Philip Freneau The Wild Honey Suckle
(完整)美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。
(完整版)美国文学秋季学期练习题6 有答案
美国文学史及作品选读练习6I。
Blank filling。
(每小题2分，共20分)1.The Puritan philosophy known as ____________ was important in New England duringcolonial time， and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations。
2.The term “Puritan”was applied to those settlers who originally were devout membersof the Church of _________.3.___________ was considered as the “ Poet of the American Revolution", because hewrote impassioned verse in support of the American Revolution。
4.In American literature， the eighteenth century was an Age of _____________andRevolution。
5.In 1823 James Fenimore Cooper wrote The Pioneers, the first of the five novels thatmake up___________.6.In the early 19th century， Washington Irving wrote _________which became the firstwork by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic。
Philip--Freneau
(stanza3-4): expression of emotion - lamentation over the “future’s doom” of the
flower, and the fate of man
Conclusion
What ideas can we draw from the poem?
Unlike the white man's tradition, in the Indian's, the dead Indian is dressed in special clothes as though celebrating a happy event.
Death in the Indian tradition has a different meaning. It is no longer that sad and dreadful event that everyone is afraid of.
﹀ \﹀ \ ﹀ \ ﹀ \
No busy hand provoke a tear.
﹀ \﹀ \ ﹀ \ ﹀ \
Appreciation of the poem
Rhyme and Form
• Rhyme: ababcc
• Form: four six-line stanzas
Questions
funeralriteschinareadyourselvesaccordingtranslation不管学者们说过什么我依然坚持我的老观点我们给死者安排的姿势表明了灵魂的永远安眠这地方的古人并不如此印第安人一朝离开世人就再次同亲友坐在一起重新把欢乐的宴席分享鸟儿的装饰带彩绘的碗为路上食用备好的鹿肉说明那灵魂具有的特点它的活动可没有个尽头他的弓随时可以引满而发这只能说明生命离开他但原来的想法没有改变陌生的人啊你该来这里但是可不要把死者冤枉把这隆起的草冢看仔细并说他们是坐而不是躺这还剩一块高高的岩石虽给雨侵蚀的斑驳无状精细的眼睛能由此分辨那原始民族的种种想象还有一颗高耸的老榆树在它伸得远远的影子下牧羊人对此喜爱如初林中的孩子们游戏玩耍常有不眠的印第安女王这是梳辫的浅肤色的示巴女王和许多野蛮的形象出场把逗留在那里的人责骂只见他全身行猎的装束在月明露重的午夜时分这猎手仍在把鹿儿追可这猎手和鹿都是幽灵纹身的酋长锋利的矛尖畏怯的想象将久久看见而理智本身会对之屈膝在这种种的幽灵幻象前cultureintroductionunlikewhiteman?straditiondeadindianspecialclothesthoughcelebratinghappyevent
Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺
• 大自然把你打扮得一 身洁白， • 她叫你避开庸俗 粗鄙的目光， • 她布置下树荫把 你护卫起来， • 又让潺潺的柔波 淌过你身旁； • 你的夏天就这样 静静地消逝， • 这时候你日见萎 蔫终将安息。
Smit with those chams,that must decay, I grieve to see your future doom; They died--nor were those flowers more gay, The flowers that did in Eden bloom; Unpitying frosts,and Autumn's power Shall leave no vestige of this flower.
4：Appreciation of The Wild Honeysuckle
• Fair flower, that dost so comely grow, • • Hid in this silent,dull retreat, • • Untouched thy honeyed blossoms blow, • • Unseen thy little branches greet: • • No roving foot shall • crush thee here, • No busy hand provoke a • tear.
• 弗瑞诺的诗歌创作不仅数量多，而且题材多样， 艺术成就过人。 • 它们一直被视为美国文学的瑰宝，而他本人则被 认为是美国浪漫主义文学的先驱。 • 弗瑞诺的诗歌精神境界较高，想像丰富，感情充 沛，虽然也涉及死亡、自然、人生、变迁等当年 感主题，但却总是以人民和国家的命运，历史或 者当时的重大事件为主题，因此富有战斗性。他 也是美国文学史上第一个把诗歌当作争取民族解 放的斗争武器的诗人。
美国文学-名词解释
美国文学1.殖民地时期及独立革命战争时期的美国文学Philip Freneau（菲利普﹒弗瑞诺）(1)He was considered as the “Poet of the American revolution” as the most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century. (2)He was a satirist, a bitter polemicist. (3)He wrote many poems encouraging revolution and encouraging the glory that would be won by overcoming the British.The Wild Honey Suckle 《野金银花》The Indian Burying Ground 《印第安人的殡葬地》The British Ship《英国囚船》The Rising Glory of America 《美洲光辉的兴起》(1)The Wild Honey Suckle is Freneau’s best lyric (2)It anticipated the 19th—century use of simple nature imagery.The Indian Burying Ground anticipated romantic primitivism and the celebration of the “Noble Savage”.Thomas Jefferson（托马斯﹒杰弗逊）The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》(1)The Declaration of Independence was adopted July 4, 1776. (2)It not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also expounded a philosophy of human freedom. (3)It lists 13 cruelties committed by the King of Britain. (4)The famous lines are: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”(5) Thomas Jefferson’s thought was inspired by the thoughts of John Locke.浪漫主义时期的美国文学Calvinism（加尔文主义）(1)Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers. (2) Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be saved, and these could be saved only by God’s grace. (3) Calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches.American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义）(1) American Romanticism is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature.(2) It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings ,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group. They affirmed the inner life of the self, and cherished strong interest in the past, the wild, the remote, the mysterious and the strange. They stressed the element “Americanness” in their works.(3)It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Gra ss. (4) Being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” (5) American Romantici sts include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, WilliamCullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.Transcendentalism（超验主义）(1) Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Over—soul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self—reliant. (2)New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.Free verse（自由体诗歌）(1)Free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conventional rules of meter.(2) Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. (3)Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech. (4)Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps, the most notable example.Symbol（象征）(1) Symbol means an act, a person, a thing, or a spectacle that stands for something else, usually something less palpable than the named symbol. (2) The relationship between the symbol and its referent is not often one of simple equivalence. Allegorical symbols usually express a neater equivalence with what they stand for than the symbols found in modern realistic fiction.Theme（主题）(1) Theme means the unifying point or general idea of a literary work. (2) It provides an answer to such questions as “What is the work about”(3)Each literary work carries its own theme or themes. For example, King Lear has many themes, among which are blindness and madness.现实主义与自然主义时期的美国文学American Naturalism(美国自然主义)The American Naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.American Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.Darwinism(达尔文主义)Darwinism is a term that comes from Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory.Darwinist think that those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who fail to adapt themselves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from lower forms of life. Humans are special not because God created them in His image, but because they have successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and have passed on their survival-making characteristics genetically.Influenced by this theory, some American naturalist writers apply Darwinism as an explanation of human nature and social reality.Local Colorists(乡土作家)Generally speaking, the writing of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historian of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. They worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the locale.Major local colorists include Hamlin Garland, Mark Twain , Kate Chopin, etc.Theodore Dreiser(西奥多·德莱塞)He is generally acknowledged as one of America’s literary naturalists.Works Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》(1) Sister Carrie tells about a poor country girl (Carrie Meeber) who goesto Chicago to pursue the American Dream.