研究生英语阅读教程Unit16
研究生英语阅读教程第三版(基础级)翻译答案Lesson16
1.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit 16
7. solitary adj. alone；lonesome or lonely； secluded；single 单独的；寂寞的；隐居的；唯一的
E.g.
1) a solitary traveler 孤单的游客 2) I am rather fond of a solitary stroll in the country. 我很喜欢在乡间独自徜徉。 3）The arch-criminal was kept solitary confinement. 那名首犯被单独监禁 4） a solitary retreat 隐居 5） She couldn't answer a solitary question correctly. 她连一个问题都答不对.
ENGLISH FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS
War
A Picture Make Him a Hero, Then His Life Fell Apart
About the author Paul Harris is currently the US Correspondent of the British weekly newspaper The Observer, the world’s oldest Sunday newspaper. He has held the post since 2003. Prior to that he reported from Africa for the Daily Telegraph, the Associated Press and Reuters. He has covered conflicts and trouble spots all around the world, including Iraq, Sudan, Burundi, Somalia, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Pakistan. In 2003 he was embedded with British forces during the invasion of Iraq. Paul now lives in New York and is happy to have swapped the dangers of the front line for the less obvious perils of writing about American politics and culture.
考研英语阅读unit-16
Unit 16The shortest answer is doing.最简单的回答就是干。
P art ADirections：Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1Truth in advertising is a concept central to the American free market economic system. According to this theory, companies that advertise their products to mass audiences must strictly deliver on their promises, and the quality of their goods must live up to the hype put out by the sellers. In order to examine just how important truthful advertising is, let us consider for a moment a world in which there was no such constraint imposed upon sellers. It would be a world where advertisers were free to exaggerate or even lie as they pleased, doing anything to make their products look great, even when it’s of inferior quality.Firstly, the unreliability of the goods in question would no doubt shatter consumer confidence. Wary buyers would shop much less, thus decreasing the volume of trade and leading to a weakened overall economy. Further, the market would find itself stagnating, the lack of growth attributable to the fact that everyone is reluctant to buy products of which they are uncertain. Without growth, no progress is achieved.Innovation on all fronts would suffer as well. With consumers constantly on guard against getting ripped off, brand loyalty, would be more important than ever; Buyers would simply stick with products that they know to be of good quality and be very hesitant to spend their money on “riskier,”unfamiliar ones. This would make entry into the market by new sellers or producers almost impossible, even if their products were of better quality than existing ones, simply because no one would be willing to give them a try. With new players effectively barred from the game，we’re left with the same goods in the market, day after day, year after year.In the real world, however, truth in advertising allows American consumers to trust the boasts of producers. Thus, brand loyalty is less of an impenetrable barrier to entry. In order to enter into the market, new sellers or producers would simply have to create a better product and then announce the fact. Those who violate the principle of truth in advertising by making false claims of quality are punished on two fronts. The first is by the law and the second, perhaps more effectively, is by the buyers themselves, who will refuse to do business with the dishonest seller in the future. Imposed by both law and market forces, the principle of truth in advertising is a usefultool that allows for a more efficient, pliable market poised for growth and constantly reinvigorating itself with new producers and goods. These producers are constantly competing against one another for the right to sing the praises of their products — truthfully, of course.1. According to paragraph 1, the author[A] believes truthful advertising is worthy of serious study.[B] wholly supports the concept of truthful advertising.[C] intends to educate the reader on the effects of truthful advertising.[D] considers truthful advertising the most important in economic system.2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that[A] economic growth guarantees a country’s overall development.[B] when growth is not occurring, shoppers will buy less goods.[C] customers are reluctant to buy goods which are unreliable.[D] if an economy is experiencing growth it will be a strong one.3. The first sentence of Paragraph 4 tells us that[A] truthful advertising helps avoid the negative results previously mentioned.[B] once exaggeration and lies are avoided, truthful advertising feasibly occurs.[C] because of laws, the quality of a product can live up to its producer’s boasts.[D] in the real economy, consumers trust the boasts of producers.4. The author would most likely agree with the principle that[A] the boasts of consumers must be exactly accurate, no matter what.[B] to protect consumers, producers must not be permitted to falsely advertise.[C] to avoid stagnation in the economy, truthful advertising must be enforced.[D] truthful advertising is the best way to avoid decline of the American economy.5. The main point of the text is that[A] a lack of truthful advertising laws must be avoided at all costs.[B] the truthful advertising laws ensure the prosperity the economy.[C] the American economic system functions well because of truth in advertising.