【推荐】Edward T. Hall的个人简介
爱德华·t·霍尔的文化分类法
爱德华·t·霍尔（Edward T. Hall）是20世纪著名的人类学家，他的文化分类法为我们理解不同文化间的差异提供了重要的理论框架。
霍尔将文化分为高、中、低三个层次，并指出了它们在时间和空间上的不同特点。
以下是对霍尔文化分类法的详细介绍：一、文化分类法概述1. 高文化高文化是指那些具有较高文明程度、多元化、知识渊博、科技发达的文化。
这些文化通常位于发达国家和地区，具有丰富的历史遗产和传统文化。
高文化的人们通常拥有较高的教育水平，注重个人的成就和自由发展。
2. 中等文化中等文化是指那些处于发展中阶段的文化，具有一定程度的经济发展和社会进步，但仍然存在一些传统观念和习惯。
这些文化的人们在生活方式和价值观念上有一些传统和保守的特点，但同时也接受了一些现代化的影响。
3. 低文化低文化是指那些落后、闭塞、保守、传统观念较为浓重的文化。
这些文化通常位于欠发达国家和地区，经济水平较低，社会制度不够完善，人们的生活方式和思维方式较为古老和守旧。
二、文化分类法的意义1. 促进跨文化交流通过对文化进行分类，我们可以更加清晰地了解不同文化之间的差异和联系，促进不同文化之间的交流和互动。
了解对方的文化层次，可以更好地进行有效交流和合作。
2. 增进文化认同每个文化都有其独特的特点和魅力，通过文化分类法，我们能更加客观地认识并接纳不同的文化，从而增进对自己文化的认同感和对其他文化的尊重。
3. 促进文化对话文化分类法为不同文化之间的对话提供了基础和契机，让人们可以更加理性地进行交流和讨论，促进文化的交流、融合和发展。
三、文化分类法的局限性1. 过于简化文化分类法将复杂多样的文化现象简化为高、中、低三个等级，有时可能会忽略一些文化现象的细微差别和特殊情况。
2. 文化差异忽略文化分类法可能会忽略每个文化内部的差异性，只是将文化进行了整体分类，有时会忽略一些特定群体的文化特点。
3. 传统观念阻碍由于之前的研究大多是西方学者的观点，所以有些传统观念和偏见在文化分类法中难以避免。
爱德华霍尔
个人距离的范围是45厘米到1 个人距离的范围是45厘米到1米之间。人们可以在这 个范围内亲切交谈，又不致触犯对方的近身空间。一般朋 友和熟人在街上相遇，往往在这个距离内问候和交谈。 社交距离一般在1 3.5米之间。其中1米到2 社交距离一般在1到3.5米之间。其中1米到2米之间通 常是人们在社会交往中处理私人事务的距离。例如在银行 取款时要输入密码，为了保护客户的机密，银行要求其他 客户必须站在“一米线” 客户必须站在“一米线”之外。 2到3．5米是远一些的社 交距离。商务会谈通常是在这个距离内，相互之间除了语 言交流，适当的目光接触也是不可少的，否则会被认为是 不尊重对方。在屏幕上，电视节目主持人大多是中近景， 这是为了缩短与观众的距离。因为这个景别的视觉效果是 主持人与观众的距离只有两米左右。 公众距离往往是公众集会时采用的距离。一般在3 公众距离往往是公众集会时采用的距离。一般在3．5 米到7 米到7米左右。超过这个距离人们就无法以正常的音量进 行语言交流了。所以有经验的语文老师会走下讲台朗读课 文，以提高语言的感染力。
《爱德华·霍尔自传：生活中的人类学》An 爱德华·霍尔自传：生活中的人类学》 Anthropology of Everyday Life: An Autobiography (1992, Doubleday, New York) 《理解文化差异——德国人，法国人和美国人》 理解文化差异——德国人，法国人和美国人》 Understanding Cultural Differences - Germans, French and Americans (1993, Yarmouth, Maine) 《三十年代的美国西部》West of the Thirties. 三十年代的美国西部》 Discoveries Among the Navajo and Hopi (1994, Doubleday, New York etc.)
Edward T Hall
Edward T. HallEdward Twitchell Hall, Jr. (May 16, 1914 –July 20, 2009) was an American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher. He is remembered for developing the concept of Proxemics, a description of how people behave and react in different types of culturally defined personal space. Hall was an influential colleague of Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller.BiographyBorn in Webster Groves, Missouri, Hall taught at the University of Denver, Colorado, Bennington College in Vermont, Harvard Business School, Illinois Institute of Technology, Northwestern University in Illinois and others. The foundation for his lifelong research on cultural perceptions of space was laid during World War II, when he served in the U.S. Army in Europe and the Philippines.From 1933 through 1937, Hall lived and worked with the Navajo and the Hopi on native American reservations in northwestern Arizona, the subject of his autobiographical West of the Thirties. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1942 and continued with field work and direct experience throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. During the 1950s he worked for the United States State Department, at the Foreign Service Institute (FSI), teaching inter-cultural communications skills to foreign service personnel, developed the concept of "High context culture" and "low context culture", and wrote several popular practical books on dealing with cross-cultural issues. He is considered a founding father of intercultural communication as an academic area of study.Throughout his career, Hall introduced a number of new concepts, including proxemics, polychronic and monochronic time, and high and low context culture. In his second book, The Hidden Dimension, he describes the culturally specific temporal and spatial dimensions that surround each of us, such as the physical distances people maintain in different contexts.In The Silent Language (1959), Hall coined the term polychronic to describe the ability to attend to multiple events simultaneously, as opposed to "monochronic" individuals and cultures who tend to handle events sequentially.In 1976, he released his third book, Beyond Culture, which is notable for having developed the idea of extension transference; that is, that humanity's rate of evolution has and does increase as a consequence of its creations, that we evolve as much through our "extensions" as through our biology. However, with extensions such as the wheel, cultural values, and warfare being technology based, they are capable of much faster adaptation than genetics.He died at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico on July 20, 2009.BooksThe Silent Language (1959)The Hidden Dimension (1966)The Fourth Dimension In Architecture: The Impact of Building on Behavior (1975, co-authored with Mildred Reed Hall)Beyond Culture (1976)The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time (1983)Handbook for Proxemic ResearchHidden Differences: Doing Business with the JapaneseAn Anthropology of Everyday Life: An Autobiography (1992, Doubleday, New York) Understanding Cultural Differences - Germans, French and Americans (1993, Yarmouth, Maine)West of the Thirties. Discoveries Among the Navajo and Hopi (1994, Doubleday, New York etc.)InfluenceAccording to Nina Brown, the work of Hall was so groundbreaking that it created a multitude of other areas for research. One of the most widely sought after topics of anthropology is an idea that was first introduced by Edward Hall; Anthropology of Space. Brown goes on to mention that Anthropology of Space has essentially opened the door to dozens of new topics.Along with influencing the Anthropology of Space, Hall also did substantial research on intercultural communication. For example, Hall based a large amount of his research on the Chilean culture and how they interact in a High context culture as opposed to a Low context culture used in the United States.Robert Shuter, a well-known intercultural and cross-cultural communication researcher, commented: "Edward Hall's research reflects the regimen and passion of an anthropologist: a deep regard for culture explored principally by descriptive, qualitative methods.... The challenge for intercultural communication... is to develop a research direction and teaching agenda that returns culture to preeminence and reflects the roots of the field as represented in Edward Hall's early research.Edward Hall是美国文化人类学家。
Edward Hall and Theory
Low Context Culture Definition & Concept
Intuitive Relations more important than information Contemplative Language valued less to convey meaning and more to assist developing relationships
Brazil China Japan France Canada (French) Italy Russia
High & Low Context Cultures Differences: Workplace
Low Context Culture
Employees: limit their communication to smaller, more selected groups of people, only sharing information which is necessary; Office Set-up: closed floor plan, executives have their own offices and receive visitors one at a time; Executives control content and flow of information.
