriental Banking Corporation 美丰银行 American Express Co. Inc. 美国万国宝通银行 TheChase Bank 大通银行 Inter-American Development Bank, IDB 泛美开发银行European Investment Bank, EIB 欧洲投资银行 Midland Bank,Ltd. 米兰银行UnitedBank of Switzerland 瑞士联合银行 Dresden Bank A.G. 德累斯敦银行 Bank of Tokyo,Ltd. 东京银行 Hongkong and Shanghai Corporation 香港汇丰银行International Finance Corporation, IFC 国际金融公司 La Communaute Financieve Africane 非洲金融共同体 Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC 联合国经济及社会理事会 United Nations Development Program, NUDP 联合国开发计划署United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金UnitedNations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织UnitedNations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议 Foodand Agricultural Organization, FAO 粮食与农业组织, 粮农组织 Economic Commission for Europe, ECE 欧洲经济委员会 Economic Commission for Latin America, ECLA 拉丁美洲经济委员会 Economic Commission for Asia and Far East,ECAFE 亚洲及远东经济委员会 Economic Commission for Western Asia, ECWA 西亚经济委员会Economic Commission for Africa, ECA 非洲经济委员会 Overseas Chinese Investment Company 华侨投资公司 New York Stock Exchange, NYSE 纽约证券交易所London Stock Market 伦敦股票市场 Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange 波罗的海商业和航运交易所。
经济学核心期刊
经济学核心期刊1.经济研究2. 经济学动态3. 经济学家4. 经济科学5. 经济评论6. 南开经济研究7. 当代经济科学8. 当代经济研究9. 中南财经政法大学学报10. 经济纵横11.山西财经大学学报12.经济问题13.现代财经14. 上海财经大学学报15. 经济经纬16.贵州财经学院学报17.首都经济贸易大学学报18. 江西财经大学学报19.河北经贸大学学报20.云南财贸学院学报（改名为：云南财经大学学报）国际经济学期刊四大金刚：AER、Econometrica、JPE、QJE国内经济学期刊四大金刚：《经济研究》、《经济学（季刊）》、《管理世界》、《世界经济》国外主要刊物1 The American economic review 美国经济评论美2 The Economist 经济学家英3 Econometrica 计量经济学美4 The Journal of political economy 政治经济学杂志美5 The Quarterly journal of economics 经济学季刊美6 Journal of economic literature 经济文献杂志美7 Journal of financial economics 金融经济学杂志瑞士8 The Economic quarterly 经济学杂志英9 The Review of economic studies 经济研究评论英10 The Review of economics and statistics 经济学与统计学评论美11 Journal of econometrics 计量经济学杂志瑞士12 Journal of economic theory 经济理论杂志美13 Brookings papers on economic activity 布鲁鑫斯经济活动论文集美14 Journal of monetary economics 货币经济学杂志荷兰15 The Journal of law & economics 法学与经济学杂志美16 Journal of international economics 国际经济学杂志荷兰17 International economic review 国际经济评论美18 Journal of development economics 发展经济学杂志荷兰19 The Journal of economic history 经济史杂志英20 Economics letters 经济学快报瑞士21 Economic inquiry 经济探究美22 Oxford economic papers 牛津经济论文集英23 Cambridge journal of economics 剑桥经济学杂志英24 Journal of international money 国际货币与金融杂志英25 Games and economic behavior 博弈论与经济行为美26 Journal of risk and uncertainty 风险与不确定性杂志荷兰27 Journal of comparative economics 比较经济学杂志美28 Econometric theory 计量经济学理论英29 International journal of game theory 国际博弈理论杂志德30 Scottish journal of political 苏格兰政治经济学杂志英economy31 Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 世界经济评论德32 Journal of institutional and 制度与理论经济学杂志德国内主要刊物1、《中国社会科学》2、《经济研究》3、《经济学家》4、《经济学动态》5、《改革》6、《世界经济》7、《经济工作者学习资料》8、《数量经济技术经济研究》9、《经济日报》10、《财经科学》11、《经济科学》12、《经济评论》13、《经济理论与经济管理》14、《经济研究参考资料》16、《经济研究参考》17、《财经研究》18、《南开经济研究》19、《中国经济问题》20、《宏观经济》21、《财经问题研究》22、《当代经济科学》23、《当代财经》24、《国际经济评论》25、《经济社会体制比较》26、《战略与管理》27、《学习与探索》28、《江苏社会科学》29、《社会科学战线》30、《江海学刊》31、《社会科学研究》32、《学术研究》33、《北京社会科学》34、《社会科学》35、《江汉论坛》36、《浙江学刊》37、《探索与争鸣》38、《求索》39、《社会科学辑刊》40、《天津社会科学》41、《研究与发展管理》42、《当代经济研究》43、《社会主义经济理论与实践》（人大复印资料）44、《理论经济学》（人大复印资料）45、《政治经济学评论》46、《新政治经济学评论》1.《经济学季刊》北京大学中国经济研究中心主办、北京大学出版社出版。
TOP 1000 ECONOMISTS 世界排名1000名的经济学家
1Johansen,-Soren European U Institute, Firenze11160.215382104 2Krugman,-Paul-R.MIT37154.81084.31187 3Barro,-Robert-J.U Harvard22126.51179.21535 4Fama,-Eugene-F.U Chicago79111.98211182 5Andrews,-Donald-W.-K.U Yale410110.6914.21161 6Phillips,-Peter-C.-B.U Yale55105.78871331 7Levine,-Ross U MN Twin Cities912105.6614.71097 8Shleifer,-Andrei U Harvard10394.3599.21448 9Romer,-Paul-M.U Stanford61691.1832.8937 10Tirole,-Jean U Toulouse I171588.9516.7966 11Krueger,-Alan-B.Princeton U121483.5589.81012 12Svensson,-Lars-E.-O.U Stockholm215683.4482.7572 13Hansen,-Bruce-E.U WI Madison133177.1572752 14Kahneman,-Daniel Princeton U11472.9595.31349 15Heckman,-James-J.U Chicago314268.3398.3640 16Sala-i-Martin,-Xavier Columbia and Pompeu Fabra243067.7456.8770 17Helpman,-Elhanan U Harvard221767.3481.5923 18Borjas,-George-J.U Harvard265865.6448.2559 19Juselius,-Katarina U Copenhagen88656181183 20Vishny,-Robert-W.U Chicago271164.7444.51108 21Milgrom,-Paul U Stanford161361.8533.51096 22French,-Kenneth-R.MIT282260.9418.5840 23Rebelo,-Sergio Northwestern U142760.5548.3802 24Viscusi,-W.-Kip U Harvard253959.5453650 25Murphy,-Kevin-M.U Chicago19658.5493.31189 26Moffitt,-Robert-A.Johns Hopkins U236058.2468.8555 27Rodrik,-Dani U Harvard457757.9359496 28Card,-David U CA Berkeley203757.5490.8701 29Campbell,-John-Y.U Harvard324157.3396.3646 30Lucas,-Robert-E., Jr.U Chicago186257.2516542 31Quah,-Danny-T.London school of Econ3010057.1406419 32Stock,-James-H.U Harvard291856.6416.8918 33Bollerslev,-Tim Duke U362156.1386.7853 34Nelson,-Daniel-B.U Chicago154855.4545.7611 35Rabin,-Matthew U CA Berkeley8720954.7268.8304 36Rajan,-Raghuram-G.U Chicago557554.5324.7514 37Bound,-John U MI Ann Arbor351954394.2879 38Taylor,-Mark-P.U Warwick505953.6344.3558 39Alesina,-Alberto U Harvard342653.5395.3810 40Young,-Alwyn U Chicago4714752.3354354 41Fearon,-James-D.U Stanford7719252.3286.5312 42Katz,-Lawrence-F.U Harvard402951.9369.5771 43Berger,-Allen-N.Federal Reserve System563651.7323.3712 44Moravcsik,-Andrew U Harvard5918450.9313.8317 45Chib,-Siddhartha Washington U, MO587950.9318.2487 46Harvey,-Campbell-R.Duke U465750.9357.8567 47Obstfeld,-Maurice U CA Berkeley628950.8312452 48Jones,-Charles-I.U Stanford10819450.7244311 49Aghion,-Philippe U College London533250.3335.9751 50Shavell,-Steven U Harvard7310350292.5415 51Rogoff,-kenneth U Harvard6511849.6307.5389 52Stein,-Jeremy-C.MIT574049.2322.7648 53Perron,-Pierre Boston U436648.9361.8531 54Holmstrom,-Bengt MIT684548.4303.3624 55Sunstein,-Cass-R.U Chicago13527347.4218.3259 56Grossman,-Gene-M.Princeton U443347.2359.2726 57Camerer,-Colin-F.CA Institute of Technology1199947.1234.3421 58Sen,-Amartya U Cambridge10528047253253 59Ravallion,-Martin World Bank919146.5266448 60Poterba,-James-M.MIT607446.3313515 61Caballero,-Ricardo-J.MIT335446.1396.2582 62Thaler,-Richard-H.U Chicago392245.8373840 63Stiglitz,-Joseph-E.U Columbia7211145.5294.3402 64Edwards,-Sebastian UCLA7914045.3286.3359 65Griliches,-Zvi U Harvard417144.6366521 66Nickell,-S.London school of Econ9511344.2261.3397 67Feldstein,-Martin U Harvard15433144205230 68Tversky,-Amos U Stanford372443.5384.3823 69Pesaran,-M.-Hashem U Cambridge1047643.5253.2506 70Mankiw,-N.-Gregory U Harvard382043.3380.8862 71Engle,-Robert-F.U CA San Diego613543.2312.2715 72Kaplow,-Louis U Harvard8514743.2273.5354 73Cochrane,-John-H.Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago6717942.9304.5321 74King,-Robert-G.U VA482842.5347.6800 75Garrett,-Geoffrey U Yale10216742.3253.7332 76Laffont,-Jean-Jacques U Toulouse I948041.8262.8486 77Diebold,-Francis-X.NYU835141.2277594 78Osterman,-Paul MIT14637841.1212.5215 79Nordhaus,-William-D.U Yale499841346422 80Angrist,-Joshua-D.MIT978640.7260.2463 81Jensen,-Michael-C.U Harvard426139.8365.5549 82Benabou,-Roland Princeton U13031038.8221.5240 83Becker,-Gary-S.U Chicago647138.530852184Freeman,-Richard-B.U Harvard9810938.4258.7403 85Zingales,-Luigi U Chicago29430438151.2242 86Lott,-John-R., Jr.U Yale8610838272405 87Scharfstein,-David-S.MIT542537.9331813 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410Karras,-Georgios U IL Chicago48665918.5113.5157 411Crafts,-N.-F.-R.London school of Econ53352918.5106.8178 412Conlisk,-John U CA San Diego617132618.59999 413Runkle,-David-E.Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis26118618.3161.3316 414Rotemberg,-Julio-J.U Harvard33128518.3140.5251 415Bayoumi,-Tamim IMF36646118.3132.5194416Bromley,-Daniel-W.U WI Madison37148518.3131.7189 417Grogger,-Jeff UCLA42866418.3121.3156 418Schultz,-T.-Paul U Yale31164018.2146.5160 419Wendt,-Alexander Dartmouth College453103918.2117117 420Platteau,-Jean-Philippe U Namur596102518.2100.5118 421Erev,-Ido Technion, Israel Institute of 64642318.295.5204 422Lyons,-Richard-K.U CA Berkeley43847218.2119191 423Shiller,-Robert-J.U Yale28627818.2153255 424Gibbons,-Robert MIT33523918.2140281 425Mick,-David-Glen U WI Madison36336018.1133221 426Goldin,-Claudia U Harvard1001102518.172.7118 427Gallant,-A.-Ronald U NC Chapel Hill44821718.1117.7300 428Mullahy,-John U WI Madison62463118.198161 429Bremer,-Stuart-A.SUNY Binghamton25661418.1163163 430Calomiris,-Charles-W.Columbia U37636818.1130.3218 431Hamnett,-Chris Kings College, U London49797918112122 432Kaminsky,-Graciela-L.George Washington U, DC9096841877.3153 433Lothian,-James-R.Fordham U, NY8989581877.8124 434Greenwood,-Jeremy U Rochester40026017.9126265 435Greenaway,-David U Nottingham41929117.9122.3249 436Bond,-Stephen-R.U College London34124417.9138277 437Froot,-Kenneth-A.U Harvard23213017.9169.2376 438Heaton,-John U Chicago50461417.9110.7163 439Terasvirta,-Timo Stockholm School of Econ53157817.9107.3168 440Abel,-Andrew-B.U PA42461417.9121.8163 441van-den-Berg,-Gerard-J.Free U Amsterdam38760617.9127.7164 442Grossman,-Michael CUNY Graduate Center40318117.8125.5319 443Holt,-Douglas-B.U IL Urbana Champaign932186317.87676 444Devereux,-Michael-B.U British Columbia65152217.895.2180 445Lindbeck,-Assar U Stockholm57491617.8102.3128 446Sloan,-Richard-G.U MI Ann Arbor42530417.8121.5242 447Fogel,-Robert-W.U Chicago591115517.8101109 448Vives,-Xavier U Autonoma Barcelona31665217.8144.5158 449Matsusaka,-John-G.U Southern CA50182617.7111.5137 450Allen,-Franklin U PA80856417.782.7170 451McFadden,-Daniel-L.U CA Berkeley67770517.793151 452Fullerton,-Don U TX Austin40647217.7124.7191 453Hirshleifer,-David U MI Ann Arbor44119217.7118.8312 454Clark,-William-A.-V.UCLA34747217.6137.5191 455Tesar,-Linda-L.U MI Ann Arbor36343917.6133200 456Siegfried,-John-J.Vanderbilt U89063117.578.2161 457Case,-Anne NBER43141717.5120.5205 458Winston,-Clifford Brookings Institution, Washington, DC44968417.5117.3153 459Bagwell,-Kyle Columbia U42838717.5121.3213 460Stoll,-Hans-R.Vanderbilt U36825817.4131.8266 461Farber,-Henry-S.Princeton U55875217.4104145 462Howarth,-Richard-B.Dartmouth College48048517.4114.5189 463Farmer,-Roger-E.-A.European U Institute, Firenze49344217.4113199 464Ofek,-Eli NYU56748517.3103189 465Sichel,-Daniel-E.Federal Reserve System45682617.3116.8137 466Wolff,-Edward-N.NYU39660017.3126.5165 467Weiler,-J.-H.-H.U Harvard29069517.3152152 468Arthur,-W.