1Introduction
1Introduction
主要内容 (Outline)• 绪论小规模集成电路三（SSI）• 逻辑函数基础 门电路个• 组合逻辑电路模 块中规模集成电路 （MSI）• 集成触发器 • 时序逻辑电路大规模集成电路 • 半导体存储器（LSI）• 数模、模数转换电路绪论 (Introduction)一、数字(digital)信号和模拟(analog)信号 数字量和模拟量 数字电路和模拟电路二、数字信号相关概念 二进制数 Binary Digits 数字信号的逻辑电平 Logic Levels 数字信号波形 Digital Waveforms一、Digital Signal and Analog Signal Digital and Analog Quantities电子 电路 中的 信号模拟信号: 连续analogue signal value数字信号: 离散digital signal valuetime time模拟信号T( C) 30采样信号T( C)sampled3025离散化 2520202 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.数字化－表示 为由0、1组成 的二进制码Analog Electronic SystemDigital and Analog Electronic System★ 工作在模拟信号下的电子电路是模拟电路。
研究模拟电路时，注重电路输入、输出信号 间的大小、相位关系。
包括交直流放大器、 滤波器、信号发生器等。
★ 模拟电路中，晶体管一般工作在放大状态。
★ 工作在数字信号下的电子电路是数字电路。
研究数字电路时，注重电路输出、输入间的逻 辑关系。
主要的分析工具是逻辑代数，电路的 功能用真值表、逻辑表达式或波形图表示。
★ 在数字电路中，三极管工作在开关状态， 即工作在饱和状态或截止状态。
1-8毕业论文正文、结论、参考文献等标准格式(英语专业学生用)
（可作为正文第1章标题，用小3号Times New Roman0.5行，段后0.5行）×××××××××（此部分中文小4号宋体；英文小4号Times New Roman体，1.5倍行距，段与段之间不要空行, 用行距控制。
段前0.5行，段后0.5行。
每段开头顶格写）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××………1．1 ××××××（作为正文2级标题，用4号Times New Roman，加粗，段前0.5 行，段后0.5 行）×××××××××（此部分中文小4号宋体；英文小4号Times New Roman体，1.5倍行距，段前0.5行，段后0.5行）××××××…………1.1.1 ××××（作为正文3级标题，用小4号Times New Roman，加粗，段前0.5 行，段后0.5 行）×××××××××（此部分中文小4号宋体；英文小4号Times New Roman体，1.5倍行距，段前0.5行，段后0.5行）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××………2 ×××××××（作为正文第2章标题，用小3号Times New Roman，加粗，并留出上下间距为：段前0.5行，段后0.5行）×××××××××（此部分中文小4号宋体；英文小4号Times New Roman体，1.5倍行距，段前0.5行，段后0.5行）××××××…………注意：关于正文中引用文献的写法：1.如果一字不差的引用原文，需在引用的句子前后添加引号“”,并在后面注明出处。
unit1_introduction
The aim/ purpose of this report is to… This present report sets out to… My purpose in writing/ My purpose of writing this report is to… In writing this report, I aim to… It has been found out that… The findings show that… I found out that…
an insurance policy covering loss of movable property (e.g. jewelry) regardless of its location
Floating policy is of great importance for export trade; it is, in fact, a convenient method of insuring goods where a number of similar export transactions are intended, e.g. where the insured has to supply an oversea importer under an exclusive sales agreement or maintains sales representatives or subsidiary companies abroad. 统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中 的一种便利的办法， 特别适用于分不同的时间出口的 一批类似的货物，如， 被保险方根据独家代理协议书 向国外的进口方供货，或在国外委任了销售代表设立 分支机构时使用。
英语选修一作文模板
英语选修一作文模板英文回答：Section 1: Introduction。
Begin with a captivating hook to grab the reader's attention.Introduce the topic and provide a brief overview of the main points to be discussed.Section 2: Part 1。
Discuss the first point in detail, providing supporting evidence and examples.Use clear and concise language to present your ideas effectively.Include relevant quotes or statistics to strengthenyour argument.Section 3: Part 2。
Discuss the second point in detail, providing supporting evidence and examples.Compare and contrast this point with the first point if applicable.Explore different perspectives and consider opposing viewpoints.Section 4: Part 3。
Discuss the third point in detail, providing supporting evidence and examples.Synthesize the information from the previous sections and draw connections between the points.Consider the broader implications and potentialapplications of your findings.Section 5: Conclusion。
unit 1 introduction：why study sociology
(1) What are sociologists interested in? They are interested in the interactions between people, groups and nations. (2) What is the main concern of sociology? Its main concern is with predicting human group behavior.
c. A social stratification investigation in contemporary China
d. A poverty alleviation program evaluation in the western region of China e. Study of work pressure and its consequence on employees in foreign
Para.2
As you learn more about sociology, pieces that at first seemed fragmentary will start to come together like pieces in a puzzle.
PART 2 Defining sociology
Para.3
Sociologists' interests are sparked when they see two or more people with a common interest talking or working together.
