Chapter6_FA2013
Chapter 1 General Requirements
January 2014
Bureau Veritas
23
NR 216, Ch 1, Sec 1
2.2
Chemical composition
3.1.3 Interested parties are to apply for survey in adequate time. Prior to the inspection and testing, the Manufacturer is to provide the Surveyor with details of the orders, technical specifications and any special condition additional to the rule requirements. 3.1.4 The Surveyors are to have free access to all departments involved in production, collection of test samples, internal control and, in general, all operations concerning the inspection. They are to be supplied with the information necessary to assess whether production and tests are performed according to the rule requirements. 3.1.5 All tests and checks required by the Rules are to be carried out in the presence of the Surveyors or, when expressly agreed with the Society, in the presence of the person responsible for internal control, specially delegated for this purpose. The inspection and testing activities may be delegated to the Manufacturer under the conditions given in [3.2]. 3.1.6 The tests required are to be performed by qualified personnel in accordance with the procedures stated by the Society or, failing this, with recognised national or international standards. The testing and measuring equipment is to be adequate, maintained in proper condition and regularly calibrated, as required; the record of such checks is to be kept up-to-date and made available to the Surveyor.
新编金融英语教程 Chapter6 Financial Markets
Overview of the Financial Markets
CONTENTS
6.1 L e a d - i n 6.2 K e y Po i n t s 6.3 L a n g u a g e N o t e s 6.4 F o l l o w - u p Ta s k s 6.5 E x t e n d e d Ta s k s
6.3 Language Notes
III. Sentences
1. Financial markets are typically defined by having transparent pricing, basic regulations on trading, costs and fees, and market forces determining the prices of securities that trade.
2. Financial markets can be classified as debt or equity markets, as primary or secondary markets, as exchanges and Over-the-Counter markets, as money or capital markets, or as spot or futures and forward markets.
discuss the various functions of the financial market.
6.2 Key Points
6.2.1 Definition of Financial Markets
￥$
Financial Markets
典范英语6第13本原文
The Ghost Ship1 --- The ghost shipOne day Ernie was late for school. He ran up School Hill and slipped through the hole inthe fence. He hoped the Head wouldn’t see him.‘Wow!’Ernie gasped. There was a ghost ship floating about in the playground.It wasmuch like an ordinary ship, but white and see-through. He knew that it couldn’t be real.The ghost ship was tied to one of the netball posts（柱子）. A strange glow came from it,and it rocked（摇晃）up and down as if it was riding invisible（看不见的）waves. A ghostseagull flew around it.‘Ahoy there, ghost ship!’Ernie cried bravely.A ghost’s head popped out（从窗边探出头来）from a window.‘Who said that?’theghostasked.‘Idid!’saidErnie.‘Butyou’renotsupposedtobeabletoseeme!’thegh ostgasped. Then the ghost thought again.‘Are you sure you can see me?’the ghost asked.‘Quitesure,’Ernie said.Thewindowslammed（哐的一声）shut.‘Ispoketoaghost!’Ernieshouted.MrsWiggins,thecaretaker,heardErnieshout.Sheca merunningouttotheplayground.‘Isp-sp-spoke to a ghost!’Ernie stuttered.‘Shhh! Don’t tell anyone,’said Mrs Wiggins.‘Whynot?’Ernie asked.‘Idon’t want you upsetting the small ones in Class One!’Mrs Wiggins said.‘But the ghost ship’s parked（停车）in the playground,’Ernie said.‘They’ll see i t whenthey come out at break.’‘Not everyone can see it,’said Mrs Wiggins.‘Well, I can,’Ernie told her.‘Then that makes two of us,’sighed Mrs Wiggins.Mrs Wiggins marched up to the ghost ship.‘Ship ahoy!’called Mrs Wiggins.The window popped open, and out looked the same ghost as before.‘Ahoy, there, Mrs Wiggins,’the ghost said, politely.‘Captain Pegleg!’Mrs Wiggins scolded.‘You promised that no one else but mecouldsee you. But one of the children from Class Four just has! Haven’t you, Ernie?’‘Yes,’Ernie said,‘Ijust have.’‘Well,itcanhappen,youknow,’theCaptainsaid,soundingupset.‘Notoften,butsomet imes it happens.’‘You can’t keep sailing in here if people can see you!’Mrs Wiggins said, firmly.‘Ican’thelpsailing in here,’the Captain told her.‘Why not?’Erniea sked.‘There’sjustmeonboard!’saidtheCaptain.‘Ican’tsailheralone,soIhavetogowheres heblows.Ijustwishshe’dblowinheremoreoften.ThenIcouldhuntformytreasure.’TheCap tainwenton,‘I’mdoomedtosailtheseasforeveruntilIfindmylosttreasure. I know it’s here because that’s what it says on my map.’‘You’d better find it this time, or else!’warned Mrs Wiggins. The window snapped shut.‘Ghost treasure!’said Ernie.‘Wait till I tell this to Class Four!’2 ---‘We can’t see it!’Everyone had to wait until break time to see the ghost ship. They rushed out of class andinto the playground.‘There it is!’Ernie shouted, pointing at the ghost ship. Everyone took agood look. They saw the bins and the fence, but they couldn’t see any ship.‘We can’t see it,’said Louie.‘But there IS a ghost ship!’Ernie said, looking at it, and through it, both at thesame time. The ghost ship was see-through and fuzzy.‘There’snoghost shiphere!’saidLouie.Theghostseagull flew down and landed on1Louie’s head.‘A ghost seagull just landed on your head!’Ernie told Lo uie.‘Oh no it didn’t!’said Louie, who couldn’t see it, or feel it.‘OH YES IT DID!’Ernie shouted.‘OH NO IT DIDN’T!’roared everyone else.They laughed at Ernie for making up stories about ghost seagulls and ships. Then theyran off to play.Along came Jade, the smallest and cleverest girl in Class Four.‘What’s that ghost shipdoing here?’she asked Ernie.‘You can se it too!’Ernie gasped.‘Of course I can,’said Jade.‘No one else can, but me and Mrs Wiggins,’Ernie said.‘It’s Captain Pegleg’s ship andhe’s doomed to sail the sea forever, until he finds his lost treasure. He thinks he left it aroundhere.’‘We could help him to find it,’said little Jade.‘How?’Ernie asked.‘My dad has books about treasure hunting,’said Jade.‘We’ll look in his books and findout what to do.’‘Ghost treasure hunt starts right now!’shouted Ernie.‘Ghost treasure hunt starts when we’ve looked at Dad’s books!’said Jade.The bell went for the start of lessons.‘After school!’Jade told him.‘After school, andno mucking about!’3 --- The treasure huntAfterschool,theywenttoJade’shouseandgotoutherdad’sbooksabouttreasurehunti ng.‘That’s how we’ll do it!’said Jade, showing Ernie a page in one of the books.‘But we haven’t got one of those,’Ernie said, pointing at the metal detector.‘My dad has,’Jade said.‘He uses it when he hunts for old coins and things on the beach.That’s why he has all these books about treasure hunting.’They ran back up School Hill to the school. Ernie was carrying a spade（铁锹）and Jadehad a big bag, with the metal detector in it.‘CaptainPegleg!’Erniecalled.TheCaptainwasondeck.‘Youagain!’saidCaptainPegleg .‘Can you still see me?’‘Yes,’Ernie said.‘We know you can’t stop sailing till you find your ghost treasure,’Jade told the Captain.‘We want to help you find it,’Ernie added.‘But first we want to look at your map,’saidJade. The map was ripped and torn, with lots of holes in it.‘The ghost seagull got at it!’Captain Pegleg said.‘It says:X Marks the treasureon the map,’said Jade,‘but I don’t see anyX.’‘Theghost seagull pecked outmy X.Ican’tremember where it was,’sighed CaptainPegleg.‘Ican’t even find Treasure Island…ButI’m sure this is where it used to be.’‘It is!’said little Jade, and she grinned.‘Treasure Island is here, where we’re standing!’‘How do you know?’asked Ernie.‘Look!’Jade said, and she drew on the back of theCaptain’s map.‘The bit sticking up is School Hill!’she told Ernie.‘Where our houses are now,used to be under the sea, years ago. My dad told me.’‘We still don’t know where to look!’Ernie said.‘We could dig all day and never find thetreasure.’‘We’ll use my dad’s metal detector,’explained Jade.‘It’ll gopingwhen we’re nearthe treasure.’‘Ifmetal detectors work（有效，适用）on ghost gold!’muttered Ernie.‘Well, it might work,’said Jade.‘At least we can try.’So they looked for the trea sure…But they didn’t find it…so they looked again…andagain……They looked again…and again…ThenPING PING PINGwent the metal detector. It was the treasure!2They dug up Captain Pegleg’s ghost treasure chest（箱子）filled with gold. It was ghostgold, so it wasn’t as heavy as real gold. They started to carry it back to the ship.Atleast,that’swhattheystartedtodo.Butastheywerewalkingbacktowardstheschool , the ghost treasure chest began fading away. Captain Pegleg began fading, too.‘Goodbye, Captain Pegleg,’Jade whisp ered.‘TheghostshipfadedawaybecausewefoundCaptainPegleg’streasure,’ErnietoldClas s Four the next day.‘There never was a ghost ship,’said Louie.‘Oh yes, there WAS!’shouted Ernie.‘Oh no, there WASN’T!’shouted everyone else.Somewhere else, somewhere far away, a ghost seagull cried. But nobody heard it, exceptErnie and Jade and Mrs Wiggins.3。
unit6 英语泛读教程第三册
Unit 6 Right Drug, Wrong Patient2. Mastery of some language points3. Learning the possible dangers caused by pharmacy errors4. Learn safe ways to use alternative and complimentary medicines2.Explanation of some difficult words3. Learning the ways to avoid the possible dangers caused by pharmacy errorscaused by pharmacy errors2.Some words might cause difficulty in students’ understanding of the textAbout two periods of class will be used for the analysis and discussion of the passage itself.Total class hours: three periods1. Title:---Who is wrong? / Who is to blame for the pharmacy errors?2. Warming-up Questions(1)What would happen if the drug dispensed to you were not the proper one? Haveyou ever experienced such things?(2)If such things happened, who do you think is to blame?3. Information Related to the Text(1) IMS HealthIMS HEALTH is the world's leading provider of information solutions to the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. With nearly 50 years of experience, they use leading-edge technologies to transform billions of pharmaceutical records collected from thousands of sources worldwide into valuable strategic insights for our clients.IMS HEALTH's market intelligence and analyses give customers the critical facts they need at every stage of the pharmaceutical life cycle - from the earliest stages of research and development through product launch, product maturation and patent expiration.With more than 5,000 professionals in 100 countries - from Austria to Australia - from China to Costa Rica - from Saudi Arabia to Senegal - IMS HEALTH is a trusted healthcare-industry strategic partner, with thousands of customers and annual revenue in 2001 of $1.3 billion.(2) U. S. PharmacopeiaIn pursuit of its mission to promote public health, USP establishes state-of-the-art standards to ensure the quality of medicines for human and veterinary use. USP also develops authoritative information about the appropriate use of medicines. National health care practitioner reporting programs support USP's standards and information programs. In addition, USP supports many public service programs.(3) Careers in medicine in the USTo become a medical doctor in the US, one must attend four years of college and receive a bachelor’s degree, followed by four years of medical school. Then he becomes an intern in a hospital and receives supervised practical training. As an intern, he has to “make rounds” with other doctors, visiting hospital patients. He is supposed to help give special treatments and answer emergency calls in the hopital at any time of day or night. Finally he becomes a resident at a hospital. Like the intern, he learns by observing the work of others. But the resident has much more responsibility than the intern. He often assists experienced surgeons during operations. In an emergency, he may take over the work of the staff surgeon.Internship and residency combined take three to five years, depending on one’s area of specialization. Hospitals have several interns and many residents on their staff. A resident who is completing his residency period and who thereby distinguished himself is selected to be chief resident, a position of greater responsibility.(4) Three types of doctors1. General practitioners 全科医生2. Specialists3. Researchers4. Text analysis(1)Article Abstract:Drug-dispensing errors are a common occurrence, requiring customers to be vigilant when having their prescriptions filled at pharmacies. These errors are attributed to understaffing and the consequent increase in workloads in the retail drug industry, coupled with rising prescription volume. Tips on how one's family can be protected from pharmacy errors are presented.(4)passage divisionPart I (para.1-8) By giving examples and providing statistics, the author pointout the seriousness of the drug dispensing errors.Part I (para.9-31) Some ways on how to protect you family and yourself.5. Key words and phrases(1) pharmacy error/drug dispensing error(2) prescription(3) dose(4) awry(5) churn out(6) be attributed to(7) fatal (8)medical vendor(9) submit to(10) oversight(11) counsel(12) pharmacist(13) adverse effect(14) dearth6. Language Notes1. The new prescription that her mother, Peggie, had gotten filled at the Rite Aid in Rock Hill, S.C., was for Ritalin, a drug used to treat attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.（新处方上开的药是"利他林"，这是她母亲佩吉在南卡罗来纳州洛克山的"莱特相助"药店配的药，一种用来治疗注意力亢奋/不足的药。