-Brian Santa Fe Institute, NM35879717.2134.7140 469Wilson,-Paul-W.U TX Austin79282617.283.7137 470Teece,-David-J.U CA Berkeley32738317.2142214 471Lee,-Jong-Wha Korea U43844217.2119199 472Selden,-Thomas-M.Agency for Healthcare Policy and 51449617.1109.2185 473Rose,-Nikolas Goldsmiths College, U London776162717.18585 474Chevalier,-Judith-A.U Chicago952120217.175106 475Hines,-James-R., Jr.U MI Ann Arbor83382617.181.2137 476Prelec,-Drazen MIT56755617.1103171 477Shanken,-Jay U Rochester33439917.1140.2209 478Denis,-David-J.Purdue U in50851617110.2181 479Coe,-David-T.IMF6294111797.3206 480Oliver,-Richard-L.Vanderbilt U31637817144.5215 481Bessembinder,-Hendrik Emory U53964016.9105.7160 482Schmidt,-Peter MI State U37221716.9130.7300 483Jarrow,-Robert-A.Cornell U38020116.9128.8307 484Franses,-Philip-Hans Erasmus U Rotterdam52457816.9108168 485Rogerson,-Richard U PA66137116.894.8217 486De-Gregorio,-Jose U Chile42865216.8121.3158 487Joskow,-Paul-L.MIT60876116.899.5144 488Newbery,-David-M.U Cambridge45655616.8116.8171 489Ng,-Victor-K.Goldman Sachs & Co34417016.8137.8331 490Lux,-Thomas U Kiel971183316.87477 491Dollar,-David World Bank34170516.8138151 492Hermalin,-Benjamin-E.U CA Berkeley39646116.8126.5194 493Knetter,-Michael-M.Dartmouth College53179716.7107.3140 494Borenstein,-Severin U CA Berkeley35663116.7135.3161 495Keen,-Michael IMF52746116.7107.8194 496Trefler,-Daniel U Toronto47489516.7115130 497Townsend,-Robert-M.U Chicago44682616.7118137 498Wu,-Yangru Rutgers U NJ859135016.679.398499Schultz,-Paul-H.U Notre Dame IN59938316.6100.3214 500Wagstaff,-Adam World Bank33832116.5138.3236 501Cason,-Timothy-N.Purdue U in66573816.594147 502Coase,-Ronald U Chicago580126616.5102102 503Arellano,-Manuel CEMFI, Madrid33725116.5138.5271 504Deininger,-Klaus World Bank89470516.578151 505Spier,-Kathryn-E.Northwestern U42369516.5121.8152 506Basu,-Susanto U MI Ann Arbor95997916.474.5122 507Beck,-Nathaniel U CA San Diego70145516.491195 508Economides,-Nicholas NYU862120216.479.2106 509Barrett,-Scott Johns Hopkins U446102516.4118118 510Wang,-Jiang MIT54374516.4105.5146 511Squire,-Lyn World Bank88469516.478.5152 512Hommes,-Cars-H.U Amsterdam862100116.479.2120 513Fujita,-Masahisa Kyoto U64648016.395.5190 514Scott,-Linda-M.U IL Urbana Champaign38491616.3128128 515Brennan,-Michael-J.London Business School50842316.3110.2204 516Stewart,-Mark-B.U Warwick36248516.3133.5189 517Mookherjee,-Dilip Boston U46129316.3116.5248 518Iannaccone,-Laurence-R.Santa Clara U, CA49398916.3113121 519Burnside,-Craig World Bank76872916.285.7148 520Kanninen,-Barbara-J.U MN Twin Cities43544516.2119.3198 521Harvey,-Andrew U Cambridge54333516.2105.5229 522Kortum,-Samuel Boston U980138716.273.796 523Hirschman,-Elizabeth-C.Rutgers U NJ35276916.2136.5143 524Levine,-David-K.UCLA56241116.2103.7206 525Juhn,-Chinhui U Houston49629116.2112.2249 526Carson,-Richard-T.U CA San Diego64337116.195.8217 527Manuelli,-Rodolfo-E.U WI Madison32420916.1143304 528Psacharopoulos,-George World Bank575110616.1102.3112 529Moschini,-Giancarlo IA State U58953716.1101.2176 530Bates,-David-S.U IA717150416.19090 531Harrison,-Ann-E.Columbia U82194716.182125 532Boot,-Arnoud-W.-A.U Amsterdam55840616.1104207 533Segerstrom,-Paul-S.Stockholm School of Econ6737381693.3147 534Wolpin,-Kenneth-I.U PA51042316109.5204 535Korenman,-Sanders CUNY Baruch College34923916137.2281 536Rauch,-James-E.U CA San Diego551120216105106 537Waite,-Linda-J.U Chicago57767015.9102.2155 538Shephard,-Neil U Oxford81868415.982.3153 539Katz,-Jonathan-N.U Chicago70951615.990.5181 540Varian,-Hal-R.U CA Berkeley32262315.9143.2162 541Finnemore,-Martha George Washington U, DC744148315.987.591 542Mester,-Loretta-J.Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia691100115.891.5120 543Shin,-Hyun-Song U Oxford61195815.899.3124 544Chavas,-Jean-Paul U WI Madison44936015.8117.3221 545Markusen,-Ann U MN Twin Cities779103915.784.8117 546Koop,-Gary U Edinburgh72256415.789.5170 547Goulder,-Lawrence-H.U Stanford92382615.776.5137 548McConnell,-Kenneth-E.U MD College Park51284415.7109.3135 549Feldman,-Maryann-P.Johns Hopkins U76857815.785.7168 550Basu,-Kaushik Cornell U73489515.688.2130 551Putterman,-Louis Brown U58971315.6101.2150 552Roe,-Mark-J.Columbia U34157015.6138169 553McMillen,-Daniel-P.U IL Chicago48949315.6113.3186 554Michaely,-Roni U Tel Aviv95972915.674.5148 555Harris,-Richard-I.-D.U Portsmouth, UK54385115.6105.5134 556Hirsch,-Barry-T.Trinity U, San Antonio, TX47741115.6114.7206 557Canova,-Fabio U Pompeu Fabra66381515.694.5138 558Hanushek,-Eric-A.U Stanford51065215.5109.5158 559Fernandez,-Raquel NYU48033915.5114.5228 560Brock,-William-A.U WI Madison69142315.591.5204 561Currie,-Janet UCLA74455615.587.5171 562Barclay,-Michael-J.U Rochester65343415.595.1201 563Cukierman,-Alex U Tilburg44125615.5118.8267 564Kohn,-Robert U New S Wales66964015.593.7160 565Guth,-Werner Humboldt U Berlin59657815.5100.5168 566O'Hara,-Maureen Cornell U99255615.573.3171 567Kirman,-Alan EHESS41186015.5123.8133 568Weisbrod,-Burton-A.Northwestern U46598915.5116121 569Lehrer,-Ehud U Tel Aviv45945515.4116.7195 570Caves,-Richard-E.U Harvard78588015.484.2131 571Solow,-Robert-M.MIT631136915.39797 572Mahoney,-Martha-R.U Miami, FL28668415.3153153 573Myerson,-Roger-B.Northwestern U813118715.382.5107 574Blau,-David-M.U NC Chapel Hill68086015.392.7133 575McCulloch,-Robert-E.U Chicago49931515.2111.8239 576Jones,-Larry-E.Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis40123515.2125.8283 577Segal,-Uzi U Western Ontario33036015.2141221 578van-der-Ploeg,-Frederick U Amsterdam52448915.2108188 579Hall,-Alastair-R.NC State U45157815.2117.2168 580Skaperdas,-Stergios U CA Irvine59698915.2100.5121 581Berry,-Steven-T.U Yale52461415.2108163。
为什么中国没有真正的经济学家
为什么中国没有真正的经济学家？沈凌原创 | 2013-10-29 21:54在中国，经济学现在成了显学。
社会上的“经济学家”如雨后的春笋。
不过也有人站出来很不给面子地说：中国真正的经济学家不超过5个。
这样驳面子，实在让人不好受。
但是看看满世界的“经济学家”，真要我选边站的话，我只能向这么驳面子的言论靠近。
为什么？中文语境中讲到“学家”，总是指那些在一个学术领域取得重大成就的人士。
比如物理学家，就不是随便哪个电子设备或者船舶、桥梁的设计者敢自居的。
一般来讲，这些设计者愿意称自己为工程师，大不了是总工程师。
在中国，“师”和“家”的区别还是很明显的。
然而，中国很多金融性或类金融性公司（比如证券公司、银行、保险公司等）里的很多经济分析师就被媒体称为“经济学家”。
有人说，这是托了英文的福。
因为在英文语境里，“Economist”一词译作“经济学家”，但也可译作“经济分析师”。
这样的说法当然是自欺欺人，语言翻译应该入境随俗，如果约定俗成翻译成“经济分析师”或许就不会让那么多人误解了。
一开始将“Economist”一词译作“经济学家”的那位大概是怀着打擦边球的心理，就像给自己家酿的米酒取名“矛台”一样。
想想反正也就我一个人用用，无伤大雅。
等到大家群起效仿，经济学家的牌子也就泛滥了。
当然还有一些连经济分析师的资格都没有就自居经济学家的人，以为吆喝了几声“卖冰糖葫芦喽！”就可自封为非物质文化遗产继承人了。
像我这样在高校里认认真真做学问，但是又没做出什么名堂来的人（十分惭愧），顶多也就敢以“经济学者”自居，离“经济学家”还差了十万八千里。
但是那些连经济学原理都没搞明白，就敢戴着“经济学家”的高帽到处招摇撞骗的所谓“经济学家”，却让我们这些“经济学者”遭了殃。
那些研究物理化学的同事平日里见了面就不禁调侃：“哎呀，你们‘经济学家’真厉害，每次预测的股指走势都和实际情况相反。
还好你们没去指导经济，不然就把我们的饭碗搞砸了。
你最喜欢的经济学家英语作文
你最喜欢的经济学家英语作文(中英文实用版)My Favorite EconomistEconomics is a subject that fascinates me, and over the years, I have developed an admiration for several economists.However, if I had to pick one economist who has influenced my understanding of the subject, it would be米尔顿·弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）.Born in 1912,米尔顿·弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）was an American economist known for his work in macroeconomics, monetary economics, and the role of free markets.He was a strong advocate of classical liberalism and free-market capitalism.His ideas and theories have had a significant impact on economic policy and thinking around the world.One of the key reasons why米尔顿·弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）is my favorite economist is his ability to simplify complex economic concepts.He made economics more accessible to the general public through his numerous books, articles, and television series.His book "Capitalism and Freedom," published in 1962, is a prime example of his ability to explain economic theories in a clear and concise manner.米尔顿·弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）is also renowned for his work on the Phillips curve, which suggests that there is a trade-off between inflation and unemployment.However, he controversially argued that this relationship is not stable in the long run, leading to the concept of"natural unemployment rate." This theory has had a profound impact on the way policymakers approach monetary and fiscal policies.Furthermore, his research on the causes of the Great Depression has been influential.米尔顿·弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）and his colleague安娜·施瓦茨（Anna Schwartz）published a seminal book titled "A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960," which blamed the Federal Reserve for the severity of the Great Depression.This theory has sparked debates and continues to be a topic of interest among economists.In addition to his academic contributions,米尔顿·弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）was a passionate advocate for individual freedom, free markets, and limited government intervention.He believed that free markets lead to greater efficiency, innovation, and overall societal well-being.His strong beliefs and determination made him a prominent figure in the economic world.In conclusion,米尔顿·弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）is my favorite economist due to his ability to simplify economic concepts, his influential research on the Phillips curve and the Great Depression, and his unwavering belief in free-market capitalism.His ideas have shaped economic thinking and policy around the world, and he will always remain an inspiration for me.。
你最喜欢的经济学家英语作文
你最喜欢的经济学家英语作文
English: My favorite economist is Adam Smith. His work, "The Wealth of Nations," laid the foundation for classical economics and introduced the concept of the invisible hand, which describes how individuals pursuing their own self-interest can unintentionally benefit society as a whole. Smith emphasized the importance of free markets, division of labor, and limited government intervention in the economy. His ideas on supply and demand, the division of labor, and the role of self-interest in driving economic activity have had a lasting impact on the field of economics.
中文翻译: 我最喜欢的经济学家是亚当·斯密。
他的著作《国富论》奠定了古典经济学的基础，提出了隐形之手的概念，描述了个人追求自身利益如何无意中造福整个社会。
斯密强调了自由市场、分工以及政府在经济中干预的有限性的重要性。
他关于供需、分工以及自利驱动经济活动的作用的观点在经济领域产生了持久影响。
经济学家英语介绍
经济学家英语介绍Economists are professionals who study the production, distribution and consumption of goods, services and resources. They analyze data to develop theories and models to measure economic activity and predict future trends. Economists canbe found in government, business and research institutions,as well as independent consulting firms.Economists employ a number of quantitative tools toanalyze problems. These include things like regressionanalysis and surveys. They also use qualitative methods suchas interviews and case studies. Depending on the type of work, economists may also use mathematical models or qualitative thought experiments.The field of economics is constantly changing, and so are the skills that an economist needs. Economists must be knowledgeable about current economic policies, markets and trends in order to analyze and interpret data effectively. In addition, economists need strong communication, writing and computing skills to effectively communicate their findings.A career in economics can be very rewarding. Economists often provide insight that can help shape public policy decision-making. They have the potential to influence the direction of an economy by providing data and informationthat helps businesses, governments and individuals make sound financial decisions.If you’re interested in becoming an economist, you will likely need to complete a degree program in economics or a related field. You should expect courses in economics,mathematical modeling, statistics and research methods. Then, if you wish to pursue a career in economics, you will need to take graduate level courses in economic theory, policy, finance and international economics.Ultimately, economists use data and analysis to develop informed opinions on how to best utilize resources, stimulate production, and control inflation. As a result, economists are highly sought after for their expertise in the fields of government, business and education. With the right qualifications and experience, you can enter a field of study that offers job security and the opportunity to make meaningful contributions to our economic system.。