(2) The novel shows Dreiser’s naturalistic view about life by illustratingthe purposelessness of life.(3) The dominant symbol of the novel is the rocking chair that is the rocking chair that is indicative of the uncertainty of life.Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》Trilogy of Desire《欲望》三部曲a. The Financier《金融家》b. The Titan《巨人》c. The Stoic《斯多葛》The Genius 《天才》An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》(1) An American Tragedy is Dreiser’s greatest work and the title of theBook implies Dreiser intention to tell us that it is the social pressurethat makes Clyde’s downfall inevitable.(2) Clyde’s tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American socialsystem which encouraged people to pursue the “dream of success ” atall costs.Sherwood Anderson (舍伍德·安德森)He has been called the first of America’s “psychological writers” because he first explored the motivations and frustrations of his fictional characters in terms of Sigmund Freud’s theories of psychology.He tremendously influenced such writers as Hemingway and Faulkner.Works Winesburg, Ohio《小镇畸人》(1) Winesburg, Ohio is a collection of 23 interrelated stories ofsamll-town life. These stories sound morbid and grotesque, butUnderneath them runs a strong desire to communicate, and love andbe loved.(2) It won the author a foremost position in contemporary Americanliterary.现代时期的美国文学The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)The Lost Generation is a term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.The three best-know representatives of Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.Others usually included among the list are Sherwood Anderson, Kay Boyle, Hart Crane, Ford Maddox Ford and Zelda Fitzgerald.Imagism (意象派诗歌)Imagism came into being in Britain ans U.S. around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:i) direct treatment of subject matter;ii) economy of expression;iii) as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome.Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代)The members of the Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy ofnon-conformity and for its non-conforming style.The major beat writings are Jack Kerouac’s On the Road and Allen Ginsberg’s Howl. Howl became the manifesto of the Beat Generation.American Dream (美国梦)American Dream refers to the dream of material success, in which one, regardless of social status, acquires wealth and gains success by working hard and good luck.In literature, the theme of American Dream recurs. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby comes from the west to the east with the dream of material success. By bootlegging and other illegal means he fulfilled his dream but ended up being killed. The novel tells the shattering of American Dream rather than its success.Expressionism (表现主义)Expressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century, in which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and, instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world.Expressionism is a reaction against realism or naturalism, aiming at presenting a post-war world violently distorted.Works noted for expressionism include: Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones, James Joyce’s Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, and T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, etc..In a further sense, the term is sometimes applied to the belief that literary works are essentially expressions of their own authors’ moods and thoughts; this has been the dominant assumption about literature since the rise of Romanticism.Feminism (女权主义)(1) Feminism incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.(2) In general, feminism is the ideology of women’s liberation based on the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminists offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.(3) Definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and Socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄)Hemingway Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong, more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, Henry in A Farewell to Arms and Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea are typical of Hemingway Hero.Harlem Renaissance (哈莱姆文艺复兴)（1）Harlem Renaissance refers to a period of outstanding literary vigor and creativity that occurred in the United States during the 1920s.（2）The Harlem Renaissance changed the images of literature created by many black and white American writers. New black images were no longer obedient and docile, instead they showed a new confidence and racial pride.(3) The leading figures are Langston Hughs, James Weldon Johnson, Wallace Thurman, etc.. Impressionism (印象主义)Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action. Briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather than realistic moods.现代时期的美国文学Ezra Pound(1) He was identified as the father of modern American poetry and the most influential leader of the Imagist Movement.(2) He had an enormous influence on the modernist writers in Britain and America after WWII.Works The Cantos《诗章》In a Station of the Metro 《在地铁站里》(1) In a Station of the Metro serves as a typical example of the Imagist ideas.(2) The one-image poem is an observation of the poet of the human faces seen in a Paris subway station.(3) “Apparition” suggests a visible appearance of something not present, and especially of a dead person. Here the faces of people in the subway station are compared to petals on a wet, black bough.A Pact 《盟约》(1) A Pact is a poem in which Pound started to find some agreement between “Whitmanesque” free verse, which he had attacked for its carelessness in composition.(2) In the poem “broke the new wood” means that Whitman made experiments with the conventions of traditional poetry. “commerce” means the exchange of views or attitudes. The poem indicates that Pound would like to learn from the free verse and show respect to Whitman.。
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记2
History And Anthology of American Literature（2）Part ⅡThe Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学1．托马斯·佩因《常识》Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”;托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5．文学上独立的代表作：1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”;1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels” by BartramⅠ. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。
TheWildHoneySuckle[修改版]
![TheWildHoneySuckle[修改版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/77587f1aaeaad1f347933f7a.png)
第一篇：The Wild Honey SuckleThe Wild Honey Suckle 野忍冬花by Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺(黄杲炘译)Fair flower, that dost so comely grow, 美好的花呀，你长得：这么秀丽，Hid in this silent,dull retreat, 却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方——Untouched thy honeyed blossoms blow, 甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵，Unseen thy little branches greet: 招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；No roving foot shall crush thee here, 没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎，No busy hand provoke a tear. 没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。