Edward T. Hall: Culture is;
Edward Hall英文简介
间关系学），etc.
Edward Twitchell Hall, Jr. (May 16, 1914 –
July 20, 2009) was an American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher（美国人类跨文化 学家）. He is remembered for developing the concept of Proxemics（空间关系学）, a description of how people behave and react in different types of culturally defined personal space. Hall was an influential colleague of Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller.
Books
Handbook for Proxemic Research Hidden Differences: Doing Business with the Japanese An Anthropology of Everyday Life: An Autobiography (1992, Doubleday, New York) Understanding Cultural Differences Germans, French and Americans (1993, Yarmouth, Maine) West of the Thirties. Discoveries Among the Navajo and Hopi (1994, Doubleday, New York etc.)
Edward T. Hall的个人简介
Conclusion
Edward T. Hall Anthropologist Proxemics
High and Low—context culture
Low context culture
public, external, accessible
Separation--of time
of space of activities of relationships
Japanese Chinese Korean
High context culture
low context culture
High context culture
Less verbally explicit communication indirect less written/formal information
It is difficult to attend in if you are a outsider.
Influence
• One of the most widely sought after topics of anthropology is an idea that was first introduced by Edward Hall—Anthropology of Space， which has essentially opened the door to dozens of new topics. • Hall also did substantial research on intercultural communication. For example, Hall based a large amount of his research on the culture and how they interact in a High context culture as opposed to a Low context culture used in the United States.
Edward T. Hall
PROXEMICS
• 近体学；空间关系学 • Proxemics is the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behaviour, communication, and social interaction.
EDWARD T HALL
A Founding Father of Intercultural Communication
CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
跨文化交际是长期存在的一种普遍现象，但是它作为学科的历史却很短。“跨文 化交际”这一述语是有美国人类学家Edward T. Hall在1959年出版的经典著作《无声的语 言》中首先提出的，学术界普遍将这部著作视为跨文化交际学的奠基之作。
• Edward Twitchell Hall Jr. (May 16, 1914– July 20, 2009)（爱德华·霍尔）
• An American anthropologist & cross-cultural researcher • "The first person to systematically study cross-cultural communication activities"
• 1、Public distance 公众距离 >360cm
2、Social distance 社交距离 120-360cm
3、Personal distance 个人距离 45-120cm（可以伸手碰到对方，虽然认识却没有特别关 系。）
4、Intimate distance 亲密距离 0-45cm（通常是亲人、很熟的朋友、情侣或是夫妻。）
edward hall关于文化维度的书
【文章标题】：解读爱德华·霍尔关于文化维度的书1. 导言在国际交流日益频繁的今天，文化差异成为了不容忽视的因素。
爱德华·霍尔（Edward T. Hall）所著的《西方与非西方》一书详尽地探讨了文化维度的不同，对于我们理解和应对文化差异具有重要的启示作用。
本文将对这本书进行深入的解读和分析，以期为读者带来有价值的思考和启发。
2. 文化维度的基本概念在《西方与非西方》一书中，霍尔提出了高/低上下文、单线/多线认知、时间观念和空间观念等文化维度的概念。
这些维度不仅只是描述了不同文化之间的差异，更是对这些差异背后的心理、社会和历史原因进行了深刻的剖析。
通过对这些文化维度的理解，我们能够更好地把握文化差异的本质，从而更加灵活地处理跨文化交流和合作。
3. 文化差异与交流困境由于文化维度的不同，西方与非西方的社会和人际交往存在着种种困境。
在高/低上下文的差异下，信息传达方式和沟通方式的不同会导致误解和冲突。
而在时间观念和空间观念上的差异也会给跨文化交流带来挑战。
我们需要深入了解和认识这些文化差异，以期更好地在国际交往中应对种种困境。
4. 个人观点和理解作者认为，文化维度的差异不仅是一种障碍，更是一种机遇。
通过深入地理解和尊重不同文化的特点，我们可以更好地促进跨文化交流和合作，实现共赢的局面。
对于爱德华·霍尔所提出的文化维度概念，我们应该抱有开放的心态，从中寻找启示和借鉴。
5. 总结与回顾在本文中，我们围绕爱德华·霍尔关于文化维度的书展开了深度的探讨和分析。
通过从基本概念入手，探讨文化差异与交流困境，以及个人观点和理解，我们对于文化维度这一主题有了更加全面、深刻和灵活的理解。
愿通过本文的阐述，读者也能对文化维度有所启发，在国际交往中能够更加从容应对文化差异，实现良好的跨文化交流和合作。
6. 结语爱德华·霍尔的《西方与非西方》一书为我们打开了一扇了解文化维度的窗户。
the silent language出版实践
《The Silent Language》是一本关于非言语交际的书籍，由美国作家Edward T. Hall于1959年出版。
这本书主要探讨了非言语交际在人际交往中的重要性，包括身体语言、面部表情、目光接触、姿势、手势等。
出版实践方面，这本书在出版前需要进行市场调研、编辑、排版、设计、印刷等环节。
市场调研是出版实践的重要环节之一，它可以帮助出版商了解读者的需求和兴趣，以及市场上同类书籍的情况，从而确定书籍的定位和宣传策略。
编辑和排版也是出版实践中的重要环节，它们涉及到对文字、图片、表格等的处理和排版，以确保书籍的内容质量和版式美观。
设计环节则涉及到书籍的整体外观和风格的设计，以吸引读者的眼球并提高书籍的销售量。
最后，印刷是将书籍的内容转化为纸质产品的过程，它需要考虑到印刷质量、纸张选择、印刷工艺等因素。
总的来说，《The Silent Language》的出版实践涉及到多个环节，每个环节都对书籍的质量和销售有着重要的影响。
the Grip of Culture_Edward Hall
THE GRIP OF CULTURE: EDWARD T. HALLEdward T. Hall is an anthropologist and one of the founders of intercultural communication study. His works have played a key role in describing how people’s view of the world and behavior are largely determined by a complex grid of unconscious cultural patterns. In The Silent Language (1959) Hall outlined a broad theory of culture and described how its rules control people’s lives. In The Hidden Dimension (1966) he introduced proxemics, the study of our culturally determined perception and use of space. In Beyond Culture (1976) he progressed further towards an integral vision of culture.THE SILENT LANGUAGEPeople communicate through a whole range of behavior that is unexamined, taken for granted. This process takes place outside conscious awareness and in juxtaposition to words. What people do is frequently more important than what they say. Nonetheless, people of European heritage live in a “word world” and tend not to perceive the relevance of communication through the language of behavior. Even though language molds thinking, other cultural systems have a pervasive effect on how the world is perceived, how the self is experienced, and how life itself is organized.Culture may be defined as “the way of life of a people, the sum of their learned behavior patterns, attitudes and material things.” Culture controls behavior in deep and persisting ways, many of which are outside awareness and therefore beyond conscious control of the individual. Hall attempts to bring those patterns to awareness. He develops a method for the analysis of culture, through defining the basic units of culture, its building blocks or “isolates,” and then tying these isolates into a biological base so they can be compared among cultures, moving up to build a unified theory of culture. The Silent Language outlines a theory of culture and a theory of how culture came into being. Its key message is that we must learn to understand the out-of-awareness aspects of communication, our cultural unconscious. The book’s ultimate purpose is to “reveal the broad extent to which culture controls our lives.” Culture hides more than it reveals and it hides most effectively from its own participants. The real challenge is not to understand foreign cultures but to understand one’s own, to make what we take for granted stand out in perspective. This can be achieved mainly through exposing oneself to foreign ways, through the shock of contrast and