经济学常用英语词汇
经济学英语词汇1、General terms 一般术语economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的2、Capital 资本initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给bank 银行current account 经常帐户(美作:checking account) current-account holder 支票帐户(美作:checking-account holder) cheque 支票(美作:check) bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本(美作:checkbook) endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币(美作:bill) to pay (in) cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 自由汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation (货币)贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃securities business 证券市场stock exchange 股票市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,股票交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,股票shareholder, stockholder 股票持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 股票投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 股票经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行股票par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街3、Credit 信贷short term loan 短期贷款long term loan长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴4、Pruduction 生产output 产出,产量producer 生产者,制造者productive, producing 生产的products, goods 产品consumer goods 消费品article 物品,商品manufactured goods, finished goods 制成品,产成品raw product 初级产品semifinished goods 半成品by-product 副产品foodstuffs 食品raw material 原料supply 供应,补给input 投入productivity 生产率productiveness 赢利性overproduction 生产过剩5、Expenses 耗费cost 成本,费用expenditure, outgoings 开支,支出fixed costs 固定成本overhead costs 营业间接成本overheads 杂项开支,间接成本operating costs 生产费用,营业成本operating expenses 营业费用running expenses 日常费用,经营费用miscellaneous costs 杂项费用overhead expenses 间接费用,管理费用upkeep costs, maintenance costs 维修费用,养护费用transport costs 运输费用social charges 社会负担费用contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用apportionment of expenses 分摊费用6、Profit 利润income 收入,收益earnings 利润,收益gross income, gross earnings 总收入,总收益gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,总利润,利益毛额net income 纯收益,净收入,收益净额average income 平均收入national income 国民收入profitability, profit earning capacity 利润率,赢利率yield 产量收益,收益率increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值7、taxes 税duty 税taxation system 税制taxation 征税,纳税fiscal charges 财务税收progressive taxation 累进税制graduated tax 累进税value added tax 增值税income tax 所得税land tax 地租,地价税excise tax 特许权税basis of assessment 估税标准taxable income 须纳税的收入fiscality 检查tax-free 免税的tax exemption 免税taxpayer 纳税人tax collector 收税员8、Internal economic and trade orgnization 国际经济与贸易组织China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, C.C.P.I.T. 中国国际贸易促进委员会National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易全国理事会Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会Association for the Promotion of International Trade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会British Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International Union of Marine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会International Alumina Association 国际铝矾土协会Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 关税合作理事会United Nations Trade and Development Board 联合国贸易与发展理事会Organization for Economic cooperation and Development, DECD 经济合作与开发组织European Economic Community, EEC, European Common Market 欧洲经济共同体European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易联盟European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易区Council for Mutual Economic Aid, CMEA 经济互助委员会Eurogroup 欧洲集团Group of Ten 十国集团Committee of Twenty(Paris Club) 二十国委员会Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会Caribbean Common Market, CCM, Caribbean Free-Trade Association,CARIFTA 加勒比共同市场（加勒比自由贸易同盟） Andeans Common Market, ACM, Andeans Treaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场Latin American Free Trade Association, LAFTA 拉丁美洲自由贸易联盟Central American Common Market, CACM 中美洲共同市场 African and Malagasy Common Organization, OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场Central African Customs and Economic Union, CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟West African Economic Community, WAEC 西非经济共同体Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, OAPEC 阿拉伯石油输出国组织Commonwealth Preference Area 英联邦特惠区Centre National du Commerce Exterieur, National Center of External Trade 法国对外贸易中心People's Bank of China 中国人民银行Bank of China 中国银行International Bank for Reconstruction and development, IBRD 国际复兴开发银行World Bank 世界银行International Development association, IDA 国际开发协会International Monetary Found Agreement 国际货币基金协定International Monetary Found, IMF 国际货币基金组织European Economic and Monetary Union 欧洲经济与货币同盟European Monetary Cooperation Fund 欧洲货币合作基金Bank for International Settlements, BIS 国际结算银行African Development Bank, AFDB 非洲开发银行Export-Import Bank of Washington 美国进出口银行National city Bank of New York 花旗银行American Oriental Banking Corporation 美丰银行American Express Co. Inc. 美国万国宝通银行The Chase Bank 大通银行Inter-American Development Bank, IDB 泛美开发银行European Investment Bank, EIB 欧洲投资银行Midland Bank,Ltd. 米兰银行United Bank of Switzerland 瑞士联合银行Dresden Bank A.G. 德累斯敦银行Bank of Tokyo,Ltd. 东京银行Hongkong and Shanghai Corporation 香港汇丰银行International Finance Corporation, IFC 国际金融公司La Communaute Financieve Africane 非洲金融共同体Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC 联合国经济及社会理事会United Nations Development Program, NUDP 联合国开发计划署United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO 粮食与农业组织, 粮农组织Economic Commission for Europe, ECE 欧洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Latin America, ECLA 拉丁美洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Asia and Far East, ECAFE 亚洲及远东经济委员会 Economic Commission for Western Asia, ECWA 西亚经济委员会Economic Commission for Africa, ECA 非洲经济委员会Overseas Chinese Investment Company 华侨投资公司New York Stock Exchange, NYSE 纽约证券交易所London Stock Market 伦敦股票市场Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange 波罗的海商业和航运交易所Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学TopO objective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化TopPparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换 pure monopoly 纯粹垄断accounting 会计accounting cost 会计成本accounting profit 会计利润adverse selection 逆向选择allocation 配置allocation of resources 资源配置allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法arc elasticity 弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿罗不可能定理Assumption 假设asymetric information 非对称性信息average 平均average cost 平均成本average cost pricing 平均成本定价法average fixed cost 平均固定成本average product of capital 资本平均产量average product of labour 劳动平均产量average revenue 平均收益average total cost 平均总成本average variable cost 平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry 进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly 双边垄断benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 极乐点boundary point 边界点break even point 收支相抵点budget 预算budget constraint 预算约束budget line 预算线budget set 预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock 资本存量capital output ratio 资本产出比率capitalism 资本主义cardinal utility theory 基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption “其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model 张伯伦模型change in demand 需求变化change in quantity demanded 需求量变化change in quantity supplied 供给量变化change in supply 供给变化choice 选择closed set 闭集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model 蛛网模型collective bargaining 集体协议工资collusion 合谋command economy 指令经济commodity 商品commodity combination 商品组合commodity market 商品市场commodity space 商品空间common property 公用财产comparative static analysis 比较静态分析compensated budget line 补偿预算线compensated demand function 补偿需求函数compensation principles 补偿原则compensating variation in income 收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market 竞争性市场complement goods 互补品complete information 完全信息completeness 完备性condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件concave 凹concave function 凹函数concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不变产业constant returns to scale 规模报酬不变constraints 约束consumer 消费者consumer behavior 消费者行为consumer choice 消费者选择consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡consumer optimization 消费者优化consumer preference 消费者偏好consumer surplus 消费者剩余consumer theory 消费者理论consumption 消费consumption bundle 消费束consumption combination 消费组合consumption possibility curve 消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier 消费可能性前沿consumption set 消费集consumption space 消费空间continuity 连续性continuous function 连续函数contract curve 契约曲线convex 凸convex function 凸函数convex preference 凸偏好convex set 凸集corporatlon 公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis 成本收益分cost function 成本函数cost minimization 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium 古诺均衡Cournot model 古诺模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉价格弹性Ddead—weights loss 重负损失decreasing cost industry 成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale 规模报酬递减deduction 演绎法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲线demand elasticity 需求弹性demand function 需求函数demand price 需求价格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折旧derivative 导数derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差异商品differentiated oligoply 差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return 收益递减diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接税discounting 贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disequilibrium 非均衡distribution 分配division of labour 劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 边际生产率分配论duoupoly 双头垄断、双寡duality 对偶durable goods 耐用品dynamic analysis 动态分析dynamic models 动态模型EEconomic agents 经济行为者economic cost 经济成本economic efficiency 经济效率economic goods 经济物品economic man 经济人economic mode 经济模型economic profit 经济利润economic region of production 生产的经济区域economic regulation 经济调节economic rent 经济租金exchange 交换economics 经济学exchange efficiency 交换效率economy 经济exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线economy of scale 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思图exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率，效益efficiency parameter 效率参数elasticity 弹性elasticity of substitution 替代弹性endogenous variable 内生变量endowment 禀赋endowment of resources 资源禀赋Engel curve 恩格尔曲线entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurship 企业家才能entry barriers 进入壁垒entry/exit decision 进出决策envolope curve 包络线equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡条件equilibrium price 均衡价格equilibrium quantity 均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem 过度生产能力定理excess supply 过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve 交换契约曲线exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原则existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生变量expansion paths 扩展径expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 显性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部经济external diseconomy 外部不经济externalities 外部性FFactor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市场factors of production 生产要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供给fallacy of composition 合成谬误final goods 最终产品firm 企业firms’demand curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve 企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination 第一级价格歧视first—order condition 一阶条件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生产函数flow 流量fluctuation 波动for whom to produce 为谁生产free entry 自由进入free goods 自由品，免费品free mobility of resources 资源自由流动free rider 搭便车，免费搭车function 函数future value 未来值Ggame theory 对策论、博弈论general equilibrium 总体均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之谜Gini coefficient 吉尼系数goldenrule 黄金规则goods 货物government failure 政府失败government regulation 政府调控grand utility possibility curve 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier 总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity 齐次性homogeneous demand function 齐次需求函数homogeneous product 同质产品homogeneous production function 齐次生产函数horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生产human capital 人力资本hypothesis 假说Iidentity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全竞争implicitcost 隐性成本income 收入income compensated demand curve income constraint 收入约束income consumption curve 收入消费曲线income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性increasing cost industry 成本递增产业increasing returns to scale 规模报酬递增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指数indifference 无差异indifference curve 无差异曲线indifference map 无差异族indifference relation 无差异关系indifference set 无差异集indirect approach 间接法individual analysis 个量分析individual demand curve 个人需求曲线individual demand function 个人需求函数induced variable 引致变量induction 归纳法industry 产业industry equilibrium 产业均衡industry supply curve 产业供给曲线inelastic 缺乏弹性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐点information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋innovation 创新input 投入input—output 投入—产出institution 制度institutional economics 制度经济学insurance 保险intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中间产品internatization of externalities 外部性内部化invention 发明inverse demand function 逆需求函数investment 投资invisible hand 看不见的手isocost line 等成本线，isoprofit curve 等利润曲线isoquant curve 等产量曲线isoquant map 等产量族Kkinded—demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Llabour 劳动labour demand 劳动需求labour supply 劳动供给labour theory of value 劳动价值论labour unions 工会laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘数，land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率law of increasing cost 成本递增法则law of one price 单一价格法则leader—follower model 领导者--跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入组合leisure 闲暇Leontief production function 列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可证linear demand function 线性需求函数linear homogeneity 线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function 线性齐次生产函数long run长期long run average cost 长期平均成本long run equilibrium 长期均衡long run industry supply curve 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost 长期边际成本long run total cost 长期总成本Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线loss minimization 损失极小化1ump sum tax 一次性征税luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏观经济学marginal 边际的marginal benefit 边际收益marginal cost 边际成本marginal cost pricing 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本marginal period 市场期marginal physical productivity 实际实物生产率marginal product 边际产量marginal product of capital 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution 边替代率marginal rate of transformation 边际转换率marginal returns 边际回报marginal revenue 边际收益marginal revenue product 边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit 社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products 边际价值产品market 市场market clearance 市场结清，市场洗清market demand 市场需求market economy 市场经济market equilibrium 市场均衡market failure 市场失败market mechanism 市场机制market structure 市场结构market separation 市场分割market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额markup pricing 加减定价法Marshallian demand function 马歇尔需求函数maximization 极大化microeconomics 微观经济学minimum wage 最低工资misallocation of resources 资源误置mixed economy 混合经济model 模型money 货币monopolistic competition 垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation 垄断剥削monopoly 垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium 垄断均衡monopoly pricing 垄断定价monopoly regulation 垄断调控monopoly rents 垄断租金monopsony 买方垄断NNash equilibrium 纳什均衡Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural resources 自然资源Necessary condition 必要条件necessities 必需品net demand 净需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非线性定价nonrivalry 非对抗性nonprice competition 非价格竞争nonsatiation 非饱和性non--zero—sum game 非零和对策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利润normative economics 规范经济学Oobjective function 目标函数oligopoly 寡头垄断oligopoly market 寡头市场oligopoly model 寡头模型opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal consumption bundle 消费束perfect elasticity 完全有弹性optimal resource allocation 最佳资源配置optimal scale 最佳规模optimal solution 最优解optimization 优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会)偏好排序ordinal utility 序数效用ordinary goods 一般品output 产量、产出output elasticity 产出弹性output maximization 产出极大化Pparameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托优化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏导数partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 专利pay off matrix 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve 感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition 完全竞争perfect complement 完全互补品perfect monopoly 完全垄断perfect price discrimination 完全价格歧视perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性perfectly elastic 完全有弹性perfectly inelastic 完全无弹性plant size 工厂规模point elasticity 点弹性positive economics 实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy 后此谬误prediction 预测preference 偏好preference relation 偏好关系present value 现值price 价格price adjustment model 价格调整模型price ceiling 最高限价price consumption curve 价格费曲线price control 价格管制price difference 价格差别price discrimination 价格歧视price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性price floor 最低限价price maker 价格制定者price rigidity 价格刚性price seeker 价格搜求者price taker 价格接受者price tax 从价税private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理问题private cost 私人成本private goods 私人用品private property 私人财产producer equilibrium 生产者均衡producer theory 生产者理论product 产品product transformation curve 产品转换曲线product differentiation 产品差异product group 产品集团production 生产production contract curve 生产契约曲线production efficiency 生产效率production function 生产函数production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线productivity 生产率productivity of capital 资本生产率productivity of labor 劳动生产率profit 利润profit function 利润函数profit maximization 利润极大化property rights 产权property rights economics 产权经济学proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲线public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共选择public goods 公共商品pure competition 纯粹竞争rivalry 对抗性、竞争pure exchange 纯交换pure monopoly 纯粹垄断Qquantity—adjustment model 数量调整模型quantity tax 从量税quasi—rent 准租金Rrate of product transformation 产品转换率rationality 理性reaction function 反应函数regulation 调节，调控relative price 相对价格rent 租金rent control 规模报酬rent seeking 寻租rent seeking economics 寻租经济学resource 资源resource allocation 资源配置returns 报酬、回报returns to scale 规模报酬revealed preference 显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲线revenue function 收益函数revenue maximization 收益极大化ridge line 脊线risk 风险Ssatiation 饱和，满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity 稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination 二级价格歧视second derivative --阶导数second—order condition 二阶条件service 劳务set 集shadow prices 影子价格short—run 短期short—run cost curve 短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium 短期均衡short—run supply curve 短期供给曲线shut down decision 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly 单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social cost 社会成本social indifference curve 社会无差异曲线social preference 社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function 社会福利函数socialism 社会主义solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium 稳定的均衡Stackelberg model 斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis 静态分析stock 存量stock market 股票市场strategy 策略subsidy 津贴substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效应substitution parameter 替代参数sufficient condition 充分条件supply 供给supply curve 供给曲线supply function 供给函数supply schedule 供给表Sweezy model 斯威齐模型symmetry 对称性symmetry of information 信息对称Ttangency 相切taste 兴致technical efficiency 技术效率technological constraints 技术约束technological progress 技术进步technology 技术third—degree price discrimination 第三级价格歧视total cost 总成本total effect 总效应total expenditure 总支出total fixed cost 总固定成本total product 总产量total revenue 总收益total utility 总效用total variable cost 总可变成本traditional economy 传统经济transitivity 传递性transaction cost 交易费用Uuncertainty 不确定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 单位弹性unstable equilibrium 不稳定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函数utility index 效用指数utility maximization 效用极大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿Vvalue 价值value judge 价值判断value of marginal product 边际产量价值variable cost 可变成本variable input 可变投入variables 变量vector 向量visible hand 看得见的手vulgur economics 庸俗经济学Wwage 工资wage rate 工资率Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利标准Welfare economics 福利经学Welfare loss triangle 福利损失三角形welfare maximization 福利极大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零弹性zero homogeneity 零阶齐次性zero economic profit 零利润21 / 21。
economist(经济学家)
analysis ability
• Analysis ability is divided into two categories: The first one is on theory - including the type of mathematical analysis and use of natural language analysis. Second, practical - including the case analysis and mathematical statistical analysis(数学统计分析).
Related professions
Economists in industries very extensive. Includes food, clothing, shelter and transportation, etc. Older speaking, is mainly agricultural, industrial, building, animal husbandry, fishery, tourism, etc. Also includes the third industry services.
creative ability
• Creative ability means the creative ability to observe and creative analysis. • Creative observation means to come up with queries and find the regulations that current economics can not explain now.