JazzTenth EditionChapter 6
Duke Ellington Dizzy Gillespie Benny Goodman
14
Chapter 6 - Swing
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Count Basie (1904-1984)
His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing
The Ellington orchestra was always made up of the individual talents of his players
This is one of important aspects of the Ellington band which allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions
Ballad: is a simple song, usually romantic in nature and uses the same melody for each stanza
3
Chapter 6 - Swing
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chick Webb Jimmie Lunceford Duke Ellington
9
Chapter 6 - Swing
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SAE USCAR-2-2013第6版中文
汽车电连接器系统性能规范SAE/USCAR-2第6版2013.2ISBN:978-0-7680-7998-2SAE/USCAR-2第6版颁布日期1997年8月修订日期2013年2月汽车电连接器系统的性能规范目录1.范围 (3)2.试验顺序 (3)3.参考文档 (3)3.1文件的层次 (3)3.2零件图 (4)3.3产品设计规范 (4)3.4测试要求/指令 (4)3.4.1样品,测试类型,和特殊测试 (4)3.4.2测试要求/指令说明 (4)3.4.3性能和耐久性测试说明 (4)3.5本规范中所提到的文档 (4)4.一般要求 (5)4.1纪录保存 (5)4.2样品文件 (5)4.3样品数量 (5)4.4默认测试公差 (5)4.5设备 (6)4.6测量精确度 (6)4.7测试重复性&校准 (6)4.8一致性测定 (7)4.9样品的处置 (7)4.10零件的耐久性 (7)5.测试和验收要求 (7)5.1总则 (7)5.1.1性能要求 (7)5.1.2尺寸特性 (7)5.1.3材料特性 (7)5.1.4分类等级 (8)5.1.5试验端板&直接连接组件 (9)5.1.6端子样品准备 (10)5.1.7连接器和/或端子循环 (10)5.1.8外观检验 (11)5.1.9电路连续性监测 (12)5.1.10多腔(垫)导体密封样品准备 (14)The research data,analysis,conclusion,opinions and other contents of this document are solely the product of the authors.Neither the SAE International(SAE)nor the United States Council for Automotive Research(USCAR)certifies the compliance of any products with the requirements of nor makes any representations as to the accuracy of the contents of this document nor to its applicability for purpose.It is the sole responsibility of the user of this document to determine whether or not it is applicable for their purposes.Copyright©2013USCAR Printed in U.S.A. All rights reserved.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT:(248)273-2470FAX(248)273-2494TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER:(724)776-4970FAX(724)776-07905.2端子机械测试 (14)5.2.1端子到端子的啮合/分离力 (14)5.2.2端子抗弯性 (15)5.3端子-电器性能试验 (17)5.3.1干电路电阻 (17)5.3.2电压降 (19)5.3.3最大试验电流能力 (21)5.3.4电流循环 (24)5.4连接器-机械性能试验 (25)5.4.1端子至连接器插入/保持和前止力 (25)5.4.2连接器至连接器插入/拔出/保持/锁扭转力(非辅助) (29)5.4.3连接器到连接器的插拔力(机械辅助) (31)5.4.4极性特征有效性 (34)5.4.5混合组件的啮合分离力 (35)5.4.6振动/机械冲击 (37)5.4.7连接器到连接器可听见的咔哒响 (44)5.4.8连接器跌落测试 (44)5.4.9模腔损坏系数 (45)5.4.10端子/型腔极性测试 (46)5.4.11连接器安装特征机械强度 (47)5.4.12机械辅助完整性–(仅有机械辅助的连接器) (49)5.4.13连接器密封保持-未插合的连接器 (50)5.4.14连接器密封保持-插合的连接器 (52)5.5连接器-电气性能测试 (52)5.5.1绝缘电阻 (52)5.6连接器环境测试 (53)5.6.1热冲击 (53)5.6.2温湿度循环 (54)5.6.3高温暴露 (55)5.6.4耐流体性能 (56)5.6.5浸泡 (57)5.6.6压力/真空泄露 (58)5.6.7高压喷射 (60)5.7端板测试 (61)5.7.1端板插针保持力 (61)5.8剧烈任务试验 (63)5.9测试顺序 (63)5.9.1一般说明 (63)5.9.2测试流程图 (63)5.9.3端子机械性能测试顺序 (64)5.9.4端子电气性能测试顺序 (64)5.9.5连接器系统机械性能测试顺序 (64)5.9.6连接器系统电气性能测试顺序 (65)5.9.7密封性连接器系统环境性能测试顺序 (66)5.9.8非密封性连接器系统环境性能测试顺序 (67)5.9.9独立密封性能测试顺序 (67)6.附录 (68)6.1附录A:术语 (68)6.2附录B:缩略语 (70)6.3附录C:对于新的或移动工具和材料变更的测试 (72)6.4附录D:对于新的/现有的端子或连接器设计的测试 (73)6.5附录E:来源列表 (74)6.6附录F:设计说明:温度和额定电流 (75)6.7附录G:修订 (76)1.范围本规范中包含的程序旨在涵盖在低电压（0-20VD C）道路车辆应用中组成电气连接系统的电气终端、连接器和部件的开发、生产和现场分析的所有阶段的性能测试。
牛津小学英语6A第六单元
Unit Theme Content
02
CHAPTER
Unit learning content
掌握核心词汇
学习并掌握与本单元主题相关的核心词汇，如动物、植物、食物等。
通过图片、实物或情境教学，加深对词汇的理解和记忆。
设计词汇练习，如填空、匹配和选择题，巩固所学词汇。
01
02
03
04
Vocabulary learning
分析文本的结构、语言和修辞手法，培养写作技巧。
通过复述、缩写或扩写等方式，运用所学的词汇和语法知识。
Practice and Activities
实践与拓展
组织小组讨论或角色扮演，提高口语表达和交际能力。
设计多样化的练习活动，如填空、选择、改错等，巩固所学内容。
布置与本单元主题相关的写作任务，培养写作兴趣和创造力。
Unit Theme Background
Students will learn about different festivals and their historical backgrounds.
They will understand the importance of festivals in various cultures and communities.
Retention of Information
02
I had difficulty remembering new vocabulary and grammar rules. I often found myself relying on mnemonics to help me recall information.
Critical Thinking
审计学：一种整合方法 阿伦斯 英文版 第12版 课后答案 Chapter 6 Solutions Manual
Chapter 6Audit Responsibilities and ObjectivesReview Questions6-1 The objective of the audit of financial statements by the independent auditor is the expression of an opinion on the fairness with which the financial statements present financial position, results of operations, and cash flows in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.The auditor meets that objective by accumulating sufficient appropriate evidence to determine whether the financial statements are fairly stated.6-2 It is management's responsibility to adopt sound accounting policies, maintain adequate internal control and make fair representations in the financial statements. The auditor's responsibility is to conduct an audit of the financial statements in accordance with auditing standards and report the findings of the audit in the auditor's report.6-3 An error is an unintentional misstatement of the financial statements. Fraud represents intentional misstatements. The auditor is responsible for obtaining reasonable assurance that material misstatements in the financial statements are detected, whether those misstatements are due to errors or fraud.An audit must be designed to provide reasonable assurance of detecting material misstatements in the financial statements. Further, the audit must be planned and performed with an attitude of professional skepticism in all aspects of the engagement. Because there is an attempt at concealment of fraud, material misstatements due to fraud are usually more difficult to uncover than errors. The auditor’s best defense when material misstatements (either errors or fraud) are not uncovered in the audit is that the audit was conducted in accordance with auditing standards.6-4 Misappropriation of assets represents the theft of assets by employees. Fraudulent financial reporting is the intentional misstatement of financial information by management or a theft of assets by management, which is covered up by misstating financial statements.Misappropriation of assets ordinarily occurs either because of inadequate internal controls or a violation of existing controls. The best way to prevent theft of assets is through adequate internal controls that function effectively. Many times theft of assets is relatively small in dollar amounts and will have no effect on the fair presentation of financial statements. There are also the cases of large theft of assets that result in bankruptcy to the company. Fraudulent financial reporting is inherently difficult to uncover because it is possible for one or more members of management to override internal controls. In many cases the amounts are extremely large and may affect the fair presentation of financial statements.6-5 True, the auditor must rely on management for certain information in the conduct of his or her audit. However, the auditor must not accept management's representations blindly. The auditor must, whenever possible, obtain appropriate evidence to support the representations of management. As an example, if management represents that certain inventory is not obsolete, the auditor should be able to examine purchase orders from customers that prove part of the inventory is being sold at a price that is higher than the company's cost plus selling expenses. If management represents an account receivable as being fully collectible, the auditor should be able to examine subsequent payments by the customer or correspondence from the customer that indicates a willingness and ability to pay.6-66-7The cycle approach is a method of dividing the audit such that closely related types of transactions and account balances are included in the same cycle. For example, sales, sales returns, and cash receipts transactions and the accounts receivable balance are all a part of the sales and collection cycle. The advantages of dividing the audit into different cycles are to divide the audit into more manageable parts, to assign tasks to different members of the audit team, and to keep closely related parts of the audit together.6-86-9There is a close relationship between each of these accounts. Sales, sales returns and allowances, and cash discounts all affect accounts receivable. Allowance for uncollectible accounts is closely tied to accounts receivable and should not be separated. Bad debt expense is closely related to the allowance for uncollectible accounts. To separate these accounts from each other implies that they are not closely related. Including them in the same cycle helps the auditor keep their relationships in mind.6-10Management assertions are implied or expressed representations by management about classes of transactions and the related accounts and disclosures in the financial statements. These assertions are part of the criteria management uses to record and disclose accounting information in financial statements. SAS 106 (AU 326) classifies assertions into three categories:1. Assertions about classes of transactions and events for the periodunder audit2. Assertions about account balances at period end3. Assertions about presentation and disclosure6-11General audit objectives follow from and are closely related to management assertions. General audit objectives, however, are intended to provide a framework to help the auditor accumulate sufficient appropriate evidence required by the third standard of field work. Audit objectives are more useful to auditors than assertions because they are more detailed and more closely related to helping the auditor accumulate sufficient appropriate evidence. 6-126-13The existence objective deals with whether amounts included in the financial statements should actually be included. Completeness is the opposite of existence. The completeness objective deals with whether all amounts that should be included have actually been included.In the audit of accounts receivable, a nonexistent account receivable will lead to overstatement of the accounts receivable balance. Failure to include a customer's account receivable balance, which is a violation of completeness, will lead to understatement of the accounts receivable balance.6-14Specific audit objectives are the application of the general audit objectives to a given class of transactions, account balance, or presentation and disclosure. There must be at least one specific audit objective for each general audit objective and in many cases there should be more. Specific audit objectives for a class of transactions, account balance, or presentation and disclosure should be designed such that, once they have been satisfied, the related general audit objective should also have been satisfied for that class of transactions, account, or presentation and disclosure.6-15For the specific balance-related audit objective, all recorded fixed assets exist at the balance sheet date, the management assertion and the general balance-related audit objective are both "existence."6-16Management assertions and general balance-related audit objectives are consistent for all asset accounts for every audit. They were developed by the Auditing Standards Board, practitioners, and academics over a period of time. One or more specific balance-related audit objectives are developed for each general balance-related audit objective in an audit area such as accounts receivable. For any given account, a CPA firm may decide on a consistent set of specific balance-related audit objectives for accounts receivable, or it may decide to use different objectives for different audits.6-17For the specific presentation and disclosure-related audit objective, read the fixed asset footnote disclosure to determine that the types of fixed assets, depreciation methods and useful lives are clearly disclosed, the management assertion and the general presentation and disclosure-related audit objective are both "classification and understandability."6-18The four phases of the audit are:1. Plan and design an audit approach.2. Perform tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions.3. Perform analytical procedures and tests of details of balances.4. Complete the audit and issue an audit report.The auditor uses these four phases to meet the overall objective of the audit, which is to express an opinion on the fairness with which the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with GAAP. By accumulating sufficient appropriate evidence for each audit objective, the overall objective is met. The accumulation of evidence is accomplished by performing the four phases of the audit.Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations6-19 a. (2) b. (2) c. (1)6-20 a. (1) b. (2) c. (1)Discussion Questions And Problems6-21 a. The purpose of the first part of the report of management is for management to state its responsibilities for internal control overfinancial reporting. The second part of the report statesmanagement’s responsibility for the fair presentation of the financialstatements.b. The auditor’s responsibility is to express an opinion on the fairnessof the presentation of the financial statements, and an opinion onthe effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting,including an opinion on whether management’s assess ment ofinternal control is fairly stated.6-22 a.1. The function of the auditor in the audit of financialstatements is to provide users of the statements with aninformed opinion based on reasonable assurance obtainedas to the fairness with which the statements portray financialposition, results of operations, and cash flows in accordancewith generally accepted accounting principles applied on abasis consistent with that of the preceding year.2. The responsibility of the independent auditor is to express anopinion on the financial statements he or she has audited.Inasmuch as the financial statements are the representationof management, responsibility rests with management forthe proper recording of transactions in books of account, forthe safeguarding of assets, and for the substantial accuracyand adequacy of the financial statements.In developing the basis for his or her opinion, the auditor is responsible for conducting an audit that conformsto auditing standards. These standards constitute themeasure of the adequacy of the audit. Those standardsrequire the auditor to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidenceabout material management assertions in the financialstatements.The informed judgment of a qualified professional accountant is required of an independent auditor. Theauditor must exercise this judgment in selecting theprocedures he or she uses in the audit and in arriving at anopinion.6-22 (continued)In presenting himself or herself to the public as anindependent auditor, he or she makes himself or herselfresponsible for having the abilities expected of a qualifiedperson in that profession. Such qualifications do not includethose of an appraiser, valuer, expert in materials, expert instyles, insurer, or lawyer. The auditor is entitled to rely uponthe judgment of experts in these other areas of knowledgeand skill.b. Auditors are responsible for obtaining reasonable assurance thatmaterial misstatements included in the financial statements aredetected, whether those misstatements are due to error or fraud.Professional standards acknowledge that it is often more difficult todetect fraud than errors because management or employeesperpetrating the fraud attempt to conceal the fraud. That difficulty,however, does not change the a uditor’s responsibility to properlyplan and perform the audit. Auditors are required to specificallyassess the risk of material misstatement due to fraud and shouldconsider that assessment in designing the audit procedures to beperformed.In recent years there has been increased emphasis on auditors’ responsibility to evaluate factors that may indicate anincreased likelihood that fraud may be occurring. For example,assume that management is dominated by a president who makesmost of the major operating and business decisions himself. He hasa reputation in the business community for making optimisticprojections about future earnings and then putting considerablepressure on operating and accounting staff to make sure thoseprojections are met. He has also been associated with othercompanies in the past that have gone bankrupt. These factors,considered together, may cause the auditor to conclude that thelikelihood of fraud is fairly high. In such a circumstance, the auditorshould put increased emphasis on searching for materialmisstatements due to fraud.The auditor may also uncover circumstances during the audit thatmay cause suspicions of fraudulent financial reporting. For example,the auditor may find that management has lied about the age ofcertain inventory items. When such circumstances are uncovered,the auditor must evaluate their implications and consider the needto modify audit evidence.Adequate internal control should be the principal means of thwarting and detecting misappropriation of assets. To rely entirelyon an independent audit for the detection of misappropriation ofassets would require expanding the auditor's work to the extent thatthe cost might be prohibitive.The auditor normally assesses the likelihood of material misappropriation of assets as a part of understanding the entity’sinternal control and assessing control risk. Audit evidence shouldbe expanded when the auditor finds an absence of adequatecontrols or failure to follow prescribed procedures, if he or shebelieves a material fraud could result.The independent auditor is not an insurer or guarantor. The auditor’s implicit obligation in an engagement is that the audit bemade with due professional skill and care in accordance withauditing standards. A subsequent discovery of fraud, existentduring the period covered by the independent audit, does not ofitself indicate negligence on the auditor’s part.c. If an independent auditor uncovers circumstances arousingsuspicion as to the existence of fraud, he or she should weigh theeffect of the circumstances on the opinion on the financialstatements. When the auditor believes that the amount of thepossible fraud is material, the matter must be investigated beforean opinion can be given. The auditor should consider theimplications for other aspects of the audit and discuss the matterwith an appropriate level of management that is at least one levelabove those involved and with senior management. Additionally,the auditor should obtain additional evidential matter to determinewhether material fraud has occurred or is likely to have occurred.The auditor may suggest that the client consult with legal counsel.Whenever the auditor has determined that there is evidence thatfraud may exist, that matter should be brought to the attention ofthe audit committee, unless the matter is clearly inconsequential.6-23d. Rental revenue is likely to be recorded in the cash receipts journal atthe time the cash is received from renters. It is therefore likely to be recorded as a debit to cash receipts and a credit to rental revenue. The journal will be summarized monthly and posted to the general ledger.There will be required adjusting entries for unearned rent and for rent receivable. A record will be kept of each renter and a determination made whether rent is unpaid or unearned at the end of each accounting period. The entries that are likely to be made in the adjustments journal are posted to the general ledger. Then the financial statements are prepared from the adjusted general ledger.Reversing entries may be used to eliminate the adjusting entries.6-24 a.b. The general ledger accounts are not likely to differ much between aretail and a wholesale company unless there are departments forwhich there are various categories. There would be large differencesfor a hospital or governmental unit. A governmental unit would use thefund accounting system and would have entirely different titles.Hospitals are likely to have several different kinds of revenue accounts,rather than sales. They are also likely to have such things as drugexpense, laboratory supplies, etc. At the same time, even agovernmental unit or a hospital will have certain accounts such as cash,insurance expense, interest income, rent expense, and so forth.6-25a. Management assertions about transactions relate to transactions andother events that are reflected in the accounting records. In contrast,assertions about account balances relate to the ending accountbalances that are included in the financial statements, and assertionsabout presentation and disclosure relate to how those balances arereflected and disclosed in the financial statements.6-266-27 a. Management assertions are implied or expressed representations by management about the classes of transactions and related accountsin the financial statements. SAS 106 identifies five assertions aboutclasses of transactions which are stated in the problem. Theseassertions are the same for every transaction cycle and account.General transaction-related audit objectives are essentially the sameas management assertions, but they are expanded somewhat to helpthe auditor decide which audit evidence is necessary to satisfy themanagement assertions. Accuracy and posting and summarizationare a subset of the accuracy assertion. Specific transaction-relatedaudit objectives are determined by the auditor for each generaltransaction-related audit objective. These are done for eachtransaction cycle to help the auditor determine the specific amount ofevidence needed for that cycle to satisfy the general transaction-related audit objectives.b.andc. The easiest way to do this problem is to first identify the generaltransaction-related audit objectives for each specific transaction-related audit objective. It is then easy to determine the managementassertion using Table 6-3 (p. 156 in text) as a guide.6-286-29a. The first objective concerns amounts that should not be included onthe list of accounts payable because there are no amounts due to suchvendors. This objective concerns only the overstatement of accountspayable. The second objective concerns the possibility of accountspayable that should be included but that have not been included. Thisobjective concerns only the possibility of understated accounts payable.b. The first objective deals with existence and the second deals withcompleteness.c. For accounts payable, the auditor is usually most concerned aboutunderstatements. An understatement of accounts payable is usuallyconsidered more important than overstatements because of potentiallegal liability. The completeness objective is therefore normally moreimportant in the audit of accounts payable. The auditor is alsoconcerned about overstatements of accounts payable. The existenceobjective is also therefore important in accounts payable, but usuallyless so than the completeness objective.6-30 a. The purposes of the general balance-related audit objectives are to provide a framework that the auditor can use to accumulate auditevidence. Once the eight general balance-related audit objectives havebeen satisfied, the auditor can conclude that the account balance inquestion is fairly stated. Specific balance-related audit objectives areapplied to each account balance and are used to help the auditorbecome more specific about the audit evidence to accumulate.There is at least one specific balance-related audit objective for each general balance-related audit objective and in many cases thereare several specific objectives. There are specific balance-related auditobjectives for each account balance, and specific balance-related auditobjectives for an account such as fixed assets are likely to differsignificantly from those used in accounts receivable. In some audits,the auditor may conclude that certain specific balance-related auditobjectives are not important. At the end of the audit, the auditor mustbe satisfied that each specific balance-related audit objective has beensatisfied. The general balance-related audit objectives help the auditordetermine the appropriate specific balance-related audit objectives.6-30 (continued) b.Case6-31 a. A review provides limited assurance about the fair presentation of financial statements in accordance with generally acceptedaccounting principles but far less assurance than an audit.Presumably, the bank decided that the assurances provided by areview were needed before a loan could be approved, but an auditwas not necessary. A review includes a CPA firm performinganalytical procedures, making inquiries about the fair presentationof the statements, and examining the information forreasonableness. Because of a CPA firm’s expert ise in accounting,the accountant from the CPA firm can often identify incorrectpresentations in the financial statements that have been overlookedby the accountant for the company. Reviews are common forsmaller privately-held companies with relatively small amounts ofdebt.The bank probably did not require an audit because the additional cost of an audit was greater than the benefit the bankperceived. In many cases, the decision as to whether to have areview or an audit is negotiated between the company seeking aloan and the bank loan officer. Both the company and the bankhave options in negotiating such things as the amount of the loan,the rate of interest, and whether to require an audit or a review. Thebank can reject the loan request and the company can go to otherbanks that want to make loans.Frequently, banks have a list of CPA firms in which they have considerable confidence due to their reputation in thecommunity or past work they have done for other bank customers.b. Because