高二英语必修5(外研版)1-1Introduction
必修⑤
第一课时
Module 1
British and American English
一言辨异 All of them went to the cinema except Tom. They all agreed that it was really a wonderful film except for its theme song. 除了汤姆以外他们都去看电影了。大家一致认为， 除了主题曲之外这部影片真是棒极了。
外 研 版 英 语
必修⑤
Module 1
British and American English
外 研 版 英 语
必修⑤
Module 1
British and American English
知识点击： ①come about 发生 ②at that time 在那时 ③later on 后来 ④to 语。 ⑤some of which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行 词words and accents of their own languages ⑥what 引导名词从句，作介词from的宾语。
外 研 版 英 语
必修⑤
第一课时
Module 1
British and American English
②Talking of money—it's really easy to exchange traveller's cheques at banks or hotels so I advise you to get some of those before you come. 谈到钱，在银行或饭店兑换旅行支票非常容易，所 以我建议您在来之前准备一些支票。
英语1(中山大学出版社) Unit 1 -Unit 4 部分参考答案
Unit 1 Introduction Text AKey to the ExercisesReading ComprehensionI. read text A and answer the following questions.1. Fair hair and blue eyes.2. Mouth, nose, expression, and much of her character.3. Because her home is very important to her.4. Making models, decorations and candles.5. Because she finds homework is boring.II．Choose the best answers according to Text A.1-5 DCADDV ocabulary ExercisesI. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the words and phrases given below.1. temper2. make friends3.On the whole4.as well as5.keen6.behaves7.tidy8.argument9.boring 10.violent II．Choose the correct form in the bracket to complete each sentence.1.bored2. bad-tempered3.final4.behavior5.argue6.decorate7.violently8.abroadIII. Use the words or expressions you have learned in the text to replace the following words in italics.1.On the whole2.an argument3.are behaving4.boring5.make friends6. keen on7.tidy8.violentStructure ExercisesI. Now make similar sentences with the words and expressions given below.1. Most people would rather stay home.2. I would rather not talk about it.3. She would rather walk home after work.4. I would rather go to the beach this weekend.II．Now join the following pairs of sentences by using “because”.1. She’s studying because she has a test tomorrow.2. John didn’t attend the meeting because he was ill.3. We did n’t enjoy the day because the weather was so bad.4. I decided to go with them because I had nothing else to do.5. She’s in a bad mood because her father doesn’t allow her to see her boyfriend tonight.Translation Exercise1.The street looks like a garden.2.Her daughter wants to study abroad for a year.3.the store sells newspapers, magazines as well as picture books.4.I would rather spend the weekend in the countryside.5.Our manager is away on holiday this week.Text BKey to the ExercisesReading ComprehensionChoose the best answer according to Text B1.C2.C3.D4.A5.AV ocabulary ExercisesI. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the words and phrases given below.1. Maybe2. pleasure3. would like4. have got to5.yet6. associates7.settled8.represent9.pleased 10.introduce.IV. choose the most suitable answer for each of the following sentences.1-5 ADABC 6-10 DADBCTranslation Exercise1.我觉得他想现在回家。
英语学习-Unit1 Topic1 Introduction
CHALLENGE
Pretend that you are Ann, a personal assistant, and your teacher is Susan, a marketing manager. You are from different branches of your company. You meet for the first time. Introduce ves to each other.
C I’d like to introduce myself. My name is John, Marketing Manager.
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Unit 1 Social skills 社交技巧 Topic 1 Introduction 介绍
Page 2
Unit 1 Social skills 社交技巧 Topic 1 Introduction 介绍
DISCUSSION
1. Which company are Ms. Miller and Ms. Johnson from? 2. What does Angela Johnson do? 3. How do you greet a new colleague when you first see him? 4. What should you say when you introduce yourself to your new colleagues? 5. What should you say if you want to introduce your manager, Carrie Miller, to a new colleague?
