英美文学笔记(总结,一次性必过)
英国文学与美国文学学习笔记摘抄
英国文学与美国文学学习笔记摘抄I.Literature文学i)English Literature英国文学I .Old and Medieval English literature(450-1066)&(1066-15世纪后期）上古及中世纪英国文学Background：英伦三岛自古以来遭遇过3次外族入侵，分别为古罗马人、盎格鲁-萨克逊人&诺曼底人。
其中后两次在英国文学史上留下了深远影响。
中世纪时期(约1066-15世纪后期）即从诺曼底征服起到文艺复兴前夕，为英国封建社会时期的文学，盛行文学形式为民间抒情诗(the folk ballad)和骑士抒情诗(the romance)。
I）The Anglo-Saxon Period(450-1066)盎格鲁撒克逊文明兴盛时期（上古时期）文学表现形式主要为诗歌散文。
i代表人物和主要作品：第一部民族史诗(the national epic)《贝奥武甫》Beowulf,体现盎格鲁撒克逊人对英雄君主的拥戴和赞美，歌颂了人类战胜以妖怪为代表的神秘自然力量的伟大功绩。
"Down off the moorlands' misting fells cameGrendel stalking;God's brand was on him.大踏步地走下沼泽地，上帝在每个人身上都打下了烙印。
"II)The Norman Period(1066-1350)诺曼时期In the early 11th century all England was conquered by the Danes for 23 years. Then the Danes were expelled, but in 1066 the Normans came from Normandy in northern France to attack England under the leadship of the Duck of Normandy who claimed the English throne. For the last Saxon king, Harold ,had promised that he would give his kingdom to William, Duck of Normandy, as an expression of his gratitude for protecting his kingdom during the invasion by the Danes. This is known as the Norman Conquest.诺曼征服Middle English中世纪英语III)The Age of chaucer(1350-1400)乔叟时期The Hundred Years' War英法百年战争Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟-中世纪最伟大诗人、英国民族文学奠基者。
英美文学史复习笔记5篇
英美文学史复习笔记5篇第一篇：英美文学史复习笔记英美文学复习时期划分——Early & Medieval literature 包括The Anglo-Saxon Period 和The Anglo-Norman Period ——Renaissance 文艺复兴——Revolution & Restoration 资产阶级革命与王权复辟——Enlightenment 启蒙运动——Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期——Critical Realism 批判现实主义——20th Modernism 现代主义传统诗歌主题：nature, life, death, belief, time, youth, beauty, love, feelings of different kinds, reason(wisdom), moral lesson, morality.修辞名称：meter格律, rhyme韵, sound assonance谐音, consonance和音, alliteration头韵, form of poetry诗歌形式, allusion典故, foot音步, iamb抑扬格, trochee扬抑格, anapest抑抑扬格, dactyl扬抑抑格, pentameter五音步文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧novel起源：Christianity 基督教Bible圣经myth神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、1、The Anglo-Saxon period(496-1066)这个时期的文学作品分类：（pagan异教徒）（Christian基督徒）2、代表作：The song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》(national epic)（民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)Canto 诗章受到法国影响English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.1、romance传奇文学 Arthurian romances亚瑟王传奇2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗 knighthood 骑士精神三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里。
英美文学考试复习点重点整理
英美文学考试复习点重点整理1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P2922.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现)4.三姐妹指的是？5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P3036.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P1169.乌托邦is written in form of ?P3310.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P5011.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？12.最著名作家：乔叟P1913.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P514.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年1.John MiltonHe was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.2.RomanceRomance was the most prevailing kind of literature of theupper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.3.the EnlightenmentIt is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, socialcustom, and religious belief.4.NeoclassicismThe neoclassical movement began in the mid-18th century and brought about a revival of interest in the old classical work. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be in judged in terms of its service to humanity./doc/0d16361832.html,ke poetsAlso called Lake School, it is a name applied to a group of poets in the 19th century, including Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey. They had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their works.6.MetaphysicalAbout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a schoolof poets called “Metaphysical”, including Donne, Herbert, Marvell, Vaughan, and Crashaw. The work of the metaphysical poets are characterized their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression and by generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.7.Heroic coupletsA heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. The use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Chaucer in The legend of Good Women and The Canterbury Tales.8.BalladsBallad was the most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. They are anonymous narrative poems bearing the characteristics of folklore and designed for singing or oral recitation in various English and Scottish dialects. Ballad is mainly the literature of the common people and one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society through the ballads. The subjects of ballad are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal—minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle. Usually a ballad deals with a single episode and the beginning is often abrupt, without any introduction to the characters and background information.回答问题1.撒旦为什么选择伊甸园作为复仇之地2.写一个关于傲慢与偏见的小结（作者、人物角色、情节、后果）和主题评价Pride and Prejudice is a novel by Jane Austen, first published in 1813.翻译题1.P103①Throw open all doors; let the re be light ; let every man think and bring his thoughts to the light;dread not any diversities of opinion.②Truth is compared in Scripture to a streaming fountain; if her waters flow not in a perpetual progression, they sicken into a muddy pool of conformity.③Where there is much desire to learn, there of necessity will be much arguing, much writing, many opinions; for opinion in good men is but knowledge in the marking.2.P193It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewedinterest in medieval literature.。
英美文学选读要点总结(英国)
英美文学选读要点总结【英国】The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection，and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question，explore，and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More，Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
【英美文学选读】名词解释笔记总结
01. Humanism（人文主义）Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life，but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance（文艺复兴）The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”，it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry（玄学派诗歌）Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit，the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods，and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism（古典主义）Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art，literature，or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal，and places value on reason，clarity，balance，and order. Classicism，with its concern for reason and universal themes，is traditionally opposed to Romanticism，which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality，equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope, Jonathan Swift, etc.06.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）In the field of literature，the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order，logic，restrained emotion and accuracy，and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School（墓地派诗歌）The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present，with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism（浪漫主义）1>In the mid-18th century， a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism，which emphasized reason，order and elegant wit. Instead，romanticism gave primary concern to passion，emotion，and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth，Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero（拜伦式英雄）Byronic hero refers to a proud，mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers，this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corruptsociety. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government，in religion，or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron‘s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism（批判现实主义）Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement——“art for art‘s sake” was set forth by a French poet，Theophile Gautier，the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life，and holds that life should imitate art，not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes，all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art‘s sake，can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues，such as politics and morality，and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era，as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality‘s sake，or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则“为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔。
《英美文学选读》笔记
P3Middle English literature strongly reflects the principles (原则) of the medieval Christina doctrine (中世纪基督教学说) , which were primarily (主要) concerned with the issue of personal salvation (拯救)P4Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of this period.Chaucer characteristically( 表示特性地) regard life in term of aristocratic ideals (贵族理想) ,but he never lost the ability of regarding life as a purely(纯粹地) practical matter , the art of being at once involved in and detached from a given situation is peculiarly (特有地) Chaucer’sChaucer bore （带有）marks of humanism and anticipated ( 预期的)a new era (时代) to comeIn short, Chaucer develops his characterization (描述) to a higher artistic (艺术的,有美感的) level by presenting characters (引出人物) with both typical and individual dispositions (部署)Chaucer’s reputation (名誉) has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanityChapter 1Renaissances: The Renaissances which means rebirth or revival, is actually a movement stimulated ( 刺激) by a series of historical events, In essence( 本质上) , is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers (人道主义思想家) and scholars (学者) made attempt( 努力/尝试) to get rid of ( 摆脱) those old feudalist ideas ( 封建主义) in medieval Europe , to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (新兴的资产阶级) and to recover the purity (纯度) of the earlychurch from the corruption( 腐败,堕落) of the Roman Catholic Church/P7 P8Humanism is the essence ( 本质) of the RenaissanceThomas More , Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare and the best representatives of the English humanistWhen Henry VIII declared himself through the approval of the Parliament( 国会) as the supreme (极大的,最高的) Head of the Church of England in 1534 , the Reformation in England was in its full swing ( 高潮)P10The religious reformation was actually as reflection of the class strugglewaged ( 工资 )by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology ( 意识形态)The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation andassimilation ( 模仿与同化)In the early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben JonsonThe Elizabethan drama , in its totally, is the real mainstream( 主流) of the English RenaissanceThe most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben JonsonP12Edmund Spenserhe was born in London and received good education & left Cambridge in 1576.in 1580, he was made secretary of Lord Grey of wilton. Spenser’s masterpiece(代表作)is the “ Faerie Queene ” is great poem of its age。
(完整word版)新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结背完必过
《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and others II Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created awhole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________.(0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】(P4.para.2)本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
《英美文学选读》笔记,全面归纳
《英美文学选读》笔记,全面归纳9年elf担任造反发言人。
主要的有:《儒林外史》(1794)、《洛书》(1795)。
四祖(1796-1807)无论他想象什么，他也看到了。