difference.Culture is not one thing, but many. Hall identifies ten primary kinds of human activity he labels Primary Message Systems. Each is rooted in biology, can be examined by itself, and gears into the overall network of culture: 1) Interaction, 2) Association, 3) Subsistence, 4) Bisexuality (cultural differentiation between men and women; concepts of masculinity and femininity tend to be regarded as “human nature,” but vary widely from one culture to the next), 5) Territoriality, 6) Temporality, 7) Learning and Acquisition (culture is shared behavior; most culture is acquired and therefore cannot be taught; language is first acquired, then taught; learning, a key adaptive mechanism, came into its own when it could be extended in time and space by means of language; people reared in different cultures acquire culture in a culturally specific way, they learn how to learn differently; in the process of learning they acquire a set of tacit conditionsand assumptions in which learning is imbedded), 8) Play, 9) Defense, and 10) Exploitation (use of materials, development of physical extensions to the body to meet environmental conditions). Culture is a complex series of interrelated activities, with roots buried in the past, in infra-culture, behavior that preceded culture but later became elaborated by humans into culture.According to Hall’s theory, culture operates on three levels: formal, informal, and technical. While one of these modes of behavior dominates, all three are present in any given situation. Formal activities are taught by precept and admonition, through a process charged with emotion: the learner tries, makes a mistake, and is corrected. The main agent of informal learning is a model used for imitation. Whole clusters are learned at a time, usually without awareness that they are being learned at all or that there are patterns or rules governing them. Technical learning is usually transmitted in explicit form from a teacher to a student. Some societies are predominantly formal in their behavior, and invest tradition with an enormous weight. Americans have emphasized the informal at the expense of the formal. The informal is made up of activities and mannerisms that were once learned, but that are done automatically. Technical behavior is fully conscious behavior. Science is largely technical. When violations of a formal mode occur, they are accompanied by a tide of emotion. Formal systems are characterized by a great tenacity. The formal tends to change slowly, almost imperceptibly. The formal, informal and technical exist in a relationship of continuous change. Regarding change, different cultures are analogous to different species in the sense that some of them, being more adaptive than others, have a greater capacity for survival. Taken at any given point, culture seems to be made up of formal behavior patterns that constitute a core around which there are certain informal adaptations, and which is supported by a series of technical props. Change is a complex circular process. It proceeds from formal to informal to technical to new formal. Small informal adaptations are continually being made in daily life. These adaptations, when successful, eventually become technicalized as improvements, and these accumulate imperceptibly until they are suddenly acclaimed as “break-throughs.” All change originates in the out-of-awareness nature of the informal.Culture is communication and communication is culture. Since most of what is known about communication has been learned from the study of language, Hall projects some principles of language (language as it is spoken, not written, writing being a symbolization of a symbolization) into other less elaborated and specialized communication systems. He devises a common terminology for all forms of communication, including language. Every message can be broken down into three parts: sets, what you perceive first (for example, words); isolates, the components that make up the sets (sounds); and patterns, the way in which sets are strung together in order to give them meaning (grammar, syntax).A set is a group of two or more constituent components that is perceived as separate from other events. They are the first things to be observed, their number is unlimited, and the interpretation of their significance depends upon knowledge of the patterns in which they are used. There are formal, informal and technical sets. Formal sets, for example, are things that people take for granted and which seem natural: words, buildings, governments, families, the months of the year, etc. A large part of the vocabulary of a culture is devoted to sets. Sets are valued, assigned to categories (which reveal patterns), and treated differently (formally, informally, and technically) indifferent cultures. By themselves, sets are neutral. In patterns, they take on complex meanings.The second element, the isolate, proves to be a tricky one. Hall encounters some difficulties identifying precisely the constituents of cultural sets. He alludes to the isolate as “an illusive abstraction, almost a phantom” and speaks of “cultural indeterminacy”: “when working with cultural data, one can only be precise on one analytical level at a time and then only for a moment.” (Might this be a result of the projection of rules that apply specifically to language into less complex communication systems?). The principle of indeterminacy can be extended to the whole theory of culture: the more precise the observer is on one level, the less precise he/she will be on any other.Patterns are those implicit rules by means of which sets are arranged so that they take on meaning. They determine experience, channelling people’s senses and thoughts. They are cultural, shared by a group. There is no such thing as “experience” in the abstract, as a mode separate and distinct from culture. This leads to a principle of relativity in culture: there is no experience independent of culture against which culture can be measured. The idea that people are bound by hidden cultural rules and not masters of their fate usually encounters resistance. These rules are so constant that they are not recognized as rules at all. Patterns are ruled by laws of order, selection, and