英语教学法(1)教材复习提要
5109英语教学法（1）试题复习提要教材《英语教学法》（1）（开卷）I: Basic Theories and Principles:Unit 1 Introduction1.The Grammar-Translation Method2.syllabus be organizition ?3.Functional-Notional Approach4.characteristic of acquisition5.Behaviorism6.The Humanist Approach?7.Audio-lingual Method8.Direct method9.What does TPR stand for?10.L inguistic competence ，Communicative competence，Discoursecompetence11.t he description of a function12.d ifferent types of syllabus13.W hat is “Needs Analysis”?14.S tage of course designUnit 2 the Communicative Approach重点单元15.T he basic characteristics of Communicative Approach16.d ifference between oral and written communication17.c ommunicative language teaching18.r oles of teachers19.c ommunicative activitiesUnit 3 Focus on Reading20.m ajor reading strategies: skimming, scanning, inferring21.t hree stages of teaching reading: pre-reading, while-reading,post-reading22.t he top-down approach of reading , The bottom-up approach ofreading, The interactive approach of readingUnit 4 Focus on Listening23.T he major listening skillsListening for gist, listening for specific information, listening for detailed information, inferring, note-taking24.T ree stages of teaching listening: pre-listening, while-listening,post-listeningUnit 5 Focus on Speaking25.Speaking syllabus26.The PPP model27.conversational technique28.features of spoken English29.designing a speaking activityAppendix: Focus on Pronunciation30. liaison in pronunciation, articulation, stress ,rhythm30.e rror tolerationII: Lesson Plan重点复习《英语教学法》（2）Unit 9 Lesson Planning，也请参考相应章节的具体教学法，如设计阅读课程参考阅读的教学法。
1 Introduction
HLP ImplementationVersion0.1International Computer Science Institute1IntroductionHybrid Link-State Path-Vector Protocol,or HLP,is an inter-domain routing protocol designed as a replacement for the current Border Gateway Protocol(BGP).Using a combination of link-state and path vector routing,it provides greater scalability,better fault isolation and better convergence.The core of HLP is the inclusion of the economic and political structure of the Internet into inter-domain routing.That is,BGP currently considers each AS as a node in a general graph without any specific structure(using explicit policies to constrain routing),whereas HLP assumes that the Internet structure is basically hierarchical with the provider autonomous systems(ASs)being the roots of customer ASs.HLP explicitly includes the relationship between2neighboring ASs in its protocol.This will reduce misconfigurations which should hopefully reduce the occurrence of routing abnormalities.However,the tradeoff is some amount of inflexi-bility in the routing algorithm.This is resolved using exceptions that are expected to be rare and therefore acceptable. This report summarizes implementation of HLP on the XORP[1]software router.The implementation reuses much of the code in XORP’s BGP module.2DefinitionsWe say that two ASs are in the same hierarchy if there exists a directed path between them such that the path consists of any number of provider links followed by any number of customer links.This definition of hierarchy implies that there exists at least one route between two ASs in a hierarchy that does not include(provider)(customer)(provider)links. Two ASs are neighbors if there exists a link between them.The relationship between neighboring ASs(peer,customer, or provider)determine the overall structure of the network,which can be as simple as shown in Figure1a,or consist of overlapping hierarchies as shown in Figure1b.In thefigure,each node represents an AS;the neighboring AS at a higher tier is the provider,similarly an AS at a lower tier is the customer.Thus,AS A is the provider of AS B,which in turn is A’s customer.Neighboring ASs at the same tier are also called peering ASs.Note that the use of tiers in Figure1and inprotocol.subsequentfigures only allows for graphical representation of relationships,it is not present in the actual HLPHLP divides the network into hierarchies consisting of providers and their customer ASs,and peering ASs in different hierarchies allow routing between hierarchies.As will be explained in the next section,this division of the network intoseparate components increases scalability,as well as reduces the convergence time for route updates.3Routing Information DisseminationTwo types of routing packets are used to disseminate routing information:link-state advertisements(LSAs)and fragmented path-vector(FPV)1.As is the case in OSPF,LSAs areflooded throughout a hierarchy,and allow construction of the entire hierarchy topology.FPVs are used to route between ASs;they contain the numbers of peering ASs between hierarchies. LSAs that have not previously been received are forwarded in the following manner:1.if they are from customers,we forward to all neighbors,except the customers from which they arrive.2.if they are from providers,we forward only to neighboring customers,not providers.The objective of the above rules is to restrict LSAs to the hierarchies from which they originate.Failure to do so will imply that multi-homing ASs belonging to different hierarchies can cause LSAs to be disseminated throughout the entire Internet. The rules above implements this restriction,illustrated in Figure2.By definition,AS C belongs to both hierarchies1and 2,and rule1allows LSAs from AS B to be forwarded to C.At C,rule2prevents LSAs from A from being forwarded to AS D.On the other hand,LSAs involving C will be disseminated in both hierarchies,which is correct since C is a member both.ofFPVs are used to forward routes from one hierarchy to another.They are similar to path-vector packets used in BGP,except that they do not include the AS path within hierarchies.Rules that govern forwarding of FPVs are given