作为一个富有想象力的诗人，他用视觉形象而不是抽象的术语来表达自己的观点。
布雷克在平原上写他的诗《怀伊河谷》本身，用一个细节描述了归来的流浪者思想的宁静中心，传达了一种自然秩序的感觉，立刻生动地表现了船停下来的情景；炎热的热带阳光照耀了一整天。
其他水手一个接一个地渴死了，只有水手还活着，一直被口渴折磨着(1595)，这首诗表达了诗人第二次婚姻所引起的深刻的个人感情；阿莫里蒂(1595)，一系列十四行诗。
理解他的影响spesser诗歌的主要品质(完美的旋律②罕见的美感③精彩的想象力④崇高的道德纯洁它也揭示了人类在敌对的道德秩序中实现崇高愿望的挫折。
最后一个场景，浮士德面临他的厄运，出色地呈现了一些移民到殖民地的恐惧；有些人堕落到农场工人的水平，他是一个无辜的叛逆者，时间的三个统一，建筑的空间规律应该坚持时间的三个统一，建筑的空间规律应该坚持，这本书很快变成了一个开放的道路的伟大小说，一个\史诗般的散文\其主题是\真正荒谬的\人性，暴露在各种各样的约瑟夫悲剧:艾琳(1749)；几百篇论文出现在他编辑的两个期刊——《漫步者》，他必须取悦，但他也必须指导；他不能冒犯宗教或宣扬不道德；杜纳(1775)，喜剧歌剧；《批评家》(1779)，一部滑稽剧《水手的灵魂》中每一个相应的变化都被记录下来。
整个经历是一场极度疲劳的考验。
(2)\可汗\是柯勒律治吸食鸦片后在梦中创作的。
诗人在阅读忽必烈汗的作品时睡着了。
河流、宏伟宫殿的形象\人类想象力的产物是调和对立的装置(诗歌)；第12行到第30行是抑扬格五音步，其多样性是多节奏的；第31行到第34行是抑扬顿挫的四步抑扬顿挫，第35行是抑扬顿挫的五步抑扬顿挫。
他悲叹堕落的希腊，表达了他热切的希望被压迫的希腊人民应该赢得他们的自由；他赞美法国大革命，而在大陆上，他被誉为自由的捍卫者，人民的诗人。
最全却最简洁最重点的英美文学考试重点
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf (national epic民族史诗)metaphor alliteration。
3、Angles, Saxons and Jutes.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、The Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy William led the Norman army to invade England. The result of this war was William became the king of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society. Chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight头韵2、传奇ramances：描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情文学。
seek adventures , fighting for his lord in battle,humility,honor,sacrifice,brave,honesty,love with women三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)（反封建、反教会、追求个性自由）1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、purely English(the London dialect伦敦方言)3、heroic couplet英雄双韵体4、Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.5、代表作：The Canterbury Tales (英国文学史的开端)内容：The pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.特点：Each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. The story was endowed with what medieval romancelacked-interest of character as well as incident.观点：He believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate.主要故事: ①The Knight’s Tale ②The Pardoner’s Tale ③The Merchant’s Tale④The Wife of Bath四、The Renaissance (16世纪)1、背景：14-17century,a period of the breaking of feudal relations and the establishing the foundations of capitalism. New monarchy. It is a revival of classical arts and sciences.2、主要文学成就：Poetry: Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Sidney Spenser: the poet’s poet.Drama: Marlowe: blank verse(无韵诗) the principal vehicle of expression in drama. . William Shakespeare(1564-1616)Novels:John Lyly Thomas Loge Thomas NasheEssays /prose: Francis Bacon(1561-1626)、Thomas More(1478-1535)3 works of shakespeare:37palys ,tow narrative poems and 154sonnetsFirst period (1590-1600):comdies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人Second period(1601—1608):tragedies<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白Third period(1609—1612)historiesLyric poem:Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggSonnet 18:Theme：The poet writes beautifully on the conventional theme that his poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves and eulogizes.Sonnet 29:Theme：①The poet complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and then becomes happy upon the thought of the one he loves. ②Here Shakespeare is supposed to reveal his own thoughts and feelings, especially in the first octet.The character of Hamlet:①Hamlet was a humanist, a man who is from medieval prejudices and superstitions.②Starting from his humanist love of man, he turns to those around him with the same eagerness.③His intellectual genius is outstanding.④Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, hair-splitting and fruitless kind. It is rather the result of his penetrating habit of mind.五、The Period of Revolution and Restoration (17C)1、文学特点concerned with the tremendous social upheavals, influence by puritan. 光荣革命意义the supremacy of parliament, beginning of modern England,final triumph of the political liberty2、代表人物：①John Donne“metaphysical poets玄学A. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by: verbal wit, irregular rhythms, ingenious structure and strange images or “conceits奇喻”.a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two different things.B. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning意象:compasses、golden beaten(金箔)union of body and soul,physically and spiritually②John MiltonThe indomitable Puritan sprit finds its noblest expression in him.诗歌：Paradise Lost失乐园freedom knowledge oppose to monarchy Paradise Regained复乐园戏剧：Samson Agonistes力士参孙Shorter poems: L‘Allegro Il Penseroso ;Lycidas ComusPrincipal pamphlets: Areopagitica: attacks the censorship of the press and appeals for the freedom of the pressEikonoklaste: justifies the execution of Charles IDefense for the English People: a defense of the Commonwealth and Revolution Sonnet: On His Deceased Wife(唯一的爱情诗) On His Blindness③John Bunyan(1628-1688)班扬:The Pilgrim’s Progress④John Dryden(1631-1700):critic、poet、playwright六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪)1、文学特点：The main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. The 18th century was an age of prose. Novel writing made a big advance in this century. In thisstage,staire was much used in writing.2. classicism(neoclassicism), (pre-romanticism), (modern novel and sentimentalism)3.emphsis on reason,order ,balance and harmony.4、文学名人及作品：①classicism/neoclassicism Richard Steele：The Spectator Addison Pope johnson②pre-romanticismWilliam Blake:Song of Innocence. London、The Tiger、The Chimney Sweeper均节选自Song of Experience经验之歌Poetical Sketches 诗的素描The Book of Thel 塞尔书The Marriage of Heaven and HellRobert Burns(1759-1796):用苏格兰方言书写, ,著有Poems Chiefly in Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集 <A Red, Red Rose> My Heart’s in the n Highlands> <The Tree Of Liberty>③modern novelA. realistic novelDaniel Defoe、Henry Fielding、Jonathan SwiftB. sentimentalismLaurence Sterne: Sentimental Journey Tristram ShandyThomas Gray :Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌5、Daniel Defoe①英国小说之父②Robinson Crusoe全名:The life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CrusoeThe writers of the Enlightenment attached great importance to the molding of character and to education through the influence of varied environment.The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit.③Captain Singleton Colonel Jack Moll Flanders A Journal of the Plague Year Roxana6、Henry Fielding: comic Epic 喜剧史诗The History of Tom Jones, a foundling主要人物：Tom Jones: frank, kind, disinterested, sterlingSophia Western: brave and admirableBlifil: sly, perfidiousJoseph Andrews the journal of a Voyage to Lisbon Amelia7、Jonathan Swift（irony反讽)A Tale of a Tub 桶The battle of the Books 书之战The Drapier’s Letter 信A Modest Proposal建议Gulliver’s Travels格列佛四部分A Voyage to Lilliput/ Brobdingnag/ Laputa/ Houyhnhnms七、1.The romantic period(1798-1832):beginning of with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads,ending with Walter Scott’s death.2.Theme:sensibllity,love of nature,interest of past,mysticism,individualism,exoticpicture,strong-willed heroes,sometimes the romantics resort to symbolism.And symbols are objects used to represent abstract ideas and concepts.3.emphaize on emotion4.historical backgrounds:It was greatly influenced by the industrial revolution and the french revolution.5.romantuc writersThe first generation romantic writersBurns Blake----------pre-romantisWordsworth Coleridge--------negtiveThe second generation romantic writersByron Shelley and Keats-----active romanticsHistorical novelist-----Walter Scott6.WordsworthA..style:simplicity and purity of language and love of natureB.poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.①<Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)<I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud> / Daffodils/ The DaffodilsTheme: 1. Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.②Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺杂咏③Ode: Intimations of Immortality 不朽颂④The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女⑤Lucy Poems 露西⑥<The Prelude>序曲The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 老水手之歌The Excursion 漫游7.Lord ByronA.Byron’s language is moody and vicid,and he covers vast ares,both geographically and moyionally.B.Byronic hero:dark romancesC.works①<Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记②<Don Juan>唐•璜③<Cain>该隐诗歌：<She Walks In Beauty>8.ShelleyA.the mask of anarchy 暴政的化的装游行B．the finest lyric poets in the English languageC．works<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性<Queen Mab>麦布女王<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression <The Cenci>钦契 <A Defence of Poetry>诗辩<Ode to the West Wind>西风颂To a Skylark>致云雀9.ScottA. a historical novelistB.worksIvanhoe 艾凡赫waverly 威弗利the lady of the lake 湖畔湖人Rob Roy罗布.罗衣10.Jane Austen作品：① <Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情②<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见③<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园④<Emma>爱玛⑤<Persuasion>劝导⑥<Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺。
《英美文学选读》笔记(简单版)
《英美文学选读》笔记（简单版）Thomas More: Utopia 《乌托邦》Francis Bacon: Essays 《论说文集》或《随笔》"Knowledge is power"----BaconEdmund Spencer: Faerie Queen 《仙后》"Our sweetest songs are those that sing of saddest feelings."--- SpencerWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)1. 23rd, April 1564, Stratford-on-Avon2. His Father, a leather merchant 皮货商3. His school, a local Grammar school for 6 years4. His life, dramatist, actor, poet, proprietor5. His first son, Hamnet6. 4 tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth (Romeo and Juliet)7. Main works: 37 plays, 154 sonnets , 2 narrative plays戏剧 14行诗叙事诗Titus Andronicus 《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》The Two Gentlemen of Verona 《维罗纳二绅士》Love's Labor's Lost 《爱的徒劳》A Midsummer Night's Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》King John 《约翰王的生平和逝世》Much Ado about Nothing 《无事生非》The Merry Wives of Windsor 《温莎的风流娘们》Julius Caesar 《朱力叶斯·凯撒》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》As you like it 《皆大欢喜》8. Carl Marx: "Aeschylus and Shakespeare are the two greatest dramatic genius the world has ever known."9. His friend: "He does not belong to one time, but belongs to all times."William Shakespeare's writing feature1. A play in the play.2. Borrow plots from other stories such as Roman, Greek and ancient myth.3. Several threads running through the play.4. Combination of tragic and comic elements.William Shakespeare's writing style1. Tremendous vocabulary (16,000 words, invent words)2. Literary devices (alliteration, simile, metaphor)3. Use poetry in his playWilliam Shakespeare's humanistic ideas1. Against cruelty and anti-natural character of civil wars2. Against religious persecution, racial discrimination, social inequality.3. Hates rebellion and despises democracyThemes in Shakespeare's sonnets1. Express love and praise to a young man2. Immortalize beauty through verses3. Friendship or betrayal of friendshipSonnetOrigin: ItalyMost famous and influential sonneteer: PetrachSelected Reading of Shakespeare:1. [P37] Shakespeare's Sonnet 18:a. Ladies in the eyes of Shakespeare are not good and beautiful. His wife is 8 years older than him.b. Iambic pentameterc. Main ideas:i. Quatrain 1: praise the beauty of the young manii. Quatrain 2: changes in life and natureiii. Quatrain 3: "your" beauty will last foreveriv. Couplet: "your" beauty will live in my poem. à Immortalize beauty2. [P39] An Excerpt from The Merchant of Venicea. How does Shylock justify himself according to the accusation of Duke and Bassanio?