the amount of the loans from the bank to Ritter increased,the bank probably wanted additional assurance about the reliabilityof the financial statements. It is also likely that Rene Ritternegotiated the one percent reduction of the interest rate by offeringto have an audit instead of a review. A one percent reduction in theinterest rate saves Ritter $40,000 annually compared to the$15,000 additional fee for an audit.c. Rene referred to the CPA firm as partners in a professional sense,not a business sense. The CPA firm had provided many consultingand tax services, as well as providing review and audit servicesover the entire business life of the company. Rene recognized thatthese professional services had contributed to the success of thebusiness and she chose to acknowledge those contributions duringher retirement comment. Assuming that the CPA firm retained anattitude of independence throughout all audits and reviews, noviolation of professional independence standards occurred. Mostwell run CPA firms provide consulting, tax, and assurance servicefor their privately held clients without violating independencerequirements.6-31 (continued)d. As the external auditor, the firm of Gonzalez & Fineberg providesthe stockholders, creditors, and management an independentopinion as to the fair presentation of the financial statements. Giventhe potential biases present when management prepares thefinancial statements, the stockholders and creditors must considerthe potential for information risk that might be present. Theindependent audit conducted by Gonzalez & Fineberg helpsstockholders and creditors reduce their information risk.Management also benefits by having the external auditorsindependently assess the financial statements even though thosestatements are prepared by management. Due to the complexitiesinvolved in preparing financial statements in accordance withgenerally accepted accounting principles, the potential formisstatement on the part of management increases the need for anobjective examination of those financial statements by a qualifiedindependent party.e. The auditor is responsible for obtaining reasonable assurance thatmaterial misstatements are detected, whether those misstatementsare due to errors or fraud. To obtain reasonable assurance, theauditor is required to gather sufficient, appropriate evidence.Auditors’ chief responsibility to stockholders, creditors, andmanagement is to conduct the audit in accordance with auditingstandards in order to fulfill their responsibilities of the engagement.Internet Problem Solution: Reasonable Assurance for Reports on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting6-1 Auditors conduct their work with the goal of providing reasonable, as opposed to absolute, assurance to the readers of their reports on internal control over financial reporting. Auditors have been responsible for issuing audit reports on financial statements based on the concept of reasonable assurance for some time; however, difficulties in applying the concept to audits of internal control over financial reporting became evident during the first year of implementation of Section 404 of SOX. As a consequence of these and other difficulties, the PCAOB [/Rules/Docket_008/2005-05-16_Release_2005-009.pdf] and SEC [/news/press/2005-74.htm] issued statements regarding the concept of reasonable assurance.1. Read the statements issued by the PCAOB and SEC on May 16,2005 and briefly describe the apparent underlying cause(s) forauditors’ failure in applying the concept of reasonable assurance.Hint: Read the portion of the PCAOB’s policy statement entitled“The Importance of Professional Judgment.”Answer: Auditors appear to have failed to tailor their auditapproaches to properly consider unique client characteristics andspecific risks. According to the PCAOB, “auditors have used a one-size-fits-all audit plan driven by standardized checklists that mayhave little to do with the unique issues and risks of the particularclient's financial reporti ng processes.” Furthermore, the PCAOBstates “The overall objective of Auditing Standard No. 2 is for theauditor to obtain evidence that a company's control systemreasonably assures that its financial statements do not containmaterial misstatements. To accomplish this, the auditor must notonly exercise judgment to determine how to apply the standard toaudit clients in different industries and of different sizes, but alsoexercise judgment to focus their work on areas that pose higherrisks of misstatement, due either to errors or fraud. Reliance onstandardized checklists that lead to a focus on controls in low-riskareas obviously fails to meet this objective.” The SEC’s statementechoes these sentiments.2. Why do you think firms had such difficulty in applying the concept ofreasonable assurance during the first year of implementation ofSection 404?6-1 (continued)Answer: There are likely a variety of reasons for the difficulty. Forexample, auditors were unfamiliar with the particular requirementsof Auditing Standard No. 2 and may have been mechanical inresponding to it with the expectation that by doing so they wouldachieve greater consistency in applying the new standard. Also,many auditors were likely being conservative in their approachesand, as a result, over-testing some controls and under-testing othercontrols. The important point that the PCAOB and SEC guidancemakes is that auditors must exercise their professional judgmentand not be mechanical in applying the standard.(Note: Internet problems address current issues using Internet sources. Because Internet sites are subject to change, Internet problems and solutions may change. Current information on Internet problems is available at /arens.)。
罗斯公司理财第六版习题答案第6章
Chapter 6: Some Alternative Investment RulesConcept Questions - Chapter 66.2 ∙List the problems of the payback period rule.1.It does not take into account the time value of money.2.It ignores payments after the payback period.3.The cutoff period is arbitrary.∙What are some advantages?1.It is simple to implement.2.It may help in controlling and evaluating managers.6.4 ∙What are the three steps in calculating AAR?1.Determine average net income.2.Determine average investment3.Divide average net income by average investment.∙What are some flaws with the AAR approach?1.It uses accounting figures.2.It takes no account of timing.3.The cutoff period is arbitrary.6.5 ∙How does one calculate the IRR of a project?Using either trial-and-error or a financial calculator, one finds the discount ratethat produces an NPV of zero.6.6 ∙What is the difference between independent projects and mutually exclusiveprojects?An independent project is one whose acceptance does not affect the acceptance of another. A mutually exclusive project, on the other hand is one whose acceptance precludes the acceptance of another.∙What are two problems with the IRR approach that apply to both independent and mutually exclusive projects?1.The decision rule depends on whether one is investing of financing.2.Multiple rates of return are possible.∙What are two additional problems applying only to mutually exclusive projects?1.The IRR approach ignores issues of scale.2.The IRR approach does not accommodate the timing of the cash flowsproperly.6.7 ∙How does one calculate a project's profitability index?Divide the present value of the cash flows subsequent to the initial investment by the initial investment.∙How is the profitability index applied to independent projects, mutually exclusive projects, and situations of capital rationing?1.With independent projects, accept the project if the PI is greater than 1.0 andreject if less than 1.0.2.With mutually exclusive projects, use incremental analysis, subtracting thecash flows of project 2 from project 1. Find the PI. If the PI is greater than1.0, accept project 1. If less than 1.0, accept project2.3.In capital rationing, the firm should simply rank the projects according to theirrespective PIs and accept the projects with the highest PIs, subject to thebudget constrain.Answers to End-of-Chapter ProblemsQUESTIONS AND PROBLEMSThe Payback Period Rule6.1 Fuji Software, Inc., has the following projects.Year Project A Project B0 _$7,500 _$5,0001 4,000 2,5002 3,500 1,2003 1,500 3,000a. Suppose Fuji’s cutoff payback period is two years. Which of these two projects should be chosen?b. Suppose Fuji uses the NPV rule to rank these two projects. If the appropriate discount rate is 15 percent, which project should be chosen?6.1 a. Payback period of Project A = 1 + ($7,500 - $4,000) / $3,500 = 2 yearsPayback period of Project B = 2 + ($5,000 - $2,500 -$1,200) / $3,000 = 2.43 yearsProject A should be chosen.b. NPV A = -$7,500 + $4,000 / 1.15 + $3,500 / 1.152 + $1,500 / 1.153 = -$388.96NPV B = -$5,000 + $2,500 / 1.15 + $1,200 / 1.152 + $3,000 / 1.153 = $53.83Project B should be chosen.6.2 Suppose Peach Paving Company invests $1 million today on a new construction project. The project will generate annual cash flows of $150,000 in perpetuity. The appropriate annual discount rate for the project is 10 percent.a. What is the payback period for the project? If the Peach Paving Company desires to have a 10-year payback period, should the project be adopted?b. What is the discounted payback period for the project?c. What is the NPV of the project?6.2 a. Payback period = 6 + {$1,000,000 - ($150,000 ⨯ 6)} / $150,000 = 6.67 yearsYes, the project should be adopted.A= $974,259b. $150,000 11.010The discounted payback period = 11 + ($1,000,000 - $974,259) / ($150,000 / 1.112)= 11.54 yearsc. NPV = -$1,000,000 + $150,000 / 0.10 = $500,000The Average Accounting Return6.3 The annual, end-of-year, book-investment accounts for the machine whose purchase your firm is considering are shown below.Purchase Year Year Year YearDate 1 2 3 4Gross investment $16,000 $16,000 $16,000 $16,000 $16,000Less: accumulateddepreciation ______0_ ___4_,0_0_0_ ___8_,0_0_0_ __1_2_,0_0_0_ _1_6_,_0_0_0Net investment $16,000 $12,000 $ 8,000 $ 4,000 $ 0If your firm purchases this machine, you can expect it to generate, on average, $4,500 peryear in additional net income.a. What is the average accounting return for this machine?b. What three flaws are inherent in this decision rule?6.3 a. Average Investment:($16,000 + $12,000 + $8,000 + $4,000 + 0) / 5 = $8,000Average accounting return:$4,500 / $8,000 = 0.5625 = 56.25%b. 1. AAR does not consider the timing of the cash flows, hence it does notconsider the time value of money.2. AAR uses an arbitrary firm standard as the decision rule.3. AAR uses accounting data rather than net cash flows.6.4 Western Printing Co. has an opportunity to purchase a $2 million new printing machine. It has an economic life of five years and will be worthless after that time. This new investment is expected to generate an annual net income of $100,000 one year from today and the income stream will grow at 7 percent per year subsequently. The company adopts a straight-line depreciation method (i.e., equal amounts of depreciation in each year). What is the average accounting return of the investment? Supposing Western Printing’s AAR cutoff is 20 percent, should the machine be purchased?6.4 Average Investment = ($2,000,000 + 0) / 2 = $1,000,000Average net income = [$100,000 {(1 + g)5 - 1} / g] / 5= {$100,000A (1.075 - 1} / 0.07} / 5= $115,014.78AAR = $115,014.78 / $1,000,000 = 11.50%No, since the machine’s AAR is less than the firm’s cutoff AAR.6.5 Nokia Group has invested $8,000 in a high-tech project. This cost is depreciated on an accelerated basis that yields $4,000, $2,500, $1,500 of depreciation, respectively, during its three-year economic life. The project is expected to produce income before tax of $2,000 each year during its economic life. If the tax rate is 25%, what is the project’s average accounting return (AAR)?a. 44.44%b. 50.23%c. 66.67%d. 70.00%e. 82.21%The Internal Rate of Return6.5 a6.6 Compute the internal rate of return on projects with the following cash flows.Cash Flows ($)Year Project A Project B0 _3,000 _6,0001 2,500 5,0002 1,000 2,000/ $160,000 = 1.046.6PI = $40,000 715.0Since the PI exceeds one accept the project.6.7 CPC, Inc., has a project with the following cash flows.Year Cash Flows ($)0 _8,0001 4,0002 3,0003 2,000a. Compute the internal rate of return on the project.b. Suppose the appropriate discount rate is 8 percent. Should the project be adopted by CPC?6.7 The IRR is the discount rate at which the NPV = 0.