as follows:1.FPVs from providers are disseminated only to customers,not to peers or other providers.2.FPVs from peers are forwarded to neighboring peers and customers,but not providers.4Routing AlgorithmThe mechanism to choose a route to a particular destination AS is similar to that currently used in BGP.This eases the implementation of exceptions which will be covered in the next section,as well as the creation of FPVs for routes to customers within the hierarchy Basically,we store routes for destination ASs reachable from each neighboring AS,then decide the winning route for a particular destination.The handling of routes contained within FPVs is straightforward and similar to that of BGP,but routing information gained from LSAs needs to be converted to the same form as that in FPVs. The conversion is elaborated on in the next section.4.1From LSAs to RoutesWe denote the least cost of reaching AS A from B by cost(B,A),a route from A to B with cost C by route[(A,B),C], and we perform the conversion in the following manner,assuming that the operations are taking place in AS X:1.for each neighbor N2.if neighbor is a customer3.for each downstream customer AS Apute cost(N,A)5.create AS path[X,A]with cost C=[cost(N,A)+cost(X,N)]6.associate route[(X,A),C]with N7.else if neighbor is a provider8.for each of the non-customer ASs in the hierarchypute cost(N,A)10.create AS path[X,A]with cost C=[cost(N,A)+cost(X,N)]11.associate route[(X,A),C]with NThe computation is broken into two parts,steps2to5,and6to9of the algorithm above.This is required because forwarding of routes from a provider to a peer should take place only if the destination AS is a customer2.To distinguish between the origin of the routes,we tag them with the following:PROVIDERLSA:Route for non-customer destination AS within the same hierarchy,determined using link-state information.PEERLSA:Route for customer destination AS obtained using link-state information.An example is given in Figure3,where we focus on AS C.Table1shows the routes,costs and tags associated with each neighbor.Neighbor Cost(C,A)PROVIDERA3LSA(C,E)PROVIDERA15LSA(C,D)PROVIDERD26LSA(C,A)PROVIDERF5LSATable1:Table containing routes,costs and tags for example converting LSAs to routes4.2From FPV to RoutesCreation of routes from FPVs are much simpler,and is similar to that in BGP:1.if FPV is from a provider P2.extract route and metric,tag with PROVIDER_FPV,and associate them with P3.if FPV is from a peer Q4.extract route(prepending this AS’number)and metric,tag with PEER_FPV,and associate with Q5.if FPV is from customer,treat FPV as coming from peer,extract route(prepending this AS’number)and metric,tag with PEER_FPV,and associate with QNote that step5only occurs due to an exception in the customer AS.Figure3:Example illustrating LSA to route conversion4.3Route SelectionThe winning route to a particular destination is selected according to the following order of preferences:1.customer route(ie.tagged with CUSTOMERNeighbor TypePROVIDER CustomerFPVCUSTOMER PeerTable2:Route types that can be forwarded to corresponding neighboring AS types5ExceptionsHLP supports three different types of exceptions.The primary use of exceptions is to support operations that are currently used in BGP but not covered by the default HLP rules.The format in which exceptions are specified and stored is given by wherefromlink specifies the neighboring link to which winning routes will be propagated,andAS number refers to the destination AS that this particular exception is for.In HLP,a from link is given by the tuple:5.1Exception1Figure4:(a)Example illustrating effect of exception1on rest of hierarchy.D announces that it does not have a customer route to C.B uses graph in(b)to compute shortest paths to all ASs in the same hierarchy except C(i.e.A,D and F).B uses the graph in(c)to compute the shortest path to C.Thefirst exception,illustrated in Figure4,allows an AS(say D)to choose an alternate route to a customer(C)via a peer (E).The route choose is dependent on the customer AS,and should not affect routes to other ASs.D indicates its intention via LSAs to other ASs in the same hierarchy that it is not choosing customer routes to C.D also informs E that it no longer has a customer route to C.If,ignoring customer routes,the winning route is from E,then D forwards that FPV to its peers and customers.However,if the winning route is from another peer not specified in the exception,then the corresponding FPV will not be forwarded.Using the same example,exception1is specified bywhere is specified using the tuple5.2Exception2This exception specifies that winning routes from the stated provider is to be forwarded to a particular peer,which is typically not done.In Figure5,the exceptionallows winning routes to AS Z from provider A to be forwarded to D.5.3Exception3The last exception supported is similar to exception2.Here,routes are forwarded from a peer to a provider.Currently, the provider simply accepts incoming FPVs from customers,treating them as though they are from peers.If,for security reasons,providers should reject FPVs from customers,then additional configuration will be required in the provider.Figure5:Simple network illustrating route forwarding from provider to peer5.4Exception Format and MatchingThe type of exception does not explicitly need to be specified.Instead,the neighbor relationship associated with the links given in each exception rule can be used to determine this.The format is thus simplified,and should hopefully reduce the occurrence of misconfigurations.Table3gives the combination of links that indicate the kind of exception specified.From To Exception TypeNULL1PeerPeer3Table3:Combination of link types associated with each exception type6Data StructuresIn this