[P40-41] There are 3 reasons.b. Why does Shylock stick to his bond instead of taking twice his principle?He hates the Christians and is determined to revenge on them because his daughter elopes with a Christian.c. What do you think of Shylock in the early court scene? What about him later?In the early court scene, Shylock is cruel, eloquent, stubborn, tricky, isolated from law and friendship.In the later court scene, Shylock is greedy, sympathetic and oppressed by Christians.d. What is Shakespeare's attitude towards Shylock?He sympathizes those who are oppressed. Antonio is oppressed by Shylock. Shylock is oppressed by Christians.e. The whole play is a tragi-comedy. In the scene, Shylock is the tragic side. Antonio and his friends is the comic side.John Donne (1572-1631)1572 Born in a merchant family1591 Learn law at the Inns of Court in LondonPrivate Secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.1601 29y. Married Egerton's niece, Ann More. He worked hard to fight against poverty. However, it's a secret marriage. When the marriage was exposed, he was put into jail. The Egertons regarded the marriage as an offence.1617 His wife died. He devoted his time and efforts to his priestly duties, writing sermons and religious poems.1621 Donne was appointed the Dean of St. Paul's and kept the post until his death.John Donne's major work1. Songs and Sonnets, wrote before 1600, 55 love poems.2. The Elegies and Satires, his elegies wrote for love whereas others' wrote for mourning dead people.3. Holy Sonnets & Sermons, Sonnets wrote about God, sexual life, problem of death and life. Sermons are Christian preaching. John Donne is famed for 3 things1. A great visitor of ladies2. A great frequenter of plays3. A great writer of conceited versesAt his time, John Donne was famed as a preacher. Today, he is famed as a lyric poet. John Donne compared parting love to compass, flea compared to the union of lovers. John Donne's conceit can be seen from his "Go catching the falling star" in which he listed many impossible things---the most impossible thing is a woman's faith and heart.Metaphysical poetry--- is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poets--- are the poets in the 17c England who often unconventionally use conceits and wit. The imagery is draw from everyday life.The form is the form of argument (with God, lover, himself). The diction is simple and the language is colloquial but powerful. John Donne is the leading of "metaphysical school".Selected Reading of John Donne1. [P66]The Sun Rising2. [P68]Death, Be not Proud (1)John Milton (1608-1674)1608 Born in London. A Catholic family. His father was both a scholar and a businessman.1620 Educated at St. Paul's School1625 Educated in Cambridge1643 Married a 17y. girl younger than him1649 Appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwell's Council of State1652 Became totally blind. His wife died. He married again.3 periods in John Milton's life1. English revolution1649 Charles I beheaded. Cromwell took the power1660 Restoration. Charles II took the power2. Political ideas: express his political ideas in pamphlets3. Poem: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books. The theme is the "Fall of Man", i.e. man's disobedience and the loss of Paradise.The original story is taken from Genesis. Adam and Eve are originally in innocent spiritual love. They are punished by God because they eat the apple of the Tree of Knowledge seduced by a serpent. Since they eat the apple, they begin to make love. God thinks they are not innocent. They committed sin. God drives Adam and Eve out of Eden.Satan is punished by God to suffer from fire. He knows that he can't win God by power, so he wins God by cheating. He seduced Eve to eat the apple.In Paradise Lost, Satan is the rebel who never bows down to God even when he failed. He is a good military leader. He refuses to acknowledge the power of God. He is determined to continue the battle. He feels sorrow at the sufferings of those angels. He has led to so terrible a punishment, but he is very cruel. He has indomitable pride, unconquerable rebellion, and the will to evil and power. He said, "Only do evil, no good". He tries to be as equal as God.Selected Reading of John Milton1. [P73] An Excerpt from Paradise LostChapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (1600-1798)The age of reason and enlightenment. It's a turbulent period.1660 The Restoration1665 The Great Plague --- Black Death. 70,000 died, 2/3 homeless.1688 The Glorious Revolution. James II exiled abroad. The persecution of Protestants. James II's daughter Marry and her wife William turned back to England as figurehead (King and Queen) without power. Power was in the Parliament. England became the first capitalist country with Constitutional monarchy, which marked the end of feudal society.1798 The publication of Lyrics by WordsworthIndustrial Revolution --- at the 2nd half of 18cPreparations for the revolution1. money --- by trading companies, e.g. East India Company--- by money investment2. goods, materials --- colonies, e.g. India, North America3. manpower --- "Act of Enclosure". The landless and homeless peasant began to work in cities--- the invention of textile machineIn the revolution, Bourgeois (middle class) became the main class in the society. Bankers, landlords, slave traders, merchants, colonists controlled the economy of the country at the time. They believed in self-reliance and hard working.The Giants of the Enlightenment Movement:Voltaire 伏乐泰, Mosteiqeu 孟德斯鸠, Dierot 狄德罗, Rousseau 卢梭.Gothic Novel1. Content: magic, supernatural elements, ghosts, monsters.2. Setting: old castle, graveyard, dark forest3. Atmosphere: horribleJohn Bunyan (1628-1688)1628 Born in a poor tinker's family. He received little education in a GrammarSchool1647 Married a Christian woman and became interested in Christianity.1660 Bunyan began to preach, but he didn't have a preaching license so he was put into jail for 6 years.1665 Great Plague in England, he was released from jail. Few months later, he was in jail again for another 6 years.1672 Declaration of Independence, he was released again.1675 His license of lay preacher was temporarily cancelled and he was in prison again.Throughout his life, he only read one book the Bible. His most famous work is The Pilgrim's Process.Bunyan's purpose of writing The Pilgrim's Process1. Urge people to abide by Christian doctrine2. To seek salvation through struggling with his own weakness and social evilsThe content of The Pilgrim's Process is about Christianity. The title means "life is a journey". It's a metaphor.Form of The Pilgrim's Process: Allegory1. A story in verse or prose with double meanings or meanings at two levels.2. Higher lever - concerning moral, religious, or political ideas. Lower level - your understanding of the story.3. Main characters in the story Christian, Faithful, Hopeful.4. The description of the story is realistic religious allegory.Selected Reading of John Bunyan: [P85]"The Vanity Fair" from The Pilgrim's ProcessWhy "The Vanity Fair" is a satire on the ruling class of Egnland?1. It's a symbolic picture of London at the time of Restoration2. In Vanity Fair, everything can be sold and bought, daily necessities, but also honor, kingdom, lust, pleasure and even lives.3. Evil things such as cheating, roguery, and adultery are normal in the Vanity Fair where there is no moral. It's a satire of the non-moral English ruling class.4. Faithful is put to death for his despising of the Vanities. It's a parallel of Bunyan's experience of imprisoned for preaching. John Bunyan's writing style --- moded after the BibleLanguage --- easy to read, colloquial, concrete and conciseForm --- allegorical form, realistic, true to life.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)1688 Born in the year of Glorious Revolution in a merchant Roman Catholic family.Because of his ill health, he didn't go to university. He received his education from a learned preacher. Because he is a Catholic, he can't do thing for the government.Pope is a deformed person. He suffered severe illness in his childhood.Illness accompanied him throughout his life.Alexander Pope's major work1711 An Essay on Criticism. The poem is a manifesto of English neoclassicism. It's expressed Pope's aesthetic theories of poetry. The poem is divided into 3 parts with 744 lines.Part I: bewailing the lack of true taste in critics; praising the ancients likeHomer, VirgilPart II: enumerating dangers of criticism; referring to literary scene of his dayPart III: giving rules for criticism; tracing the history of literary criticism.The poem is a comprehensive study on literary criticism. It was written in heroic couplet as Pope is a master in heroic couplet. Heroic couplet is 2 lines with the same rhymes, same length. 10 syllables, 5 stressed, 5 unstressed. Heroic couplet was first used by Chaucer.1712 The Rape of Lock is based on a real event. Bellina is as beautiful woman as a Goodness. She is admired by all the people around her, esp. a young man name. A Baron cut a small amount of Bellina's hair. In Bellina's opinion, it's an offence. Baronjust cut her hair for fun and admiration. So hatred is aroused between the two families. They become enemies. In this poem, Pope satires the idle, meaningless life of middle-class people.1728 The Dunciad is consisted of 4 books. It's the best satire of Pope. It's a very famous satirical poem about against personal enemies. Pope tries to attack on all personal enemies.1733-34 An Essay on Man. Pope gained his fame as a poet. It includes 4 epistles (letters). People review his philosophical and political views as an enlgitener.Selected Reading of Alexander Pope: [P93] An excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)He was born in a butcher's family (wealthy but low social status). Defoe never went to university, but received good educationin a Dissenting Academy. Defoe has two interests: interest in business and interest in politics.Interest in business. He started from small business to become rich. He is a gifted man in business.Interest in politics. His political stand swang between the Whigs and the Tories. He wrote political pamphlets to attack the Whigs, but both of the two parties thought the pamphlets insulted them. So Defoe was sent to jail and pillory. He negotiatedwith the Prime minister to become a spy to Scotland. He tried to make the union of Scotland and England.1704, he issued a periodical The Review, on which he voiced his concerns for woman's right, economy, children and parents relationships, politics and other hot issues of the time.1718, he began to write novel.1719, his first novel Robinson Crusoe was published. It's based on a true story published on a newspaper. (Alexander is a Scottish who lives in an uninhabited island for 5 years.) The story is about the hero's life on the island. The first part is aboutthe career of Robinson Crusoe. The body of the novel is about his life on the island after the shipwreck. The story reveals the essence of British colonialism.The themes of Robinson's Crusoea. man's struggles against natureb. glorification of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to improve his livelihood.c. Glorification of labor (Robinson lives on his own hands)The style of Robinson's Crusoea. realistic style, true to life, in detailsb. smooth, simple, colloquial languagec. long sentences are loose; short sentences are plain, easy to understandd. presents facts in order, the meaning is clearIn the following years, Defoe wrote another 4 novels: Captain Singleton (1720), Moll Flanders (1722), Colonel Jack (1722) and Roxana (1724). Defoe wrote them in the same pattern. The feature of the pattern:a. Traces the personal history of the titular hero or heroine of a low origin. After some ups and downs, he/she finally gets prosperity.b. Deals with moralizing, repentance, and revolutions to be good.c. Expresses the struggles for mere existence. Show the conflicts between existence and social environment.d. Blames the society for driving people to sinning.1720, Captain Singleton is sent to Africa when he was 3 months old. In Africa, he experiences many adventures. With good luck, he wins much gold. Back to England, he goes bankrupt and becomes a pirate.1722, Moll Flanders is the daughter of a woman thief. She is born in the Newgate Prison. In her life, she married 5 times with over 12 children. However, she never nurses a single child. She becomes a thief herself. She is transferred to the American colony as a criminal. She accumulates a wealth and buys a fare plant there. At the age of 30, she comes back to England. 