-$3,000 + $2,500 / (1 + IRR A) + $1,000 / (1 + IRR A)2 = 0By trial and error, IRR A = 12.87%Since project B’s cash flows are two times of those of project A, the IRR B = IRR A =12.87%6.8 Compute the internal rate of return for the cash flows of the following two projects.Cash Flows ($)Time A B0 _2,000 _1,5001 2,000 5002 8,000 1,0003 _8,000 1,5006.8 a. Solve x by trial and error:-$4,000 + $2,000 / (1 + x) + $1,500 / (1 + x)2 + $1,000 / (1 + x)3 = 0x = 6.93%b. No, since the IRR (6.93%) is less than the discount rate of 8%.6.9 Suppose you are offered $5,000 today and obligated to make scheduled payments as follows:Year Cash Flows ($)0 5,0001 _2,5002 _2,0003 _1,0004 _1,000a. What is the IRRs of this offer?b. If the appropriate discount rate is 10 percent, should you accept this offer?c. If the appropriate discount rate is 20 percent, should you accept this offer?Chapter 6 Some Alternative Investment Rules 165d. What is the corresponding NPV of the project if the appropriate discount rates are 10 percent and 20 percent, respectively? Are the choices under the NPV rule consistent with those of the IRR rule?6.9 Find the IRRs of project A analytically. Since the IRR is the discount rate that makes the NPVequal to zero, the following equation must hold.-$200 + $200 / (1 + r) + $800 / (1 + r)2 - $800 / (1 + r)3 = 0$200 [-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] - {$800 / (1 + r)2}[-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] = 0[-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] [$200 - $800 / (1 + r)2] = 0For this equation to hold, either [-1 + 1 / (1 + r)] = 0 or [$200 - $800 / (1 + r)2] = 0.Solve each of these factors for the r that would cause the factor to equal zero. Theresulting rates are the two IRRs for project A. They are either r = 0% or r = 100%.Note: By inspection you should have known that one of the IRRs of project A iszero. Notice that the sum of the un-discounted cash flows for project A is zero.Thus, not discounting the cash flows would yield a zero NPV. The discount ratewhich is tantamount to not discounting is zero.Here are some of the interactions used to find the IRR by trial and error.Sophisticated calculators can compute this rate without all of the tedium involved inthe trial-and-error method.NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.3 + $100 / 1.32 + $150 / 1.33 = $15.91NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.4 + $100 / 1.42 + $150 / 1.43 = -$8.60NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.37 + $100 / 1.372 + $150 / 1.373 = -$1.89NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.36 + $100 / 1.36 2 + $150 / 1.363 = $0.46NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.36194 + $100 / 1.361942 + $150 / 1.361943= $0.0010NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.36195 + $100 / 1.361952 + $150 / 1.361953= -$0.0013NPV = -$150 + $50 / 1.361944 + $100 / 1.3619442 + $150 / 1.3619443= $0.0000906Thus, the IRR is approximately 36.1944%.6.10 As the Chief Financial Officer of the Orient Express, you are offered the following twomutually exclusive projects.Year Project A Project B0 _$5,000 _$100,0001 3,500 65,0002 3,500 65,000a. What are the IRRs of these two projects?b. If you are told only the IRRs of the projects, which would you choose?c. What did you ignore when you made your choice in part (b)?d. How can the problem be remedied?e. Compute the incremental IRR for the projects.f. Based on your answer to part (e), which project should you choose?g. Suppose you have determined that the appropriate discount rate for these projectsis 15 percent. According to the NPV rule, which of these two projects should beadopted?6.10 a. Solve r in the equation:$5,000 - $2,500 / (1 + r) - $2,000 / (1 + r)2 - $1,000 / (1 + r)3- $1,000 / (1 + r)4 = 0By trial and error,IRR = r = 13.99%b. Since this problem is the case of financing, accept the project if the IRR is less thanthe required rate of return.IRR = 13.99% > 10%Reject the offer.c. IRR = 13.99% < 20%Accept the offer.d. When r = 10%:NPV = $5,000 - $2,500 / 1.1 - $2,000 / 1.12 - $1,000 / 1.13 - $1,000 / 1.14= -$359.95When r = 20%:NPV = $5,000 - $2,500 / 1.2 - $2,000 / 1.22 - $1,000 / 1.23 - $1,000 / 1.24= $466.82Yes, they are consistent with the choices of the IRR rule since the signs of the cashflows change only once.6.11 Consider two streams of cash flows, A and B. Cash flow A consists of $5,000 starting three years from today and growing at 4 percent in perpetuity. Cash flow B consists of _$6,000 starting two years from today and continuing in perpetuity. Assume the appropriate discount rate is 12 percent.a. What is the present value of each stream?b. What is the IRR of a project C, which is a combination of projects A and B; that is, C _ A _ B?c. If it is assumed that the discount rate is always positive, what is the rule related to IRR for assessing project C that would correspond to the NPV rule?6.11 a. Project A:NPV = -$5,000 + $3,500 / (1 + r) + $3,500 / (1 + r)2 = 0IRR = r = 25.69%Project B:NPV = -$100,000 + $65,000 / (1 + r) + $65,000 / (1 + r)2 = 0IRR = r = 19.43%b. Choose project A because it has a higher IRR.c. The difference in scale is ignored.d. Apply the incremental IRR method.e.C0C1C2B - A -$95,000 $61,500 $61,500NPV = -$95,000 + $61,500 / (1 + r) + $61,500 / (1 + r)2 = 0Incremental IRR = r = 19.09%f. If the discount rate is less than 19.09%, choose project B.Otherwise, choose project A.g. NPV A = -$5,000 + $3,500 / 1.15 + $3,500 / 1.152 = $689.98NPV B = -$100,000 + $65,000 / 1.15 + $65,000 / 1.152 = $5,671.08Choose project B.6.12 Project A involves an investment of $1 million, and project B involves an investment of $2 million. Both projects have a unique internal rate of return of 20 percent. Is the following statement true or false? Explain your answer.For any discount rate between 0 percent and 20 percent, inclusive, project B has an NPV twice as great as that of project A.6.12 a. PV A = {$5,000 / (0.12 - 0.04)} / 1.122 = $49,824.61 PV B = (-$6,000 / 0.12) / 1.12 = -$44,642.86 b. The IRR for project C must solve{$5,000 / (x - 0.04)} / (1 + x)2 + (-$6,000 / x) / (1 + x) = 0 $5,000 / (x - 0.04) - $6,000 (1 + x) / x = 0 25 x 2 + 3.17 x - 1 =0x = {-3.17 - (110.0489)0.5} / 50 or {-3.17 + (110.0489)0.5} / 50 The relevant positive root is IRR = x = 0.1464 = 14.64%c.To arrive at the appropriate decision rule, we must graph the NPV as a function of the discount rate. At a discount rate of 14.64% the NPV is zero. To determine if the graph is upward or downward sloping, check the NPV at another discount rate. At a discount rate of 10% the NPV is $14,325.07 [= $68,870.52 - $54,545.54]. Thus, the graph of the NPV is downward sloping. From the discussion in the text, if an NPV graph is downward sloping, the project is an investing project. The correct decision rule for an investing project is to accept the project if the discount rate is below 14.64%.The Profitability Index6.13 Suppose the following two mutually exclusive investment opportunities are available to the DeAngelo Firm. The appropriate discount rate is 10 percent. Year Project Alpha Project Beta 0 _$500 _$2,000 1 _300 _300 2 700 1,800 3 600 1,700a. What is the NPV of project alpha and project beta?b. Which project would you recommend for the DeAngelo Firm?6.13 Generally, the statement is false. If the cash flows of project B occur early and the cashflows of project A occur late, then for a low discount rate the NPV of A can exceed the NPV of B. Examples are easy to construct.14.64%10%rNPV$14,325.07C0C1C2IRR NPV @ 0% A: -$1,000,000 $0 $1,440,000 0.20 $440,000B: -2,000,000 2,400,000 0 0.20 400,000 In one particular case, the statement is true for equally risky projects. If the lives of thetwo projects are equal and in every time period the cash flows of the project B are twicethe cash flows of project A, then the NPV of project B will be twice as great as the NPV of project A for any discount rate between 0% and 20%.6.14 The firm for which you work must choose between the following two mutually exclusive projects. The appropriate discount rate for the projects is 10 percent.ProfitabilityC0 C1 C2 Index NPVA _$1,000 $1,000 $500 1.32 $322B _500 500 400 1.57 285The firm chose to undertake A. At a luncheon for shareholders, the manager of a pension fund that owns a substantial amount of the firm’s stock asks you why the firm chose project A instead of project B when B is more profitable.How would you justify your firm’s action? Are there any circumstances under which the pension fund manager’s argument could be correct?6.14 a. NPVα = $756.57 - $500 = $256.57NPVβ = $2,492.11 - $2,000 = $492.11b. Choose project beta.6.15 The treasurer of Davids, Inc., has projected the cash flows of projects A, B, and C as follows. Suppose the relevant discount rate is 12 percent a year.Year Project A Project B Project C0 _$100,000 _$200,000 _$100,0001 70,000 130,000 75,0002 70,000 130,000 60,000a. Compute the profitability indices for each of the three projects.b. Compute the NPVs for each of the three projects.c. Suppose these three projects are independent. Which projects should Davids accept based on the profitability index rule?d. Suppose these three projects are mutually exclusive. Which project should Davids accept based on the profitability index rule?e. Suppose Davids’ budget for these projects is $300,000. The projects are not divisible. Which projects should Davids accept?6.15 Although the profitability index is higher for project B than for project A, the NPV is theincrease in the value of the company that will occur if a particular project is undertaken.Thus, the project with the higher NPV should be chosen because it increases the value of the firm the most. Only in the case of capital rationing could the pension fund manager be correct.6.16 Bill plans to open a self-serve grooming center in a storefront. The grooming equipment will cost $160,000. Bill expects the after-tax cash inflows to be $40,000 annually for seven years, after which he plans to scrap the equipment and retire to the beaches of Jamaica.Assume the required return is 15%. What is the project’s PI? Should it be accepted?Comparison of Investment Rules6.16 a. PI A = ($70,000 / 1.12 + $70,000 / 1.122) / $100,000 = 1.183PI B = ($130,000 / 1.12 + $130,000 / 1.122) / $200,000 = 1.099PI C = ($75,000 / 1.12 + $60,000 / 1.122) / $100,000 = 1.148b. NPV A = -$100,000 + $118,303.57 = $18,303.57NPV B = -$200,000 + $219,706.63 = $19,706.63NPV C = -$100,000 + $114,795.92 = $14,795.92c. Accept all three projects because PIs of all the three projects are greater than one.d. Based on the PI rule, project C can be eliminated because its PI is less than the oneof project A, while both have the same amount of the investment. We can computethe PI of the incremental cash flows between the two projects,Project C0C1C2PIB - A -$100,000 $60,000 $60,000 1.014We should take project B since the PI of the incremental cash flows is greater thanone.e. Project B has the highest NPV, while A has the next highest NPV.Take both projects A and B.6.17 Define each of the following investment rules. In your definition state the criteria for accepting or rejecting an investment under each rule.a. Payback periodb. Average accounting returnc. Internal rate of returnd. Profitability indexe. Net present value6.17 a. The payback period is the time it takes to recoup the initial investment of a project.Accept any project that has a payback period that is equal to or shorter than thecompany’s standard payback period. Reject all other projects.b. The average accounting return (AAR) is defined asAverage project earnings ÷ Average book value of the investment.Accep t projects for which the AAR is equal to or greater than the firm’s standard.Reject all other projects.c. The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate which makes the net presentvalue (NPV) of the project zero. The accept / reject criteria is:If C0 < 0 and all future cash flows are positive, accept the project if IRR ≥discount rate.If C0 < 0 and all future cash flows are positive, reject the project if IRR <discount rate.If C0 > 0 and all future cash flows are negative, accept the project if IRR ≤discount rate.If C0 > 0 and all future cash flows are negative, reject the project if IRR >discount rate.If the project has cash flows that alternate in sign, there is likely to be more thanone positive IRR. In that situation, there is no valid IRR accept / reject rule.d. The profitability index (PI) is defined as:(The present value of the cash flows subsequent to the initial investment ÷The initial investment)Accept any project for which the profitability index is equal to or greater thanone. Reject project for which that is not true.e. The net present value (NPV) is the sum of the present values of all project cashflows. Accept those projects with NPVs which are equal to or greater than zero.Rejects p roposals with negative NPVs.6.18 Consider the following cash flows of two mutually exclusive projects for Chinese Daily News.New Sunday New SaturdayYear Early Edition Late Edition0 _$1,200 _$2,1001 600 1,0002 550 9003 450 800a. Based on the payback period rule, which project should be chosen?b. Suppose there is no corporate tax and the cash flows above are income before the depreciation. The firm uses a straight-line depreciation method (i.e., equal amounts of depreciation in each year). What is the average accounting return for each of these two projects?c. Which project has