[D] the result of a lack of truthful advertising laws in the U.S. is examinable.Text 2Mr. Mitsuyasu Ota, the Mayor of Hirate, in western Japan, made this week’s news columns after imposing a one-day-a-week ban on the use of computer equipment in the t own’s municipal offices. The step was taken on the grounds that young staff “mistakenly think they are working” when sitting raptly at their computer screens. At the same time, Mr. Ota lamented that “young people are not in the habit of writing by hand any more”.One of the favorite arguments brought out by the opposition in technology wars is the notion that a technical short cut is simultaneously a kind of mental impoverishment, and that the man with the pen will think and write more effectively than the man with the Compaq.Leaving aside the question of whether advanced technology makes you think less dynamically, the idea that there should be recognizable stylistic discrepancies between the work of pen-pushers and key-tappers shouldn’t in the least surpr ise us. Historically, literary styles have always borne a strong relationship to the available technology. The quill pen, most obviously, allowed its owner only a certain number of words between refills, thereby encouraging all thoselengthy Gibbonian sentences bristling with subordinate clauses. The fountain pen —which allowed you to write as many words as you wanted — and the manual typewriter wrought further revolutions. It is not particularly far-fetched, for example, to suggest that the staccato, elliptical prose of early-20th-century Modernist masters such as Hemingway derives in part from its having been typed, rather than written down.But what about the computer screen? What effect does that have on the elemental patterns by which the writer downloads the words in his or her head? Without wanting to sound like Mayor Ota, I suspect that to a certain kind of writer it is as much a hindrance as a help. A single glance at the average bookshop will demonstrate that novels are getting longer. There are excellent aesthetic reasons for that, of course, but there is also a technical explanation, which is to say that computers allow you to write more words and to write them more quickly, without the restraint of having to alter everything by hand and then rewrite.Every so often, as a reviewer, one stumbles with a sinking heart across one of these enormous rambling affairs, which, however assiduous the attentions of its editor, betrays its origin as a screen-abetted mental show-off. Perhaps, like the municipal employees of Mayo Ota’s Hirate, we should all try banning computers one day a week.6. According to the author, new writing instrument[A] makes sentences lengthier and lengthier. [B] renders prose pleasanter to read.[C] causes stylistic differences among the users. [D] makes writing shorter and more compact.7. In what way is the computer a hindrance to a writer?[A] A writer may run his writing long just for a mental show-off.[B] A writer is less willing to rewrite his novel to make it better.[C] Ideas are put into words before they are made clearer in the mind.[D] The computer allows a writer to write without careful choice of words.8. The word “assiduous” (Line 2, Para 5) probably means[A] cautious. [B] intentional. [C] conscious. [D] purposeless.9. The author’s attitude towards Mayor Ota’s ban is one of[A] acknowledgement. [B] opposition. [C] neutrality. [D] enthusiasm.10. Which of the following statements does the author support?[A] Frequent use of computer leads to mental impoverishment.[B] Computer users think less effectively than pen users.[C] Computers give a writer more freedom in expression.[D] Frequent computer users can’t concentrate on what they do.Text 3Until recently there was much talk of the impending death of dividends. But a confluence of events has conspired of late to make bosses and investors think again. Stock markets have sagged, making investors notice the minimal amounts of cash they were earning from their shares.The declining role of dividends was encouraged by the theories of academics, many of whom instructed today’s top managers in business school. One Nobel-Prize-winning theory suggested that whether or not a firm paid a dividend should make no difference to the value of a firm to investors. According to this “irrelevance theory”, every share’s value is based on the future cash flows from a company; it does not matter at all whether those cash flows are paid out in dividends or kept as cash on hand by the firm.Anyway the bubble in American share prices in the 1990s has led some academics to ask if the markets can be relied upon to think rationally about anything, including dividends. But in the real world there remains one overwhelming reason why dividend policy is not irrelevant: tax. The way dividends are taxed can have wide-ranging consequences for how a firm is run. In particular, it can influence whether a firm finances itself primarily through equity or debt, and how it chooses to return profits to its shareholders.Taxes may largely explain the growing popularity of share buybacks compared with dividends in recent years. Buybacks are, in theory, just another way to return cash to shareholders, by buying up shares on the open market and retiring them. The reduction in the number of shares outstanding means that profits are spread over a smaller base of shares, which should lift share prices for investors who do not sell them back to the firm.In most countries, tax rules allow firms to treat interest payments on debt as a tax-deductible expense, whereas cash payments to equity holders in the form of dividends or share repurchases come out of after-tax income. All else being equal, therefore, the tax system typically makes debt a cheaper source of finance for a firm, at the margin, than equity.In recent years, governments almost everywhere have become increasingly concerned about the impact of taxation on companies. By and large, they have favored tax reforms that are intended to boost business activity, such as cutting marginal tax rates—though in practice their reforms have often had unpredictable results. For example, in 1997 Britain ended all tax exemptions for dividends, ostensibly to encourage reinvestment of profits by firms, but there is no evidence that it achieved this aim, according to the Institute for Fiscal Studies in London.11. The “irrelevance theory” argues that[A] every share’s value is related to the future cash flows from a firm.[B] dividend a firm paid is relevant to tax.[C] every share’s value has nothing to do with market.[D] the value of a firm is directly related to the dividend.12. The way that dividends are taxed influences how[A] a firm returns profits to its workers.[B] a firm buys up shares on the open market.[C] a firm finances itself.[D] a firm returns cash to its shareholders.13. The word “outstanding”(Line 4, Para.4) most probably means[A] excellent. [B] conspicuous. [C] not yet paid. [D] already issued.14. Tax reforms in Britain are used to illustrate that[A] governments have become increasingly concerned about the taxation.[B] results of tax reforms are unpredictable.