By Nature's self in white arrayed, 大自然把你打扮得一身洁白，She bade thee shun the vulger eye, 她叫你避开庸俗粗鄙的目光，And planted here the guardian shade, 她布置下树荫把你护卫起来，And sent soft waters murmuring by; 又让潺潺的柔波淌过你身旁；Thus quietly thy summer goes, 你的夏天就这样静静地消逝，Thy days declining to repose. 这时候你日见萎蔫终将安息。
Smit with those chams,that must decay, 那些难免消逝的美使我销魂，I grieve to see your future doom; 想起你未来的结局我就心疼，They died--nor were those flowers more gay, 别的那些花儿也不比你幸运——The flowers that did in Eden bloom; 虽开放在伊甸园中也已凋零，Unpitying frosts,and Autumn's power 无情的寒霜再加秋风的威力，Shall leave no vestige of this flower. 会叫这花朵消失得一无踪迹。
the wild honey suckle的分析(中英)
the wild honey suckle的分析《野金银花》是Freneau在南卡罗莱纳州查尔斯顿散步时，看到一簇幽生的金银花，于是便有感而发，将这首短诗一气呵成。
诗人以敏锐的观察力、浅俗的词汇、优美的旋律和清晰的意象，细腻生动地描写了盛开于北美大地不为人们注意的野金银花。
此诗分为两大部分，前两节写景，后两节抒情。
写景以抒情为目的，抒情以写景为背景，两部分互为烘托，成为不可分割的整体。
诗人以惊喜的目光看到自然界神奇的产物时，心中涌动的是对大自然无限的崇拜之情。
如果说“绿荫”指的是未受人类文明侵犯的新大陆处女地的话，那些“美丽的金银花”则应是大自然创作的生命的具体体现。
诗人用浅显的文字勾画出一片繁荣祥和的景象，在对生命的赞叹中，流露出返璞归真、崇尚自然的情节，充满了浪漫主义情调和理想主义色彩。
然而，Freneau的过人之处，不仅在于他具有诗人的敏感，而且在于他同时具有哲人的睿智。
诗人先是描写外界景物，然后直接联系到自己，联系到人类，并将人与自然融为一体，以自然规律来感染读者。
所以，诗人从第三小节开始笔锋一转。
显然，诗人对大自然的神奇力量由崇拜转为迷惑，怀着惋惜忐忑的心情联想到生命的无奈和大自然的无情，开始了对生命本质的思考。
因此，在第四小节，诗人对主题进一步挖掘。
至此，Freneau借助金银花的荣枯阐述了自己毫不掩饰的自然观：万物有生必有死，有荣必有枯，花开花落，四季转换乃自然界的规律，这一规律是不以人的意志为转移的，是人类无法抗拒的。
自然界万物的生生息息乃自然的神力所造就，是人类无法左右的。
因而，对于花的荣枯，人的生死，人类大可不必为之伤情。
正如中国的一句古语，人“生不带来死不带去”。
诗人高歌：“不曾拥有，何曾失去”，足以说明诗人对生命本质有了明确的认识后，走出困惑，最终达到一种豁达乐观的境界。
Freneau以他对美洲大地的深厚感情和洞若幽微的感受力，通过对金银花的生长环境及其盛衰变迁的描述，抒发了他对短暂人生的感叹，使本诗在清丽的意境和浓郁的美洲大地的乡土气息中加入一层哲理的思考。
美国文学秋季学期练习题1有答案
美国文学史及作品选读练习1I. Match the works with the authors given below. (10%)Wigglesworth b. .Franklin c. John Smith d. William Cullen Bryant e. James Fennimore Cooper f. Philip Freneau g. Washington Irving1.( ) A Description of New England2.( ) Rip Van Winkle3.( ) The Day of Doom4.( ) Autobiography5.( ) The Wild Huoney suckle6.( ) To a Waterfowl7.( ) The Deerslayer8 ( ) The Thanatopsis9.( ) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow10.( ) The SpyII. Blank Filling. （20%）1.The first permanent English settlement in North American was established at________,Virginia.2.Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the ________values that dominated much ofthe early American writing.3.The first American Literature was neither American nor really literature It was not Americanbecause it was the work mainly immigrants from __________.4.__________ was regarded as the “Poet of the American Revolution.”5.In American Literature, the eighteenth century was an Age of ________ and Revolution.6.Annabel Lee ,a poem from_____________ ,mourns the death of a beautiful girl .7.The first important American novelist is ____________.8._________was the first American to achieve an international literary reputation after theRevolutionary War.9.The central figure in the Leatherstocking Tales is __________, who goes by the various namesof Leatherstocking, Deerslayer, Pathinder and Hawkeye.10. Thanatopsis is Bryant’s best –known poem. The title of the poem means________.Choice （30%）1. The establisher of Jamestown was the famous explorer and colonist_________.A. John WinthropB. John SmithC. William BradfordD. John Goodwin2. The Puritan dominating values were:A. hard workB. thriftC. pietyD. sobriety3. Which writer is not a poet?A. Michael WigglesworthB. Anne BradstreetC. Edward TaylorD. Thomas HookerBradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “____________” who appeared in A merica.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse5. The ship “________”carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Pequodanother important colonial poet, achieved wide popularity among his contemporaries with his gloomy entitled “ The Day of Doom”.A. Edward TaylorB. Michael WigglesworthC. Anne BradstreetD. Cotton Matherwas the epitome of the ________.Enlightenment B. Sugar Act C. Chartist movement D. Romanticistfollowing proverbs------ There are no gains without pains.------ One today is worth two tomorrows.come from_________.A. Autobiography B Poor Richard’s Almanack C The Sketch Book D A Description of New England9. Much of the beauty of the poem__________ lies in the sounds of the words and the effect created through changes in rhythm.A. To a WaterfowlB. Thanatopsis C The Wild Honey suckle Indian Burying Ground10. _______usually start with standard characters----- the lazy husbands or the termagant wife.A. Washington IrvingB. James Fennimore CooperC. William Cullen Bryant D Philip Freaneau poem is not written by Freneau?A .the British Prison Ship B. The Wild Honey SuckleC. The Indian Burying GroundD. The Day of Doom12. _____is the author of the work ’The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’.A. Washington IrvingB. James JoyceC. Walt WhitmanD. William Butler Yeats13. Which of the following statement is not true about Washington Irving?A. Washington Irving is regarded as Father of the American short stories.B. Irving’s relationship with the Old World in terms of his litera ry imaginationcan hardly be ignored considering his success both abroad and at home.C. Irving’s taste was essentially progressive or radical.D. Washington Irving has always been regarded as a writer who "perfected thebest classic style that American literature ever produced."14. In the early nineteenth century, American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothinghas left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did __________.A. PuritanismB. Romanticism C Rationalism D. Sentimentalism’s first collection of short stories is __________.A. Tales of a TravellerB. Leatherstoking TalesC. Canterbury TalesD. Tales of the Grotesque and ArabesqueIV. Decide Whether the Statements Are True or False.(10%)literature is the oldest of all national literature.2. The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part English.1620 a number of Puritans came to settle in Massachusetts .seventeenth century American poets adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strangely –new environment.Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanack, he talked first of all about how he studied language..6. Philip was the first American Lyric poet of distinction , he could make his poems sing melodiesthat might be stately.Wild Honey Suckle was suggested by the fact that some Indian tribes buried their dead in a sitting. .8. The Last of The Mohicans were the best work by Adgar Allan Poe.wrote impassioned verse in support of the American Revolution.the poem Israfel , Poe expresses a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature.V. Explain the following literature terms.(10%)PuritanismVI .Identification of Fragments. ( 4%)1. I had begun in 1733 to study languages; I soon made my self so much a master of the French as to be able to read the books with ease. I then undertook the Italian. An acquaintance, who was also learning it, used often to tempt me to play chess with him. Finding this took up too muc h of the time I had to spare for study, I at length refused to play any more…author:________________ work:_________________nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the sameThe space between , is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.Author:_______________ work: ________________VII. Read the quoted part and answer the questions: (16%). "Time grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on: a tart temper mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edge tool that grows keener by constant use. For a long while he used to perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village.Questions:1) Please identify the author and the title of the work. (2%)2）Please give a summary of the story. 