Degrees：Bachelor Degree Master’s Degree Doctor's Degree
经济学家的英语
经济学家的英语《The Wealth of Nations: A Brief Introduction to Economists》Economists are individuals who study and analyze the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Their work is crucial in understanding and interpreting the complex systems and factors that drive economic growth and development.One of the most well-known economists is Adam Smith, often referred to as the "Father of Economics." Smith's seminal work, "The Wealth of Nations," laid the foundation for classical economics and introduced the concept of the invisible hand, which refers to the self-regulating nature of the market.Another influential economist is John Maynard Keynes, whose ideas formed the basis of Keynesian economics. Keynes argued for government intervention in the economy to manage fluctuations in economic activity and promote stability and growth.More recently, economists like Joseph Stiglitz and Thomas Piketty have gained attention for their work on income inequality and the role of government in addressing economic disparities.Economists play a vital role in shaping public policy, as their research and analysis help policymakers make informed decisions about issues such as taxation, trade, and regulation.In conclusion, economists are essential in helping us understand the complexities of the economy and providing insights into how to mitigate economic challenges and promote sustainable growth. Their work continues to have a profound impact on our understanding of the world around us.。
Economist(经济学人)
What's wrong with America's economy?Its politicians are failing to tackle the country’s real problems. Believe it or not, they could learn from EuropeApr 28th 2011 | from the EconomistPESSIMISM about the United States rarely pays off in the long run. Time and again, when Americans have felt particularly glum, their economy has been on the brink of a revival. Think of Jimmy Carter’s cardigan-clad gloom in the inflation-ridden late 1970s, or the fear of competition from Japan that marked the “jobless recovery” of the early 1990s. Both times the United States bounced back, boosted on the first occasion by Paul V olcker’s conquest of inflation and on the second by a productivity spurt that sent growth rates soaring in the mid-1990s even as Japan stalled.That record is worth bearing in mind today. Americans are unhappy, and becoming more so, about their country’s prospects and politicians’ efforts to improve them. In a new New York Times/CBS News poll, seven out of ten respondents said America is on the wrong track. Almost 60% of Americans disapprove of Barack Obama’s handling of the economy, and three out of four think Congress is doing a lousy job.This malaise partly reflects the sluggishness of the recovery. Though unemployment has been falling and share prices are close to a three-year high, house prices are still in the dumps and the price of petrol has soared to levels not seen since the summer of 2008. But it’s not all about oil or indeed the short term. A careful reading of the polls suggests that Ameri cans’ worries stretch well beyond the next couple of years: about stagnating living standards and a dark future in an economy slow to create jobs, saddled with big government deficits and under threat from China. Tellingly, a majority now regard China, not America, as the world’s leading economy.Are these worries justified? On the plus side, it is hard to think of any large country with as many inherent long-term advantages as America: what would China give to have a Silicon Valley? Or Germany an Ivy League? But it is also plain that the United States does indeed have long-term economic weaknesses—and ones that will take time to fix. The real worry for Americans should be that their politicians, not least their president, are doing so little to tackle these underlying problems. Three failings stand out.The competitiveness canardThe first failing, of which Mr Obama in particular is guilty, is misstating the problem. He likes to frame America’s challenges in terms of “competitiveness”, particularly versus China. America’s prosperity, he argues, depends on “out-innovating, out-educating and out-building” China. This is mostly nonsense. America’s prosperity depends not on other countries’ productivity growth, but on its own (actually pretty fast) pace. Ideas spill over from one economy to another: when China innovates Americans benefit.Of course, plenty more could be done to spur innovation. The system of corporate taxation is a mess and deters domestic investment. Mr. Obama is right that America’s infrastru cture is creaking. But the solution there has as much to do with reforming Neanderthal funding systems as it does with the greater public spending he advocates. Too much of the “competitiveness” talk is a canard—one that justifies misguided policies, such as subsidies for green technology, and diverts attention from the country’s real to-do list.High on that list is sorting out America’s public finances. The budget deficit is huge and public debt, at over 90% of GDP when measured in an internationally comparable manner, is high and rising fast. Apart from Japan, America is the only big rich economy that does not have a plan for getting its public finances under control. The good news is that politicians are at last paying attention: deficit reduction is just about all anybody talks about in Washington, DC, these days. The bad news—and the second reason for gloom about what the politicians are up to—is that neither party is prepared to make the basic compromises that are essential to a deal. Republicans refu se to accept that taxes will have to rise, Democrats that spending on “entitlements” such as health care and pensions must fall. No real progress is likely until after the 2012 presidential election. And the antagonism of today’s deficit debate may even ha rm the economy, as Republicans push for excessive cuts in next year’s budget.When growth doesn’t bring jobsMeanwhile, the biggest dangers lie in an area that politicians barely mention: the labour market. The recent decline in the jobless rate has been misleading, the result of a surprisingly small growth in the workforce (as discouraged workers drop out) as much as fast job creation. A stubborn 46% of America’s jobless, some 6m people, have been out of work for more than six months. The weakness of the recovery is mostly to blame, but there are signs that America may be developing a distinctly European disease: structural unemployment.Youth unemployment is especially high, and joblessness among the young leaves lasting scars. Strong productivity growth has been achieved partly through the elimination of many mid-skilled jobs. And what makes this all the more worrying is that, below the radar screen, America had employment problems long before the recession, particularly for lesser-skilled men. These were caused not only by sweeping changes from technology and globalisation, which affect all countries, but also by America’s habit of locking up large numbers of young black men, which drastically diminishes their future employment prospects. America has a smaller fraction of prime-age men in work and in the labour force than any other G7 economy. Some 25% of men aged 25-54 with no college degree, 35% of high-school dropouts and almost 70% of black high-school dropouts are not working.Beyond the toll to individuals, the lack of work among less-skilled men could have huge fiscal and social consequences. The cost of disability payments is some $120 billion (almost 1% of GDP) and rising fast. Male worklessness has been linked with lower marriage rates and weakening family bonds.All this means that grappling with entrenched joblessness deserves to be far higher on America’s policy agenda. Unfortunately, the few (leftish) politicians who acknowledge the problem tend to have misguided solutions, such as trade barri ers or industrial policy to prop up yesterday’s jobs or to spot tomorrow’s. That won’t work: government has a terrible record at picking winners. Instead, America needs to get its macro-medicine right, in particular by committing itself to medium-term fiscal and monetary stability without excessive short-term tightening. But it also needs job-marketreforms, from streamlining and upgrading training to increasing employers’ incentives to hire the low-skilled. And there, strange as it may seem, America could learn from Europe: the Netherlands, for instance, is a good model for how to overhaul disability insurance. Stemming the decline in low-skilled men’s work will also demand more education reform to boost skills, as well as a saner approach to drugs and imprisonment.Technology and globalisation are remaking labour markets across the rich world, to the relative detriment of the lower-skilled. That’s why a rosier outlook for America’s economy does not necessarily mean a rosy future for all Americans. Mr Obama and his opponents can help to shape the process. Sadly, they are doing so for the worse rather than the better.美国的经济怎么了？——它的政客们都未能解决国家的真正的问题。
我最喜欢的经济学家英文作文
我最喜欢的经济学家英文作文English:My favorite economist is Adam Smith, often referred to as the father of modern economics. Smith's seminal work, "The Wealth of Nations," explored the concept of free markets and the division of labor as key drivers of economic growth. His ideas on the invisible hand of the market, self-interest, and the importance of competition continue to be influential in economic theory and policy. Smith's advocacy for laissez-faire economics and limited government intervention in the economy laid the foundation for classical economics and remains relevant in today's discussions on economic systems.中文翻译:我最喜欢的经济学家是亚当·斯密，他常被称为现代经济学之父。
斯密的开创性作品《国富论》探讨了自由市场和分工是经济增长的关键驱动因素的概念。
他关于市场的看不见的手、自利以及竞争的重要性的观点在经济理论和政策中继续具有影响力。
斯密倡导自由放任的经济学和政府在经济中的有限干预为古典经济学奠定了基础，并在当今关于经济体制的讨论中仍然具有重要意义。
经济学家英语作文
经济学家英语作文As an economist, I believe that the study of economicsis crucial for understanding the complex workings of our modern society. Economics provides a framework for analyzing various aspects of human behavior, fromindividual decision-making to the functioning of entire economies. It helps us to understand how resources are allocated, how wealth is created and distributed, and how policies can impact economic outcomes.One of the key principles in economics is the concept of scarcity. Resources such as land, labor, and capital are limited, while human wants and needs are seemingly endless. This creates the need for individuals, businesses, and governments to make choices about how to allocate these resources in the most efficient and equitable manner. The study of economics helps us to understand these trade-offs and to develop policies that can maximize societal welfare.Another important concept in economics is the idea of incentives. People respond to incentives, and understanding how these incentives shape behavior is critical for designing effective policies. For example, if thegovernment wants to encourage people to save more for retirement, it can offer tax incentives for retirement savings. If a company wants to increase productivity, itcan offer performance-based bonuses to its employees. By understanding how incentives work, economists can help to design policies that achieve specific goals.Economics also provides valuable insights into the functioning of markets. The forces of supply and demand determine prices and quantities in a market, and understanding these forces is essential for understanding how markets allocate resources. Economists study how market structures, such as perfect competition or monopoly, can impact prices and efficiency. They also study how government interventions, such as taxes or regulations, can affect market outcomes.In addition to understanding how markets work,economists also study the role of government in the economy. Governments play a crucial role in providing public goods, regulating markets, and addressing market failures. Economists analyze the costs and benefits of governmentintervention, and they study how various policies, such as fiscal and monetary policy, can impact economic outcomes.Overall, the study of economics is essential for understanding the complex interplay of individuals, businesses, and governments in the modern economy. It provides valuable tools for analyzing and addressing economic issues, and it helps to inform policy decisionsthat can improve societal welfare.作为一名经济学家，我相信经济学的研究对于理解我们现代社会的复杂运作至关重要。
我最喜欢的经济学家凯恩斯英语作文