a greater IRR?d. Based on the incremental IRR rule, which project should be chosen?6.18 Let project A represent New Sunday Early Edition; and let project B represent NewSaturday Late Edition.a. Payback period of project A = 2 + ($1,200 - $1,150) / $450 = 2.11 yearsPayback period of project B = 2 + ($2,100 - $1,900) / $800 = 2.25 yearsBased on the payback period rule, you should choose project A.b. Project A:Average investment = ($1,200 + $0) / 2 = $600Depreciation = $400 / yearAverage income = [($600 - $400) + ($550 - $400) + ($450 - $400)] / 3= $133.33AAR = $133.33 / $600 = 22.22%Project B:Average investment = ($2,100 + $0) / 2 = $1,050Depreciation = $700 / yearAverage income = [($1,000 - $700) + ($900 - $700) + ($800 - $700)] / 3= $200AAR = $200 / $1,050 = 19.05%c. IRR of project A:-$1,200 + $600 / (1 + r) + $550 / (1 + r)2 + $450 / (1 + r)3 = 0IRR = r = 16.76%IRR of project B:-$2,100 + $1,000 / (1 + r) + $900 / (1 + r)2 + $800 / (1 + r)3 = 0IRR = r = 14.29%Project A has a greater IRR.d. IRR of project B-A:Incremental cash flowsYear 0 1 2 3B - A -$900 $400 $350 $350-$900 + $400 / (1 + r) + $350 / (1 + r)2 + $350 / (1 + r)3 = 0Incremental IRR = r = 11.02%If the required rate of return is greater than 11.02%, then choose project A.If the required rate of return is less than 11.02%, then choose project B.6.19 Consider the following cash flows on two mutually exclusive projects that require an annual return of 15 percent. Working in the financial planning department for the Bahamas Recreation Corp., you are trying to compare different investment criteria to arrive at a sensible choice of these two projects.Deepwater New SubmarineYear Fishing Ride0 _$600,000 _$1,800,0001 270,000 1,000,0002 350,000 700,0003 300,000 900,000a. Based on the discounted payback period rule, which project should be chosen?b. If your decision rule is to accept the project with a greater IRR, which project should you choose?c. Since you are fully aware of the IRR rule’s scale problem, you calculate the incremental IRR for the cash flows. Based on your computation, which project should you choose?d. To be prudent, you compute the NPV for both projects. Which project should you choose? Is it consistent with the incremental IRR rule?6.19 Let project A be Deepwater Fishing; let project B be New Submarine Ride.a. Project A:Year Discounted CF Cumulative CF0 -$600,000 -$600,0001 234,783 -365,2172 264,650 -100,5673 197,255Discounted payback period of project A = 2 + $100,567 / $197,255= 2.51 yearsProject B:Year Discounted CF Cumulative CF0 -$1,800,000 -$1,800,0001 869,565 -930,4352 529,301 -401,1343 591,765Discounted payback period of project B = 2 + $401,134 / $591,765= 2.68 yearsProject A should be chosen.b. IRR of project A:-$600,000 + $270,000 / (1 + r) + $350,000 / (1 + r)2 + $300,000 / (1 + r)3 = 0IRR = r = 24.30%IRR of project B:-$1,800,000 + $1,000,000 /(1 + r) + $700,000 / (1 + r)2 + $900,000 / (1 + r)3= 0IRR = r = 21.46%Based on the IRR rule, project A should be chosen since it has a greater IRR.c. Incremental IRR:Year 0 1 2 3B - A -$1,200,000 $730,000 $350,000 $600,000-$1,200,000 + $730,000 / (1 + r) + $350,000 / (1 + r)2 + $600,000 / (1 + r)3 = 0Incremental IRR = r = 19.92%Since the incremental IRR is greater than the required rate of return, 15%, chooseproject B.d. NPV A = -$600,000 + $270,000 / 1.15 + $350,000 / 1.152 + $300,000 / 1.153= $96,687.76NPV B = -$1,800,000 + $1,000,000 / 1.15 + $700,000 / 1.152 + $900,000 / 1.153 = $190,630.39Since NPV B > NPV A, choose project B.Yes, the NPV rule is consistent with the incremental IRR rule.6.20 The Utah Mining Corporation is set to open a gold mine near Provo, Utah. According to the treasurer, Steven Sample, “This is a golden opportunity.” The mine will cost $600,000 to open. It will generate a cash inflow of $100,000 during the first year and the cash flows are projected to grow at 8 percent per year for 10 years. After 10 years the mine will be abandoned. Abandonment costs will be $50,000.a. What is the IRR for the gold mine?b. The Utah Mining Corporation requires a 10 percent return on such undertakings.Should the mine be opened?6.20 a. The IRR is the discount rate at which the NPV = 0-$600,000 + ()0r 1000,50$r 1%811%)8r (000,100$1111=+-⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++--IRR ≈18.56% b. Yes, the mine should be opened since its IRR exceeds its required return of 10%.。
黄源深主编《综合英语Book6》中译英全部
《综合英语》黄源深主编 Book6 课后句子翻译整理Lesson 1 (P20)1．这种微妙的关系能维持多久呢？How long can the subtle relationship be maintained?2．双方都将谈判破裂归咎于对方。
Both sides attributed the breakdown in negotiation to the other side.3．力不但有大小而且有方向。
A force has direction as well as magnitude.4．在敌人的屠刀面前，他毫无惧色。
He exhibited no fear before his enemy’s sword.5．逆境中的三年使他得益非浅。
He benefited a lot from the three years in adverse circumstances.6．乔伊斯先生不赞成妻子买那么多衣服。
Mr. Joyce disapproved of his wife buying so many clothes.7．那部小说索然无味，我读不下去。
The novel is so bland that I find it difficult to keep on reading it.8．他感到无法将思想集中在那项研究上。
He found it difficult to focus his mind on the research (project).9．那家伙是江湖医生，而不是眼科专家。
That guy is a quack rather than an eye specialist.10．他们得另辟蹊径，那种模式并不适合于本厂。
They will have to find a new way. That pattern /model cannot be applied to their factory.1．他们把一笔款子交给董事会管理。
Chapter_06
V n 0
In spherical coordinates, the Laplace’s eq. is
1 2 1 1 V r Vr r sin V sin r sin 0V Vr er V e V e
If the flow is irrotational, there exists a velocity potential such that
V
A physically possible flow must satisfy the continuity equation, i.e., for incompressible flow
cos 2 r
Velocity components:
From
1 1 V er e e r r r sin cos sin er e 0e 3 3 2 r 4 r
V Vr er V e Ve
C Vr r 2 V 0 V 0
Then
C V 2 er r
This velocity distribution describes a flow with straight streamlines emanating ['eməneitiη] from the origin. Moreover, the velocity varies inversely with the square of the distance from the origin.
C 4
Hence
Finally we find
Vr 2 4r
4r
Autodesk Maya 2013 帮助文档说明书
Autodesk ®Maya®2013Install the Maya Help April 2012Autodesk ® Maya® 2013© 2012 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as otherwise permitted by Autodesk, Inc., this publication, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form, by any method, for any purpose.Certain materials included in this publication are reprinted with the permission of the copyright holder.Portions related to RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm Copyright (C) 1991-2, RSA Data Security, Inc. Created 1991. All rights reserved. License to copy and use this software is granted provided that it is identified as the "RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm" in all material mentioning or referencing this software or this function. License is also granted to make and use derivative works provided that such works are identified as "derived from the RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm" in all material mentioning or referencing the derived work. RSA Data Security, Inc. makes no representations concerning either the merchantability of this software or the suitability of this software for any particular purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty of any kind. These notices must be retained in any copies of any part of this documentation and/or software.The following are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., and/or its subsidiaries and/or affiliates in the USA and other countries: 123D, 3ds Max, Algor, Alias, Alias (swirl design/logo), AliasStudio, ATC, AUGI, AutoCAD, AutoCAD Learning Assistance, AutoCAD LT, AutoCAD Simulator, AutoCAD SQL Extension, AutoCAD SQL Interface, Autodesk, Autodesk Homestyler, Autodesk Intent, Autodesk Inventor, Autodesk MapGuide, Autodesk Streamline, AutoLISP, AutoSketch, AutoSnap, AutoTrack, Backburner, Backdraft, Beast, Beast (design/logo) Built with ObjectAR X (design/logo), Burn, Buzzsaw, CAiCE, CFdesign, Civil 3D, Cleaner, Cleaner Central, ClearScale, Colour Warper, Combustion, Communication Specification, Constructware, Content Explorer, Creative Bridge, Dancing Baby (image), DesignCenter, Design Doctor, Designer's Toolkit, DesignKids, DesignProf, DesignServer, DesignStudio, Design Web Format, Discreet, DWF, DWG, DWG (design/logo), DWG Extreme, DWG TrueConvert, DWG TrueView, DWFX, DXF, Ecotect, Evolver, Exposure, Extending the Design Team, Face Robot, FBX, Fempro, Fire, Flame, Flare, Flint, FMDesktop, Freewheel, GDX Driver, Green Building Studio, Heads-up Design, Heidi, Homestyler, HumanIK, IDEA Server, i-drop, Illuminate Labs AB (design/logo), ImageModeler, iMOUT, Incinerator, Inferno, Instructables, Instructables (stylized robot design/logo),Inventor, Inventor LT, Kynapse, Kynogon, LandXplorer, LiquidLight, LiquidLight (design/logo), Lustre, MatchMover, Maya, Mechanical Desktop, MIMI, Moldflow, Moldflow Plastics Advisers, Moldflow Plastics Insight, Moldflow Plastics Xpert, Moondust, MotionBuilder, Movimento, MPA, MPA (design/logo), MPI, MPI (design/logo), MPX, MPX (design/logo), Mudbox, Multi-Master Editing, Navisworks, ObjectARX, ObjectDBX, Opticore, Pipeplus, Pixlr, Pixlr-o-matic, PolarSnap, PortfolioWall, Powered with Autodesk Technology, Productstream, ProMaterials, RasterDWG, RealDWG, Real-time Roto, Recognize, Render Queue, Retimer, Reveal, Revit, RiverCAD, Robot, Scaleform, Scaleform GFx, Showcase, Show Me, ShowMotion, SketchBook, Smoke, Softimage, Softimage|XSI (design/logo), Sparks, SteeringWheels, Stitcher, Stone, StormNET, Tinkerbox, ToolClip, Topobase, Toxik, TrustedDWG, T-Splines, U-Vis, ViewCube, Visual, Visual LISP, Voice Reality, Volo, Vtour, WaterNetworks, Wire, Wiretap, WiretapCentral, XSI.ACE™, TAO™, CIAO™, and CoSMIC™ are copyrighted by Douglas C. Schmidt and his research group at Washington University, University of California, Irvine, and Vanderbilt University, Copyright (c) 1993-2009, all rights reserved.mental ray is a registered trademark of NVIDIA ARC GmbH, licensed for use by Autodesk, Inc.Intel is a registered trademark or trademark of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.OpenGL is a trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc. in the United States and other countries.Python is a registered trademark of Python Software Foundation.All other brand names, product names or trademarks belong to their respective holders.DisclaimerTHIS PUBLICATION AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS MADE AVAILABLE BY AUTODESK, INC. "AS IS." AUTODESK, INC. DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE REGARDING THESE MATERIALS.ContentsChapter 1Install the Maya Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Install the Maya Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1iiiiv1 Install the Maya HelpInstall the Maya Helpinstall Maya Help By default, your installed version of Maya 2013 launches theHelp from the Web site. You can download and install a copy ofthe Maya 2013 Help using the following instructions.Prepare to install the Maya HelpBefore you install the Maya Help, ensure that you have done the following:■Install Maya 2013.■Download the Autodesk Maya 2013 English Documentation installer for your platform from /maya-helpdownload-enu.This file installs Maya Help for 32-bit and 64-bit systems.Install Maya Help on WindowsThis section describes how to install a local version of the Maya Help on yoursystem. You can also install the Maya Help on a shared location such as aninternal network or web server. See Install the Maya Help on a shared location(page 3).1Double-click the Autodesk Maya 2013 English Documentation executable file.The installation wizard appears.2Extract the Help files to a temporary directory, then click Next.These files are automatically removed from your system after theinstallation completes.3Follow the instructions in the installation wizard.1By default, the Maya Help is installed in the following directory:■C:\Program Files\Autodesk\Maya2013\docs\Maya2013\en_US onWindows 32-bit systems.