8%3) Give a brief analysis of the symbolic meaning of this work. (6%)参考答案1) This is an excerpt from "Rip Van Winkle" by Washington Irving. (2%)2) (a) Rip Van Winkle was the hero in Irving’s works. 1’ He was a good-natured man, a henpecked husband. 1’ (b) Because his wife’s shrewish (泼妇一样的) treatment, Rip had to escape from his home to the little inn in the village. 1 ‘ When it failed to give him some restful air, he had to go hunting in the high mounta in, 1’ where Rip met a stranger, and the man asked Rip to carry keg for him. Then Rip reached the place in the valley, where many strangers were playing nine-pins. 1’ Later Rip got drunk after drinking the liquor, which made him sleep for 20 years. 1’ (c) Rip woke up as an old man, entering the village learned that his wife had died, he got the freedom of his own, 1’ and the American had been dependent from the control of Britain, he had changed from a subject of the King (George III) into a citizen of the independent new . 1’ ( 8%)3).Rip Van Winkle has been seen as a symbol of several aspects of America. 1’ Rip, like America, is immature, self-centered, careless, anti-intellectual, imaginative, and jolly as the overgrown child. 1’ The Dame is ano ther symbol –of puritanical discipline and the work ethic of Franklin. 1’ The town itself is emproblematic of America-forever and rapidly changing. 1’ Washington Irving has Rip sleep through his own country’s history, and return to the “busy, bustling, d isputatious” self-consciously adult United States of America. His conflicts and dreams are those of the nation-the conflict of innocence and experience, work and leisure, the old and the new, the head and the heart. 2参考答案：I(10%): C. G A .B F 6-10 D E D G EII. (20%)1. Jamestown2. Puritan3. England4. Philip Freneau5. reason6. Adgar Allan PoeFenimore Cooper 8. Washington Irving 9. Natty Bumppo 10. view of deathIII. (30%) 1-5 B A D B C 6-10 B A B C A 11-15 D A C A DIV.(10%) F T T T F F F F T FV. (10%)1.Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally membersof a division of he Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles .Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to complete “purity”. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. Puritans’ lives were extremely disciplined and hard, but in the grim struggle for survival that followed after their arrival in America, they became more and more practical. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literatureVI. (4%) Autobiography 2. Freneau The Wild Honey suckleVII. (16%)。
花开花落,取法自然 ------- 从《野忍冬花》看弗瑞诺的自然主义观
花开花落，取法自然 ------- 从《野忍冬花》看弗瑞诺的自然主义观发表时间：2010-10-18T09:50:19.280Z 来源：《学园》2010年第7期上供稿作者：夏延华[导读] 本文旨在通过分析其代表作之一的《野忍冬花》所体现出的自然主义观夏延华西华师范大学外国语学院【摘要】菲利普·弗瑞诺被评论家广泛地认为是一位美国革命诗人。
本文旨在通过分析其代表作之一的《野忍冬花》所体现出的自然主义观，说明诗人不仅是一名拥有高度爱国主义精神和战斗激情的革命诗人，也是一名有着深厚哲学造诣的自然主义诗人，为 19世纪美国浪漫主义诗歌传统的开启奠定了基础。
【关键词】菲利普·弗瑞诺自然主义意象浪漫主义【中图分类号】 I06【文献标识码】 A【文章编号】 1674－4810（2010）07－0062－02【Abstract】Philip Freneau was widely regarded as an “American Revolutionary Poet”. Based on the analysis in “The Wild Honey Suckle”, a representative poem by Freneau, this article tries to reach a conclusion that Freneau was not only a revolutionary poet with great fighting spirit and enthusiasm but also a natural poet with solid philosophical insight. His nature poems helped to start the American romantic poetic tradition in the 19th century.【Key words】Philip Freneau Naturalism Image Romanticism作为一种哲学概念，自然主义（ naturalism）是指用自然原因在建设自己新家园的过程中，都从未疏忽用诗歌的语言描绘新大或自然规律来解释事物的认识论。
美国文学简史复习资料[1]
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美国文学美国文学Part 1. Colonial AmericaPhilip Freneau Philip Freneau菲菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground 印第安人殡葬地印第安人殡葬地 Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sindefended T he The Nature of True VirtueBenjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanack 穷查理历书；The Autobiography 自传Part 2. A merican American Romanticism It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature ,t Romantic Period ,which stretches from the end of the 18th century through the out breakof Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch bookand ended with Whitman's Leave of Grass .American Romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained "an alien quality "for the simplereason that "the spirit of the place" was radically new and alien.And it was bo imitative and independent.Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文1783-1859 A History of New York 纽约的历史纽约的历史---------------美国人写的第一部诙谐文学美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；杰作；The The Sketch Book 见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说的传说---------------使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Rip Van Winkle -------short storyJames Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀1789-1851The Spy 间谍;The Pioneer 拓荒者；;The Prairie 大草原;ThePathfinder 探路者;The Deerslayer 杀鹿者Part 3.New England TranscendentalismRalf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882Essays 散文集散文集::Nature 论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;TheAmerican Scholar 论美国学者;Henry David Threau 亨利·大卫·梭罗1817-1862W adden,or Life in the Woods 华腾湖或林中生活Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ·朗费罗 An April Day 四月的一天/A Psalm of Life 人生礼物(poem )/PNathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864 Twice-told Tales 尽人皆知的故事尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse ;Mosses from an Old Manse 古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown 年轻的古德曼·布朗年轻的古德曼·布朗年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter ;The Scarlet Letter红字红字;The House of the Seven Gables ;The House of the Seven Gables 有七个尖角阁的房子有七个尖角阁的房子----------------心理若们罗曼史心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance ;The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇福谷传奇;The Marble Faun ;The Marble Faun玉石雕像玉石雕像Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比·迪克/白鲸；Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass 草叶集:Song of Myself 自我之歌Emily Dickinson ； “Because I could not stop for death ” “I ＇ｍ no body... ”poemEdgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡1809-18491809-1849（以诗为（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人伟大抒情诗人----------叶芝）叶芝）The Fall of the House of Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌;Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔·李Poem-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头T 诗:The Raven 乌鸦;To Hellen 致海伦 Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin 汤姆叔叔的小屋;Part 4. The age of RealismWilliam Dean Howells 威廉·狄恩·豪威尔斯恩·豪威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham 赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹;A Hazard of Now Fortunes 时来运转;2323、、Henry James 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟·米乐；The Portrait of a Lady 贵妇人画像；Part 5. Local ColorismMark Twain 马克·吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens Clemens））------美国文美国文学的一大里程碑学的一大里程碑The Gilded Age 镀金时代 -----------novel;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·费恩历险记How