1722, Colonel Jack is deserted by his parents at a very young age. He becomes a pickpocket. He is kidnapped and sent to the American colony. He is very clever and finally becomes a rich plant owner.1724, Roxana is the daughter of a Protestant refugee. She is beautiful and clever. She marries an English merchant. Because the merchant deserts her, she becomes a famous international prostitute. In Holland, she married a Dutch merchant. After his death, she finds that he was in great debts. She can't pay off the debts and is put into jail and died in jail.Daniel Defoe's satirical poems.1701, The True-Born Englishman, in the poem, Defoe defended King William, which won him the friendship of the King. He attacked the racial and family pride of the aristocrats in England.1703, A Hymn to the Pillory. He voiced his anger over the shameful punishment, courageous attack on the injustice of England's legal system. He was cheered by people as a hero to defend himself.Selected Reading of Daniel Defoe: [P98] An excerpt from Robinson CrusoeJonathan Swift (1667-1745)He was born in Dublin, Ireland, of an English family. His father died before he was born. A rich uncle sent Swift to the Trinity College. His most deed is against the ruling class of England.1689-1699, he worked as a private secretary to Sir William Temple, a retired diplomat. On the post, Swift made many famous politician friends and came to know many dirty and dishonest politicians of the day.1704, Swift published the satire, The Battle of the Books, which wrote about the quarrels between the Ancients and the Moderns. The Ancients were compared to bee. The Moderns were compared to spider. In literate theory, bee represents good - "bring honey"; spider represents selfish.1704, A Tale of a Tub attacks on religion or Christianity. In the satire, the father represents the God. His 3 sons indicate the 3 branches of Christianity: Roman Catholic, English Church, and Dissenters.The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub established Swift's name as a satirist.1705, he became a clergyman.1707, he moved to London and became a politician. He tries to speak for the Irish people. He was the editor of The Examiner, a Tory's periodical.1713, he was appointed the Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.1716, Swift married a woman.1724, there were 2 great events in England.a. Wool industry --- English Congress passed the persuasion of developing wool industry in England. Irish people can't make money from wool because they have to return the land. Irish people had to live a miserable life. A famous slogan in Ireland at that time is "Burn everything that come from England except the coal" which voiced Irish people's determination of refusing England.b. Coin event --- A minister suggested and permitted to make new coins. The exchange rate between Irish coin and the new English coin was unfair. The minister and King got profit from the exchange.1724, Swift published the satireThe Drapier's Letters to attack the event. The exchange of new coin is canceled.1726, his wife died. It's a heavy blow on him. He wrote and published his greatest satirical work, Gulliver's Travels. The story is divided into 4 parts.Part I. Travels in Lilliput is a mini picture of modern English society. Two parties: High Heel and Low Heel indicates the Tories and the Whigs. Here, Swift satires the two parties. The war between Lilliput and its neighboring country about how to break eggs (big/small end). Big end - Roman Church. Small end - English Church. Swift satires the party and church fights are meaningless.Part II. Travels in BrobdingnagPart III. A show of the cruelty of the English ruling class. The Flying Island rules the below countries.Part IV. It's the sharpest and bitterest satire. In this part, human beings are reduced to animals. A wiser creature governs human beings. Gulliver wants to be a horse rather than a man. It shows how mean the human beings are.1729, the publication of the pamphlet A Modest Proposal. It's a greatest and bitterest satire.The theme of A Modest Proposala. The poor Irish people were forced to sell their one-year-old child for the rich people for food.b. English King allowed French King to recruit soldiers from Ireland to solve the problem of over population.c. Some politicians suggested sending Irish people to Australia to be concentrated servants because of over population.d. Swift lists some terrible scenes in the prose: a beggar mother followed by children in rugs; poor parents sell children. It's a satire against the English ruling class and the cruelty of English landlords.Selected Reading of Jonathan Swift: [P107] An excerpt from Gulliver's TravelHenry Fielding (1707-1754)1707 Fielding was born in an aristocratic family. His great grandfather was an Earl. (Duke 公, Marquis 侯, Earl 伯, Viscount 子, Baron男) He received his education in the Eton Public School1728 21y. He published his first play in London, but failed.1729 Fielding quarreled with his father, so his father cut off financial support. He had to make a living by himself.1730-37 He produced 25 plays of different times. His ballads, satires were alsovery successful. (Shakespeare wrote 37 plays)1734 He got married.1737 30y. The promulgation of Licensing Act restricted the publication of plays. So Fielding took up law. He spent 3 years to finish a 7-year course.1740 Fielding became a bar, but the money he earn couldn't support his familyHenry Fielding wrote 4 novels in his life. Henry Fielding is regarded as "Father of English Novel".1742 The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews. The hero Joseph Andrews is the servant of Mr. B's uncle and is the cousin of Pamela.Samuel Richardson's Pamela is a collection of letters written by herself and her parents. Pamela is a very beautiful and clever girl. Mr. B's mother is very found of here and teaches her knowledge. After the mother died, Pamela wants to go home, but Mr.B as a noble man seduces her, doesn't allow her to go home and imprisons her. Pamela write letters and sends the letters by a servant of Mr. B. Mr. B falls in love with Pamela through reading her letters. The novel persuades people to be virtuous. Henry Fielding's aims of writing the Adventures of Joseph AndrewsPart I, Fielding tries to attack Pamela. He thinks Pamela's chastity ispretentious and untrue. She uses her chastity to seduce Mr. B.Part II. Joseph Andrews meets his friend Parson Adams. Both of them travel through England. Fielding tries to give a panoramic view of England.Part I. It was first intended as a burlesque of the conventional virtue of false sentimentality.Part II. Fielding adopted "comic epic in prose"--- to write common people in form of great novel. Epic is used to describe great figures and heroes. He gave a vivid picture of English life.Major achievement: the description of Parson Adams. Adams is an absent-minded, vain man, so he is a ridiculous person, easy to be cheated.1743 Jonathan Wild the Great , Jonathan is a notorious criminal of the London underworld. He is a real person. He is hanged in 1725. Jonathan is described as a great man. He never participated in any crime, but he orders other people to commit crimes. He commands crime.Henry Fielding compared Jonathan to Prime Minister Walpole. The story is a political satire.1749 Tom Jones is a deserted child. He is adopted by a kind man who has his own child Blifil. The two children fell in love with the same girl Sophia. Tom is kind and he is truly in love with Sophia. Blifil loves Sophia for her beauty and money. Sophia's father knows that Tom is a deserted child so he wants Sophia to marry Blifil. Tom wants to see the outside world andmoves to London. Sophia wants to see the world too. So they go through a long journey and give a panoramic view of 18c's English life.In this novel, social evils are presented: cruelty, moral degeneracy, deceit, and hypocrisy. It's showed Fielding's view about human nature. Henry Fielding thinks that human nature is a combination of good and evil.The writing feature of Tom Jones --- "comic epic in prose", displays a kind of classic epic form. The novel contains 18 books in 3 sections.Section 1: life in the countrysideSection 2: life on the highwaySection 3: life in London1750 Amelia marries a poor solider. Her husband goes to London to seek fortune. He fights with other people in the street so he is put into jail. She is very faithful to her husband. When her husband is in prison, other officials try to seduce her. In the end, Amelia reunites with her husband and live happily.Henry Fielding's aim of writing Ameliaa. To condemn the moral degeneracy of the officials. To praise Amelia.b. To reveal the shameless deed of the noble and the rich.Henry Fielding's writing style1. Comic epic in prose: the grand style of classic epic in the depiction of common, ridiculous people.2. He started the third person narration. The narrator is a kind of all knowing God.3. The characters are vivid, convincing and true to life,4. His language is easy, familiar, vivid but vigorous.5. The content is noted for the theatrical devices: suspense, coincidence, surprise.What is "comic epic in prose"?1. The description in a grand style of classic epic. "Classic epic" has:(a) a great hero(b) calls on Muses(c) give a list of names of gods(d) compare small fights to great wars.2. Use verified language to narrate a small fight.3. Different figure of speech esp. irony, hyperboleSelected Reading of Henry Fielding: [P122] An excerpt from Tom JonesSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)1708 Johnson was born in a bookseller's family, in Richfield. His eyesight was very poor like John Milton1715 8y. He went to a Grammar School for 8 years which provided him a solid knowledge of Latin1728 He went to Oxford University1731 22y. His father died. He quit Oxford without a degree.1735 26y. He married an old rich widow who was 20years older than him. Hemarried her for money.1738 29y. His first poem1747 He compiled English dictionary1752 His wife died. He was in great debt and was arrested.1755 The first publication of English dictionary brought him fame and money.1762 The British government gave him an annual pension of £300, which freed him from the burden of "writing for a living". His life before 1762 was very difficult.He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet诗人, dramatist 剧作家, prose romancer散文传奇小说作家, biographer 传记作者, essayist 随笔作家, critic 批评家, lexicographer 词典编纂者and publicist 政治评论家. Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18c. His point of view:1. He concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.2. In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative, openly showed his dislike and fondness.3. He insisted that a writer should adhere to universal truth and experience i.e. Nature.4. He was particularly found of moralizing 道德教化and didacticism 教训主义.Johnson's writing style.1. His language is characteristically general, of Latinate 从拉丁文衍生来的and frequently polysyllabic多音节的2. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven 交织with parallel words and phrases but clearly expressed.3. He tends to use "learned words", uses words accurately.Selected Reading from Samuel Johnson: [P132] "To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield"Richard Brinkley Sheridan (1751-1816)1751 Sheridan was born in Dublin, Ireland. His father was an actor and theater manager. He was educated at Harrow (Eton, 2 public schools). His works are mainly plays. In fact, Dublin is the cradle of many famous writers, like Jonathan Swift.1770 Sheridan moved to Bath, the most fashionable place in 18c's England.1772 He was in love with a beautiful lady who is a singer and actress. He fought two duels and finally married her.1774 The appearance of his first play The Rivals won him an immediate success and fame.1776 He became a part owner and manager of the Drury Lane Theater, so it's easy for him to stage his plays.1777 The appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal.1780 His play-writing career ended. He was elected M.P. of the Parliament and became an orator.1809 The Drury Lane Theater was burn in a fire. His financial support was cut off.1812 His political career ended. He had no money to afford the election.1816 Sheridan died in poverty and neglect. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.The first English writer buried in Westminster Abbey was Chaucer. Samuel Johnson was also rested there.Richard Brinsley Sheridan is chiefly known as a playwright. Two plays: The Rivals, The School of Scandal.The Rivals (1774)The heroine Lydia comes from an upper-class family. Lydia is a sentimental girl. She often dreams to elope with a poor young man. Captain Absolute loves Lydia. He is a Baron. He pretends to be a poor young man to win the heart of Lydia. However, Lydia's aunt is a rich woman. She refuses the proposal made by Captain Absolute. Captain Absolute's father makes a proposal to Lydia's aunt. The father reveals the real identity of his son so the aunt accepts the proposal. When Lydia knows the identity of Captain Absolute, she is disillusioned. She finally realized that romance is not realistic.Theme of The Rivals.1. Sheridan ridicules the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of the young woman of the upper class.2. Sheridan presents a true picture of the aristocratic-bourgeois world where money talks. (like the arranged marriage)The School of Scandal (1777)The school of scandal refers to the living room of Lady Sneerwell.Lady Sneerwell: She often laughs at people, esp. underdogs.Mrs. Candour: Candour means justice, but here it's an irony. She is a scandal monger.Sir Backbite: Backbite means bite people from behind. He is a two-blade man.Joseph Surface and Charles Surface: Surface means superficial. You can't judge the brothers by their appearance.Theme of Sheridan [P136]In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.Writing style of Sheridan [P136-137]1. His dramatic techniques are largely conventional. They are exploited to the best advantage.2. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly.3. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.。
自考英美文学选读要点总结精心整理2
英美文学选读要点总结细心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到足够的论据，来赞美人性，并开始留意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探究以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
[文学]张伯香英美文学选读笔记完整笔记_全面归纳
![[文学]张伯香英美文学选读笔记完整笔记_全面归纳](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/5cd8815d71fe910ef02df895.png)
Chapter I The Renaissance Period一、学习目的和要求通过本章学习，了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮产生的历史，文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
二、考核要求(一) 文艺复兴时期概述1. 识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定（2）历史文化背景2. 领会: （1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响（2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点（3）人文主义的主张及对文学的影响3. 应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释Brief Introduction to the Renaissance PeriodI. 应用Definitions of the Literary Terms:1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actuall y a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-d iscovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geograp hy & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The R enaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the Europe an humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feu dalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early ch urch from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang fr om the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscio us, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on su ch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new le arning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, bu t the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists foun d in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was their s not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beau ty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonder s. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the be st representatives of the English humanists.3. Spenserian stanza:Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iam bic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc.4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influ ence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried t o break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neo classic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. Th e imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.5. The Renaissance her A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Chr istopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and fu ll of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He e mbodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Differen t from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven thr ough salvation and god's will, he is against conventional morality and cont rives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the true Re naissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing su ch a spirit.（二）该时期的重要作家1.一般识记：重要作家的文学生涯2.识记：重要作品及主要内容3.领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法，社会意义等。
英美文学选读自学笔记
英美文学选读自学笔记English literature前言: 配合该笔记，看看选读的文章，有个大概的印象就行了。
学会对文章进行分析是考查的最终目标。
本人判断力不错，但记忆力不好,考前看了两遍，考了68分。
如果能记下要点，应该会考得更好。
这次考试的40小题选择题我做对了32题。
最后,希望我整理的笔记能提高大家的学习效率,I Old English Literature ----(450―1066)two groups : religious �C-on biblical themes ---- Secular ---- heroic age ---- --- a protector ofpeople ,fight against the nature.II Medieval period ---(1066---14th Century)Fame :1066 Norman conquest ---- three changes―feud alism system established ( politically )--- Catholic Church ( Religiously ) --- French, Latin, English (co-existedlanguage )In comparison with old English literature: (1) wider range of subjects (2) themes concerned with the personal salvation (3) romance love (4) the language is simple and straightforward ?The epic reflects a heroicage ,the romance reflects a chivalric one‘ 骑士Chaucer : 1 titles: the English Homer , the father of English poetry (from),2 verse : first use 'heroic couplet' , realisticpicture of his time , vivid characters from all works of his life , the characters are both typical and individual, his ideas is to pursue earthly happiness, opposed asceticism 禁欲主义, advocate humanism, replacealliterative verse with rhymed stanzas (古英语的押头韵变成中世纪的押尾韵)first use rhymed 'heroic couplet' octosyllabic 八音节诗 3.novel: the first modern novel.III Renaissance (14th―17th)Fame : ① move from feudalist ideas to the interest of rising bourgeoisie.② recover from corruption of the Roman Catholic Church to the purity of the earthly church . England :the reign of Henry VIII -----England?s Golden Age in literature---- Bibles in English instead of Latin readable forcommon people-------- literary giants : Shakespeare, Spenser ,Jonson Sidney,Marlowe ,Bacon ,and DonneThe time of Tudos ---- change monasteries修道院 into schools anduniversities ------ the English Renaissance flourishing-------first introduced printing into England and translatedbooks in English(by William Caxton)Traits of humanistic poetry : meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should be combined to frame the emotional theme. Poetry was to be a concentrated exercise of the mind , if craftsmanship and of learning. The most famous dramatists : Shakesperar , Ben Jonson, and Marlowe Writers : Wyatt (introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England)Surrey (brought in blank verse)Sidney (brought in sestina and terza rima)Marlowe(brought mighty lines to the blank verse ) Spenser( pastoral convention )John Donne, George Herbert ( metaphysical poets)Francis Bacon (the first important English essayist, the founder ofmodern science in England)I Edmund SpensorFame: Spenserian Stanza，the poet‘s poet(他的诗节被称为�D斯宾塞诗节‖，他被称为�D诗人中之诗人‖)选读 (Poem)contains 12 books, speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman, each of which tells a knight. Arthur―the heros of heros---plays a role in each of the 12 major adventures, serve as a unifying element. The theme is ?Fierce Wares and f aithful loves‘.The knight here symbolized the Church (Anglican) , is the protector of Una (the Virgin) .Una stands for the true religion.Qualities of Spensor’s poetry: 1. a perfect melody (music sense) 2.a rare sense of beauty 3. a splendid imagination 4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness. 5.a dedicated idealism II. Christopher MarloweFame: be regarded as ?University Wits‘. Perfected the blank verse, brought strong emotion into the blank verse. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition. (but his verse is not strong in dramatic construction and women ?s characters are rather pale)Plays: (the name of an ambitious ancient emperor. He rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king through his own effort. By depicting such a great king, Marlow voiced the desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority. )选读 (Faustus is longing for knowledge and finally sells his souls to the evil. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge ,power and happiness)affection for his love.)Poetry: (It deprives from the pastoral tradition, in which the shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pureIII. William Shakespeare (1564―1616)Background: from merchant‘s family .父亲是个当地镇里的多面手，有点名气。
最全面英美文学重点知识点超详细归纳总结(适用于英语专八)超详细2021