section we describe the data structures used to maintain state in a HLP router.Figure6shows theflow of routing information through the system,as well as the major components of the system.Figure6:Flow of routing information through systemWe describe each component below:Peer:A peer contains the necessary objects needed for receiving and sending routing information from and to neighboring routers.Each peer maintains the state machine for the connection associated with the corresponding neighbor,as well as the various timers needed during connection establishment and for keepalive messages.RibIpcHandler:Handles insertion of prefixes owned by this AS.Routing Information Base Input Table(RibInTable):Stores routes associated with corresponding neighboring router.Routes may be obtained via FPVs sent from neighbor,or from computation of shortest paths using link-state infor-mation.The type of tag assigned to a route is explained in Section4.1.PeerHandler:Handles reception and transmission of FPVs and LSAs.After a packet has been received,it is broken up into individual components(for instance,link changes,route withdrawals,route announcements,etc.)before being passed to HLPCore for processing.Updates passed from the DecisionTable are aggregated as much as possible within a packet(FPV or LSA)before being transmitted.Routing Information Base Output Table(RibOutTable):Stores the outgoing routes sent via FPVs.The contents of this table is a subset of the corresponding RibInTable of the neighboring router.PeerData:Contains information related to the peering link:–neighbor’s AS number and identification number(ID),–IP tuple of the connection,–neighbor’s peer type(customer,provider or peer),–metric,or cost of the link–various timeout values(hold,retry,keepalive)HLPCore:The HLPCore contains the Lib,DecisionTable,ExceptionTable,and the AS-Prefix Map.It maintains the periodic update timer3,and interfaces between the user and the system.The core also connects Peers with the Lib and DecisionTable,so that incoming routing information can be processed and then pushed out of the system if necessary.Link-State Information Base(LIB):The Lib stores link-state information gathered from LSAs received.The network topology constructed is then used to determine the shortest path to each destination AS from every neighbor.DecisionTable:The DecisionTable chooses the winning route amongst the routes stored in the RibInTables for a particular destination prefix.The selection is based on the order of preferences given in Section4.3.Winning routes are stored in a trie,after which they are pushed to the neighboring routers based on the route type as specified in Section4.4.In general the DecisionTable deals with FPVs,whilst the Lib deals with LSAs.ExceptionTable:The ExceptionTable stores the exceptions raised locally,as well as those raised by other ASs within the same hierarchy(exceptions raised are not explicitly propagated to other hierarchies).Currently,only information with regards to exception1are disseminated via LSAs.The ExceptionTable is used when the DecisionTable is determining whether a particular winning route should be sent to a neighbor,and when the Lib is computing the shortest path to destination ASs taking into account exception1s raised.AS-Prefix Map:This object stores the mapping of ASs to the corresponding advertised prefixes.Since the core of HLP manages routes at the prefix level4,and route changes are disseminated at the AS level,the AS-Prefix Map is required to translate between the two.Thus,for instance,incoming route changes(which will not include the prefixes involved,but just the AS path)will be processed in the HLPCore at the prefix level,and merged again just before the updates are pushed out.7Finite State MachineThefinite state machine for each peering connection is the same as that specified in[2].8Protocol FormatThe message header format as specified in [2]remains unchanged,as is the format of the Keepalive packet.In this section we describe the changes to the Open and Update (renamed Fragmented Path-Vector)packets,as well as introduce the LSA packet.8.1Open PacketVersionMy AS numberHold timeHLP identifierPeer type12241Figure 7:Format of Open packet,numbers denote lengths of corresponding fields in octetsSince a HLP network is dependent on the relationship between neighboring ASs,it is important that they agree on that.We thus include an additional field in the Open packet,the peer type field.The relationship type inserted in the field is with respect to the neighbor.For instance,if AS A is a customer of B,it will insert type corresponding to customer in the field of the Open packet it sends to B.Inconsistencies will result in the connection failing.8.2Fragmented Path Vector PacketThe format of the FPV ,shown in Figure 8,is similar to BGP’s Update packet,but with an additional AS Down field.When an AS becomes unreachable for any reason,rather than withdrawing every route to that AS,we propagate just the AS number in this field.Unfeasible routes lengthWithdrawn routesAS down lengthASnumbersTotal path attribute lengthPath attributesNetwork layerreachability informationX X2X 2X 2Figure 8:Format of FPV packet,the numbers denote lengths of corresponding fields in octets.An X means that the field length is variable.The format in which a network prefix is represented is shown in Figure 9.This representation is used for the network layer reachability information (NLRI)and withdrawn routes in Figures 8and 10.Length1PrefixX Figure 9:Representation of a prefix:the Length field uses 1octet,and the size of the Prefix field is variable.8.3Link State Advertisement PacketThe LSA packet is a new packet type,and the fields are shown in Figure 10.We describe the four main fields and