to Tell a Story 怎样讲故事怎样讲故事---------对美国早期幽默文学的总结对美国早期幽默文学的总结对美国早期幽默文学的总结 O. Henry short story 短篇小说 The Four Million ”《四百万》”《四百万》 小说集小说集、“The Gift of the Magi ”《麦琪的礼物》《麦琪的礼物》Part 6. American NaturalismFrank Norris The Octopus 章鱼,The Pit 小麦交易所);4040、、JackLondon 杰克·伦敦1876-1916T he Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤----novel ;The Sea-wolf 海狼;White Fang 白獠牙;T ;Martin Eden 马丁·伊登;Part 7. The 1920s ImagismEzra Pound 艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972美国现代诗歌之父美国现代诗歌之父Cathay 华夏（英译中国诗The Cantos of Ezra Pound 庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）《In a station of the Metro 》----在地铁站里 Thomas Stearns Eliot The Waste Land 荒原;名诗：名诗：Ash Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三圣灰星期三;;FourQuarters 四个四重奏Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-1963 After Apple-picking 摘苹果之后)(The Road Not taken 没有选择的道路)----poem---------Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening <雪夜林畔>F Scott Fitzgerald 弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代一代) )The Side of Paradise 人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned 美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night 夜色温柔Ernest Ernest Hemingway Hemingway 欧内斯特·海明威1899-19611899-1961（“迷惘（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）物）The Sun Also Rises 太阳照样升起太阳照样升起;;Farewellto Arms 永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣William William Faulkner Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962短篇小说：;The Sound and the Fury 愤怒与喧嚣;；Short story ------A Rose For Emily 《给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰》 Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945Sister Carrie 嘉莉姐妹----Novel ;Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲(Financer 金融家,The Titan 巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy 美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说） Arthur Miller ;The Death of a Salesman 推销员--------Play ;１．《了不起的盖茨比》表现了“美国梦”的幻灭，这部小说谴责以托姆为代表的美国特权阶级自私专横，为所欲为，以同情的态度描写了盖茨比的悲剧，并指出他的悲剧来自他对生活和爱情的幻想，对上层社会缺乏认识。
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.Poor Richard’s Almanac is an annual collection of proverbs written byBenjamin Franklin.2.Philip Freneau developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction,best illustrated in such nature lyrics as “The Wild Honey Suckle” and “The Indian Burying Ground”.3.Ph ilip Freneau has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.4.In Washington Irving’s Sketch Book appeared the first modernshort stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 5.“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of William CullenBryant’s wok.6.“Thanatopsis, William Cullen Bryant’s best-known poem,consists of four stanzas in iambic tetrameter abab. The title means “view of death”.7.Edgar Allan Poe is considered “father of American detectivestories and American gothic stories”.8.Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind,and self-reliance.9.In Walden, Thoreau thought it better for a man to work one daya week and rest six, and the rest of the time could be devotedto thought.10.Hawthorne’s stories touch the deepest roots of man’s moralnature.11.After his death, Longfellow became the only American to behonored with a bust in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey.12.The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse.13.Henry James is famous for his international theme of thetradition less American confronting the complexity of European life.14. Jack London believed in the inevitable triumph of thestrongest individuals.Terms1.Transcendentalism2. Naturalism3. The Lost Generation5. Modernism6. Romanticism7. PuritanismIdentify the fragments.2. From morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came;If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between, is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.(1) Who is the writer of these verses?(2) What is the title of this poem?(3) Give a brief comment on this poems.Answer:(1) Philip Freneau(2) The Wild Honeysuckle(3) Here Freneau offers a version of an abundant America with potential for providing a good life for all. The poem is also an indication of his dedication to American subject matter as he examined peculiarly American characteristics of the countryside.3.From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by the name of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and its rustic lads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all the neighboring country. Drowsy and dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere. Some say that the place was bewitched by a high German doctor, during the early days of the settlement; others, that an old Indian chief, the prophet or wizard of his tribe, held his powwows there before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson.Question:(1) Who is the writer of this short story from which the passage is taken?(2) What is the title of this short story?(3) Give a definition of “short story”?Answer:(1) Washington Irving(2) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(3) A short story is a brief prose fiction, usually one that can be read in a single sitting. It generally contains the six major elements of fiction characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view and style.5. To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and vulgar things. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generation the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these preachers of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.Question:(1)This paragraph is taken from a famous essay. What is the essay?(2)Who is the author?(3)What does the author say would happen if the stars appeared one night in a thousand years?(4)Give a peculiar term to cover the author’s belief.Answer:(1) Nature(2) Ralph Waldo Emerson(3)Then, the men cannot believe and adore the God, cannot preserve the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown.(4)Transcendentalism6. Isabel always felt an impulse to pull out the pins; not that she imagined they inflicted any damage on the tough old parchment, but because it seemed to her aunt might make better use of her sharpness. She was very critical herself-it was incidental to her sex, and her nationality but she was very sentimental as well, and there was something in Mrs. Touchett’s dryness that set her own moral fountains flowing.Questions:(1) This passage is taken from a well-known novel. What is the name of the novel?(2) Who is the author of this novel?(3) Make a brief comment on the heroine of this novel?(4) What is theme of the author? Tell something about it. Answer:(1) The Portrait of a Lady(2) Henry James(3) She is one of the Jamesian American girls. She arrives in Europe, full of hope, and with a will to live a free and noble life, but in fact, she only falls prey to the sinister designs of two vulgar and unscrupulous expatriates, Madam Merle and Gilbert Osmond.(4) Jamesian theme refers to Henry James’s handling of his major fictional theme, “the international theme”: the meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence and the moral and Psychological complications arising there from.Give brief answers to the following questions.ment briefly on Emily Dickinson’s themes?