■C:\Program Files(x86)\Autodesk\Maya2013\docs\Maya2013\en_USon Windows 64-bit systems.You can change the install location of the docs directory during theinstallation if necessary.4Start Maya.5In Maya, open the Help preferences window by selecting Window > Settings/Preferences > Preferences.The Preferences window appears.6Under Categories, click Help.7In the Help Location section, select Installed Local Help.8Click Save and exit the Preferences window.The Maya 2013 Help is now available from the Help, F1, and contextsensitive help menus.Install Maya Help on Mac OS X1Double-click the Autodesk Maya 2013 English Documentation .dmg.The Maya English Documentation disk image mounts on the desktop.2Double-click the disk image.A Finder window opens.3Double-click the Install Maya 2013 Documentation icon.The installation wizard appears.4Follow the instructions in the installation wizard.By default, the Maya Help is installed in the following directory:/Applications/Autodesk/maya2013/docs/Maya2013/en_US.You cannot change the install location of the docs directory.5Start Maya.6In Maya, open the Help preferences window by selecting Window > Settings/Preferences > Preferences.The Preferences window appears.7Under Categories, click Help.8In the Help Location section, select Installed Local Help.2 | Chapter 1 Install the Maya Help9Click Save and exit the Preferences window.The Maya 2013 Help is now available from the Help, F1, and context sensitive help menus.Install Maya Help on LinuxThis section describes how to install a local version of the Maya Help on your system. You can also install the Maya Help on a shared location such as an internal network or web server. See Install the Maya Help on a shared location (page 3).1Extract the Maya Help package from the compressed files you downloaded.2Open a shell as a super user (using su -) and navigate to the directory where you extracted the packages.3Type./setup and press Enter.The installation wizard appears.4Follow the instructions in the installation wizard.By default, the Maya Help is installed in the following directory:/usr/autodesk/maya2013-x64/docs/Maya2013/en_US.You can change the install location of the docs directory during theinstallation if necessary.5Start Maya.6In Maya, open the Help preferences window by selecting Window > Settings/Preferences > Preferences.The Preferences window appears.7Under Categories, click Help.8In the Help Location section, select Installed Local Help.9Click Save and exit the Preferences window.The Maya 2013 Help is now available from the Help, F1, and context sensitive help menus.Install Maya Help on a shared locationOn Windows and Linux platforms, you can install the Maya Help to a shared location, such as internal network or web server, so that it can be accessed by multiple users. You can then set the Maya Help preferences on individual systems to access Help from this location.Install the Maya Help | 3NOTE On the Mac OS X systems, you can only install the Maya Help to the defaultdirectory. To use the Maya Help from a shared location, you must copy the docsdirectory to a shared location. Individual systems can then set their Help preferencesso they access Help from this location.When choosing a shared location, ensure that the directory path to the MayaHelp does the following:■Points directly to the Help location. For example,\\CompanyServer\SharedLocation\MayaHelp\docs\Maya2013\en_US.Do not use an alias path.■Points to the directory containing the index.html file. For example, the path pointing to the English Maya Help ends at the \en_US directory.■Uses either http or https protocol for a web server location.To install Maya Help to a shared location1Extract the Maya Help files for your platform and start the installation wizard as described in steps 1 and 2 of the Maya Help installationinstructions.See Install the Maya Help on Windows (page 1) and Install the MayaHelp on Linux (page 3).2During the installation when asked to confirm the destination folder for the Help install, depending on your platform, click Change (Windows)or Browse (Linux), then specify a shared location for the Help.Individual systems can then set their Help preferences so they accessHelp from this location.To set Help preferences for a shared location1Start Maya.2In Maya, open the Help preferences window by selecting Window > Settings/Preferences > Preferences.The Preferences window appears.3Under Categories, click Help.4In the Help Location section, select Custom, and then click theicon to browse to the shared location of the Maya Help, or type thedirectory of http path directly in the Custom field.5Click Save and exit the Preferences window.The Maya 2013 Help is now available from the shared location.4 | Chapter 1 Install the Maya Help。
高一小说作文：The body of the chapter 6 shiva_3000字
The body of the chapter 6 shiva_3000字"Oh oh oh! Chong grandma so much! What a fearful."ChengSi yan follow the input, small face smiled as dazzling as the rose petals.They look for, only to hear her temper, again way: "but my mother is ill. She said to cure, we will be able to cure me."Slice!Brag about you!All the children heart despised ChengSi yan malarkey, surface with some disdain, of course.These children have not enough to hide his scheming. ChengSi yan see, of course, they even disdain look on her face, she won't know.But others see I'm not happy.Wang Erge bent down and held the ChengSi yan, for the village children said: "prince of yan's niang mother is really bad."Then glared at the first jump out to seven or eight years old boy said: "getting you out of the last year zits, is it not cure of aunt wang give you? Don't pain is forgotten where gain follows. Our country people honest,don't do this conscienceless thing!"All the children want to also.Chong grandma how tough, they only heard just the cousin talked about in the city, but the king big niang how severe, they all have.This WangGu Village since five years ago, aunt moved to king they much sick people in the village, has been changed the conversation again, echo ChengSi yan, "saidyan's right! Let's king woman as good as chong grandma! Chong great grandma? Is the home of the old apprentice, cure is to jump river......"The cousin of the city heard some unhappy, but instead, these rural children had seen what the world?Why argue with them?Besides ChengSi yan anyway is the blind girl, she helped her mother to talk, is also god's truth, just smile and tease ChengSi yan: "you're right. The dog is not felt GuPin, mother not too ugly. Things are always the best. My little sister, you can want to remember for a lifetime!"This doesn't sound out of place, but listen toeverybody's ear, how listen to how uncomfortable.Although ChengSi yan was born don't like the war in public, with people hard to carry, but she also know, hit persons not dozen face, swear not recrimination.All things leave a line, well meet each other in the future.If youdon't want to see, on a broken head!ChengSi yan hey hey a smile in your heart, head and the direction of that city cousin spoke just now, fine fine gas to asked, "cousin's house is a large house in the city? Can go to a large house for a walk, is so think yan envy!" Cousin listened to ChengSi yan in the city, the inthe mind is very intimate, andao this darling although young, but it is a bargain, will reserve a way: "my house is not a large house, but a large house rape of things, will please my mother used to have a look, draw a operator, please god or something. If you don't understand..."ChengSi yan blinked gray eyes, clap your hands say with smile: "hey, that is the teacher who? Your mother would please god scribbles?! Is really amazing! Amazing! - cousin, si yan envy you!"Face is a Yin envy, completelysurprising her what is the real purpose of...But other village children didn't ChengSi yan these idea, didn't she politely.They only know that woman, is a kind of in town, summer in dynasty under extremely poor, is lower than their age farming cultivators status."Oh - -! Turns out to be town!""Seems to live in the capital, also not necessarily better than us!""Cousin, you must not abandon your mother ugly, also cannot abandon your poor, remember?"The village children laughed, also have followed the input, the cousin in the city just speaking runs ChengSi yan is back.Village people though honest and simple, but good things or bad things, malicious or tell good intention.Cousin in the city rose red in the face, have never thought one not careful, they said their real business out...Her cousin was surprised and asked: "the original table gu is doing this? Haven't heard you say?"。
硕士英语综合教程——第六章——原文(可编辑修改word版)
How the City Hurts Your Brain, and What You Can Do about It1、The city has always been an engine of intellectual life, from the 18th-century coffeehouses of London, where citizens gathered to discuss chemistry and radical politics, to the Left Bank bars of modern Paris, where Pablo Picasso held forth on modern art. Without the metropolis, we might not have had the great art of Shakespeare or James Joyce; even Einstein was inspired by commuter trains.2、And yet, city life isn’t easy. The same London cafes that stimulated Ben Franklin also helped spread cholera; Picasso eventually bought an estate in quiet Provence. While the modern city might be a haven for playwrights, poets, and physicists, it’s also a deeply unnatural and overwhelming place.3、Now scientists have begun to examine how the city affects the brain, and the results are chastening. Just being in an urban environment, they have found, impairs our basic mental processes. After spending a few minutes on a crowded city street, the brain is less able to hold things in memory, and suffers from reduced self-control. While it’s long been recognized that city life is exhausting – that’s why Picasso left Paris – this new research suggests that cities actually dull our thinking, sometimes dramatically so.4、“The mind is a limited machine,”says Marc Berman, a psychologist at the University of Michigan and lead author of a new studythat measured the cognitive deficits caused by a short urban walk. “And we’re beginning to understand the different ways that a city can exceed those limitations.”5、One of the main forces at work is a stark lack of nature, which is surprisingly beneficial for the brain. Studies have demonstrated, for instance, that hospital patients recover more quickly when they can see trees from their windows, and that women living in public housing are better able to focus when their apartment overlooks a grassy courtyard. Even these fleeting glimpses of nature improve brain performance, it seems, because they provide a mental break from the urban roil.6、This research arrives just as humans cross an important milestone: For the first time in history, the majority of people reside in cities. For a species that evolved to live in small, primate tribes on the African savannah, such a migration marks a dramatic shift. Instead of inhabiting wide-open spaces, we’re crowded into concrete jungles, surrounded by taxis, traffic, and millions of strangers. In recent years, it’s become clear that such unnatural surroundings have important implications for our mental and physical health, and can powerfully alter how we think.7、Consider everything your brain has to keep track of as you walk down busy thoroughfare like Newbury Street. There are the crowed sidewalks full of distracted pedestrians who have to be avoided; the hazardous crosswalks that require the brain to monitor the flow of traffic.(The brain is a wary machine, always looking out for potential threats.) There’s the confusing urban grid, which forces people to think continually about where they’re going and how to get there. The reason such seemingly trivial mental tasks leave us depleted is that they exploit one of the crucial weak spots of the brain. A city is so overstuffed with stimuli that we need to constantly redirect our attention so that we aren’t distracted by irrelevant things, like a flashing neon sign or the cellphone conversation of a nearby passenger on the bus. This sort of controlled perception - we are telling the mind what to pay attention to –takes energy and effort. The mind is like a powerful supercomputer, but the act of paying attention consumes much of its processing power.8、Natural settings, in contrast, don’t require the same amount of cognitive effort. This idea is known as attention restoration theory, or ART, and it was first developed by Stephen Kaplan, a psychologist at the University of Michigan. While it’s long been known that human attention is a scarce resource – focusing in the morning makes it harder to focus in the afternoon – Kaplan hypothesized that immersion in nature might have a restorative effect. Imagine a walk around Walden Pond, in Concord. The woods surrounding the pond are filled with pitch pine and hickory trees. Chickadees and red-tailed hawks nest in the branches; squirrels and rabbits skirmish in the berry bushes. Natural settings are full of objects that automatically capture our attention, yet without triggering a negativeemotional response – unlike, say, a backfiring car. The mental machinery that directs attention can relax deeply, replenishing itself. “It’s not an accident that Central Park is in the middle of Manhattan,” says Berman. “They needed to put a park there.”9、In a study published last month, Berman outfitted undergraduates at the University of Michigan with GPS receivers. Some of the students tool a stroll in an arboretum, while others walked around the busy streets of downtown Ann Arbor. The subjects were then run through a battery of psychological tests. People who had walked through the city were in a worse mood and scored significantly lower on a test of attention and working memory, which involved repeating a series of numbers backwards. In fact, just glancing at a photograph of urban scenes led to measurable impairments, at least when compared with pictures of nature. “We see the picture of the busy street, and we