their corresponding subfields as follows:1.link changes :This major field contains information regarding links grouped together according to an endpoint AS’number.For instance,all links stated in “link information (1)”have an end AS with number “AS (1)number”.Thus,multiple link changes can be aggregated and transmitted within the same packet.The format in which information for each link is transmitted is shown in Figure 11.2.unreachable ASs :These fields provide the list of ASs (“Unreachable ASs”)that are declared unreachable from an AS (“AS unreachable from”).This field is used to disseminate an AS’setting of exception 1.lengthLink changesAS unreachable from (1)UnreachableAS length (1)UnreachableASs (1)Unreachable AS lengthReachable AS length AS reachablefrom (1)ReachableAS length (1)ReachableASs (1)AS reachablefrom (n)ReachableAS length (n)ReachableASs (n)Unfeasible routes length Withdrawn routesNLRI total length AS announcingNLRI (1)NLRIlength (1)AS (1)numberLink changeslength (1)Linkinformation (1)NLRI (1)AS announcingNLRI (n)NLRIlength (n)AS unreachablefrom (n)UnreachableAS length (n)UnreachableASs (n)AS (n)numberLink changeslength (n)Linkinformation (n)222 222X2222NLRI (n)2222X2X22X22XXX X22XFigure10:Format of LSA packet.The numbers representfield size in octets,X means thefield size is variable.Neighbor AS number NeighborrelationOperation Reserved Metric1622432Figure11:Link information representation format.The numbers representfield size in bits.3.reachable ASs:Thesefields provide the list of ASs(“Reachable ASs”)that are declared reachable from an AS(“ASreachable from”).Note that the list of ASs must have previously been declared unreachable.Thisfield is used when deleting exception1.4.unfeasible routes:Similar to Update packets,thisfield holds the routes that have been withdrawn by ASs in the samehierarchy.5.NLRI announcements:Thefinalfield gives the prefixes that each AS is announcing.9Boot Up ProcedureThe HLP protocol does not require knowledge of the tier level an AS is at.When connection to a new neighbor is established,the following steps are taken:if neighbor is a peersend all routes tagged with PEER_FPV and CUSTOMER_LSAif neighbor is a customersend all routes tagged with PEER_FPV and CUSTOMER_LSAsend all link-state informationsend all exception informationif neighbor is a providersend all link-state information for customer ASssend all exception informationAdditional routes that match exceptions,if any,are also sent.10Exception Setting and RemovalHLP allows dynamic setting and deletion of exceptions.Setting of exceptions should cause the network state to become the same as if the exceptions were present on bootup.Similarly,deletion of exceptions should cause the state to be the same as if the exceptions were never present.The following steps are taken when the corresponding exceptions are raised or removed:Exception1:Upon setting of exception1,the AS broadcasts an LSA packet in its hierarchy indicating the lack ofa customer route to the destination AS.It removes route(s)to the destination AS(tagged with CUSTOMERLSA and PROVIDER。
高一英语必修3(外研版)课件1-1Introduction
知识拓展
within/out of range 在射程内/外(的) in the range of 在„„范围内；在射程内 out of the range of 在„„范围外；在射程外 range from A to B/between A and B 在A和B之间变化
外 研 版 英 语
Module 1 Europe
外 研 版 英 语
Байду номын сангаас
across from (美)在„„对过
It is across to you.(美口)这是你的事了。
Module 1 Europe
词语辨析
across, through, over 强调从某个平面的一边到另一 边。 through 指从某个立体空间内穿过。 over 侧重越过某种障碍物等。 across
外 研 版 英 语
A．across; across
C．over; into 答案：D
B．over; through
D．across; through
Module 1 Europe
3．face vt. 面对；面向；面临；vi.朝；向
①My house faces south.＝My house faces to the south. 我的房子朝南。 ②We must learn to face difficulties squarely and try to overcome them. 我们应该学会正视困难，并努力克服它们。
Module 1 Europe
外 研 版 英 语
Module 1 Europe
外 研 版 英 语
Module 1 Europe
类别 话题 课程标准要求掌握的项目 Some cities of Europe & how to describe location across, continental, range, face, gallery, architect, project, civilization, sign, situated, symbol, located, ancient, sculpture, opposite, agreement, whereabouts, govern, representative, geographical, feature, produce, parliament, region
【精选】跨文化交际word版(1)
Unit 1 introduction一．文化文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交流是流动着的文化----W.B. Pearce, 1994.背景：长期以来，文化被认为是无处不在，无所不包的人类知识和行为的总体。
被笼统地当作“生活方式”，社会生活的一切方面，积淀物，价值观念体系，众多规范，乃至艺术，政治，经济，教育，修养，文学，语言，思维的总和。
概括地讲，文化即是人们所思，所言，所为，所觉的总和。
在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。
It is said that there are at least 150 definitions about culture.“Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks”(Sapir, 1921) “Culture is man’s medium, there is not one aspect of human life that isnot touched and altered by culture. This means personality, how people expressthemselves, including shows of emotion, the way they think, how they move, howproblems are solved, how their cities are planned and laid out, how transportation systems function and are organized, as well as how economic and government systems are put together and fuction.” (E.T. Hall,1959)“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, andbehaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas” (D.Brown, 1978)文化的特性：1). 文化是由人们的内隐和外显行为组成的。
高二英语选修6(外研版)课件1-1Introduction
Module 1
Small Talk
外 研 版 英 语
Module 1
Small Talk
外 研 版 英 语
Module 1
Small Talk
外 研 版 英 语
make friends, (be)nervous about, think of, leave out, look away from, in addition, find out, cheer sb. up, (be)aware of, show off, get used to 功能
Module 1
Small Talk
即学即用
You should take this medicine following the________on the bottle. A．information B．explanations C．instructions D．definitions 答案：C
外 研 版 英 语
②positive thinking 必胜的思想
Module 1 Small Talk 5)彻底的；绝对的；完全的 ①Her behaviour was a positive outrage. 她的行为残暴到了极点。 ②It was a positive miracle that we arrived on time.