congruence. There are formal, informal, and technical patterns. In the case of informal patterns, when a rule is made explicit, “put into words,” it is recognized immediately by others in the same culture since it has already been acquired. Informal patterns are learned by selecting a model and copying her/him; formal patterns are learned by precept and admonition; technical ones are spelled out.The handling of time is one of the key elements of culture. Americans tend to think of time as something fixed in nature. Their view of time is characterized by discreteness, linearity, necessity for scheduling, and orientation toward the future. Formal sets of time include days, hours, minutes, weeks, months, seasons, years, etc. Formal isolates include ordering (e.g., days of the week), cyclicity, valuation (time should not be wasted), tangibility (time as commodity), duration, and depth. The vocabulary of informal time (minutes, seconds, years) is often identical with that of technical and formal time. The context usually tells the hearer what level of discourse is being used. Informal isolates include urgency (related to the impression of time passing rapidly or slowly), monochronism (doing one thing at a time—American culture is characteristically monochronic), activity (distinction between active and dormant phases, whether one is busy or not; some cultures are ageric, agency-oriented, and others non-ageric), and variety. “Our demand for variety and for something new would seem to exceed that of almost any other culture in the world today. It is necessary to an economy like ours.” In these informal isolates, one finds the building blocks that make the values and driving forces of a culture vis-à-vis time. The handling of time is revealing of how unconscious implicit patterns work in a culture, and how tenaciously people hold on to them. They exist like the air around us.Space is organized differently in each culture. In Latin America, for example, the interaction distance is much less than in the US. People cannot talk comfortably with each other unless they are very close to the distance that evokes either sexual or hostile feelings in North America. Every living thing has a physical boundary that separates itfrom its external environment. There is a second boundary outside this physical one: the organism’s territory. The act of laying claim to and defending a territory is termed territoriality, which is highly elaborated in humans, and greatly differentiated from culture to culture.Culture is not only imposed upon humanity, it is humanity in a greatly expanded sense. Culture is the link between human beings and the means they have of interacting with others. By broadening their understanding of the forces that make up and control their lives, people could learn where they are and who they are. It should rekindle their interest in life, free them from the groove of habit, and prevent them from being pushed around by the more voracious, predatory, and opportunistic of their fellow humans. Bringing to awareness what has been taken for granted should contribute to increased self-knowledge and decreased alienation.THE HIDDEN DIMENSIONThe subject of this book is space as a system of communication. It deals with people’s perception and use of personal, social, architectural, and urban spaces. “Proxemics” is the term coined by Hall for the interrelated observations and theories of the use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture. As in The Silent Language, the main thesis of this work borrows from Benjamin Lee Whorf’s idea of language (language conceived not just as a medium of expressing thought, but as a major element in the formation of thought) and applies it to all human behavior, to all culture. Proxemic research confirms, according to Hall, that people from different cultures inhabit different sensory worlds, so that experience as it is perceived through one set of culturally patterned sensory screens is quite different from experience perceived through another. Different cultural systems are rooted in biology and physiology. Humans are distinguished from other animals by virtue of what Hall terms “extensions” of their organism. Extensions improve and specialize certain functions. The computer is an extension of certain functions of the brain, the telephone extends the voice, the wheel extends the legs and feet, language extends experience in time and space, and writing extends language. These extensions have been developed to such a degree that we are apt to forget that humanness is rooted in animal nature. Extensions have taken over, and are rapidly replacing nature. The relationship between humans and the cultural dimension, of which proxemics is only a part, is one in which both humans and their environment participate in molding each other. Humans are in a position of creating the worlds in which they live, which determine what kind of an organism they will be. This is a disturbing thought in view of how little is known about human nature. Comparative studies of animals help to show how people’s space requirements are influenced by their environment. Territoriality is behavior by which an organism lays claim to an area and defends it against members of its own species. Among other functions, it ensures the propagation of the species by regulating density. In addition to territory that is identified with a particular plot of ground, each animal is surrounded by a series of bubbles or irregularly shaped balloons. Some mechanisms (personal and social distances) are observed during interactions of members of the same species, others when individuals of different species meet (flight, critical, and attack distances). Personal distance is the normal spacing that non-contact animals maintain with theirfellows. Social distance is a psychological distance that contains a group, maintaining a bond. Hall points to the need to reconsider Malthus’ doctrine that relates population to food supply. In the light of evidence from the study of crabs, stickleback fish, deer, and muskrats, he supports the thesis that increase and decrease in animal populations are controlled by physiological mechanisms that respond to density. As the number