Old English Literature 古英语文学（450-1066 年）Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic中世纪英语文学（1066-1500）Geoffrey Chaucer (乔叟，c. 1343–1400)was an English poet. He is remembered for his Theture 英―国文学之父‖Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English literaWilliam Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》文艺复兴（16-17 世纪）William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving.《维拉斯和works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece. 《鲁克丽丝受辱记》Shakespeare ‘s greatest works:greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》‘s Dre《am仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》great comedies: A Midsumme r NightMerchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》,The《第十二夜》, Twelfth Night《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五great historical plays: Richard III世》, Henry VII John Milton 《亨利八世》( 弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for theCommonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost 《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》.18 世纪文学和新古典主义Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 )is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet 英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Manon Criticism 《论批评》《人论》and An Essay Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731) was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class peopleHenry Fielding ( 菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones.Jonathan Swift ( 斯威夫特,1667-1745) , was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is rememberedfor novel such as Gulliver‘s Tr a《v e格ls列佛游记》.Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816) , Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal( 造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners.Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）.Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774 ）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar ofWakefield ( 《威克菲尔德牧师传记》)Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Writtenin a Country Churchyard（《墓畔哀歌》）, writer of sentimentalism感伤派.浪漫主义（18 世纪末19 世纪初）William Blake (1757 –1827) was an English poet, best known for his poetical collections of Songof Innocence 《天真之歌》and Song of Experience 《经验之歌》.William Wordsworth (1770-1850),a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》.Wordsworth?s magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude《序曲》.Samuel Taylor Coleridge( 柯勒律治, 1772 –1834) was an English poet who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and oneof the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子颂》and Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》George Gordon Byron (拜伦，1788—1824 ) was a English poet and a leading figure in Romanticism.Amongst Byron?s best-known works are his narrative poems Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage 《哈罗尔德游记》and Don Juan《唐璜》Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He is perhaps most famous for Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》, To a Skylark《致云雀》, Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》.Mary Shelley ( 玛丽? 雪莱1797 –1851) was a British novelist best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》, considered as first science fictionJohn Keats ( 济慈, 1795—1821) was an English poet who became one of the principal poets of the English Romantic movement. His masterpieces such as Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》and Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》浪漫主义时期小说家Jane Austen (1775 —1817) , was an English novelist. Her major novels include Sense and Sensibility ( 《理智与情感》), Pride and Prejudice ( 《傲慢与偏见》), Emma ( 《爱玛》). Walter Scott ( 司各特, 1771---1832), a prolific Scottish historical novelist . His major works is Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Realism 现实主义时期（V ictorian Age 维多利亚时期1837-1901）, 1818 –1848) and Bronte sisters 勃朗宁姐妹, Charlotte ( 夏洛蒂, 1816 –1855), Emily ( 艾米丽Anne (安妮, 1820 –1849), were English writers of t he 1840s and 1850s. Charlotte?s Jane Eyre 《简爱》, Emily ‘s Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》and Anne's Agnes Grey《艾格妮斯·格雷》are masterpieces of English literature.George Elliot ( 乔治-爱略特，1819—1880 ) was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her novels, largely set in provincial England. Her major novelsinclude:The Mill on the Floss 《佛洛斯河上的磨坊》 Middlemarch 《米德尔玛契》 .Charles Dickens (1812 –1870) ：one of the most popular English novelists of the Victorian era. His《双城记》 ,Oliver Twist 《奥利弗退斯特》 major novels include: A Tale of Two Cities ,DavidCopperfield 《大卫科波菲尔德》 , Great Expectation 《远大前程》 , Hard Times 《艰难时世》Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷， 1811— 1863) was an English novelist of the 19thWilliam century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair 《名利场》Mrs. Gaskell ( 盖斯凯尔夫人 , 1810-1865) was an English novelist during the Victorian era. Hermajor novels include: Mary Barton 《玛丽 ? 巴顿》Thomas Hardy( 哈代 , 1840 –1928) , an English novelist of the naturalism 自然主义 . His majornovels include: Tess of the d?Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》 Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》 Jude the Obscure. 《无名的裘德》 现实主义时期诗歌Most of his novels are set in Wessex （威塞克斯） .Robert Browning ( 布朗宁 , 1812 –1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery ofdramatic monologues 戏剧独白 , made him one of the foremostdramatic verse, especially Victorian poets.Alfred Tennyson ( 丁尼生， 1809 –1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remainsone of the most popular English poets. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, including"Break, break, break"Oscar Wilde ( 王尔德 , 1854 –1900)唯美主义 (art for art ‘为s s 了a 艺k e 术而艺playwright and one novel, known for his aestheticism 术). His major plays include The Importance of Being Earnest The Picture of Dorian Gray 《道林 -格雷的画像》20 世纪和现代主义Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳 , 1856-1950), an Irish playwright, literature in the 20th century. He adhered to the tradition of 《不可儿戏》 ; His major novel is the greatest dramatist in Englishrealism, writing plays as a way todiscuss social problems. He won Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. His major plays include, MrsWarren ‘ s Profess i 《on 华伦夫人的情人》 , Major Barbara 《芭芭拉少校》 , Pygmalion 《皮革马力翁》 and Saint Joan 《圣女贞德》John Galsworthy ( 高尔斯华绥 , 1867-1933) one of the most important novelists in the Early 20thcentury ， a Nobel Prize winner. His major works is Forsyte Saga 《福尔赛世家》 which comprisesthree novels:The Man of Property 《有产业的人》 , In Chancery 《衡平法院》 To Let 《出租》Joseph Conrad (康拉德 , 1857-1932) Conrad was born in Poland and an English novelist. Hismajor novels include Lord Jim 《吉姆爷》 and The Heart of Darkness 《黑暗的心》 .James Joyce (乔伊斯 , 1882-1941): An Irish born novelist, known for the technique of thestream of consciousness. His main works: Ulysses 《尤利西斯》 ;A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ; 《青年艺术家的肖像》 夜祭》 Dubliners 《都柏林人》Finnegan ‘ s W a ; k 《e 芬尼根彻E. M. Forster （福斯特 , 1879-1970 ） an English novelist, A Passage to India 《印度之行》T.S. Eliot (T.S. 艾略特 , 1888-1965) ：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land《荒原》 , 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.David Herbert Lawrence (D.H. 劳伦斯 , 1885-1930), an English novelist. His most importantnovels are, Rainbow 《彩虹》 of consciousness 意识流 .and Sons and Lovers 《儿子与情人》 . He is the founder of streamWilliam Butler Yeats ( 叶芝 , 1865-1939) an Irish poet and awarded Nobel Prize for literature in1923. His major poems include Sailing to Byzantium 《驶向拜占庭》 和天鹅》 .and Leda and Swan 《利达Samuel Beckett ( 贝克特， 1906-1989) , an Irish dramatist and Nobel Prize winner for Literature.His masterpiece is Waiting for Godot 《等待戈多》 . He is the exponent of the theatre of the absurd荒诞派戏剧 .Iris Jean Murdoch (默多克 , 1919-1999) , English female Black Prince 《黑王子》 , The Sea, the Sea 《大海啊，大海》 novelist, her major novels includeand Unicorn 《独角兽》Doris Lessing ( 莱辛 , 1919--) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass isSinging. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature.Muriel Spark （ 斯帕克 , 1918-2006）English female novelist, best known for her novel The Primeof Miss Jean Brodie (1961) 《布罗迪小姐的青春》Virginia Woolf (伍尔夫 , 1882-1941) Woolf is important female novelists. Her major works Lighthouse 《向灯塔去》 .美国文学殖民地革命时期Benjamin Franklin ( 富兰克林 , 1706-1790): an exponent of modernism and one of the mostinclude Mrs. Dalloway 《达洛威夫人》 , To theone of American founding fathers ( 建国之父 )Autobiography 《自传》 Poor Richard ‘ s Almana 《ck 穷人理查历书》 Major works: Jonathan Edwards ( 爱德华兹， 1703 –1758) was a colonial theologian and writer. His work isoften associated with the Puritan heritage. His famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an AngryGod," 《落在忿怒之神手中的罪人》 is credited for starting the First Great Awakening.Thomas Pain (潘恩 , 1737-1809) :British （1776 ）works: Common Sense 《常识》pamphleteer. Major Federalists P ’a p e rs 《联邦党人文集》 Madison 曼迪逊浪漫主义时期Romantic Period （ 1790-1865 ）：Earlier Romantic Period (1790-1830)Romantic Heyday (1830-1865)Earlier Romantic Period:Washington Irving (1783-1859)Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)汉密尔顿 John Jay 杰伊 James: Alexander HamiltonWashington Irving ( 华盛顿? 欧文, 1783-1859): American romantic novelist. He was bestknown for his short stories―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ‖and―Rip V a h n i cW h inkle‖, both of w appear in his book The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》. Irving is the first American writer who gainedinternational fame.James Fenimore Cooper ( 库珀, 1789-1851): American romantic novelist , best remembered forhis Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事》(The Pioneer《拓荒者》, Deer Slayer《猎鹿者》,Pathfinder《探路人》, Prairie《大草原》, The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》) featuringfrontiersman Natty Bumppo.2) Romantic Heyday (1830-1865):Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonNathaniel HawthorneHerman MelvilleHarriet Beecher StoweEdgar Allan PoeTranscendentalists（超验主义）:Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanWalt Whitman ( 惠特曼，1819-1882): American romantic poet, father of free verse( 自由诗) , bestknown for his collection of poems Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》Waldo Ralph Emerson ( 爱默生，1803-1882): leader of the transcendentalism, his essay Nature《论自然》is the manifesto of transcendentalism. his another essay The American Scholar 《美国学者》is considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence ‖.Henry David Thoreau ( 梭罗, 1817–1862) : American romantic writer best known for his bookWalden《瓦尔登湖》, a reflection upon simple living.Herman for his novelMelville (麦尔维尔, 1819–1891) : American novelist,best knownMoby-Dick 《白鲸》Hawthorne ( 霍桑, 1804–1864):Nathaniel American novelist, best known for his fourromances(传奇小说):The Scarlet Letter 《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖尖角的房子》The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun 《玉石人像》Emily Dickinson (狄金森，1830 –1886)American poetess, whose poetry are concerned with life,death and immortality.Harriet Beecher Stowe ( 斯托尔夫人, 1811–1896American female novelist,whose novel Uncle Tom?s Cabin (1852) 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》attacked the cruelty of slavery. )Realism 现实主义Mark novelist. most noted for his novels The Twain ( 马克?吐温1835 –1910), AmericanAdventures of Tom Sawyer（《汤姆索亚历险记》）and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝恩历险记》Life on the Mississippi River 《密西西比河上的生活》《亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur?s CourtThe Gilded Age 《镀金时代》Henry James (亨利?詹姆斯1843-1916),American realist novelist, founder of international novel（国际题材小说）Important works:The American 《美国人》The Europeans 《欧洲人》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》The Wings of the Dove 《鸽冀》The Ambassadors 《大使》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》was the pen name of American novelist William Sydney Porter (1862O. Henry 欧亨利–1910). O. Henry?s short stories are well known for his short stories such as Cop and Anthem (《警察和赞美诗》) and Gift of Magie ( 《麦琪的礼物》)William Dean Howells (豪威尔斯, 1837 –1920) was an American realist novelist and literary critic. Major works include The Rise of Silas Lapham 《赛拉斯? 