我最喜欢的经济学家凯恩斯英语作文My Favorite Economist: John Maynard KeynesJohn Maynard Keynes is one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. His ideas and theories have had a profound impact on the field of economics and have shaped the way we think about economic policy and the role of government in the economy.Keynes was born in 1883 in Cambridge, England. He studied mathematics at Cambridge University and later went on to become a professor of economics at the same institution. During his lifetime, Keynes was a highly respected economist and a key figure in the development of modern macroeconomics.One of the key ideas that Keynes put forward was the concept of aggregate demand. He argued that the level of economic activity in an economy is determined by the total demand for goods and services. This includes not only consumer spending, but also investment, government spending, and net exports. Keynes believed that during times of economic recession or depression, the government could play a role in stimulating aggregate demand by increasing spending or cutting taxes.Another important idea that Keynes提出 was the concept of the multiplier effect. He argued that an increase in government spending or investment could have a much larger impact on the economy than the initial increase in spending. This is because the additional spending would lead to increased income for workers and businesses, which in turn would lead to further spending and economic growth.Keynes also believed in the importance of monetary policy. He argued that the central bank could play a role in influencing the economy by adjusting interest rates and the money supply. During times ofeconomic recession, the central bank could lower interest rates to encourage borrowing and investment, while during times of inflation, it could raise interest rates to cool down the economy.In addition to his economic theories, Keynes was also a highly influential figure in the political and policy arena. He was a key advisor to the British government during World War II and played a role in the design of the post-war economic order. His ideas also had a significant impact on the development of economic policy in other countries around the world.Overall, John Maynard Keynes was a brilliant economist whose ideas and theories have had a lasting impact on the field of economics. His work has helped to shape our understanding of how economies work and has provided valuable insights into the role of government in the economy. His ideas continue to be relevant today and are studied and debated by economists and policymakers around the world.I believe that John Maynard Keynes is one of the most important economists of all time. His ideas and theories have had a profound impact on the way we think about economics and have shaped the policies and institutions that we rely on today. His work serves as a reminder of the importance of thinking critically about economic issues and of the role that government can play in promoting economic growth and stability.。
国外著名经济学家（Foreignfamouseconomist）
国外著名经济学家（Foreign famous economist）Information worth havingIt comes from the accumulation of learningThere must be a problemAlso please criticize the correct!The country is known as the economist1. George? George A.A kerlofBecause of the outstanding contribution to asymmetric information market researchWon the 2001 Nobel Prize in economicsIt is the important founder of information economicsIn his eyesThe whole social science is an organic wholeBorn in 1940In 1962,A bachelor's degree from Yale university; He received his doctorate at the Massachusetts institute of technology four years laterHe served as a professor of economics at London school of economics and monetary banking professional, senior economist at the economic advisory council, the brookings Panel (Brooking Panel) economic issues, a senior adviser and American economic association, vice chairman; He is a professor of economics at the university of California, BerkeleyHis theoretical research focuses on financial markets, macroeconomics, monetary policy, poverty and unemployment, and racial discrimination, crime and family problemsA large number of studies have been published in these areasThe most striking thing is his incomplete information theoryIn his 1970 paper "lemon" market: quality uncertainty and market mechanism, he first proposed information asymmetry and adverse selectionThe creation of asymmetric market researchJoseph Stiglitz is called "the father of incomplete information economics."His article introduces a simple but universal viewAnd has applied extensively to countless interesting points of viewIt is one of the most important documents of informationeconomicsHe also laid the foundation for his Nobel Prize in economicsnowAkerlof's insight into adverse selection is widely used in the teaching of undergraduate microeconomics coursesThis is enough to show the consequencesDuring the past 20 years,His research on unemployment is also striking2. By Gary Stanley BeckerTo study the "non-economic" relationship between human "non-economic" behavior, family and other human "non-economic" behavior and familyThe professor was a pioneerHis research has been widely criticizedBut at last it was a familyAnd he won the Nobel Prize for economics in nineteen sixty-sevenHe was born in Pennsylvania in December 1930He received a bachelor's degree, a master's degree and a doctorate from Princeton universityAt 30, he became a professor at Columbia UniversityHe has taught at Columbia University since 1970He was head of the department of economics at the universityBecker has won the prestigious clark medal, the sadman award, the whittingsky award, and the merryman awardHis doctoral dissertation, the economics of discrimination, when he was 27An easy way to introduce utility functions for employers and employeesAttempts to make the competitive Labour market model match the observed wage discrimination between white workers and black workers; What was the initial reaction of the bookBut it eventually led to a complete set of explanations for the continuing existence of racial and gender income in the labor marketWhen he developed some of the early tips of others into a general theory of human capital through school education and labor trainingHe applied it the second timeHis book, human capital, is rightly described as the starting point of "the human investment revolution in economic thought"This ethos swept through the economics of the 1960sHe is in "crime and punishment: economic analysis" (journal of political economics)This method was applied for the third time in March and April 1968This article offers a striking insight into the expected benefits of a given crime, the expected cost of a crime to be represented by the likelihood of arrest and punishment, and their particular risk preferencesCrime is another profession that some people engage in for perfectly reasonable reasons! Becker's theory of time allocation (economics journal)This method was used for the fourth time in September 1965This paper examines the division of labor between family membersIt is a social system that has so far been almost completely ignored by economicsBecker's future studies are based on this articleFirst, the decision to have a child was addedAnd then you have to give these kids a education decisionFinally, it is the initial decision of marriage and the final decision to dissolve the marriage through divorceThis ultimately leads to a complete explanation of all aspects of family behaviorThe economic analysis of family behavior is his first elaboration of this theoryafterHe published a more comprehensive book, family theory.Bein's "new family economics" is different from the traditional notion of family as a consumer unitI think of the family as multiple units of my productionIt produces "joint utility" by means of input from family members time, skills and knowledge. After thisProduction theory can be effectively applied to household behavior3. Alan GreenspanAmerican jewsPresident of the thirteenth federal reserve boardHe has visited China many timesMany see him as an authoritative and decisive figure in the economic policies of the United StatesFor example, he decided the government's attitude toward inflationHe was seen by the media as an economist and a master of economics.Ellen? Alan Greenspan was born on March 6, 1926 in New York CityHe received a bachelor's degree in economics from New York university in 1948He received a master's degree in economics in 1950He received his doctorate in economics in 1977From 1954 to 1974 and from 1977 to 1987, he was chairman and President of New York City's industrial consulting company (townsend - greenspan)Served as an adviser to the President's economic advisory council in 1970Chairman from 1974 to 1977He served as director of the congressional budget office in 1977, general electric cable corporation, Morgan Stanley, general foods, morson trust, and pegasusMember of the council of economic advisers, 1981From 1981 to 1983, he was chairman of the national social insurance reform commissionMember of the President's foreign intelligence advisory committee in 1982He was appointed President of the federal reserve by President Reagan in August 1987In July 1991,President bush appointed Alan greenspan as chairman of the federal reserve boardIn February, 1996,President Clinton nominated him for a second term as chairman of the federal reserve boardThe senate overwhelmingly approved the nomination on June 20thGreenspan also served as chairman of the federal open market committeeJanuary 4, 2000President Clinton once again named him chairman of the federal reserveJune 20 the same yearHe took the job for the fourth timeThe new Nobel Prize for economics in 2010 was awarded to Alan greenspan, former chairman of the federal reserve board. Alan Greenspan:Greenspan insisted on anti-inflationDare to break the shackles of economic theoryTraditional theoryA jobless rate of more than six percent will cause the economy to shrinkLess than five percent will trigger inflationThe unemployment rate was only four percentThe economy is still growing steadilyAnother argument for traditional theory is that overheating will inevitably lead to inflationBut he noted that large-scale high-tech investment has reduced production costs while increasing productivitySo it has spared no effort to promote the new technological revolutionHe changed not just financial policyIt also changed America's economy and its futureA "soft landing" for the American economy4. Let? Jacques? Li & fung (Jean - Jacques Laffont)Because he was designing incentivesOutstanding contributions in many fields such as the department of public economics and information economicsProfessor lafeng is a recognized future Nobel Prize winner in international economicsJean-jacques? ferrariBorn in 1947 in the southeastern city of ToulouseBelonging to the post-war generation of FranceThis generation grew up under the influence of general DE gaulleThey have a strong sense of patriotismTo revitalize the French nationIn 1968,Larfeng graduated from Toulouse university with deep mathematical educationA master's degree in mathematicsHe then went on to study at the university of ParisHe received his PhD in applied mathematics in 1972In the autumn of 1973The young lago came to Harvard University in the United StatesMaster of economics, Kenneth? arrowLafeng earned a doctorate in economics from harvard in just a year and a half (1975)This is very rare in harvard's historyIn 1978,Lafeng has replaced military serviceLafeng has given up the chance to teach in the United States to return to the university of ToulouseHe spread economics while he worked hard to create new areas of economicsFollow the research direction of the doctoral thesisHe soon made important contributions to the field of public economics and mechanism designIn 1979,Professor lafeng's monograph on motivation in public decision-making (co-authored with green)He established his academic standing in the field of public economics5. Assar LindbeckArthur? Assar Lindbeck: world-renowned economistOne of the main representatives of the Swedish schoolArthur? Professor Assar Lindbeck,Born in 1930Professor of international economics at Stockholm university in SwedenFamous economistFrom 1980 to 1994, he served as chairman of the Nobel committee for economicsSomeone said, "the Nobel Prize for economics is in the juryIt's like having an invisible hand in control."And this "invisible hand"It was lindbeckProf lindbeck has a lot to do in many areas of economicsThe main areas of research include monetary economicsmacroeconomicsResearch on unemploymentAnd welfare analysisA lot of academic work was publishedIs one of the main representatives of the Swedish schoolThe school