[C] tax reforms have had achieved predictable aims.[D] British government has ended all tax exemptions for dividends.15.What is author’s attitude towards dividend, according to the text?[A] Skeptical. [B] Puzzled. [C] Objective. [D] Critical.Text 4When Oxford University mooted the idea of establishing a business school six years ago,outraged Oxonians unleashed volleys of Ciceronian oratory, arguing that the groves of academe should be out of bounds to commerce. How times have changed. Frustrated by the British government’s reluctance to let the university charge real-world tuition fees, demoralized by mounting charges of elitism, with research and teaching stifled by inadequate state subsidies, the dons are realizing that capitalism might just be the key to their future. At the traditional 800-year-old institution, increasing numbers of them are calling for their university to be privatized.That’s a hugely controversial proposal in a country that still clings fiercely to the ideal of providing a free, state-funded education to anyone who merits it. Prime Minister Tony Blair wants 50 percent of Britain’s under-30s in full-time education by 2006, and given his no-new-taxes style, universities suspect they’ll be responsible for finding a large proportion of the $ 15 million that will cost. Already Oxford is having trouble paying salaries sufficient to attract top teachers; a full professor gets $ 68,400 —roughly half the salaries of their U.S. counterparts. For Oxford, for long the global epitome of top-drawer education, the question is whether the university’s days as a bastion of world-class excellence might be over.Lately the issue seems to have taken on a new urgency. Newspapers reported mini-scandal just last week that a 19-year-old deaf student, Anastasia Fedotova, failed to win place despite high exam scores. Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown lambasted the admissions system as “more reminiscent of the old-boy network...than genuine justice in our society.” This highlighted just how vulnerable Oxford remains to charges of elitism.“More and more people are saying the only solution is independence,” says classics professor Richard Jenkyns. In the end, Oxford may be hoping for some in-between solution. Since 1998 it has been pumping funds into a private company called ISIS Innovation, set up to commercialize researchers’discoveries. Of a total of 28 fledgling spin-offs, all are still in business. While big payoffs are still a long way off, “that could quickly change”, says managing director Tim Cook, “if one of them hits the jackpot.” More immediately, Oxford bigwigs report that permission to charge the full cost of tuition will almost certainly be given in government report due this November. Oxford still isn’t likely to let business interests run wild over its hallowed greensward. But it is learning that the academic freedom it so prizes can be preserved only at a price.16. Which one of the following is the major reason for Oxford University’s lack of funding?[A] The idea of building of a business school has been rejected by the teachers.[B] The government is reluctant to let it charge the students high tuition fees.[C] It has to pay sufficient salaries to attract top teachers.[D] The government can’t afford the high research subsidies.17. By citing the example of Anastasia Fedotova, the author intends to show that[A] the university has taken on a new urgency.[B] the university holds a strong discrimination against the disabled.[C] the university is in favor of a network of older applicants.[D] the university puts too much emphasis on elitism.18. The phrase “hits the jackpot”(Line 6, Para.4) probably means[A] get out of business suddenly.[B] be discovered accidentally by foresighted businessman.[C] make a lot of money unexpectedly.[D] prove to be very useful in daily life by chance.19. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Oxford University will gradually become a private university like Harvard.[B] Oxford University is beginning to think of commercial ways to collect money.[C] The only solution to Oxford University’s problems is being independent.[D] The British government will offer Oxford University more subsidies.20. The text is mainly about[A] the future orientation of Oxford University.[B] the financial and moral problems of Oxford University and the solution.[C] the influence of government’s policy on Oxford University.[D] the purity of Oxford University in its field of academic researchPart BDirections: In the article, following sentences have been removed. For Questions 21-25, choose the most suitable one from the list [A]—[G] to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Many scientists have wondered whether there is some quirk in the way depression is inherited, such that a depressed parent or grandparent is more likely to pass on a predisposition for the disorder to female than to male descendants. Based on studies that trace family histories of depression, the answer to that question appears to be no. 21. _____________________ .Simply tracing family histories, though, without also considering environmental influences, might not offer a complete picture of how depression is inherited.Indeed, Kenneth S. Kendler and his colleagues at the Medical College of Virginia found in a study of 2, 060 female twins that genetics might contribute to how women respond to environmental pressures. The researchers examined twins with and without a family history of depression; some twins in both groups had recently undergone a trauma, such as the death of a loved one or a divorce. The investigators found that among the women who did not have a family history of depression, stressful events raised their risk for depression by only 6 percent. 22. ___________________.A similar study has not been done in men, leaving open the question of whether environmental stress and genetic risk for depression interact similarly in both sexes. But research is being done to determine whether men and women generally experience similar amounts and types of stress. Studies of key hormones hint that they do not. Hormones are not new to depression researchers. Many have wondered whether the gonadola steroids estrogen and progesterone —whose cyclic fluctuations in women regulate menstruation— might put women at a greater risk for depression. There are at least two ways in which they might do so.First, because of differences between the X and Y chromosomes, male and female brains are exposed to different hormonal milieus. 