拉帕姆的发迹》Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞, 1871–1945) American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for his novels Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》and An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》and his desire trilogy 《欲望三部曲》:The Financier 《金融家》The Titan 《巨头》The Stoic 《斯多葛》American Naturalist （自然主义）1) Stephen Crane 克莱恩2) Frank Norris 诺里斯3) Jack London 杰克-伦敦1) Stephen Crane ( 克莱恩, 1871–1900)was an American novelist.He won international acclaimfor his 1895 Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage 《红色的英勇勋章》.2) Frank Norris ( 诺瑞斯1870–1902)American novelist.His notable works include McTeague《麦克提格》, The Octopus《章鱼》3)Jack London ( 杰克? 伦敦, 1876–1916)American novelist,known for his novel Martin Eden《马丁? 伊登》, The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》.20 世纪和现代主义-诗歌T.S. Eliot (T.S. 艾略特, 1888-1965) ：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.Ezra Pound（庞德）: American imagist poet 意象派诗人, major poems include Cantos 《诗章》,Hugh Selwyn Maubery ( 莫伯里), Cathay (《华夏》translation of ancient Chinese poems)Robert Frost (弗罗斯特, 1874 –1963) American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life in New England and his command of American colloquialspeech. Hiswork was first recognized in England and then in America.Wallace Stevens（斯蒂文斯, 1879-1955）American poet, best known for his poem Anecdote forthe Jar and his emphasis on Imagination.Allen Ginsberg ( 金斯伯格, 1926-1997), American poet of Beat Generation ( 垮掉的一代), bestknown for his poem How―l‖《嚎》Ernest Hemingway (海明威, 1899—1961) American novelist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation". He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Major works:The Sun also Rises 《太阳照样升起》A Farewell to Arms 《永别了-武器》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》―Meditation XVII ‖, an essay by metaphysical poet John D多o n恩ne―any man's death dim inishes me, because I am involved in mankind,and therefore never send to‖know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.Fitzgerald ( 菲茨杰拉德, 1896 –1940) American writer of novels, whose works are evocative ofthe Jazz Age. Fitzgerald is considered a memb er of the―Lost Generation ―. Most important works is The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》which represents the destruction of American dream.Lost Generation 迷惘的一代:The 'Lost Generation' is a phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his firstpublished novel The Sun Also Rises. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" includeauthors and poets Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos.William Faulkner 福克纳: American novelist, winner of Nobel Prize for literature. Most of hisworks was set in an imaginary location named Yoknapatawpha. Major works include:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》Sartoris《家族小说》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，莫西》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom! 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Sanctuary 《圣地》John Steinbeck (斯坦贝克, 1902 –1968) American novelist, Nobel Prize winner. He is known forhis novel The Grapes of Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》Saul Bellow（贝缕, 1915-2005）American novelist, Nobel Prize winner, best known for hisnovel such as The Adventures of AugieMarch, 《奥吉?玛其历险记》Herzog, Seize the Day,Humboldt's GiftJames Baldwin （鲍德温, 1924-1987 ）, black American novelist, best known for his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain 《向苍天呼吁》.Ralph Ellison （艾里森, 1913-1994 ）, black American novelist, best known for his The Invisible Man 《看不见的人》black American novelist, best known for his Roots 《根》Alex Harley (1936-1969),Toni Morrison( 莫里森, 1931-) Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize-winning female American n ovelist. among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye 《最蓝的眼睛》and Beloved 《宠儿》.20 世纪戏剧家Eugene O‘Neil （尤金-奥尼尔, 1888-1953 ）American playwright, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his Long Day‘s Journey Into Nigh《t 长夜漫漫路迢迢》, Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》，The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》Arthur Miller （亚瑟-米勒,1915-2005 ）,American playwright, best known for his The Death of Salesman《推销员之死》Edward Albee (阿尔比1928---) is an American playwright best known for Who?s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?( 《谁怕弗吉尼亚伍尔夫》). His early works reflect a Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞派that found its peak in works by Irish playwrights such as Samuel Beckett 贝克特.。
英美文学笔记
英美文学重要笔记，精华版，流泪推荐！Old English 450-1066 <Beowulf>《贝尔武夫》Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th centuryGeoffrey Chaucer乔叟- the father of English poetry<The Canterbury Tales> first time to use 'heroic couplet' The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞- the poets' poet <The Faerie Queene>《仙后》Christopher Marlowe马洛- University Wits, the pioneer of English dramaBlank verse无韵诗体, hyperbole夸张<Dr. Faustus> 《浮士德博士的悲剧》the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness<The Passionate Shepherd to His Love>激情的牧人和心爱的姑娘pastoral lifeWilliam Shakespeare威廉。
莎士比亚- above all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies – Hamlet哈姆雷特, Othello奥赛罗, King Lear李尔王& Macbeth麦克贝斯<Sonnet 18十四行诗之十八> eternal or immortal beauty<The Merchant of Venice> 《威尼斯商人》to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio安东尼和巴塞尼奥, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality<Hamlet>《哈姆雷特》hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revengerTo be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take actionSoliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the charactersFrancis Bacon 弗朗西斯培根- brevity, compactness & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method 归纳法in place of deductive method 演绎法<Of Studies> 《论学习》uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary 互补to each other.The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.John Donne约翰邓尼<I>metaphysical poetry 玄学派诗歌- break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits, syllogism 三段论<The Sun Rising> the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere<Death, Be Not Proud>死亡别骄傲whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul. John Milton约翰弥尔顿<Paradise Lost>失乐园the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf.The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.<Paradise Regained>复乐园<Samson Agonistes>力士参孙the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science Gothic novel - mystery, horror & castlesJohn Bunyan<The Vanity Fair> from <The Pilgrim's Progress>, a religious allegory, pursue the truthAlexander Pope<An Essay on Criticism> a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people<Robinson Crusoe>, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧Jonathan Swift - a master satiristIn his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawedProper words in proper places<A Modest Proposal><Gulliver's Travels>, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & HouyhnhnmHenry Fielding - Father of English novel, Prose HomerComic epic in prose<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener<A Dictionary of the English Language><To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield> Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century<The Rivals> and <The School for Scandal> are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School <Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplaceThe romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's <Lyrical Ballads>William Blake -engraver雕刻家<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Innocence> a happy and innocence world from children's eye<The Chimney Sweeper> from <Songs of Experience> a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites<The Tyger>William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature'Lake Poets' - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneousoverflow of powerful feelings, which originates in'emotion recollected in tranquillity'.<I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud> the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.<Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802> the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature.<She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways><The Solitary Reaper> thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversationalThe demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>, <Chrisabel>, <Kubla Khan> George Gordon Byron'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in <Childe Harold's Pilgrimage>.<Song for the Luddites> 'will die fighting, or live free' the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.<The Isles of Greece> from <Don Juan> (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee.'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'?Percy Bysshe Shelley<Men of England><Ode to the West Wind> terza rima,destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, 'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'John Keats4 great odes - <Ode on Melancholy>, <Ode on a Grecian Urn>, <Ode to a Nightingale>, <Ode to Psyche><Ode on a Grecian Urn> the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion, 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'Jane Austen<Pride and Prejudice>The Victorian PeriodDarwin's <The Origin of Species> and <The Descent of Man> shook the traditional faith, everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleCharles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤<A Tale of Two Cities><Oliver Twist>The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.<Jane Eyre><Wuthering Heights>Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人, a real artist<Break, Break, Break> the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves<Crossing the Bar> we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. 'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering the next world<Ulysses> not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of themRobert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue<The Ring and the Book> his masterpiece<My Last Duchess> this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man<Meeting at Night><Parting at Morning>George Eliot:As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women<Middlemarch> a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigorThomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'<Tess of the D'Urbervilles> experience is as to intensity, and not as to durationAmerican Romantic PeriodStarted with Washington Irving's <The Sketch Book> and ended with Whitman's <Leaves of Grass>, also called 'the American Renaissance'Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England TranscendentalismWashington Irving - father of the American short stories, the American GoldsmithPerfected the best classic style that American literature ever producedFirst novel <A History of New York><The Sketch Book> contains German folk tales <Rip Van >, <The Legend of Sleepy Hollow>Ralph Waldo Emerson - the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement<The American Scholar>, <Self - Reliance>, <The Over-Soul><The Poet> a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America<Experience> a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature<Nature> is regarded as the Bible of New England TranscendentalismNathaniel HawthorneInterior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity<The Scarlet Letter><Young Goodman Brown>Walt WhitmanOpenness, freedom, individualismI - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style<There Was a Child Went Forth> how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments<Cavalry Crossing a Ford> a scene of the AmericanCivil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.