我们能够及时赶到，这简直是奇迹。
6)(指试验或实验的结果)表明存在某物质的，阳性的 ①a positive reaction 阳性反应
外 研 版 英 语
②The tests proved positive.
电气工程专业英语翻译1
第六章Electric Power Systems 电力系统Section 1 Introduction 第一节介绍The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before. 现代社会的电力供应依赖于更多地比以往任何时候。
It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 它无法想象的世界应该是什么，如果电力供应中断了世界各地。
Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 电力系统（或电力能源系统），提供电力到现代社会，已成为不可缺少的组成部分产业界的。
The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 第一个完整的电力系统（包括发电机，电缆，熔断器，计量，并加载）的托马斯爱迪生所建-站纽约市珍珠街的历史始于1882年9月运作。
This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 这是一个半径直流系统组成的一个蒸汽发动机驱动的直流发电机面积约1.5公里至59供电范围内的客户。
高一英语必修3(外研版)课件3-1Introduction
外 研 版 英 语
Module 3 The Violence of Nature
外 研 版 英 语
Module 3 The Violence of Nature
类别 课程标准要求掌握的项目
话题 Tornado, Hurricane, Earthquake and the Violence of Nature
外 研 版 英 语
你体验过真正的饥饿吗？
Module 3 The Violence of Nature
知识拓展
inexperience n. 不成熟 inexpert adj. 拙劣的 inexperienced adj. 不熟练的；经验不足的 be experienced in 在„„方面老练 expert n. & adj. 专家；熟练的
即学即用
Many people say________is shown on TV. A．too much violence B．much too violence C．too many violences D．quite a few violences 答案：A
外 研 版 英 语
Module 3 The Violence of Nature
外 研 版 英 语
Module 3 The Violence of Nature
2)n. [C]经历
①Please tell us your experiences while in Africa. 请告诉我们你在非洲的经历。 ②Reaching the top of Mount Tai was an unforgettable experience. 登上泰山极顶是一次难忘的经历。 3)v. 经历；体验 Have you ever experienced real hunger?
Unit1-Introduction(课件 )-2021-2022学年朗文国际英语第一册
READING What’s your name?
My name is David Carter. My first name is .My last name is . I'm American. I'm from San Francisco.
My name is Mrs. Grant. My phone number is 549-2376.
a.549-2376 b.4-B c. Teacher Joe@ d. William Chen e. 378 Main Street f. 044-35-9862
LISTENING
Listen and choose the correct answer.
1. a. Mary Black b. Mrs. Grant
My name is Ms. Martinez.My telephone number is(213) 6945555. My fax number is (213) 694-5557.
My name is Peter Black. My address is 378 Main Street,Waterville, Florida. My license number is 921DCG.
My name is Susan Miller. My apartment number is 4-B.
My name is Mr. Santini. My e-mail address is TeacherJoe@.
My name is William Chen. My address is 294 River Street, Brooklyn, New York. My telephone number is 469-7750. My social security number is 044-35-9862.
[英语学习]unit-1--Introduction
![[英语学习]unit-1--Introduction](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/81bdbf4b7375a417866f8ff4.png)
New words and expressions
1. panorama • [英] [ˌpænəˈrɑ:mə] [美] [ˌpænəˈræmə] • n. 1. 全景画, 全景照片2. 全景
• [count] 1 : a full and wide view of something — usually singular ▪ You can see a panorama of the entire bay from here. 2 : a way of showing or telling something that includes a lot of information and covers many topics : a thorough presentation of a subject — usually singular ▪ The book presents a panorama [=overview] of immigration in America.
Unit 1 Introduction: a Panorama of Publishing
Text A Publishing: an Intellectual and Culture Endeavor or a Business Enterprise?