23. _______________________.Indeed, animal experiments show that early hormonal influences have marked behavioral consequences later on, although the phenomenon is of course difficult to study in humans.Second, the fact that post-pubertal men and women have different levels of circulating gonadal steroids might somehow put women at higher risk for depression. Research shows girls become more susceptible to depression than boys only after puberty, when they beginmenstruating and experience hormonal fluxes. 24. _________________________.For example, Peter J. Schmidt and David R. Rubinow of the National Institute of Mental Health recently reported that manipulations of estrogen and progesterone did not affect mood, except in women who suffer from severe premenstrual mood changes.It now appears, however, that estrogen might set the stage for depression indirectly by priming the body’s stress response. During stressful times, the adrenal glands — which sit on top of the kidneys and are controlled by the pituitary gland in the brain — secrete higher levels of a hormone called cortisol, which increases the activity of the body’s metabolic and immune systems, among others. 25.__________________________.Evidence is emerging that estrogen might not only increase cortisol secretion but also decrease cortisol’s ability to shut down its own secretion. The result might be a stress response that is not only more pronounced but also longer-lasting in women than in men.[A] But the same risk rose almost 14 percent among the women who did have a family history ofdepression. In other words, these women had seemingly inherited the propensity to become depressed in the wake of crises.[B] To figure out why depression is more common among women, scientists have to study howgenetics and environment divide the sexes —and how the two conspire to produce the symptoms we describe as depression.[C] In the normal course of events, stress increases cortisol secretion, but these elevated levelshave a negative feedback effect on the pituitary, so that eortisol levels gradually return to normal.[D] Despite their importance, estrogen and cortisol are not the only hormones involved in femaledepression, mid stress is not the only environmental influence that might hold more sway over women than men.[E] These hormonal differences may affect brain development so that men and women havedifferent vulnerabilities — and different physiological reactions to environmental stresses later in life.[F] Even so, scientists have never been able to establish a direct relation between emotional statesand levels of estrogen mid progesterone in the blood of women.[G] Women and men with similar heritage seem equally likely to develop the disorder.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Travel ecology is a community tourism planning approach uniting the themes of social development and ecological sustainability. 26)We argue that sustainable t ourism and “sustainable community tourism development” have failed to emphasize the constraints and opportunities associated with the development of local social and political institutions. We contend that tourism planning should help create equitable, sustainable communities resilient enough to survive in a highly volatile international environment, rather than “sustaining” tourism or specific aspects of tourism development. 27)The term travel ecology indicates theoretical affinity with the fields of political ecology and cultural ecology，as well as an attempt to move away from sustainable tourism models. From global political ecology，the approach incorporates an impact analysis of international economic and political conditions on community sustainability. From Americancultural ecology, the approach borrows the environmental ethics of Leopold and Muir as well as the democratic pragmatism of John Dewey. The travel ecology approach is based upon six broadly conceived principles: discovery, mutuality, locality, historicity, potentiality, and enhancement. We view these principles as contributing to tourism planning theory, rather than constituting a definitive model or process.Discovery is the beginning of dialogue among residents, during which they discover mutual fears and expectations. 28)It is during this phase that the tourism planner must assist with the construction of goals and objectives, assist inventory development, facilitate public dialogue, and at times mitigate conflict between stakeholder groups. The sustainable tourism literature places little emphasis on potential conflicts arising over resource distribution and use. The travel ecology approach recognizes that conflict is a necessary part of the “good” community as a method of social learning.Mutuality means residents engage in a common language emphasizing shared values, ideas, and concerns, while at the same time respecting individual perspectives. The travel ecology approach views sustainability as a matter of strengthening social networks and civic institutions. Many tourism planners fail to enlist local social and civic groups when building support for community tourism development. 29)The creation of social capital becomes important to tourism development not only for generating hospitality that helps make a community a desirable destination, but also for sharing scarce resources required for creating a successful product.Locality begins with the notion that environmental awareness toward environments such as rainforests and savannas begins with an awareness of common place environments. 30)This is not to advocate an abandonment of “endangered” environments, only that awareness of locality is critical to the development of “sense of place”— often mentioned as an aesthetic component of sustainability. The travel ecology approach is based upon the belief that the community is both a socially constructed experience and an ecologically grounded place. Social networks and natural and built environments in which such networks takes place are mutually reinforcing elements of community.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇1.deliver vt.(on)履行诺言；递送，传送2. hype n.&vt.（天花乱坠的广告宣传）3. impose vt.强迫，强加；课税vi.利用4. shatter vt.毁坏，大大扰乱；砸碎5. front n.活动的领域或范围；前面；前线6. rip off 欺骗；欺诈；撕掉7.impenetrable a.不能穿过的，不能通过的8. pliable a.能适应的；柔顺的；易弯的9. poise a.使做好准备10. reinvigorate vt.使再振作，使复兴难句突破1.[According to this theory]，companies(that advertise their products to mass audiences) must strictly deliver on their promises, and the quality of their goods must live up to the hype (put out by the sellers).【分析】并列复合句。