was unique in western economics in the 20th centuryLindbeck has published more than 100 papers and articles in various international scientific journals and journalsMajor works: "the new left political economics", "the Swedish economy policy" in the two books overall radical economics major in the United States in the late 1960 s to form a theory of schools of economicsOr the radical political economyThe school proposes some arguments based on or close to the marxist political economic viewTo criticize the theory of bourgeois economic theory, especially the theory of the widely disseminated mainstream schoolsThe systematic summary of Sweden for nearly a centuryEspecially after world war iiIt preserves the original tradition of the Swedish schoolIt strengthens the social democratic economic thought in the Swedish school theoryGregory? Mankiw, Gregory Mankiw)A famous American economistBorn in 1985Princeton universityHe then went to MIT to studyHe obtained his doctorate in economics in 1985He was a professor of economics at Harvard UniversityMankiw has been director of the monetary and economic division of the national bureau of economic researchResearch fellow at the American bureau of economic research Members of the brookings economic activities panelThe director of the federal reserve bank of Boston and the congressional budget office and chairman of the President's council of economic advisersHe is the economic adviser to President bushAnd also republican presidential candidate mitt romney? Mitt Romney's adviserProfessor mankiw's research involves many areas of economicsAnd an introductory textbook of economics, the principles of economicsAnother book, macroeconomics, caused a stir not just in America And it has a reputation around the world7. John? (John Forbes Nash, Jr.)He won the Nobel Prize for economics in 1994John? Nash was born on June 13, 1928He entered Princeton university in 1948A doctoral dissertation on non-cooperative games and other related articlesHe established his position as master of game theoryIn the late 1950sHe is a scientist of the worldEspecially in the field of economic game theoryHe made an epoch-making contributionIs the von? One of the greatest masters of game theory since neumannHis famous concept of Nash equilibrium plays a central role in non-cooperative game theorySubsequent researchers contribute to game theoryIt's all based on this conceptBecause of Nash equilibrium, the theory of game theory has been widely applied in economics, management, sociology, political science, military science and other fields to lay a solid theoretical foundationNash's most important theory is the "Nash equilibrium" that now appears widely in economics textbooksAnd the most famous example of the Nash equilibrium is the prisoner's dilemma.Two suspects in one case were interrogated separatelyThe officer told two prisoners separatelyIf both don't confessOne year for each sentence; If you confessThe other person didn't confessYou will be sentenced to three monthsThe other will be sentenced to ten years in prison; If two people confessWill be sentenced to five yearssoBoth are caught up in confessions and unconfessed dilemmasThe choice between the two prisoners in their own interests is to confessA strategy that would have been beneficial to both sides would have been sentenced to one year without a sentenceSo both of them chose to confess their strategy and the result of the five years was called "Nash equilibrium"Also called non-cooperative equilibrium"Nash equilibrium" is the thesis of his 21-year-old PhDHe also laid the groundwork for his Nobel Prize for economics decades later8. Martin? Martin ShubikSomeone who knows a little bit about cooperative game theoryShould everyone know Martin? The name is Martin ShubikHe is a world-renowned expert on game theoryShe was born in Canada in 1926He graduated from Princeton university in 1955He earned a PhD in philosophyHe is now a tenured professor of economics at Yale universityHe is also a member of the American econometric societyThe main research focuses on game theory, or the blocking of financial institutions and econometricsRepresentative: strategy and market structureAvanash? (Avinash Dixit)Professor Avinash k. ixit is a prominent economist in the field of quantitative economicsA tenured professor at Princeton universityAvinash? Dixit was born in mumbai, India in 1944He received a bachelor's degree in science (mathematics) from Bombay university in 1963In 1968, he received a doctorate in economics from the Massachusetts institute of technologyHe was elected to the Econometric Society in 1977He has been a professor of economics at Princeton university since 1981He is also a visiting professor at many famous universities around the worldHe taught at the university of California, BerkeleyHe was elected to the American academy of arts and sciences in 1992President of the institute of econometrics in 2001He was vice President of the American economic association in 2002He was elected as an academician of the national academy of sciences in 2005Dixit's main areas of research include microeconomic theory, game theory, international trade, industrial organization, growth and development theory, public economics, and new institutional economicsHe wrote a series of booksBoth have become the classics of economics related research domain or classics textbookOver 40 years of academic lifeHe has published nearly 150 academic papersMajor works: "the economic theory of optimization", "the theory of balanced growth", "international trade theory" (co-author), the investment under uncertainty (co-author), the formulationof economic policy, the strategy game (coauthored), "the illegal behavior and economics"10. Let? Jean TiroleLet? Professor Jean TiroleHe was born in France on August 9, 1953Received a doctorate in economics from the Massachusetts institute of technologyHe is now a research director of the institute of industrial economics at the university of Toulouse in FranceAt the same time at the university of ParisMIT is a part-time professorHe was a visiting professor at Harvard University and Stanford universityIn 1984, he was deputy editor of Econometrica magazineHe was hailed as a modern "genius economist."He has published more than 300 high-level papers and 11 booksThe research field involves almost all fields of economics: macroeconomics and finance, theory of industrial organization and incentive theory, game theory... Tirole has a remarkablegeneralization and comprehensive abilityHe can always express the most essential rules and most important achievements in any field of economics in the most concise economic model and languageAnd sort out the theoretical framework of a systemAnd Mr Tirole's surprising instincts about economicsIt is the average economistWhat is the name of the "genius economist"? Professor Jean Tirole is a world-renowned master of economics (world economist in 1990-2000)One who is expected to win the Nobel Prize for economics in the futureThroughout his 20 years of academic careerEnough to make any economist eye-popping: more than 300 high-level papers11 monographsThe classic work is the corporate finance theory.Content covers any important area of economics - from macroeconomics to industrial organization theoryFrom game theory to motivation theoryTo international financeAnd then the intersection of economics and psychologyTirole made a groundbreaking contributionThe light and heat of wisdom is spilled into every field of economicsTirole was gallopingBrandish aspersesPassion:Be invincible。
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economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给bank 银行current account 经常帐户（美作:checking account）current-account holder 支票帐户（美作:checking-account holder）cheque 支票（美作:check）bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本（美作:checkbook）endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币（美作:bill）to pay （in）cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation （货币）贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃securities business 证券市场stock exchange 贡市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,贡交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,贡shareholder, stockholder 贡持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 贡投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 贡经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行贡par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴cost 成本,费用expenditure, outgoings 开支,支出fixed costs 固定成本overhead costs 营业间接成本overheads 杂项开支,间接成本operating costs 生产费用,营业成本operating expenses 营业费用running expenses 日常费用,经营费用miscellaneous costs 杂项费用overhead expenses 间接费用,管理费用upkeep costs, maintenance costs 维修费用,养护费用transport costs 运输费用social charges 社会负担费用contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用apportionment of expenses 分摊费用income 收入,收益earnings 利润,收益gross income, gross earnings 总收入,总收益gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,总利润,利益毛额net income 纯收益,净收入,收益净额average income 平均收入national income 国收入profitability, profit earning capacity 利润率,赢利率yield 产量收益,收益率increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值duty 税taxation system 税制taxation 征税,纳税fiscal charges 财务税收progressive taxation 累进税制graduated tax 累进税value added tax 增值税income tax 所得税land tax 地租,地价税excise tax 特许权税basis of assessment 估税标准taxable income 须纳税的收入fiscality 检查tax-free 免税的tax exemption 免税taxpayer 纳税人tax collector 收税员China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, C.C.P.I.T. 中国国际贸易促进委员会National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易全国理事会Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会Association for the Promotion of International Trade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会British Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International Union of Marine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会International Alumina Association 国际铝矾土协会Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 关税合作理事会United Nations Trade and Development Board 联合国贸易与发展理事会Organization for Economic cooperation and Development, DECD 经济合作与开发组织European Economic Community, EEC, European Common Market 欧洲经济共同体European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲贸易联盟European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲贸易区Council for Mutual Economic Aid, CMEA 经济互助委员会Eurogroup 欧洲集团Group of Ten 十国集团Committee of Twenty（Paris Club）二十国委员会Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会Caribbean Common Market, CCM, Caribbean Free-Trade Association, CARIFTA 加勒比共同市场（加勒比贸易同盟）Andeans Common Market, ACM, Andeans Treaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场Latin American Free Trade Association, LAFTA 拉丁美洲贸易联盟Central American Common Market, CACM 中美洲共同市场African and Malagasy Common Organization, OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场Central African Customs and Economic Union, CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟West African Economic Community, WAEC 西非经济共同体Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC 石油输出国组织Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, OAPEC 阿拉伯石油输出国组织Commonwealth Preference Area 英联邦特惠区Centre National du Commerce Exterieur, National Center of External Trade 法国对外贸易中心People's Bank of China 中国人银行Bank of China 中国银行International Bank for Reconstruction and development, IBRD 国际复兴开发银行World Bank 世界银行International Development association, IDA 国际开发协会International Monetary Found Agreement 国际货币基金协定International Monetary Found, IMF 国际货币基金组织European Economic and Monetary Union 欧洲经济与货币同盟European Monetary Cooperation Fund 欧洲货币合作基金Bank for International Settlements, BIS 国际结算银行African Development Bank, AFDB 非洲开发银行Export-Import Bank of Washington 美国进出口银行National city Bank of New York 花旗银行American Oriental Banking Corporation 美丰银行American Express Co. Inc. 美国万国宝通银行The Chase Bank 大通银行Inter-American Development Bank, IDB 泛美开发银行European Investment Bank, EIB 欧洲投资银行Midland Bank,Ltd. 米兰银行United Bank of Switzerland 瑞士联合银行Dresden Bank A.G. 德累斯敦银行Bank of Tokyo,Ltd. 