of animals on a given area increases, stress builds up until it triggers an endocrine reaction that lowers the fertility rate, increases susceptibility to disease, and collapses the population. Predators would not play a decisive role in controlling population, but develop a subtle symbiosis with their prey, providing a constant environmental pressure that contributes to improve the species.Hall describes experiments carried out on rats (by ethologist John Calhoun) that document the role of stress from crowding as a factor in population control. Rats under extreme conditions of population density develop what is termed a behavioral “sink”: severe disruptions of courting, sex behavior, reproduction, nest building, care of the young, territoriality, and social organization, as well as physiological effects. The dramatic results of crowding range from aggression through various forms of abnormal behavior to mass die-off. The stress generated by crowding has been an efficient device in the service of evolution because it employs the forces of intraspecies, rather than interspecies, competition. In the case of humans, the shift by our ancestors from reliance on smell to reliance on vision as a result of environmental pressures (shift from ground-dwelling to arboreal life) endowed them with a greater capacity to withstand crowding. (This shift redefined the human situation. The human ability to plan has been made possible because the eye takes in a larger sweep; it codes more complex data and thus encourages abstract thinking.)Hall goes on to examine the nature of the human receptor systems, and how the information received from them is modified by culture. People’s relationship to their environment is a function of their sensory apparatus and how this apparatus is conditioned to respond. There are visual, auditory, olfactory, kinesthetic, tactile and thermal perceptions of space. Regarding thermal perceptions, Hall describes the high capacity of the skin to emit and detect radiant heat and thus communicate emotional states and chemically influence other people’s emotions, temperature having a great deal to do with how we experience crowding. According to Hall, we live an increasingly insulated, automated, sensory-deprived life in manufactured environments; urban spaces (of North America in the ’60s) “provide little excitement or visual variation and virtually no opportunity to build a repertoire of visual experiences. It would appear that many people are kinesthetically deprived and even cramped.” Perception of space is closely related with the sense of self. People can be considered as having visual, kinesthetic, tactile, and thermal aspects of their selves, which may be either inhibited or encouraged to develop by their environment.Vision, the last of the senses to evolve, is by far the most complex. Vision is synthesis. It is not passive but active, a transaction between a person and her/his environment. A person learns while he sees and what he learns influences what he sees. There is a visual field (retinal image) and a visual world (what is perceived). Sensory data from other sources, such as body (kinesthetic) feedback, are used to correct the visual field. Vision as a synthetic process means there is no stable, uniform “reality” that is recorded on a passive visual receptor system. Perceptual worlds vary between people and betweencultures. This influences their manner of orienting themselves in space, and how they get around.Art can be a rich source of data on human perception. The art of a culture reveals a great deal about the perceptual world of that culture. The artist provides the reader, listener or viewer with properly selected cues that are not only congruent with the events depicted but consistent with the unspoken language and culture of the audience. Artists help order the cultural universe. By studying the art of the past it is possible to learn something from our own responses about the nature and organization of our visual systems and expectations, as well as develop some notion of what the perceptual world of early people may have been like. Among several examples, Hall discuses the early Egyptian experience of space. Their preoccupation was more with the correct orientation and alignment of religious and ceremonial structures to the cosmos than with enclosed space per se. The Western idea of a religious edifice is that it communicates spatially. Chapels are small and intimate while cathedrals are awe-inspiring and remind one of the cosmos by virtue of the space they enclose. Hall discusses several moments in the evolution of Western visual arts since the Renaissance in terms of the distinction between the visual world and the visual field, between what one knows to be present and what one sees.Literature can also be a key to perception. Hall promotes the use of literary texts as data (rather than simply as descriptions) on how space has been experienced and perceived in different cultural contexts.There are three proxemic levels: infracultural (rooted in the past, applied to behavior on lower organizational levels that underlie culture, such as territoriality, spacing, and population control), precultural (related to the senses, the physiological base shared by all human beings, to which culture gives structure and meaning), and microcultural (proxemic differences between cultures). Proxemics as a manifestation of microculture has three aspects: fixed-feature, semifixed-feature, and informal.Fixed-feature spaces are one of the basic ways of organizing the activities of individuals and groups. They include material manifestations as well as hidden, internalized designs that govern behavior. Fixed-feature patterns include buildings, the layout of towns and cities, and the internal spatial organization of houses. Americans have become dependent on the uniform grid pattern of their cities. Western systems stress the lines, which they name. “In Japan, the intersections but not the streets are named. Houses instead of being related in space are related in time and numbered in the order in which they are built. The Japanese pattern emphasizes hierarchies that grow around centers.”People carry around internalizations of fixed-feature