automatically imagine what it’s like to be there,” says Berman. “And that’s when your ability to pay attention starts to suffer.” (Yuko Shimizu for the Boston Globe) This also helps explain why, according to several studies, children with attention –deficit disorder have fewer symptoms in natural settings. When surrounded by trees and animals, they are less likely to have behavioral problems and are better able to focus on a particular task.10、Studies have found that even a relatively paltry patch of nature can confer benefits. In the late 1990s, Frances Kuo, director of theLandscape and Human Health Laboratory at the University of Illinois, began interviewing female residents in the Robert Taylor Homes, a massive housing project on the South Side of Chicago. Kuo and her colleagues compared women randomly assigned to various apartment. Some had a view of nothing but concrete sprawl, the blacktop of parking lots and basketball courts. Others looked out on grassy courtyards filled with trees and flowerbeds. Kuo then measured the two groups on a variety of life challenges. She found that living in an apartment with a view of greenery led to significant improvements in every category. “We’re constructed a world that’s always drawing down from the same mental account,”Kuo says. “And then we’re surprised when (after spending time in the city) we can’t focus at home.”11、But the density of city life doesn’t just make it harder to focus: It also interferes with our self-control. In tat stroll down Newbury, the brain is also assaulted with temptations –caramel lattes, ipods, discounted cashmere sweaters, and high-heeled shoes. Resisting these temptations requires us to flex the prefrontal cortex, a nub of the brain just behind the eyes. Unfortunately, this is the same brain area that’s responsible for directed attention, which means that it’s already been depleted from walking around the city. As a result, it’s less able to exert self-control, which means we’re more likely to splurge computational powers, it’s surprisingly easy to short-circuit: all it takes is a hectic city street. “I thinkcities reveal how fragile some of our ‘higher’mental functions actually are,” Kuo says. “We take these talents for granted, but they really need to protected.”12、Related research has demonstrated that increased “cognitive load”– like the mental demands of being in a city – makes people more likely to choose chocolate cake instead of fruit salad, or indulge in an unhealthy snack. This is the one-two punch of city life: It subverts our ability to resist temptation even as it surrounds us with it, from fast-food outlets to fancy clothing stores. The end result is too many calories and too much credit card debt.13、City life can also lead to loss of emotional control. Kuo and her colleagues found less domestic violence in the apartments with views of greenery. These data build on earlier work that demonstrated how aspect of the urban environment, such as crowding and unpredictable noise, can also lead to increased levels of aggression. A tired brain, run down by the stimuli of city life, is more likely to lose its temper.14、Long before scientists warned about depleted prefrontal cortices, philosophers and landscape architects were warning about the effects of the undiluted city, and looking for ways to integrate nature into modern life. Ralph Waldo Emerson advised people to “adopt the pace of nature,”while the landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted sought to create vibrant urban parks, such as Central Park in New York and the EmeraldNecklace in Boston, that allowed the masses to escape the maelstrom of urban life.15、Although Olmsted took pains to design parks with a variety of habitats and botanical settings, most urban green spaces are much less diverse. This is due in part to the “savannah hypothesis,”which argues that people prefer wide-open landscapes that resemble the African landscape in which we evolved. Over time, this hypothesis has led to a proliferation of expansive civic lawns, punctuated by a few trees and playing fields.16、However, these savannah-like parks are actually the least beneficial for the brain. In a recent paper, Richard Fuller, an ecologist at the University of Queensland, demonstrated that the psychological benefits of green space are closely linked to the diversity of its plant life. When a city park has a larger variety of trees, subjects that spend time in the park score higher on various measures of psychological well-being, at least when compared with less biodiverse parks. “We worry a lot about the effects of urbanization on other species,” Fuller says. “But we’re also affected by it. That’s why it’s so important to invest in the spaces that provide us with some relief.”17、When a park is properly designed, it can improve the function of the brain within minutes. As the Berman study demonstrates, just looking at a natural scene can lead to higher scores on tests of attention andmemory. While people themselves with Red Bull to redesigning the layout of offices, it appears that few of these treatments are as effective as simply taking a walk in a natural place.18、Given the myriad of mental problems that are exacerbated by city life, from an inability to pay attention to a lack of self-control, the question remains: Why do cities continue to grow? And why, even in the electronic age, do they endure as wellsprings of intellectual life?19、Recent research by scientists at the Santa Fe Institute used a set of complex mathematical algorithms to demonstrate that the very same urban features that trigger lapses in attention and memory – the crowded streets, the crushing density of people – also correlate with measures of innovation, as strangers interact with one another in unpredictable ways. It is the “concentration of social interactions” that is largely responsible for urban creativity, according to the scientists. The density of 18th-century London may have triggered outbreaks of disease, but it also led to intellectual breakthroughs, just as the density of Cambridge – one of the densest cities in America – contributes to its success as a creative center. One corollary of this research is that less dense urban areas, like Phoenix, may, over time, generate less innovation.20、The key, then ,is to find ways to mitigate the psychological damage of the metropolis while still preserving its unique benefits. Kuo, for instance, describes herself as “not a nature person,” but has learned toseek out more natural settings: The woods have become a kind of medicine. As a result, she’s better able to cope with the stresses of city life, while still enjoying its many pleasures and benefits. Because there always comes a time, as Lou Reed once sang, when a person wants to say: “I’m sick of the trees/take me to the city.”。
英语短篇小说教程本科课件Unit6
Foreshadowing (3):
Foreshadowing applies primarily to plot, as a significant later event is prepared for by information provided earlier. A minor episode may foreshadow a major later one. A subplot often parallels and may foreshadow a main plot. A dialogue may suggest a later action. A symbol early in a story may sow the seed of understanding for the end.
They did go home by the river road, and it seemed very long; she was a little depressed, as she often was when she returned from James’s house. (“The Swing.” lines 75-76)
What is it about Julius, the husband, that annoys the wife? Is he an annoying person? Why do you think he behaves the way he does? Does he understand her emotional situation?
Questions for Discussion:
What is the significance of the opening sentence “As she grew old, she began to dream again”? Is it only the old age that causes the mother to dream and daydream more often now?
英语教程6课文翻译
第二单元推迟的艺术"今天能做的事情决不要推到明天。
”切斯特菲尔德伯爵在1794年劝告儿子时说道，但是这位文雅的伯爵却从没有抽出时间来完成与孩子母亲的婚礼，也没有戒除让约翰逊博士此类名人在接待室久候的坏习惯，这足以证明，即使是有心人，也绝非毫无拖延，罗马的一位大将军昆塔斯费边马克西姆斯为了赢得尽可能多的喘息机会，推迟战斗时间，被冠以“拖延者”。
摩西为了使自己向法老传递耶和华法令过程中的犹豫合理化，颓唐语言有缺陷，当然，哈姆雷特把延迟上升为一种艺术形式。
世界上的人基本上可以分成均匀的两半：拖延者和马上行动者。
有些人二月份就准备好了个人所得税，预先偿还抵押借款，在常人难以忍受的6点半钟准时吃饭，而另外一些人则乐于在9点或10点钟时吃些剩菜剩饭，错放帐单和文件以期延长缴税的期限。
他们非要等到警告声变成恐吓声才肯去支付信用卡的帐单。
就象浮士德所遭遇的那样，他们推迟去理发店，看牙医或医生。
尽管延误会带来诸多不便，但延迟经常可以激发和唤醒具有创新意识的灵魂。
写下许多成功小说和剧本的作家琼克尔说到，她要把厨房每个汤罐头和酱瓶子上的标签看上一遍后，才能安心坐在打字机旁。
许多作家都关注着他们任务之外的大小琐事，譬如关注在缅因州法国人海湾和巴尔海港进行的海岸和土地测量，其中的地名，如古今斯暗礁、不伦特池塘、海鸥小山、伯恩特豪猪、朗豪猪、希波豪猪以及鲍尔德豪猪岛，都激起了他们的想象。
从“拖延者”年代到当今世纪，推迟的艺术实际上被军事（“赶快和等一下”）、外交和法律垄断了。
在过去的年代里，英国殖民地总督可以手中拿着杯酒，安逸的思考民族叛乱的形势，他应该庆幸没有电传和打印机在一旁喋喋不休地传递着命令，一会儿是增加机关枪啊一会儿又是增派军队啊。
直到二战时，美国将军还可以和敌方将军达成协议，休一天运动假，去掠夺村民的鸡和酒，明日再战。
律师是世界上最上瘾的延误者。
据一个来自贝弗利山的，号称从不拖延的推销员弗兰克.内森叙说，“没有留下遗嘱就去世的律师数不胜数。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Directing is relatively new!
We haven’t always had directors in our modern sense of the role
First conceptualized as a “teacher” (see pg. 151) Often the playwrights themselves served in this capacity since they knew the most about what they had written Really the role of someone taking what they already knew and transmitting that information to others who didn’t know the information
Progression of the Director’s Work:
Preparation Implementation Performance
Preparation:
Choosing the script (not always, but often, the director chooses the script to be produced) Conceptualizing Designer Selection and Collaboration Casting
/watch?v=Uza4PzrP7KQ (about 3 minutes in length)
Paste the link into a separate browser window if the video doesn’t open from within this presentation.
An excerpt from Young Frankenstein- THE MOVIE
/watch?v=mOPTriLG5cU (runs 2 minutes 40 seconds)
Paste the link into a separate browser window if the video doesn’t open from within this presentation.
George II, Duke of SaxeMeiningen
Really the first “director” in a modern sense of the word He began to focus on Realism and he had money to pursue his passions He lived in the mid-19th century in what is now Germany
ARTISTIC:
Inspiration for the creation of the project
Provides the “vision” of the production
Did you know tቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱe movie Young Frankenstein was turned into a Broadway musical?
George II, Duke of SaxeMeiningen
His work influenced others in his time A young Stanislavsky even saw the Saxe-Meiningen players when they toured, influencing his view of theatre creation He stands as the first truly defined “director” in how we would see the work of a director today AND- he looks sort of like a deranged Santa Claus figure so I love to include his picture. If this guy was directing me I’d do everything he said…
Implementation:
Staging- deciding where what happens on stage Coaching- guiding actors through their creative process Design consultation- working with designers to provide the world of the play Pacing- setting the speed with which the show will be presented Presenting- sharing work at key times for progression of the process
With that great power comes great responsibilityOften the work of the director is difficult to distinguish for the audience- ironic ain’t it? All that power and decision-making ability and yet the director’s work can be difficult to obviously point to- geesh! The vision comes from the director but the skill sets and work of the other artists are what the audience sees.
Nothing is ever absolutely clear thoughbecause a director works for somebody- usually the producer Producers are the money folks- they can be involved in the creative process of theatre or they can simply be the keepers of the cash Producers can be individuals Producers can be organizations Producers can be what they want because they are the ones with the cash
What story might be set in the place pictured? Who might be involved in that story? What does the world look like in the story? What does the world sound like in the story? THESE ARE INTERPRETIVE QUESTIONS. YOU’RE STARTING TO THINK LIKE A DIRECTOR
In 2007:
The movie began to be transformed into a Broadway musical. Mel Brooks, the movie’s creator and director, was involved; but a director, Susan Stroman, was a leading visionary in the project. The show opened in 2009
THE DIRECTOR
Robert Cohen- “Directing is an art whose product is the most ambiguous, perhaps most mysterious, in the theatre. The direction of a play is not visible like scenery or costumes; and unlike the actor’s voice or the sound designer’s score, it cannot be directly heard or sensed.”
Two BROAD Categories of the Director’s Work:
TECHNICAL AND ARTISTIC
TECHNICAL:
Schedule of the process
Supervision of details of the project including - but not limited to - acting, designing, and staging…
While these were two different treatments of Young Frankenstein…
You can see the director played a role in turning the original movie into a musical. When you hear Susan Stroman talk about her vision you can understand how the director’s work is applied to theatre; but when you see the show, it is difficult to know exactly what was the director’s work or the actor’s work or the designer’s work or the playwright’s work or on and on and on…