(1)By far the largest portion of Dickinson’s poetry concerns death and immortality, theme which lie at the centre of Dickinson’s world.(2)Dickinson’s nature poems are also great in number and rich in matter. Natural phenomena, changes of seasons, heavenly bodies, animals, birds and insects, flowers of various kinds, and many other subjects related to nature find her way into her poetry.(3)Dickinson also wrote some poems about love. Like her death and nature poems, her love poems were original.(4)Besides deaths and immortality, nature and love, Dickinson’s poems are concerned about ethics, with respect to which, she emphasizes free will and human responsibility.4 Henry James is a great realistic writer. Name two of his major works. Do you know anything about his narrative point of view? What is it for? How does James employ it in his works? Briefly discuss this question.(1) Henry James’s major works include Daisy Miller and The Portrait of a Lady, etc.(2) One of Henry James literary techniques is his narrative point of view. As the author, James avoids the authorial omniscience as much as possible and makes his characters reveal themselves with his minimal intervention. So it is often the case that in his novels we usually learn the main story by reading through one or several minds and share their perspectives. This narrative method proves to be successful in bringing out his themes.6.Tell the differences between Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman (1)Emily Dickinson expresses the inner life of individuals, while Walt Whitman keeps his eyes on the society at large.(2)Emily Dickinson is regional, while Walt Whitman is national in his outlook.(3)Formally, Emily Dickinson uses concise, simple dictions and syntax, while Walt Whitman uses endless, all-inclusive catalogs.9. Jack Lon don’s themes(1) London was logically inconsistent in his viewpoint.On the one hand, he took faith in Darwin’s survival of the fittest, evolutionary concept of progress, and on the other hand, he embraced the socialists’ doctrines of Marx.(2) London wrote on many subjects and themes which centered around primitive violence, Anglo-Saxon supremacy(至上), biological evolution, class warfare, and mechanistic determinism. His heroes are physically robust and rugged but often psychologically harried(苦恼). His heroines are athletic, daring, yet intensely feminine. They are man’s intellectual equal and his e motional superior.。
美国各文学时期重要作家及其主要作品
美国各文学时期重要作家及其主要作品美国文学的发展历史虽然只有200多年，但是它在这段时间里所取得的成就却是十分辉煌的。
美国文学业已形成的民族性、时代性和社会性，使它成为世界文学的重要组成部分。
美国文学的发展和美国历史的发展几乎是平行的。
美国殖民主义时期三个代表诗人1.安妮·布雷兹特里特Anne Bradstreet （1612-1672）美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人。
她出生于英格兰，1630年时随父亲和丈夫来到北美马萨诸塞湾殖民地。
诗的风格与同时代的英国诗人John Donne、Edward Taylor有相似之处。
她最著名的诗集是《第十位缪斯》(The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America,1650)，这也是她生前出版的唯一诗集。
一般认为，她最优秀的诗作，主要收录于她去世后由罗杰斯选编的《布雷兹特里特诗集》(Several Poems 1678)。
《写在我家失火之际》On the Burning of Our House）反映出殖民时期生活的侧面，《灵与肉》（The Flesh and the Spirit）向读者展示了作为一名虔诚的清教徒，在面临新大陆恶劣的生存环境时，诗人内心深处肉体与灵魂、世俗与信仰之间的斗争。
2.爱德华·泰勒(Edward Taylor，1644?-1729年)美国清教派牧师和诗人。
他被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人。
在他有生之年仅发表过两首诗歌，直到1937年人们研究他的手稿时才认识到他那虔诚的诗歌的优美绝伦。
像约翰·多恩和乔治·赫伯特以及其他英国玄学派诗人一样，泰勒擅长运用精心选择的暗喻和丰富而唯美的比喻，也采用日常生活中的寻常措辞和比喻。
《爱德华·泰勒诗集》(1939年)收录了他的杰作，包括写于约1685年的《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》，和写于1682-1726年的《内省录》（Preparatory Meditation）中的部分。
美国文学史及选读期末考试
Ⅰ. Write the author of each item. 10’1．Anne Bradstreet（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）①Contemplation②To My Dear and Loving Husband2. Benjamin Franklin①The Autobiography (early American Dream)3. Philip Freneau (Poet of American Revolution; The Father of American Poetry)①The Wild Honey Suckle②The Indian Burying Ground③To a Caty-Did4. Washington Irving (The Father of American Short Story; first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame; regarded as Father of American literature.)①The legend of Sleep Hollow②Rip Van Winkle③The Sketch Book(the beginning of American Romanticism)5. James Fennimore Cooper①The Last Mohicans②Leather Stocking Tales6. William Cullen Bryant①Thanatopsis②To a Water Fowl7. Edgar Allen Poe (Father of Modern Short Story; Father of Psychoanalysis criticism)①To Helen②The Raven③The Fall of the House of Usher④The Black Cat8. Ralph Waldo Emerson (leading New England transcendentalist)①Nature②Self-Reliance③The American Scholar9. Henry David Thoreau (an active transcendentalist)①Walden10. Nathaniel Hawthorne (a master of symbolism; first great American writer of fiction to work in moralistic tradition. combined the American romanticism with puritan moralism; created a new genre psychological romance)①The Scarlet Letter②Twice Told Tales③The Marble Faun④Blithedale Romance⑤The Minister’s Black Veil11. Herman Melville①Moby Dick12. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (the fireside poet; love of nature, love for the past)①A Psalm of Life②The Slave’s Dream③My Lost Youth④The Song of Hiawatha13. Walt Whitman①Leaves of Grass(first genuine epic poem)②Song of Myself③I Sit and Look Out④Beat！Beat！Drums！14. Emily Dickinson (the theme of her poetry concern religion, life, death, marriage, immorality, nature etc.)①I Taste a Liquor Never Brewed②I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain③A Bird Came Down the Walk④I Died for Beauty ___but Was Scarce⑤I Hear a Fly Buzz ___When I Died⑥Because I Could not Stop for DeathⅡ. True or False choice. 20’Ⅲ. Choose the best answer 10’Ⅳ. Appreciation 30’The Scarlet LetterAuthor: Nathaniel HawthorneSymbolism：The Scarlet Letter, A symbol of shame, but instead it becomes a powerful symbol of identity to Hester. The letter’s meaning shifts as time passes. Originally intended to mark Hester as an adulteress, the “A” eventually comes to stand for “Able.”The Meteor , to Dimmesdale, the meteor implies that he should wear a mark of shame just as Hester does. The meteor is interpreted differently by the rest of the community, which thinks that it stands for “Angel” and marks Governor Winthrop’s entry into heavenThe Rosebush, Next to the Prison Door .The narrator chooses to begin his story with the image of the rosebush beside the prison door. The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man’s activities.Pearl is a sort of living version of her mother’s scarlet letter. She is the physical consequence of sexual sin and the indicator of a transgression (evildoing). Upward American spiritCharacter analysis:Hester: disloyalty, betrayal, deception, sexual desire, adultery. Face, correct, redeem, purify. Praise, content, conformability.Dimmesdale: adultery, cowardice, hypocrisy, dishonesty, selfishness, too coward to confess, tortured by his conscience. Sympathetic, disfavor his hesitation, indecisiveness and cowardice.Chillingworth: revenge. Tortured by the desire of revenge, twisted and reduced to nothing. disgusted, think he committed greater crime.Puritanism in The Scarlet LetterPuritan background: setting, events, characters, thoughts, behaviors.Puritan doctrines: original sin, total depravity, predestination, limited atonement.