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级第二版）1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级第二版）1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译Lesson1II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. Constitute形成C. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily assimple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I.A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought andexpressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric,Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remainingCeltic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
研究生英语精读教程(第三版 上)--课文翻译及课后题解答
Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。
[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。
位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。
”[ 3 ]“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例。
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。
他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。
机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20％。
[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。
这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。
[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。
出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。
他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。
”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。
他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级)课后习题翻译(带原文、最全版)
Lesson 11. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。
2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.”佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。
”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。
”3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。
《研究生英语阅读教程中高级本》Unit1-7、Unit10课文翻译
Unit1在美国人们庆祝母亲节与父亲节，然而父母亲所受到的礼物却是不尽相同的，这篇文章研究这个问题的原因。
我们必须正视这么一个事实，丝绸领带伤害了感情。
（人们在表达感情是受到某种约束）尽管上个周末父亲节使这个五月充满了150万张纪念卡和多得使线路堵塞的长途电话，但是父亲们都明白，父亲节也是收到对方付费电话和收到引以为傲最新款领带最多的一天。
虽然老爸们不介意父亲节母亲节的差异，但是这却反映了父母亲在子女成长中的所扮演的各自不同角色。
Scott Coltrane说道，父亲节半正式的礼物说明了我们对父亲情感的矛盾的文化。
Wellford,s,c感情丰富，但是他承认在父亲节上他很难将他的感情完全地表达出来。
随着年龄的增长，他对父亲越来越有距离感，看他更像个英雄。
作为成年人他说，我对他的情感越来越深，但是我仍然会送他幽默卡和一些实用的礼物。
随着时间的改变，对父亲的态度也随之发生改变。
例如，Mr.Bridges他自己就一个已经需要照顾三个孩子的父亲。
Mr.Bridges说道：“我整年里每天都是父亲节”他并不介意这个周末他得到什么。
他经常将信藏在他孩子的背包里，告诉他们他已他们为骄傲。
最近，他的小儿子将写着“我爱你，老爸”的课堂作业藏在了他的公文包里，以作为得到赞许的回应。
Mr.Bridges说:“那比买卡片好多了”。
象Mr.Bridges这样的男人，在孩子生活中起如此积极作用，在万神殿里，父亲节的地位应该得到提升。
Ralph LaRossa《现代父权》的作者，细致地将父权文化与父权行为进行了比较。
但是，也有人说，美国人庆祝父权已经与今天的老爸们并驾齐驱了。
Frederic Brunel说：“性别角色与性别行为是随着时间的改变而改变的”。
这里有许多可能已经正在发生的标志。
例如，沃尔玛商品的特点，很少因老爸对尿片的糊涂而改变，而更多的是直面情感。
Bella Sant减肥浴场，推出了一种无微不至的项目包括修指甲和美容；以及提供令人安神的喷泉疗养和欧洲香皂。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级 第三版)
课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济：低估风险戴维伦哈特·[1] 回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。
早在“深水地平线”钻机自爆前的很多年，BP 石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。
2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。
联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克三世领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。
第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。
就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
[2] 这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。
但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。
BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生但一旦发生就会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的可能性时，犯了一个可怕的错误。
[3] 也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。
显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
[4] 尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。
几乎每个人都会如此。
“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件，”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特·斯塔文斯说。
我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。
当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。
这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）现象。
大多数在“深水地平线”工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。
因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。
[5] 同样，不久以前，本·伯南克和艾伦·格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。
华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。
《研究生英语阅读教程》基础级第三版词汇(1-6)
《研究生英语阅读教程》基础级第三版词汇（1-6）Unit One Efficient ReadingLesson1 Developing Your Reading EfficiencyREADING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse?1.sizable adj. 相当大的2.Virtually adv. 几乎，差不多3.Constitute v. 形成，等同于4.Aggrandizement n. 扩张，增加5.Predominantly adv. 卓越地，支配地，主要地6.Default n. 疏忽，不履行7.Hegemonic adj. 霸权的8.Benign adj. 有利的9.Dispassionately adv. 平心静气地，不带偏见地10.Verdict n. 判断，裁决11.Straightforward adj. 明确的，清清楚楚的12.Aboriginal adj.土著的；（A-）澳大利亚土著居民的13.Adversely adv. 不利地14.Indigenous adj. 本土的，土生土长的15.Endanger v. 危害adj. 频于灭绝的16.Apparatus n. 组织，机构17.Apartheid n. 种族隔离18.Descent n. 血统，遗传19.Regime n. 政权20.Vernacular adj. 本国语的，方言的21.Invoke v. 引起，造成22.Point up 强调23.Take in 包括24.For good or (for) ill 无论好坏25.By and large 总的来说，大体上26.Die out 死光，绝种y sth. at the door of... 把某事归咎于（某人或某事）28.Leave aside 不谈论，将某一话题搁置一边29.Crystal clear 非常清楚的，显而易见的READING SELECTION BJumble of Conflicting Language Taboos1.jumble n. 混乱、杂乱的一堆2.Taboo n. 禁忌3.Oriental adj. 东方各国的4.Employ v. 用，使用5.Sponsor n. 发起者，主办方，赞助者6.Pejorative adj. 轻蔑的，贬低的7.Offensive adj. 无礼的，不敬的ndmass n. 大片陆地9.Oust v. 取代10.Unabashedly adv. 不脸红地，满不在乎地11.Proclaim v. 正式宣布，宣告12.Ancestry n. 祖先，祖系13.Ethnicity n. 种族特点，种族渊源14.Delicacy n. 精细，微妙15.Minefield n. 危险区，雷区16.Ideological adj. 意识形态的，思想方式的17.Rife adj. 充满的18.Multiracial adj. 多种族的19.Take on 具有，呈现20.At best 至多，充其量21.At worst 在最坏的情况下22.Give way 让路，让位23.Ill advised 没脑筋的，鲁莽的Lesson2 Developing Your Reading FlexibilityREADING SELECTION AYou’ve Got to Find What You Lovemencement n. 毕业典礼，学位授予典礼2.Drop-in n. 没有被邀请的来访或来访者；（在大学里）旁听或旁听生3.Adoption n. 收养4.Relent vi. 怜悯；变温和；变宽厚5.Naively adv. 不老练地；轻信地6.Intuition n.直觉7.Calligraphy n. 书法；笔迹；书法艺术8.Serif n.【印刷】衬线，截线（例如字母H的上下四根短而细的横线）9.Sans-serif 【印刷】无衬线，无截线10.Typeface n. 字体，字样；打字机字体11.Typography n. 凸版印刷术；排印；印刷样式12.Subtle adj. 微妙的；难以捉摸的；细微的13.Proportionally adv. 按比例地；想配合地；适当地14.Font n. 字体，字形15.Destiny n. 命运；天命；天数16.Karma n. 【宗】（佛教和印度教的）梵文“羯磨”的意译，即善恶行为所留下的一种无形的力；缘分，命运，宿缘17.Diverge vi. （道路等）分叉，（意见等）分歧，脱离18.Devastating adj. 毁灭性的19.Entrepreneur n. <法>创业者，企业家（尤指涉及财务风险的）20.Baton n. （田赛）接力棒21.Animate vt. 赋予。