东京银行Hongkong and Shanghai Corporation 香港汇丰银行International Finance Corporation, IFC 国际金融公司La Communaute Financieve Africane 非洲金融共同体Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC 联合国经济及社会理事会United Nations Development Program, NUDP 联合国开发计划署United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO 粮食与农业组织, 粮农组织Economic Commission for Europe, ECE 欧洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Latin America, ECLA 拉丁美洲经济委员会Economic Commission for Asia and Far East, ECAFE 亚洲及远东经济委员会Economic Commission for Western Asia, ECWA 西亚经济委员会Economic Commission for Africa, ECA 非洲经济委员会Overseas Chinese Investment Company 华侨投资公司New York Stock Exchange, NYSE 纽约证券交易所London Stock Market 伦敦贡市场Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange 波罗的海商业和航运交易所instruction, education 教育culture 文化primary education 初等教育secondary education 中等教育higher education 高等教育the three R's 读、写、算school year 学年term, trimester 学季semester 学期school day 教学日school holidays 假期curriculum 课程subject 学科discipline 纪律timetable 课程表class, lesson 课homework 家庭作业exercise 练习dictation 听写spelling mistake 拼写错误（short）course 短训班seminar 研讨班playtime, break 课间,休息to play truant, to play hooky 逃学,旷课course （of study）学业student body 学生（总称）classmate, schoolmate 同学pupil 小学生student 大学生schoolboy 男生schoolgirl 女生auditor 旁听生swot, grind 用的学生old boy 老生grant, scholarship, fellowship 奖学金holder of a grant, scholar, fellow 奖学金获得者school uniform 校服teaching staff 教育工作者（总称）teachers 教师（总称）primary school teacher 小学老师teacher lecturer 大学老师professor 教授schooling 教授,授课assistant 助教headmaster 校长（女性为:headmistress）deputy headmaster, deputy head 副校长rector 校长dean 教务长laboratory assistant, lab assistant 实验员beadle, porter 门房,学校工友games master, gym teacher, gym instructor 体育教师private tutor 私人教师,家庭教师pedagogue 文学教师（蔑称）of school age 教龄beginning of term 开学matriculation 注册to enroll, to enroll 予以注册to take lessons （学生）上课to teach （老师）上课to study 学习to learn by heart 记住,掌握to revise, to go over 复习test 考试to test 考试to take an examination, to sit an examination, to do an examination 参加考试convocation notice 考试通知examiner 考试者board of examiners 考试团examination oral, written examination 口试,笔试question 问题question paper 试卷crib 夹带（美作:trot）to pass an examination （或exam）, 通过考试pass, passing grade 升级prizegiving 分配奖品to fall an examination 未通过考试failure 未考好to repeat a year 留级degree 学位graduate 毕业生to graduate 毕业project, thesis 毕业论文General Certificate of Education 中学毕业证书（美作:high school diploma）holder of the General Certificate of Education 中学毕业生（美作:holder of a high school diploma）doctorate 博士学位doctor 博士competitive examination 答辩考试Chinese 语文English 英语Japanese 日语mathematics 数学science 理科gymnastics 体育history 历史algebra 代数geometry 几何geography 地理biology 生物chemistry 化学physics 物理physical geography 地球物理literature 文学sociology 社会学psycology 心理学philosophy 哲学engineering 工程学mechanical engineering 机械工程学electronic engineering 电子工程学medicine 医学social science 社会科学agriculture 农学astronomy 天文学economics 经济学politics 政治学commercial science 商学biochemistry 生物化学anthropology 人类学linguistics 语言学accounting 会计学law, jurisprdence 法学banking 银行学metallurgy 冶金学finance 财政学mass-communication 大众传播学journalism 新闻学atomic energy 原子能学civil engineering 土木工程architecture 建筑学chemical, engineering 化学工程accounting and statisics 会计统计business administration 工商管理library 图书馆学diplomacy 外交foreign language 外文botany 植物major 主修minor 辅修school 学校kindergarten 幼儿园infant school 幼儿学校primary school, junior school 小学secondary school 中学high school, secondary school 专科学校business school 商业学校technical school 工业学校technical college 专科学校（university）campus 大学university 大学boarding school 供膳宿的学校day school 日校,无宿舍学校,走读学校day student who has lunch at school 提供午餐的走读学生academy 专科学院faculty 系hall of residence 学校公寓classroom 教室lecture theatre 阅览室（美作:lecture theater）amphitheatre 阶梯教室（美作:amphitheater）staff room 教研室headmaster's study, headmaster's office 校长办公室（assembly）hall 礼堂library 图书馆playground 操场desk 课桌blackboard 黑板（a piece of）chalk 粉笔slate pencil 石板笔wall map 挂图skeleton map 廓图,示意图globe 地球仪text book 课本dictionary 词典encyclopedia 百科全书atlas地图集satchel 书包exercise book 练习本rough not book 草稿本（美作:scribbling pad）blotting paper 吸墨纸tracing paper 描图纸squared paper, graph paper 坐标纸（fountain）pen 自来水笔biro, ballpoint （pen）圆珠笔pencil 铅笔propelling pencil 自动铅笔pencil sharpener 铅笔刀,转笔刀ink 墨水inkwell 墨水池rubber, eraser 橡皮ruler, rule 尺slide rule 计算尺set square 三角板protractor 量角器compass, pair of compasses 圆规Ministry of Labour 劳工部（美作epartment of Labor）labour market 劳工市场, 劳务市场Labour exchange, Employment exchange 职业介绍所（美作:Employment Bureau）labour management 职业介绍经纪人full employment 整日制工作to be paid by the hour 按小时付酬seasonal work 季节工作piecework work 计件工作timework work 计时工作teamwork work 联合工作shift work 换班工作assembly line work 组装线工作（美作:serial production）workshop 车间handicrafts, crafts 手艺, 技艺trade, craft 行当profession, occupation 职务employment, job 工作situation, post 位置job 一件工作vacancy 空缺, 空额work permit 工作许可证to apply for a job 求职, 找工作application（for a job）求职to engage, to employ 雇用work contract 劳务合同industrial accident 劳动事故occupational disease 职业病vocational guidance 职业指导vocational training 职业训练retraining, reorientation, rehabilitation 再训练, 再培训holidays, holiday, vacation 假期labour costs, labour input 劳力成本fluctuation of labour 劳力波动（美作f labor）worker 工作者permanent worker 长期工, 固定工personnel, staff 人员employee 职员clerk, office worker 办公室人员salary earner 雇佣工人workman 工人organized labour 参加工会的工人skilled worker 技术工人unskilled worker 非技术工人specialized worker 熟练工人farm worker 农场工人labourer worker 农业工人day labourer 日工seasonal worker 季节工collaborator 合作者foreman 工头trainee, apprentice 学徒工apprenticeship 学徒artisan, craftsman 工匠specialist 专家night shift 夜班shortage of labour, shortage of manpower 缺乏劳力working class 工人阶级proletarian 无产者proletariat 无产阶级trade union 工会（美作:labor union）trade unionist 工团主义者trade unionism 工团主义guild 行会,同会,公会association, society, union 协会emigration 移,移居employer 雇主,老板shop steward （工厂的）工会代表（美作:union delegate）delegate 代表representative 代表works council 劳资联合委员会labour law 劳工法working day, workday 工作日full-time employment, full-time job, full-time work 全天工作part-time employment, part-time job, part-time work 半日工作working hours 工作时间overtime 业余时间remuneration 报酬pay, wage, salary 工资wage index 工资指数minimum wage 最低工资basic wage 基础工资gross wages 全部收入net, real wages 实际收入hourly wages, wage rate per hour 计时工资monthly wages 月工资weekly wages 周工资piecework wage 计件工资maximum wage 最高工资（美作:wage ceiling）sliding scale 按物价计酬法payment in kind 用实物付酬daily wages 日工资premium, bonus, extra pay 奖励payday 发工资日, 付薪日pay slip 工资单payroll 薪水册unemployment benefit 失业救济old-age pension 退休金,养老金collective agreement 工会代表工人与资方代表达成的协议retirement 退休claims 要求strike 罢工striker 罢工者go-slow 怠工（美作:slow-down）lockout 停工（业主为抵制工人的要求而停工）staggered strike 阶段性罢工strike picket 罢工纠察队员strike pay 罢工津贴（由工会给的）strikebreaker, blackleg 破坏罢工者down tools, sit-down strike 静坐demonstration, manifestation 示威sanction 制裁unemployment 失业seasonal unemployment 季节性失业underemployment 不充分就业unemployed man 失业者（个人）the unemployed 失业者（集体）to discharge, to dismiss 辞退,开除,解雇dismissal 开除,解雇to terminate a contract 结束合同,结束契约negotiation 谈判collective bargaining 劳资双方就工资等问题谈判receptionist 接待员typist 打字员key puncher 电脑操作员stenographer 速记员telephone operator 电话接线员programmer 电脑程序员system analyst 系统分析员shorthand typist 速记打字员office girl 女记事员public servants 公务员national public servant 国家公务员local public service employee 地方公务员nation railroad man 国营铁路职员tracer 绘图员illustrator 汇稿员saleswoman 女店员pilot 驾驶员simultaneous 同时译员publisher 出版人员graphic designer 美术设计员delivery boy 送报员secretary 秘书policeman 警察journalist 记者editor 编辑interpreter 通译者director 导演talent 星探actor 男演员actress 女演员photographer 摄影师scholar 学者translator 翻译家novelist 小说家playwright 剧作家linguist 语言学家botanist 植物学家economist 经济学家chemist 化学家scientist 科学家philosopher 哲学家politician 政治学家physicist 物理学家astropologist 人类学家archaeologist 考古学家geologist 地质学家expert on folklore 俗学家mathematician 数学家biologist 生物学家zoologist 动物学家statistician 统计学家physiologist 生理学家futurologist 未来学家artists 艺术家painter 画家musician 音乐家composer 作曲家singer 歌唱家designer 设计家sculptor 雕刻家designer 服装设计师fashion coordinator 时装调配师dressmaker 女装裁剪师cutter 裁剪师sewer 裁缝师tailor 西装师傅beautician 美容师model 模特ballerina 芭蕾舞星detective 刑警chief of police 警察局长taxi driver 出租车司机clerk 店员mailman 邮差newspaper boy 报童bootblack 擦鞋童poet 诗人copywriter 撰稿人producer 制片人newscaster 新闻评论人milkman 送奶人merchant 商人florist 卖花人baker 面包师greengrocer 菜贩fish-monger 鱼贩butcher 肉贩shoe-maker 鞋匠saleswoman 女店员stewardess 空中小姐conductor 车掌station agent 站长porter 行李夫car mechanic 汽车修理师architect 建筑师civil planner 城市设计师civil engineer 土木技师druggist, chemist, pharmacist 药剂师guide 导游oil supplier 加油工（public）health nurse 保健护士dentist 牙科医生supervisor 监工forman 工头doctor 医生nurse 护士宏观经济的macroeconomic通货膨胀inflation破产insolvency有偿还债务能力的solvent合同contract汇率exchange rate紧缩信贷tighten credit creation私营部门private sector财政管理机构fiscal authorities宽松的财政政策slack fiscal policy税法tax bill财政public finance财政部the Ministry of Finance平衡预算balanced budget继承税inheritance tax货币主义者monetariest增值税VAT （value added tax）收入revenue总需求aggregate demand货币化monetization赤字deficit经济不景气recessiona period when the economy of a country is notsuccessful, business conditions are bad, industrialproduction and trade are at a low level and thereis a lot of unemployment经济好转turnabout复苏recovery成本推进型cost push货币供应money supply生产率productivity劳动力labor force实际工资real wages成本推进式通货膨胀cost-push inflation需求拉动式通货膨胀demand-pull inflation双位数通货膨胀double- digit inflation极度通货膨胀hyperinflation长期通货膨胀chronic inflation治理通货膨胀to fight inflation最终目标ultimate goal坏的影响adverse effect担保ensure贴现discount萧条的sluggish认购subscribe to支票帐户checking account货币控制工具instruments of monetry control借据IOUs（I owe you）本票promissory notes货币总监controller of the currency拖收系统collection system支票清算或结算check clearing资金划拨transfer of funds可以相信的证明credentials改革fashion被缠住entangled货币联盟Monetary Union再购协议repo精明的讨价还价交易horse-trading欧元euro公共债务membership criteria汇率机制REM储备货币reserve currency劳动密集型labor-intensive贡交易所bourse竞争领先frontrun牛市bull market非凡的牛市 a raging bull规模经济scale economcies买方出价与卖方要价之间的差价bid-ask spreads期货（贡）futures经济商行brokerage firm回报率rate of return贡equities违约default现金外流cash drains经济人佣金brokerage fee存款单CD（certificate of deposit营业额turnover资本市场capital market布雷顿森林体系The Bretton Woods System经常帐户current account套利者arbitrager远期汇率forward exchange rate即期汇率spot rate实际利率real interest rates货币政策工具tools of monetary policy银行倒闭bank failures跨国公司MNC （Multi-National Corporation）商业银行commercial bank商业票据comercial paper利润profit本票，期票promissory notes监督to monitor佣金（经济人）commission brokers套期保值hedge有价证券平衡理论portfolio balance theory外汇储备foreign exchange reserves固定汇率fixed exchange rate浮动汇率floating/flexible exchange rate货币选择权（期货）currency option套利arbitrage合约价exercise price远期升水forward premium多头买升buying long空头卖跌selling short按市价订购贡market order贡经纪人stockbroker国际货币基金the IMF七国集团the G-7监督surveillance同业拆借市场interbank market可兑换性convertibility软通货soft currency限制restriction交易transaction充分需求adequate demand短期外债short term external debt汇率机制exchange rate regime直接标价direct quotes资本流动性mobility of capital赤字deficit本国货币domestic currency外汇交易市场foreign exchange market国际储备international reserve利率interest rate资产assets国际收支balance of payments贸易差额balance of trade繁荣boom债券bond资本captial资本支出captial expenditures商品commodities商品交易所commodity exchange期货合同commodity futures contract普通贡common stock联合大企业conglomerate货币贬值currency devaluation通货紧缩deflation折旧depreciation贴现率discount rate归个人支配的收入disposable personal income从业人员employed person汇率exchange rate财政年度fiscal year企业free enterprise国生产总值gross antional product库存inventory劳动力人数labor force债务liabilities市场经济market economy合并merger货币收入money income跨国公司Multinational Corproation个人收入personal income优先贡preferred stock价格收益比率price-earning ratio优惠贷款利率prime rate利润profit回报return on investment使货币升值revaluation薪水salary季节性调整seasonal adjustment关税tariff失业人员unemployed person效用utility价值value工资wages工资价格螺旋上升wage-price spiral收益yield补偿贸易compensatory trade, compensated deal储蓄银行savings banks欧洲联盟the European Union单一的实体 a single entity抵押贷款mortgage lending业主产权owner''''s equity普通股common stock无形资产intangible assets收益表income statement营业开支operating expenses行政开支administrative expenses现金收支一览表statement of cash flow贸易中的存货inventory收益proceeds投资银行investment bank机构投资者institutional investor垄断兼并委员会MMC招标发行issue by tender定向发行introduction代销offer for sale直销placing公开发行public issue信贷额度credit line国际债券international bonds欧洲货币Eurocurrency利差interest margin以所借的钱作抵押所获之贷款leveraged loan权利股发行rights issues净收入比例结合net income gearing外贸中常见英文缩略词1 C2 T/T（telegraphic transfer）电汇3 D/P（document against payment）付款交单4 D/A （document against acceptance）承兑交单5 C.O （certificate of origin）一般原产地证6 G.S.P.（generalized system of preferences）普惠制7 CTN/CTNS（carton/cartons）纸箱8 PCE/PCS（piece/pieces）只、个、支等9 DL/DLS（dollar/dollars）美元10 DOZ/DZ（dozen）一打11 PKG（package）一包，一捆，一扎，一件等12 WT（weight）重量13 G.W.（gross weight）毛重14 N.W.（net weight）净重15 C/D （customs declaration）报关单16 EA（each）每个，各17 W （with）具有18 w/o（without）没有19 FAC（facsimile）传真20 IMP（import）进口21 EXP（export）出口22 MAX （maximum）最大的、最大限度的23 MIN （minimum）最小的，最低限度24 M 或MED （medium）中等，中级的25 M/V（merchant vessel）商船26 S.S（steamship）船运27 MT或M/T（metric ton）公吨28 DOC （document）文件、单据29 INT（international）国际的30 P/L （packing list）装箱单、明细表31 INV （invoice）发票32 PCT （percent）百分比33 REF （reference）参考、查价34 EMS （express mail special）特快传递35 STL.（style）式样、款式、类型36 T或LTX或TX（telex）电传37 RMB（renminbi）人币38 S/M （shipping marks）装船标记39 PR或PRC（price）价格40 PUR （purchase）购买、购货41 S/C（sales contract）销售确认书42 L/C （letter of credit）信用证43 B/L （bill of lading）提单44 FOB （free on board）离岸价45 CIF （cost,insurance补充：CR=credit贷方，债主DR=debt借贷方（注意：国外常说的debt card，就是银行卡，credit card就是信誉卡。