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.NatureThe declaration of TranscendentalismAnalysis of “Nature”A long essay which has eight parts: the opening, commodity, beauty, language, discipline, Idealism, spirit and prospects. Our selection is taken from the opening. Taken as a whole, “Nature” expresses Emerson’s philosophy in a more systematic fashion than any other work of his.Meanings of natureI BeautyNature is beautiful. : the complete, mysterious, useful and moral beauty of nature. First, nature’s beauty lies in its completeness. Second, nature’s beauty lies in its mystery. cannot be manipulated. Only when he holds a sincere r espect for nature, can man feel the mysterious beauty of nature. Third, nature’s beauty lies in its usefulness. Nature provides man without any benefitII Nature Is Divine●Nature is divine and has the eternal order which should not be violated. Influenced in a way byChinese ancient philosophy, Emerson believes that all the things in the world come from the same root---the Oversoul.●Emerson believes that man can find God in his own heart by direct contact with nature●Nature has permeated (penetrate) all aspects of human life. Spirit embodied in nature hasinfluence upon us. Nature inspires man and gives him\her power. Man should find the truth, goodness and beauty in his own soul and bring into play his potentiality as human being. Then, he will become hims elf “All that Adam had, all that Caesar could, you have and can do".●For Emerson, the individual is potentially the most divine and any organization or existing ideacan not limit the development of individual.III Nature Is ChangingEverything in nature is in a process---growing, withdrawing and falling into the ground. The flowing of nature comes from a force which impels it to develop. For instance, a river is always in constantly flowing. It originates from mountains, flows along great plains and ultimately converges into the sea. Transcendental philosophyNature symbolizes freedom, independence and change. These are Individualism elements which attend to significance of common life. Therefore Emerson's nature is the theoretical base of American Individualism---one of the characteristics of American culture. As the symbol of Spirit, nature helps to prove that man's soul is beautiful, divine and fluid. Man should pursue spiritual fulfillmentExcerpt from Nature: in Nature Emerson puts forward every phenomenon of the nature there was the spirit of the spirit of the nature.Here from this paragraph we could see that emerson found the beauty in the wildness nature rather than the village or something. “in the wildness, I find something more dear and connate than in streets or villages.” In the wildness of the nature, emerson can transcend physical body to the spirit of the God and he can become one part of the spirit.He emerges into the nature, and then he goes into the Oversoul. “I am part or particle of God.” “I am nothing; I see all”. This sentence clearly shows that emerson merges into the sporit. And in the nature we could get the eternal beauty.2.Self-Reliance①“The Confidence”. a man must show his opinion confidently and bravely in spite of different ideas.②“The Independence”. A man should keep himself firmly ; not be easily influenced by environment.③Keep personality, which is closely related to the confidence and the independence. a man must keep his personality and conform to his own principles.④“Showing no Sympathy to the Poor” shows that why the poor are poor is mainly due to their backward thinking. Showing help to this kind of people means doing harm to them.Comment: In Self-reliance, Emerson expressed the romantic idea of individualism, with an emphasis on being self-sufficient. He promoted relying on oneself rather than on established society. Emerson was known for his repeated use of phrase “trust thyself”. “Self-reliance” is his explanation---both systematic and passionate of what he meant by this, and why he was moved to make it his catchphrase. Every individual possesses a unique genius, Emerson argues, that can only be revealed when that individual has the courage to trust his or her own thoughts, attitudes, and inclinations against all public disapproval.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow1. A Psalm of Life①Love of nature, love for the past ②Trochaic tetrameter③constant theme for poets: The relationship of life and death. ④He expresses his pertinent interpretation to that by warning us that though life is hard and everybody must die, time flies and life is short, yet, human beings ought to be hold “to act,” to face the reality straightly so as to make otherwise meaningless life significant.2. My Lost YouthⅤ. Terms 10’New England PoetsThe new England poets were the representatives of imitation, authors like Irving, William Cullen Bryant, Henry wadsworth Longfellow etc. tried to imitate the forms and themes of their English brothers, such as Alexander Pope, Robert Burns, Thomas Gray, wordsworth and so on.Rip van winkleThis is one story in Washington Irving’s Sketch Book. It tells a story of a kind but hen-pecked man rip van winkle. The protagonist does not take care of his own family very well and just wants to live idly. But his wife does not want him to live the life like that and keeps talking to him. Unhappy at home, he enters in the mountain with his gun and dog. One afternoon, he meets some strangers looking people playing at nine pins. Out of curiosity, he drinks the wine and falls into sleep. When he wakes up, he finds his dog missing and his gun rusted. He has to go back to the village again. But can not recognize the village and the folks. Later his surprise, he has been slept for 20 years. And his wife has been dead and his children grow up. At the end of story, his daughter takes him home and he still lives the life as he was used to.Ⅵ.Comment 20’1. Comment on Moby Dick:a. Although the narrator sees insanity in Ahab, Melville’s emotional sympathy is with the deficient Ahab. He begins with a noble intention to crush evil, but in taking this to the extreme, he becomes evil himself. He is destroyed by his consuming desire to root out evil.b. Moby Dick is a symbol to represent cruel, brutal, malicious powers of nature. Nature is capable of destroying the human world. Nature threatens humanity & thus calls out the heroic powers of the human beings. So the power of the universe is both of blessing and curse. In this way, the author constructs a complicated statement about American view of nature.2. Compare: Emily Dickinson with Walt Whitman in their writing style.Similarities①Along with Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman stands as one of the two giants of American poetry in the nineteenth century.②Pioneers of imagism③Part of American Renaissance④Influenced by transcendentalism⑤Thematically, they both extolled in their different ways and emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”⑥Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they are pioneers in American poetry.Differences①Whitman seems to keep his eyes on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.②Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook. Dickinson is “regional”③Whitman has the “catalogue techniques”, all-inclusive catalogue. Whereas Dickinson’s concise, direct, simple diction and syntax。
The-Wild-Honey-Suckle-野金银花-Philip-Freneau培训资料
For when you die you are the same; 来时一无所有,去时化作尘土，
The space between, is but an hour, 可叹生命苦短，
The frail duration of a flower.
你终究红消香断。
The Wild Honey Suckle
After war, he supported Jefferson, and
contributed greatly to American government. However, after 50 years old, he lived in poverty.