研究生新阶英语阅读教程_课文翻译(1-8 textA)
Unit 1Text A 如何变“末流”为“一流”：哈佛对捐赠大户的回报1 初春的一个夜晚，暖意融融。
一群公司执行官、律师、石油巨子、理财经纪人、身价不菲的咨询师以及巨额财产继承人，悄然走出查尔斯宾馆和哈佛饭店的套房。
这些商界显要，男的个个头发花白，身着灰色西装──有的拄着手杖，有的则由于长期在哈佛运动队或网球队锻炼，一副运动员身材，充满活力、脸色红润；女的戴着丝巾，身穿苗条的黑色长裤，但其中几乎没有一张黑人和拉美人的面孔，他们穿过一道普通的门，走进安尼博格餐厅。
此次聚会，校内没有通报，媒体也不得报道。
２平常简朴的新生餐厅今天用连翘花和郁金香装点一新，客人们品尝着鸡尾酒、葡萄酒和牛柳、蟹黄蛋糕、芦笋尖等开胃小菜，享受着时任哈佛校长劳伦斯·撒莫斯的殷勤。
有几位客人谈论着海斯特布丁俱乐部最近的那场演出，这个俱乐部是一个学生戏剧协会，每年春天都要上演一场音乐滑稽戏，由哈佛的男生男扮女装参加表演。
３过了一会儿，布置在二楼阳台的哈佛乐队开始演奏“万名哈佛人”，客人们各自入席，烛光晚宴开始。
酒足饭饱之后，客人们兴高采烈，对撒莫斯校长的餐后致词报以阵阵掌声。
唯一例外的是，撒莫斯校长简要介绍学校计划扩大低收入家庭子女的招生，为年收入低于四万美元家庭的子女上哈佛提供免费教育，此时，校长似乎在等待在场贵宾们赞许的掌声，但竟然没有掌声。
我分析，这种令人尴尬的沉默传递了一个信号，甚至可称为威胁：你要是扩大招收低收入家庭的子女而将我们这些人的孩子拒之门外，我们就会停止数以百万计的捐款。
４4月8日的这顿晚宴，拉开了哈佛大学学校资源委员会（COUR）2005年年会的序幕。
该委员会或许是高等学校里一个最具财力的顾问团，但鲜为人知，媒体亦少有提及。
实际上COUR不是一般意义上的委员会──它并不正式制定学校政策或发表正式意见──但撒莫斯同其他任何一任哈佛校长一样，离不开COUR的支持。
该委员会成员均为哈佛最大的捐赠人，他们捐赠的资金构成哈佛2005财政年度255亿捐款的主要部分，使得哈佛成为美国高校中收到捐款最多的学校，比位居第二的耶鲁大学高出100亿美元。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级)课后习题翻译(带原文、最全版)
Lesson 11. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives. 昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。
2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.”佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。
”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。
”3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。
修改版——研究生英语阅读教程(提高级)课后习题翻译(1、2、4、6、7、8、11、13单元)
Lesson 1√1. Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives.昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。
2. “We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,”said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.”佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。
”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。
”3. In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。
研究生英语阅读教程上册UNIT1-6课后答案及翻译刘朝武主编
《21世纪研究生英语教材》阅读教程UNIT1-6课后答案及课文翻译（上册）UNIT ONEThe Belly BurdenAmanda SpakeKey to ExercisesI. Reading Comprehensioni 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. Aii (略)II Vocabulary and Structurei 1.Obesity 2.circulate 3.abdominal 4.break down 5.mortality6.variable7.resistance8.modified9.critically 10. inertii 1. internist 2.supplant. 3.willowy (twiggy) 4.slow down 5.set off 6. nonchalantly 7.accumulate 8. unravel 9.culprit 10. affirm III Cloze1. D2. A3. B4. A5. B6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. C 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. C IV Translationi1. 几个世纪以来，妇女们始终相信一条朴实的真理：腰越细，生活就越好—医学研究者们如今正开始了解这一简单真理背后的生理机能。
2.与腹部脂肪是位于腰部无所事事的惰性软组织这一观念相反，腹部脂肪实际上是一些小的内分泌工厂，会制造一些把信息传送给许多器官的激素。
3. 医学解开代谢之谜是脂肪的难题尚需数十年。
医生们说，在此期间采取的主要行动是制止腰部变粗。
萨瓦德说：“我们每个人都需要放慢让自己体形变得更像苹果的过程。
体形实在不容忽视。
”ii1. Internet is an interactive network on which the customers can release news, joinin discussion, and perform voting or even chatting.2.Contrary to what I had thought, the atmosphere of the multinational company wasnot easy and enjoyable at all.3.After several days’ investigation, FBI agents found all the evidence pointed to hiscommitting a murder.4.In 2004, the government introduced a raft of measures to slow the economy andpaid special attention to the steel sector.5.Our objective is to explore an effective way of AIDS education for collegestudents, and to provide reference for AIDS education model in colleges in China. V. Writing (略)●Key to Text Bi 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. D 10.Bii 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T●课文参考译文腹部的累赘新的研究指出，腰围尺寸是更好的健康预报因素。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级 第三版)
课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济：低估风险戴维伦哈特·[1] 回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。
早在“深水地平线”钻机自爆前的很多年，BP 石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。
2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。
联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克三世领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。
第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。
就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
[2] 这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。
但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。
BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生但一旦发生就会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的可能性时，犯了一个可怕的错误。
[3] 也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。
显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
[4] 尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。
几乎每个人都会如此。
“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件，”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特·斯塔文斯说。
我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。
当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。
这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）现象。
大多数在“深水地平线”工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。
因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。
[5] 同样，不久以前，本·伯南克和艾伦·格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。
华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-16词汇及课后答案
Unit 16WarWord Bankambush：a sudden attack made from a concealed position伏击；埋伏assault：to attack攻击；袭击bankruptcy：financial ruin破产barrel：the metal, cylindrical part of a firearm through which the bullet travels枪管bayou：a creek or small river that is a tributary of a larger body of water支流；河口blast：a violent explosion爆炸cavity：a hole; a hollow area within the body洞；腔discharge：to release, as from confinement, care, or duty释放；使退伍droop：to bend or hang downward低垂；弯曲；下垂flashback：(psychology) recurring, intensely vivid mental image of a past traumatic experience[心理学]重现：过去受伤的经历在脑海中生动重现grenade：a missile containing priming and bursting charges榴弹；季榴弹hallucinate：to have illusion产生幻觉highlight：to make prominent; to emphasize使......显得重要；强调icon：an image; a representation; a symbol; an idol肖像；代表；象征；偶像loot：to pillage; to spoil打劫；掠夺maim：to disable or disfigure使残疾offshore：away from the shore近海paranoia：a psychotic disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur妄想狂；偏执狂pin：to hold fast; immobilize使......