space, which is the mold into which a great deal of behavior is cast. In discussing semifixed-feature space, Hall distinguishes between sociofugal spaces (which tend to keep people apart, such as railway waiting rooms) and sociopetal spaces, which tend to bring people together (tables at a sidewalk café). The structuring of semifixed-features can have a profound effect on behavior. Distinctions between fixed-feature space and semifixed-feature space, and between sociofugal and sociopetal spaces, vary from culture to culture. Informal space refers to personal and social distance among humans. Hall distinguishes four distances kept by people in social situations, each with a close and a far phase: intimate, personal, social, and public. These communicate not only internalizedproxemic patterns, but also how people feel toward each other. People sense distance as other animals do. They are surrounded by a series of expanding and contracting fields. Their perception of space is not passive but dynamic, related to action—what can be done in a given space. This proxemic behavior occurs out of awareness, is culturally conditioned and entirely arbitrary. Hall provides a classification of distances (which applies to an American, middle-class, healthy adult population of “mainly natives of the northeastern seaboard” in the ’60s): a) Intimate distance –close phase (CP): the distance of love-making and wrestling, comforting and protecting –far phase (FP): 6 to 18 inches; b) Personal distance: the distance consistently separating the members of a non-contact species, a small sphere or bubble that the organism maintains between itself and others –CP: 1 _ to 2 _ feet –FP: 2 _ to 4 feet; c) Social distance: the distance of impersonal business, the phases communicating degrees of involvement and formality –CP: 4 to 7 feet –FP: 7 to 12 feet; d) Public distance –CP: 12 to 25 feet –FP: 25 feet or more.Hall moves on to compare the proxemic patterns for people of different cultures. Such comparative analysis is intended to serve a double purpose: first, to shed light on our own out-of-awareness patterns and, by means of this, to contribute to improved design of living and working structures and cities; and second, to contribute to intercultural understanding. Proxemic patterns play a role in humans comparable to displayed behavior in lower life forms: they simultaneously consolidate the group and isolate it from others by reinforcing intragroup identity and making intergroup communication more difficult.In the US, space is used to classify people and activities (e.g. corner office), whereas in England, it is the social system that determines who you are. Propinquity is important in America; in England it means nothing. In regard to the need of walls as a screen to the ego, Americans would be placed somewhere between the Germans and the English.“When an American wants to be alone he goes into a room and shuts the door—he depends on architectural features for screening… The English … have in effect internalised a set of barriers, which they erect and which others are supposed to recognize.” The French, like other Mediterranean cultures, pack together more closely than northern Europeans, the English and Americans. Crowded living means higher sensory involvement. “The French are more involved with each other. The layout of their offices, homes, towns, cities, and countryside is such as to keep them involved.”For the French, “the city is something from which to derive satisfaction.” Hall emphasizes the different size of cars. American cars prevent the overlapping of private spheres inside the car and isolate the traveller from the kinesthetic experiencing of the road. There are two major European systems for patterning space. The “radiating star,”which occurs in France and Spain, is sociopetal. The “grid,” originating in the Middle East, adopted by the Romans and carried to England at the time of Caesar, is sociofugal. The radiating star connects all points and systems. This pattern of flow from and into a series of interlocking centers touches all facets of French life.In Japanese culture, the concept of a center that can be approached from any direction is an important theme. Furniture tends to be located in the center of a room. American rooms can seem bare to them because the centers are bare. To Americans the walls of a house are fixed; in Japan they are semi-fixed. A house and the zone immediately surrounding it are considered as one structure. Westerners think of space as the distance between objects, as “empty.” The Japanese are trained to give meaning to spaces, toperceive the shape and arrangement of spaces, for which they have the word ma. In their perception of space, the Japanese integrate vision with other senses. A Japanese garden involves a visual and kinesthetic experience of space. Hall describes the concept of privacy in the Arab world as opposed to American culture. Pushing and shoving in public places is characteristic of Middle Eastern culture. They have no concept of a private zone outside the body. The ego is hidden inside the body. It is possible that population and environmental pressures (the desert) have resulted in a cultural adaptation to high density. Olfaction plays an important role in interaction. Arab upper middle-middle class homes, however, are enormous by Western standards. They avoid partitions because Arabs do not like to be alone. They do not mind being crowded by people, but have a high sensitivity to architectural crowding. Arabs look each other in the eye when talking with an intensity that makes most Americans uncomfortable.The implosion of the world population into cities is creating a series of lethal behavioral sinks. The growth of both the number of cars and population creates a chaotic situation without self-correcting features. In America, it is necessary to consider the cultural differences between minority groups and the dominant culture, which are basic and have to do with such core values as the use and structuring of space, time, and materials. In the major cities of the US, people of very different cultures are in contact with each other in dangerously high concentrations. There is no melting pot in American cities; the