11美国文学A卷答案与评分标准
参考答案课程名称：美国文学名著选读适用专业班级：英语1101-1104班考试时间：90分钟 A √ B卷开闭√卷Part I. True or false statements. ( 10 points,1 point for each)1-5 FFTTT 6-10 TTTTTPart II. Multiple Choices. (30 points, 1 point for each)1-5 ABBBB 6-10 CBBBB11-15 ABBBB 16-20 CBBBB21-25 ABBBB 26-30 CBBBBPart III. Short easy questions. (20 points, 5 points for each)1.Their doctrine includes: original sin, total depravity, predestination and limited atonement.2.The daughter of a local farm Katrina, together with her boyfriend ,has made use of the “Headless horseman”legend, tricked the schoolteacher Crane into the cemetery and scared him away.3.The letter A may symbolize adultery, able, admiration, alienation, American, Adam and angel,etc.4.The use of the same initial consonant in a line is called alliteration, for example, Pride and Prejudice, with the same [s]sound.Part IV. Passage Identification. (10 points, 2 points for each)1.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer2.The Declaration of Independence3.The Last of the Mohicans4.The Raven5.Song of MyselfPart V. Appreciation. (10 points, 5 points for each)Part A1. Philip Freneau; The Wild Honey Suckle2. The rhyme scheme is ababcc.Part B1. Washington Irving; Rip Van Winkle2. Nicholas Vedder is the owner of the inn/ a patriarch of the village/ and landlord of the inn. He expressed his opinion by the way of smoking.Part VI. Essay writing. (20 points) omission.评分标准课程名称：美国文学名著选读适用专业班级：英语1101-1104班考试时间：90分钟 A √B卷开闭√卷Part I. True or false statements. ( 10 points,1 point for each)1-5 FFTTT 6-10 TTTTT每题1分，共10分，答错不得分。
TheWildHoneySuckle野忍冬花教学资料
The Wi l d Hone y Suckl e 野忍冬花At first thy little being came;If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are thesame; The space between is butan hour, The frail duration offlower.孕育了你娇小的身躯。
你从尘土来，又归尘土去， 来时一无所有，去时化作尘土, 可叹生命苦短， 你终究红消香断。
Published in his Poems （1786）Virtually un read in his lifetimeCon sidered one of the autho 'fi nest n ature poems.Written in four six-line iambic tetrameter （抑扬格四音步）stanzas rhymed onababccpatter n.这些格律上的规范折射岀金银花的生死有律。
第一节描述春天中的金银花开得非常漂亮，但无人欣赏、无人抚摸。
因为这些花躲藏在单调且僻静的地方金银花得以很好的生长保存。
第二节中大写的“ Nature ”告诉我们夏天的金银花和理性的“ self ”是生活在自然 之道或自然之神里。
Nature 保护着金银花，命令金银花避开“ the vulgar eye"，让一切按自然之道进行：流水 低语地流淌，夏天“quietly ”溜走，金银花的日子逐渐“to repose",恢复宁静。
第三节表现出诗人对大自然的 敬畏。
诗人感悟到大自然不可逆转的宿命规律，有点伤感（ grieve ），但对大自然的残酷力量充满敬畏。
最后一节，是诗人冬天里的哲学沉思。
人与花一样，从早上到晚上，从生到死，都是那么短暂，那么脆 弱。
生之前，死之后，生死之间，事物都一样，都蕴含在自然中。
野金银花的读后感英文版
Review on “The Wild Honey Suckle”The Wild Honey Suckle is written by Philip Freneau, the American revolutionary poet, was the most outstanding American poet in the 18the century.As the transitional American poet between Neoclassicism and Romanticism, he wrote the poetry that influenced the newly-coming romantic poets greatly, which was one of the key reasons he was regarded as …the Father of American poetry‟ and …Poet of American Revolution‟.And this poem mainly showed strong feelings for the natural beauty, which was the characteristic of romantic poets.Nature is great. There are many beautiful flowers in the world, and nature provide fertile soil, abundant water resources and soft sunshine to them.“f air flower”is the the very concrete reflection of it. So the poem shows the deep love for nature. Nature is regular. In spring, it is green, and in summer…By nature‟s self in write arrayed, She bade thee shun the vulgar eye, and planted here the guardian shade‟, and in autumn and winter…The flowers that in Ed en bloom, unpitying frosts and autumn‟s power, Shall leave on vestige of this flowers.‟All carried out in accordance with the regularity.Nature is awesome. In this poem, the poet expresses a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature. It implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature.In addition, …the space is but an hour‟ contains a hyperbole stressing and transience of life. Human should cherish their life through they will die finally.Cherishing life is enjoying life indeed.。
Analysis of Wild Honey Suckle 诗歌 野金银花分析
smit: past tense of smite smit with: impressed by; stricken by; unpitying: cruel; merciless vestige: trace
• Smit with those charms; that must decay; I grieve to see your future doom; They diednor were those flowers more gay; The flowers that did in Eden bloom; Unpitying frosts; and Autumn's power Shall leave no vestige of this flower
Stanza 2: it suggests that the honey suckle bears a special relationship with nature which has advised it to keep away from the "vulgar eye"; Nature has designed it in whitea color of simplicity and purity; and; it has sent the soft waters flowing gently by However; in spite of all the nature's kindness; the flower cannot escape its doom The best time of its life is fading; for death is waiting
野金银花
诗
拾 海
贝
The Wild Honey Suckle
野金银花
by Philip Freneau
福建 金春笙 译析
Fair flower, that dost so comely grow, Hid in this silent, dull retreat, Untouched thy honey’d blossoms blow, Unseen thy little branches greet:
No roving foot shall crush thee here, No busy hand provoke a tear.
美丽金银花绽放一簇， 在山野峡谷幽寂处。 馨香飘溢，无人惠顾， 迎风袅娜，无人赏目。 这里没有踩你的逛荡脚步， 这里没有闲手乱折惹你哭。
By Nature’s self in white arrayed, She bade thee shun the vulgar eye, And planted here the guardian shade, And sent soft waters murmuring by;
The space between, is but an hour, The frail duration 临人世初。 空空然来，空空然去， 无怨无悔，回归尘土。 花开花落仅片刻功夫， 生命如过眼烟云难留住。
【作者简介】菲利普·弗瑞诺（Philip Freneau, 1752— 1832），美国１８世纪著名诗人，生于纽约 一商人家庭。１７７１年毕业于普林斯顿大学。他 一生坎坷，既当过作家和编辑，也曾涉足政界 商海。北美独立战争一开始，弗瑞诺就写了不
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The Wild Honey Suckle 野冬忍花
Fair flower, that dost so comely grow, 美好的花呀,你长得:这么秀丽
Hid in this silent, dull retreat, 却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方
By Nature's self in white arrayed, 大自然把你打扮得一身洁白，
She bade thee shun the vulgar eye, 她叫你避开庸俗粗鄙的目光，
And planted here the guardian shade, 她布置下树荫把你护卫起来，
And sent soft waters murmuring by; 又让潺潺的柔波淌过你身旁；
Untouched thy honeyed blossoms blow, 甜美的花儿开了却没人亲昵，
Unseen thy little branches greet; 招展的小小枝梢也没人观赏；
No roving foot shall crush thee here, 没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎，
No busy hand provoke a tear. 没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。
For when you die you are the same; 因为你的死让你同先前一样；
The space between, is but one hour, 这来去之间不过是一个钟点
The frail duration of a flower. 这就是脆弱的花享有的天年。
Shall leave no vestige of this flower. 会叫这花朵消失得一无踪迹。
From morning suns and evening dews 朝阳和晚露当初曾把你养育，
At first thy little being came: 让你这小小的生命来到世上，
If nothing once, you nothing lose, 原来若乌有，就没什么可失去，
“Poet of American Poetry”
He was the most significant poet of 18th century America.
Some of his themes and images anticipated the works of such 19th century
Thus quietly thy summer goes, 你的夏天就这样静静地消逝，
Thus days declining to repose. 这时候你日见萎蔫终将安息。
Smit with those charms, that must decay. 那些难免消逝的美使我销魂，
I grieve to see your future doom; 想起你未来的结局我就心疼，
They died---nor were those flowers more gay, 别的那些花儿也不比你幸运
The flowers that did in Eden bloom; 虽开放在伊甸园中也已凋零，
Unpitying frosts, and Autumn's power 无情的寒霜再加秋风的威力，