困住；牵制post-traumatic：following an injury or resulting from it受伤后的shell-shock：a kind of mental disorder弹震症(士兵因战争而得的一种精神疾病)shutter：a mechanical device of a camera (照相机上的)快门slump：to fall or sink heavily; collapse消沉；陷入；倒塌snap：a sudden, sharp cracking sound劈啪声sniper：a skilled military shooter to shoot enemy soldiers from a concealed place狙击手；射击手steely：resembling steel, as in color or hardness钢铁般的streak：to mark with lines, smears, or bands with different colors使带条纹；使带污点undertaking：n. a task or an assignment undertaken; a venture承担的任务；事业victor：winner胜利者wan：pale; distressed; weary and melancholy苍白的；惨淡的；郁郁寡欢的wisp：thin smoke or clouds一缕烟、云等Phrases and Expressionsdrag on：to delay拖延in the face of：confronting with面对；面临in the wake of：following directly on; in the aftermath of; as a consequence of跟随，作为…的余波teamed up with：to coordinate与……合作；配合Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. What changed Miller's life in a second? ( C )A. The snap of a sniper's bullet.B. The blast of a bomb.C. The sudden shutter click of a photographer.D. The maimed wreck of a healthy body.2. Why does the author use Marlboro man to refer to Miller? ( A )A. Because the image symbolizes a popular American hero.B. Because Miller is having a cigarette.C. Because Miller is a cowboy from the west.D. Because Americans don't like smoking.3. What are Not symptoms of post-traumatic disorder? ( A )A. Loss of sleep, having images.B. Flashbacks, panic attacks and paranoia.C. Possibility of being violent to loved ones.D. Being silent all the time.4. Why did Miller attack another marine when waiting offshore in a troop transport of New Orleans? ( C )A. Because he hated the man.B. Because the man attacked him first.C. Because he had the illusion of Iraq war when hearing the man's whistling.D. Because he felt guilty for having the life.5. What is the main idea of this article? ( D )A. A picture changed the fate of Miller.B. Miller became the Marlboro Man of America.C. Most Americans were against Iraqi WarD. A picture made Miller a hero, but couldn't save him from post-traumatic stress disorder.II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.A sudden (1) shutter click of a war photographer's camera changed the life of a US marine James Blake Miller. Miller's image in the picture became a symbol of (2) steely resolve, of weary-yet-determined struggle, of the (3) toughness of the American fighting man having a cigarette break before finishing the job. Now Miller is a different (4) symbol in a different time. As the war has (5) dragged on, his life has collapsed in the face of post-traumatic stress (6) disorder. Hehas to draw a disability pension, for his condition and his personal life is a (7) wreck. His life has slumped into struggle and (8) despair. Miller becomes a symbol of the human (9) cost of war, whose story is a reminder of the price that ordinary men and women are (10) paying for the Iraq operation.VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. The plane ___A__ across the sky.A. streakedB. markedC. movedD. rushed2. A moment's ___A__ will show you are wrong.A. reflectionB. requestC. responseD. resentment3. The __B___ of hair is making this photo look so natural!A. branchB. wispC. seriesD. slice4. Walking into the conference room, the director looked at every one there with ___C__ eyes.A. hardB. criticC. steelyD. strong5. He associated ___D__ with his friends in a business.A. workB. understandingC. underwayD. undertaking6. The crash to the tree injured two persons and made the car into a __A___.A. wreckB. trashC. damageD. ruin7. Business __D___ after the Christmas holidays.A. settledB. smashedC. sneakedD. slumped8. Though we made the machine work, __B___ technical problems remain.A. unusualB. enormousC. uniqueD. rare9. Some __A___ of World War II gathered to celebrate their victory.A. veteransB. vendorsC. venturesD. vets10. The doctor prescribed some medicine for his mental __B___.A. massB. disorderC. chaosD. pollutionII. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.in the wake of assault bankruptcy discharge suffer fromhighlight honorably in the face of team up with whistleprofile restive drag on stress ignore1. Outbreak of disease occurred in the wake of the drought.2. The firm will head toward bankruptcy unless a new manager is elected.3. Those bridges and islets all highlight the garden scenery.4. American troop assaulted the terrorist camp with heavy artillery.5. For depressed patients there appears to be an increased risk of suicide immediately after discharge from hospital.6. Sports should be conducted honorably in an atmosphere of moral purity.7. In the face of the new evidence, he had to admit that he had been wrong.8. He preferred to go into business alone rather than to team up with anyone else.9. We could see the profile of a distant hill if it is very clear.10. The government has done nothing to ease restrictions on export and manufacturers are growing restive (难控制的)TranslationPut the following paragraph into English.这幅照片象征着人类为战争所付出的代价。
研究生英语阅读教程
研究生英语阅读教程English:In the postgraduate English reading tutorial, students will learn and practice essential reading strategies and skills to improve their academic reading comprehension and critical thinking abilities. The course will cover various genres and disciplines, including academic articles, research papers, reports, essays, and more. Through guided practice and analysis, students will learn how to effectively skim and scan texts, identify main ideas and supporting details, analyze arguments, and evaluate evidence. Additionally, students will develop their vocabulary, annotation, and summarization skills to deepen their understanding of complex texts. The tutorial will also emphasize the importance of context, purpose, and audience in reading, as well as how to approach readings from diverse perspectives and cultures. By the end of the course, students will have strengthened their ability to read and understand complex academic texts, which will benefit them in their future research and scholarly pursuits.中文翻译:在研究生英语阅读教程中，学生将学习并练习必要的阅读策略和技巧，以提高他们的学术阅读理解和批判性思维能力。
新研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三次修订版课文参考译文
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级）第三次修订版课文参考译文第一课A世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆•麦克阿瑟（1）2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔•普莱斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。
在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。
但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。
英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。