major ethnic groups maintain distinct identities for several generations. Hall suggests the introduction of “design features that will counteract the ill effects of the sink but not destroy the (ethnic) enclave in the process.” This means designing spaces that will maintain a healthy density, a healthy interaction rate, and a continuing sense of ethnic identification. Psychologists, anthropologists, and ethologists should be part of city planning departments. Scale is a key factor in planning towns, neighborhoods, and housing developments. Crowding is linked with physical and social pathologies, illness and crime. The degree to which peoples are sensorially involved with each other and how they use time determine not only at what point they are crowded but the methods for relieving crowding as well.Time and the way it is handled have much to do with the structuring of space. Monochronic time is characteristic of low-involvement people, who compartmentalize time; polychronic people, who are more involved, tend to have several operations going at the same time. Density requirements are different. The Italian piazza and the Spanish plaza serve both involvement and polychronic functions, whereas the American Main Street reflects both a different structuring of time and a lesser degree of involvement. City planners have built lawlessness into urban ethnic enclaves by letting them turn into sinks. They should consider reinforcing the human need to belong to a social group akin to the old neighbourhood where one is known, has a place, and people have a sense of responsibility to each other. Apart from the enclaves, everything in American cities is sociofugal, driving people apart and alienating them from each other. Cars play a significant role in this. They consume space in which people could meet. They create sensory deprivation, insulating people from their environment and from human contact. City planning of the future should find methods for computing and measuring human scale and involvement ratios; make constructive use of the ethnic enclave, reinforcing positive aspects of each culture that provide identity and strength; conserve large outdoor spaces; and preserve useful, satisfying old buildings and neighborhoods.。
汉语教学和文化教学中的显形与隐形文化——Edward T.Hall的文化理论在汉语教学与文化教学中的应用
汉语教学和文化教学中的显形与隐形文化——Edward T.Hall的文化理论在汉语教学与文化教学中的应用作者：周洋来源：《语文学刊》 2016年第8期周洋（北京师范大学汉语文化学院，北京 100875）[摘要] Edward T. Hall在KLuckhohn，Ralph Linton等人类学家的研究基础上，按照人们对文化的知觉程度，用显形的( formal)、隐形的(informal)和技术性(technical)的这三个术语来命名文化的三个层次。
在对外汉语教学领域，我们对显形的与技术性的文化元素与集合进行提取、组织并进行教授，却忽略了统筹于后的文化模式。
Hall的文化教学示意图为我们展示了基本研究的方向，以人类学的研究方法为借鉴，在全面研究中国文化模式的基础上，建立文化教学大纲或许会更为水到渠成。
[关键词] 文化教学；显形文化；隐形文化；对外汉语教学[中图分类号] H193[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1672-8610(2016)08-0107-03[作者简介]周洋，女，甘肃省兰州市人，北京师范大学汉语文化学院博士研究生，研究方向：对外汉语教学、语言研究。
对外汉语教学中的文化内容的选取角度、组织方法、教授形式等一直是学界悬而未决的难题。
总体来看，2000年以前学界普遍认为对外汉语教学中语言与文化的关系是上下位的关系，即语言是文化的组成部分，而教学中的文化应该限定于“外国人学习和理解汉语，使用汉语与中国人打交道的时候需要掌握的那种‘文化’，是语言学习和使用过程中所涉及的文化（林国立，1997）”；汉语教学中导入文化内容的主要目的是为了“消除外语或第二语言学习、理解和使用中的文化障碍（陈光磊，1994）”，应当落实在“确立发展学生运用语言交际的文化技能上（陈光磊，1994）”。
2000年以后，关于汉语教学中文化大纲建设的讨论仍在继续，有代表性的是张英(2009)的观点，将文化教学分为“文化因素”教学和“文化知识”教学两种——前者存在于语音、语法、语义、语用等层面，后者则存在于普遍的社会交际规约中；教学方式仍然是教授语言，而目的则是顺利进行跨文化交际。
Edward T Hall
Edward T. HallEdward Twitchell Hall, Jr. (May 16, 1914 –July 20, 2009) was an American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher. He is remembered for developing the concept of Proxemics, a description of how people behave and react in different types of culturally defined personal space. Hall was an influential colleague of Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller.BiographyBorn in Webster Groves, Missouri, Hall taught at the University of Denver, Colorado, Bennington College in Vermont, Harvard Business School, Illinois Institute of Technology, Northwestern University in Illinois and others. The foundation for his lifelong research on cultural perceptions of space was laid during World War II, when he served in the U.S. Army in Europe and the Philippines.From 1933 through 1937, Hall lived and worked with the Navajo and the Hopi on native American reservations in northwestern Arizona, the subject of his autobiographical West of the Thirties. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1942 and continued with field work and direct experience throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. During the 1950s he worked for the United States State Department, at the Foreign Service Institute (FSI), teaching inter-cultural communications skills to foreign service personnel, developed the concept of "High context culture" and "low context culture", and wrote several popular practical books on dealing with cross-cultural issues. He is considered a founding father of intercultural communication as an academic area of study.Throughout his career, Hall introduced a number of new concepts, including proxemics, polychronic and monochronic time, and high and low context culture. In his second book, The Hidden Dimension, he describes the culturally specific temporal and spatial dimensions that surround each of us, such as the physical distances people maintain in different contexts.In The Silent Language (1959), Hall coined the term polychronic to describe the ability to attend to multiple events simultaneously, as opposed to "monochronic" individuals and cultures who tend to handle events sequentially.In 1976, he released his third book, Beyond Culture, which is notable for having developed the idea of extension transference; that is, that humanity's rate of evolution has and does increase as a consequence of its creations, that we evolve as much through our "extensions" as through our biology. However, with extensions such as the wheel, cultural values, and warfare being technology based, they are capable of much faster adaptation than genetics.He died at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico on July 20, 2009.BooksThe Silent Language (1959)The Hidden Dimension (1966)The Fourth Dimension In Architecture: The Impact of Building on Behavior (1975, co-authored with Mildred Reed Hall)Beyond Culture (1976)The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time (1983)Handbook for Proxemic ResearchHidden