<Song of Myself> Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideasHerman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne<Moby-Dick> the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniacRealistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man's controlMark Twain - the true father of American literature Local colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age3 boyhood books <Life on the Mississippi>, <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer>, <Adventures of Huckleberry Finn><Adventures of Huckleberry Finn> Huck's inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.Henry James - international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association<Daisy Miller> the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys<This is my letter to the World> express Dickinson's anxiety about her communication with the outside world.<I heard a Fly buzz - when I died - > de<I>script</I>ion of a moment of death<I like to see it lap the Miles> Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse.<Because I could not stop for Death - > personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly felt Theodore Dreiser - America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire - <The Financier>, <The Titan>, <The Stoic> <Sister Carrie> 'who shall cast the first stone?'The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorderSeize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysisImagist movement, Jazz AgeEzra Pound - a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'<The Cantos><In a Station of the Metro> Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.<The River - Merchant's Wife: A Letter><A Pact> agreement with Whitman's free verse Robert Lee Frost - four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene<After Apple-Picking><The Road Not Taken><Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening>Eugene O'Neill - founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times<The Hairy Ape>F. Scott Fitzgerald - spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920sA double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream<The Great Gatsby>Ernest Hemingway - awarded the Nobel PrizeIceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure<Indian Camp> from <In Our Time> birth and death coexistWilliam Faulkner - awarded a Nobel PrizeSouth, imprisonment in the pastStream of consciousness, multiple points of view Yoknapatawpha Country<A Rose for Emily> Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and theold way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
英美文学选读_详细笔记
1 Part 1: English Literature An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 1、the early inhabitants：Celts. 2、三次外族的入侵及其影响：①the Romans 对英国没什么影响。
——远古时期②Anglo-Saxsons brought the Germanic language（现代英语的基础）and culture （特别的诗歌传统）。
——上古时期③The Normans brought the fresh wave of Mediterranean civilization （希腊文化、罗马法律和基督教）。
——中古时期Ⅰ. Old English Literature（Anglo Saxson 文明时期奴隶社会）1、英国文学史上的上古时期始于公元450 年，止于1066 年，即诺曼底征服英国的那一年。
2、这一时期是Anglo-Saxson 文明兴盛的时期。
3、The poetic tradition was both bold and strong（粗犷豪勇）, mournful and elegiac(悲情哀婉) in spirit. 有两大类：①The religious group：mainly on biblical(圣经的) themes.如：a)《创世纪甲本》（Genesis A）、《创世纪乙本》、《出埃及记》(Exodus)来自the Old Testament。
b) the Dream of the Rood （十字架）来自the New Testment。
②The secular（世俗的）group：Beowulf 和众多短篇抒情诗。
lyrical poems 唤起了撒克逊人对环境的严酷及人类的不幸命运的感知。
语气和基调深受北海恶劣气候的影响，生活惨淡无望，带有大量宿命论的成分，尽管同时显得勇敢而坚定。
英美文学 知识点总结
英美文学知识点总结英美文学是指在英国和美国国家领土内产生的文学作品，包括英国文学与美国文学。
英美文学史是人类文明史的一个重要组成部分，包括从古典到现代的文学作品，涵盖了从莎士比亚到奥斯卡·王尔德等众多作家的作品。
英美文学的知识点众多，具有深刻的历史、文化和社会背景，下面将总结英美文学知识点，帮助读者更好地了解和学习英美文学。
1. 英国文学的起源和发展英国文学的起源可追溯至中世纪，早期的英国文学作品包括《贝奥歌》、《坎特伯雷故事集》等。
而随着文艺复兴的到来，英国文学迎来了新的发展时期，莎士比亚、斯宾塞等众多作家的作品为英国文学的繁荣与发展奠定了基础。
18世纪的启蒙运动影响了英国文学的发展方向，霍华德、斯威夫特等作家的作品在英国文学史上留下了重要的痕迹。
2. 美国文学的诞生与发展美国文学的起源较晚，17世纪移民新英格兰书信文学是美国文学的开端。
18世纪，美国文学开始迈入现代化阶段，风格多样的文学作品层出不穷。
19世纪的浪漫主义运动、现实主义运动以及自然主义运动，都为美国文学的繁荣与发展贡献了力量。
3. 英美文学的经典作品在英美文学史上，有许多经典作品，这些作品对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、奥斯卡·王尔德的《风华绝代》、简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》、查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》等。
4. 英美文学的主题和风格英美文学作品的主题和风格多种多样，既有对家国情怀的歌颂，也有对人性命运的探索。
从文艺复兴时期的骑士文学到现代主义文学，英美文学作品的风格也是千姿百态。
5. 英美文学的流派英美文学的作品涉及的流派众多，包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、散文等。
在戏剧方面，莎士比亚的作品是最具代表性的；在小说方面，狄更斯的作品是最为典型的；在诗歌方面，弗罗斯特的作品是最为著名的。
6. 英美文学的影响英美文学对全球文学产生了深远影响，从语言、风格、主题等方面都对其他国家的文学产生了影响。
[文学]张伯香英美文学选读笔记完整笔记_全面归纳
Chapter I The Renaissance Period一、学习目的和要求通过本章学习，了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮产生的历史，文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物刻画，语言风格，思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
二、考核要求(一) 文艺复兴时期概述1. 识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定（2）历史文化背景2. 领会: （1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响（2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点（3）人文主义的主张及对文学的影响3. 应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释Brief Introduction to the Renaissance PeriodI. 应用Definitions of the Literary Terms:1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actuall y a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-d iscovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geograp hy & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The R enaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the Europe an humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feu dalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early ch urch from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang fr om the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscio us, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on su ch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new le arning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, bu t the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists foun d in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was their s not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beau ty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonder s. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the be st representatives of the English humanists.3. Spenserian stanza:Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iam bic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc.4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influ ence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried t o break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neo classic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. Th e imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.5. The Renaissance her A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Chr istopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and fu ll of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He e mbodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Differen t from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven thr ough salvation and god's will, he is against conventional morality and cont rives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power, knowledge, and glory, the hero interprets the true Re naissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing su ch a spirit.（二）该时期的重要作家1.一般识记：重要作家的文学生涯2.识记：重要作品及主要内容3.领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法，社会意义等。
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Chapter 2 The Realistic Period 1865-1914
1 Mark Twain
Novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
2 Henry James 3 Emily Dickinson
American Literature
Chapter 1 The Romantic Period 18世纪末Irving<见闻札记> - 美国内战爆发 Whitman<草叶集>
1 Washington Irving
Novel Rip Van Winkle
nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is unforgettable
English Literature
Chapter 1 Renaissance Period 14世纪-17世纪中叶
No
作者
著作
关键词
1 Edmund Spenser
Poem Faerie Queene
Christopher Marlowe
2
Play University Wit
Dr. Faustus
Novel Poem
Daisy Miller This is my letter to the World I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-
I like to see it lap the Miles
Because I could not stop for Death
4 Theodore Dreiser
Father of short stories
2 Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Nature
transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature
Nathaniel Hawthorne Novel 3
best symbolist
Young Goodman Brown
1
Poem
World of Imangination
and vision
William Wordsworth
"Southey+Coleridge=L
2
ake Poets"
Poem
"Worshipper of
Nature" Nature and
human life
3
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
the growth of a child who learned about the world around him and improved himself accordingly. Identify with the childhood of a young, a growing America scene of American Civil War Two principal beliefs:the theory of universality, the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value
Novel Letter
Tom Jones
To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield
7
Richard BrinsleySheridan
Play
The School for Scandal
Best comedy after Shakespeare
8 Thoevil
blank verse
Poem
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
pastoral
William Shakspeare
3
an upstart crow
Poem Play
Sonnet 18 Merchant of Venice
summer's day,transient,beauty of poetry can last forever double plot,Bassanio,Portia, Antonio, Shylock
Poem
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Chapter 3 The Romantic Period 1798抒情歌谣集(Wordsworth and Coleridge)-1832 Scott's death及议会第一个改革提案通过
William Blake
Walt Whitman
Poem
4 Poem
I-poet; YOU- reader
Free verse
Poem
5 Herman Melville
Prose Epic
There Was a Child Went Forth Cavalry Ccrossing a Ford Song of Myself Moby Dick
Progress
own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils.
2 Alexander Pope
Poem An Essay on Criticism
Heroic couplets
3 Daniel Defoe
Jonathan Swift
4 Proper words in
the question of Good and Evil in man but withhold his answer; does not permit himself to determine whether the events of the night of trial are real or the mere figment of a dream
Play
Hamlet
4 Francis Bacon
Essay Of Studies
5 John Donne
Poem The Sun Rising
metaphysical school
6 John Milton
Long epic
Death, Be Not Proud Paradise Lost
Fall of man
proper places
5
Henry Fielding Father of English
Novel
6 Samuel Johnson
Novel Novel
Robinson Crusoe Gulliver's Travels
first person;English middle-class man;struggl against the hostile natural environment;prototype of the empire builder
Poem
4 George Gordon Byron Poem
Poem
5 Percy Bysshe Shelley Poem Poem
6 John Keats
Poem
7 Jane Austen
Novel
The Chimney Sweeper(Songs of Innocence)
The Chimney Sweeper(Songs of Experience)
The Tyger I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Composed upon Westminster Bridge She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways The Solitary Reaper
Kubla Khan Song for the Luddites The Isles of Greece A Song:Men Of England Ode to the West Wind Ode on a Grecian Urn Pride and Prejudice
Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period 1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟-1798抒情歌谣集
(Wordsworth and Coleridge)
1 John Bunyan
Allegory
The
Vanity
Fair
from
The
Pilgrim's
Urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their
dramatic monologue; ironic contrast between a pretended “love song” and a confession of the speaker's incapability of facing up to love and life in upper-class world
terza rima permanence of art and transience of human passion
Chapter 4 The Victorian Period 1836-1901维多利亚女王执政期
1 Charles Dikens
Novel Oliver Twist
pitiable state of the orphan boy and cruelty and hypocrisy of the workhouse board
two families and an intruding stranger