（第141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特．菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。
在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。
他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。
在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，或故意或无意，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。
英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。
（2）菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。
和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。
在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。
第一个群体是ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”）；第二个群体是ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”）；第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。
二十世纪八十年代，这些词语开始流行。
从那时起，这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。
（3）从来没有像英语这样?语言，这既有利也有弊。
曾经有许多“世界语言”，例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。
总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。
(完整版)研究生英语阅读教程提高级课后习题
Lesson 2The story about the Brothers Grimm may evoke warm memories of story time in the comforti ng arms of a pare nt.（关于格林兄弟的故事可以唤起父母在安慰的怀抱中对故事时间的温暖回忆。
）A. recallB. createC. releaseD. collect1. One of the secrets of successful travel lies in always turning adversity to youradvantage.（成功旅行的秘诀之一就是总是把逆境变成你的优势。
）A. unfamiliarityB. explorationC. pleasureD.difficulties.2. The claws of bears may be used to climb trees , rip open nests and beehives, orcatch prey.（熊的爪子可以用来爬树，撕开巢蜂房，或捕捉猎物。
）A. clearB. tearC. throwD. dig3. The analysts are dissecting intrusions and other attacks that have breached theircomputer systems分析人员正在剖析侵入他们电脑系统的入侵和其他攻击。
A. interceptingB. fightingC. analyzingD. discussing4. He spent whole days in his room, headphones on lest he disturb anyone.他整天呆在房间里，戴着耳机以免打扰任何人。
A. uni essB. whe nC. so thatD. in case5. As the unemployment lines lengthened and factories closed, there was talk ofapocalypse随着失业线的延长和工厂的关闭，人们谈论着天启？。
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Text
In weighing penalties against Dave Durenberger, a skittish Senate may have to confront its own ethical mess. As a daunting battalion of cameras poised to record every grimace during his public ordeal last week, Dave Durenberger smiled. Friends fretted he was not acting the part of the suitably subdued public servant on the griddle before the ethics Committee. Rather, he seemed refreshed at his chance to speak, serene after he had done so. "I am fully responsible and accountable for the mistakes I made," the Minnesota Republican repeatedly told a panel of six Senate peers. "Public attitudes about political ethics have changed, and we have to change with them or be swept aside.” For now, he asked, look at your own lives as senators when making a judgment on mine.
In fact, he fits a familiar pattern. Like many of his colleagues, Durenberger arrived in the Senate as a reformer, a grassroots activist. At first, he wanted to "address the decline of public confidence in public institutions. As such, he seemed a perfect choice for a seat on the Ethics Committee, a job no one wants. He became a legislator of power and substance, known as "Senator Health" to Vie Ellison of the Twin Cities' Council of Hospital Corporations, or as a "key Senate environmental leader" to Dave Fisher, the political director of the Minnesota Sierra Club. Fiercely independent, he often disagreed with GOP Presidents. Such traits seemed to make sense for a senator born on the campus of the monastery of St. John's Abbey and University. The Benedictine motto: Work and pray.
பைடு நூலகம்
In fact, this particular ethics imbroglio is not about votes bartered or influence sold. It resides at the other end of the political-morality spectrum, in the private pressures on politicians squeezed for cash. The rules do little to deter the determined. In this case, 27 volumes of evidence, lined up in neatly bound, thick black notebooks, revealed the unchallenged financial details. And Durenberger himself told the sorry personal saga of a political life at the top that left room for little else. Friends like former Walter Mondale, aide Albert Eisele call the affair "a personal tragedy." Durenberger, he says, is neither stupid nor corrupt. "They're going to have to invent a new category for what got him into trouble."
No senator needs to be reminded of the fragile state of congressional ethics. Members are so touchy that Ethics Committee Vice Chairman Warren Rudman insisted publicly that "the theory that the committee will, because of the political climate, take harsh action in order to prove it is tough is ludicrous." Durenberger stands accused of circumventing speaking fee limits and improperly billing the government for travel reimbursement and could be "denounced" by the committee, as Special Counsel Robert Bennett has advised. In a full Senate vote, some might be tempted to vote a forceful penalty as if it were evidence of an ethical cleanup. Durenberger seemed to anticipate that possibility when he tried to distinguish his trespasses: "I acted in good faith, with no intent to violate the rules" and "I have never sold my vote or improperly used my influence."
Unit Sixteen
A Senator's Double Life
By Gloria Borger with Patrick Barry U. S. News &- World Report, June 25, 1990
Questions
• 1. How did Durenberger explain his violation of political ethic rules? • 2. According to the author, how did Durenberger perform as a Senator? • 3. Explain the fraudulent nature of Durenberger’s book deal?
By the time he arrived in the Senate in 1978, he was a widower with four young sons. He remarried, to a Vietnam War widow who raised his children. "My grief counseling," he recalls, "was to throw myself into my work." As so often happens in Congress, however, his work and money became more intertwined. In 1982, the Democrats decided to put up department-store heir Mark Dayton to vie for the seat that once belonged to Hubert Humphrey. Dayton spent a record-setting $ 7 million, much of it from his own bank account; Durenberger raised $ 4.2 million, about $ 1 million in political-actioncommittee contributions, the second-largest amount raised in the Senate. In 1988, the Democrats tried again, with State Atty. Gen. Hubert Humphrey III. Durenberger won, outspending Humphrey 2 to 1. By this time, the former reformer was known as one of the best Senate fund-raisers.