Differences: Doing Business with the JapaneseAn Anthropology of Everyday Life: An Autobiography (1992, Doubleday, New York) Understanding Cultural Differences - Germans, French and Americans (1993, Yarmouth, Maine)West of the Thirties. Discoveries Among the Navajo and Hopi (1994, Doubleday, New York etc.)InfluenceAccording to Nina Brown, the work of Hall was so groundbreaking that it created a multitude of other areas for research. One of the most widely sought after topics of anthropology is an idea that was first introduced by Edward Hall; Anthropology of Space. Brown goes on to mention that Anthropology of Space has essentially opened the door to dozens of new topics.Along with influencing the Anthropology of Space, Hall also did substantial research on intercultural communication. For example, Hall based a large amount of his research on the Chilean culture and how they interact in a High context culture as opposed to a Low context culture used in the United States.Robert Shuter, a well-known intercultural and cross-cultural communication researcher, commented: "Edward Hall's research reflects the regimen and passion of an anthropologist: a deep regard for culture explored principally by descriptive, qualitative methods.... The challenge for intercultural communication... is to develop a research direction and teaching agenda that returns culture to preeminence and reflects the roots of the field as represented in Edward Hall's early research.Edward Hall是美国文化人类学家。
霍尔的高语境与低语境
Sensory image
observable facts
General statements
specific statements
Reader fills in detail
all relevant details included
Structure: loosely structured
tightly structured
霍尔高语境和低语境导向??1介绍高语境与低语境?2比较高语境与低语境文化特点差异?3高语境与低语境的应用举例爱德华霍尔edwardtwitchellhall?美国人?人类学家?被称为系统地研究跨文化传播活动的第一人?被认为是跨文化传播作为学术研究领域的奠基人?在20世纪五十年代确立了高语境文化与低语境文化的概念高语境和低语境?语境说话时的客观因素
霍尔的高语境与低语境
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1、介绍高语境与低语境
• 2、比较高语境与低语境文化特点差异
• 3、高语境与低语境的应用举例
爱德华·霍尔 Edward Twitchell Hall
• 美国人 • 人类学家 • 被称为系统地研究跨文化传播活动的第一
人 • 被认为是“跨文化传播”作为学术研究领
域的奠基人 • 在20世纪五十年代 ，确立了“高语境文化”
什么意思? ”辛楣笑道: “这是董斜川想出来的, 他说, 同跟一个先生 念书的叫‘同师兄弟’, 同在一个学校的叫‘同学’, 同有一个情人的 该叫‘同情’。” ( 248)
译文: “I forgot to ask you. In your letter you called me ‘lovema te. ’ What do you m ean by that？ ” Hsin - mei said w ith agrin, “That’s something Tung H sieh - chuan thought up. He says people who study under the same teacher are called classmates, and people who go to the sam e school are called schoolmates, so people who are
【名人故事】沃尔特斯：乱世中的大亨
【名人故事】沃尔特斯：乱世中的大亨赫赫有名的世界工业大亨、英国石油公司总裁兼总经理沃尔特斯，有着不平凡的经历。
他出身于一个堪称知识型的工人家庭。
他的两个祖辈中，一个是警官，另一个是教师。
而他11岁时，就通过初中入学前预试，进入伯明翰爱德华国王的第四中学学习，12岁时，又进入爱德华高级中学。
在学校时，他是一个非常聪明的孩子，对功课和学校都很喜爱，他求知欲旺盛，广泛阅读名着。
希腊语、拉丁语和古代史、法语的成绩都是A。
沃尔特斯起先想过要当一名律师，并且在伯明翰法律事务所找到了一份工作。
后来他认识到从事法律工作收入有限，赚不到大钱，于是决定从事一种与金钱有直接关系的事业。
因此，上大学不到两周就改学商学。
可以说他选择了一条适合自己的人生道路，并且在此道路上获得了成功。
沃尔特斯曾在英国皇家陆军运输队服役，担任过排氏。
就是在那时他成熟起来，对他来说要管理好手下的人的确是一个考验。
他在英国受训成为一名高级预备军官，并获得最佳学员称号。
他自己曾经说过，作为预备军官的训练和当一名军官的实践，对他的生活方式有不可低估的影响，这使他认识到观察能力、表达能力、鼓舞他人斗志的重要性。
这期间他还锻炼了起草报告的能力。
正因为他起草的报告于净利落，句句都在点子上，才使他日后从事企业工作时，引起英国石油公司上层人物的注意。
1954年10月，沃尔特斯从国民军直接退役到英国石油公司，开始了他真正的企业家生涯。
当时英国石油公司把他分配到公司总部，他只是60名小职员中的一个。
开始，他们都不知道怎样才能发挥一个大学生的本领。
沃尔特斯干的工作很低级，用他的话来说，我们每天都在手工操作的计算机旁，谈论狄更斯小说中的主人公克拉奇特干的那种杂活。
当时他常常在办公室周围徘徊，暗自惊叹他的同事们都比他更能胜任工作，他们操作起计算机来简直快得如离弦之箭。
沃尔特斯是在英国石油公司有史以来面临严峻考验的时刻进入公司的。
当时英国本土没有发现石油，英国石油公司在1909年，即伊朗首次发现石油后的第一年，用着英国波斯石油公司的名称。
爱德华_霍尔与跨文化传播研究
第 １９ 卷 第 ２ 期 ２００６ 年 ４ 月
河南广播电视大学学报 Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｈｅｎａｎ Ｒａｄｉｏ ＆ ＴＶ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ
而在国内， 二战后的美国在政治和经济上成为一个超级 大国 ， 吸引着 世 界 各 地 的 留 学 生 、游 客 和 移 民 ， 逐 渐 成 为 一 个 多元文化的移民大国。多元文化必然带来文化和价值观念碰 撞和冲突， 在白人占统治地位的情况下， 少数民族， 特别是黑 人争取种族平等的斗争不断高涨。在这种情况下， 如何处理类 似的跨文化传播和冲突已经成为美国政府和学者面临的一个 迫切课题。其时， 在隶属美国国务院的外交服务学院（ Ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ） 工作的爱德华Ｔ·霍尔（ Ｅｄｗａｒｄ Ｔ． Ｈａｌｌ） 涉入了 有关跨文化运动的系统研究。
高， 而建筑的高层通常是为地位更高的官员和高级主管预留
［ ２］ Ｋａｔｈｒｙｎ Ｓｏｒｒｅｌｌｓ， Ｇｉｆｔｓ ｏｆ Ｗｉｓｄｏｍ： Ａｎ Ｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗｗｉｔｈ Ｄｒ．
的。而在日本， 除非为了跟外人会面， 高级主管很少拥有独立
感的表露） 、思维方式、行动方式、处事方式、城市的规划、交通 语境文化（ 传播） 、单向性时间和多项性时间、人类空间关系学
系统的功能与组织、经济及政府部门系统是如何有机的组织 等， 对跨文化传播研究产生了深远的影响， 一直受到学者的关
和协调的等。
注。
高语境文化与低语境文化。霍尔认为所有的信息传播都
跨文化传播研究在我国起步较晚， 但是也受到越来越多
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刘 强 东
【推荐】Edward T. Hall的个人简介 编号：*** 596513
历
目录
catalogue
4 目标规划
Future planning
3 胜任能力
Competency
2 岗位认知
POST COGNTIVE
1 关于我 About me
关于我
ABOUT ME
基本信息
姓名: 马云
xxx工程项目，担任 项目主管，产品负责
2002-2008
xxx工程项目，担任 项目主管，产品负责
2000-2002
荣誉奖项
work experience
优秀毕业生
特等奖学金
杰出员工
2010
2012
2014
金牌内训师
明日之星
王牌销售员
2016
2018
2020
总结：【推荐】Edward T. Hall的个人简介
XX公司销售主管， 兼产品负责
1998-2002
就读于哈佛大学 工商管理MBA。
1994-1998
就读于上海交大工商 管理专业，学士学位。
项目经验
project experience
xxx工程项目，担任 项目主管，产品负责
2012-2018
xxx工程项目，担任 项目主管，产品负责
2008-2012
****
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【推荐】Edward T. Hall的个人简介小标题描 述: 635952
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团队建设与人才培养
5
请单击输入文字请单击输入文字请单击输入文字 请单击输入文字请单击输入文字请单击输入文字
全面负责日常管理工作
请单击输入文字请单击输入文字请单击输入文字 请单击输入文字请单击输入文字请单击输入文字
胜任能力
competence
核心竞争力
core competitiveness
领导力
岗位认知
POST COGNTIVE
知识技能
knowledge and skill
良好的客户关系 持之以恒的毅力 人力资源管理
消费心理学
扎实的专业知识
灵活敏捷的思维 良好的个人文化修养
清晰明确的目标
岗位职责
position statement
管理销售与市场
1
请单击输入文字请单击输入文字请单击输入文字 请单击输入文字请单击输入文字请单击输入文字
basic information
性别: 男 籍贯: 汉 学历: 本科
出生年月: 19xx.x 毕业院校: 上海交通大学 所学专业:
xxxxxxxx专业 英语8级 计算机水平: 党员 体重: 70kg
外语水平:
身高: 175cm 政治面貌: 党员
婚姻状况: 未婚
基本信息
姓名: 出生年月: 19xx.x 毕业院校: 上海交通大学 所学专业:
basic information
性别: 籍贯: 汉 学历: 本科
xxxxxxxx专业 英语8级 计算机水平: 党员 体重: 50kg
外语水平:
身高: 165cm 政治面貌: 党员
婚姻状况: 未婚
work experience
个人履历
2016-2018
XX公司华南区域 负责，副总经理
2010-20016
XXX项目，单击输入文字 单击输入文字
案例三
案例二
案例一
目标规划
PROGRAMMING
目标规划
PROGRAMMING
请单击输入文字
请单击输入文字
远期目标
请单击输入文字
近期目标
自我评价
self-assessment
真实做事 诚实待人
****
****
****
• • •
【推荐】Edward T. Hall的个人简介小标题描 述: 817097
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制定发展规划
2
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贯彻执行企业文化
3
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岗位职责
position statement
4
执行公司各项流程制度
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协调力
执行力
专业技能
团队协作
创新力
执行力
感召力
领导力
leadership
决策力 教导力
组织力
学习力
领导力
执行力
execution
执行力是项目成败的直接因
团队协作
teamwork
包容心态 了解成员 注重沟通Fra bibliotek核心是人
保持谦虚
实战案例
Practical example
XXX项目，单击输入文字 单击输入文字 XXX项目，单击输入文字 单击输入文字