Text B Publishing and the Intellectual System
• A panorama of American literature. 对美国文学的 综合评述
• a Panorama of Publishing 出版业概况
2. endeavor
• [英] [enˈdevə] [美] [ɛnˈdɛvɚ] • n. 1.努力, 尽力. earnest and conscientious activity
1 introduction 园林植物遗传育种 绪论(双语)
遗传学育种学良种繁育学提供繁育材料巩固育种成果指导育种实践育种实践中发展园林植物遗传育种学Genetics and Breeding ofOrnamental PlantsBy Haifeng Yang1. ornamental plants,Landscape plants , garden flowers1.1 ConceptOrnamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, as house plants, for cut flowers andspecimen display. The cultivation of these forms a major branch of horticulture.Most commonly ornamental garden plants are grown for the display of aesthetic features including:flowers ,leaves ,scent , overall folige texture,fruit ,stem and bark , and aesthetic form.In some cases, unusual features may beconsidered to be of interest, such as theprominent and rather vicious thorns of Rosasericea and cacti. In all cases, their purposeis for the enjoyment of gardeners, visitors,and/or the public.1.2 Main factor in landsacpe designMore ornamental plantsEnjoy the sceneryImprove the environmentEcological balanceComprehensive function1.3 China-Mother of Gardens very plenty of ornamental plants resources Wild plants and cultivated resourcesBe introduce to western countriespaeony 芍药, azalea 杜鹃, Lotus 荷花orchid 兰花, tree paeony 牡丹, etc.1.4 ornamental plants applying condition inwestern countriesplenty of ornamental plants were introducedOrnamental flowers and trees cultivation1000-3000 or more plants species were usedin western public garden.1.5 ornamental plants applying in ChinaThe ornamental plants development in Chinais far behind those of western countries.1500 plants species were used in publicgarden in Guangzhou.Less Species varieties2. Ornamental plants breeding2.1 ConceptTechnique and process to improve ornamental plans or create new species by introduction, cross breeding, selection, and fine variety breeding.Very important tools using in ornamental plants applying.Western countries and Japan 2.2 ornamental plants production Developed very quickly and active 1991, to 100 billion in the world;End of 20th century , be to 200 billion in the world.to 0.13billion in 1996 in China.Need more development.2.3 ornamental plants resourcesKey to development in chinese ornamental plants industryIt is said that “who owns the resources, who will control the future in ornamental plants kingdom”2.4 the characteristic of Chinese ornamental plantsGood quality and famous cultivated flower, plenty of wild flowersBe introduced over the world2.5 Our future to develop Chinese ornamental plants industryimprove the famous flower and find new applying wayBy wild flowers crossing and selection in wild flowers population.Rose, beijing forestry university,more tolerant to adversity.Introduce western ornamental flowers and applying in China. Plenty of cultivated flowers in western countryIntroduce and make it suitable in China Tulip, original tulip cross by western tulip .Select wild flower and applying in garden.Lack of flower varietySelect high esthetics value plantsSelect special characteristics flowerSelect high tolerant flowerSuitable to be ground cover plantsSelection in plant introduction and domestication To focus on collaboration to build the Chinese flower kingdomSuch as Holland, 200-300 years, flower kingdomChina, original habitat, distribute over the world3 Two parts in this course Ornamental plants geneticsOrnamental plants breeding Ornamental plants genetics Genetics basis: cell division, DNA structure, Mendel’s law, the genetic central dogmaFlower’s development and geneticsOrnamental plants breedingthe concept and significance of germplasm resources and its applicationthe principles and methods of plant introduction, acclimatization Fine species selection, crossing breeding, ploidy breeding Heterosis and its applicationThe basic principles, methods, characteristics of genetic mutations and its applicationthe concept and general characteristics of quantitative genetics and heritabilitythe up-to-date development and methods of molecular breeding registration of a cultivar, audit, protection and commercial seed productionThe example for definite ornamental plant breeding: annual andperennial plantsHeredity （遗传)the passing of traits to offspring from its parent or ancestors. 有性繁殖过程中亲代与子代以及子代不同个体之间的相似性。
新经典高职英语综合教程1课件
新经典高职英语综合教程1课件一、引言新经典高职英语综合教程是高职英语教育的重要教材之一，它旨在提高学生的英语综合应用能力，为将来的职业生涯打下坚实的基础。
本课件将详细介绍新经典高职英语综合教程第一册的内容，帮助教师更好地组织教学，提高教学效果。
二、教学目标1. 掌握英语基础语法和词汇；2. 能够运用英语进行简单的口头和书面交流；3. 培养英语自主学习能力和跨文化意识。
三、教学内容本课件以新经典高职英语综合教程第一册为例，主要内容包括：1. Unit 1 Introduction: 介绍高职英语的学习目标和要求，以及英语学习的方法和技巧；2. Unit 2 Communication: 练习基本的问候和自我介绍等口语表达；3. Unit 3 Learning: 学习一些简单的单词和短语，提高词汇量；4. Unit 4 Life: 讨论日常生活的话题，提高口头表达能力；5. Unit 5 Travel: 介绍旅游相关的词汇和表达方式，提高书面表达能力。
四、教学方法1. 任务驱动教学法：通过布置任务，引导学生自主学习和合作学习，培养他们的主动性和创造性；2. 情境教学法：创设真实的语言环境，让学生在实际运用中掌握语言知识；3. 互动教学法：鼓励学生积极参与课堂活动，培养他们的口语和听力能力；4. 归纳总结法：引导学生归纳总结所学知识，加深对知识的理解和记忆。
五、教学评估与反馈1. 通过课堂表现、作业完成情况和测验成绩等评估学生的学习情况；2. 及时与学生沟通，了解他们的学习困难和需求，以便更好地调整教学策略；3. 鼓励学生提出问题和建议，以便更好地改进教学。
六、结语新经典高职英语综合教程第一册课件旨在帮助教师更好地组织教学，提高教学效果。
希望通过本课件的学习，教师们能够更好地指导学生学习英语，激发他们的学习兴趣和积极性，培养他们的英语综合应用能力，为将来的职业生涯打下坚实的基础。
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英语的另一个显著特点是被动句多。
英语重物称，常常选择不能施行动作或无生命的词语 作主语，由于这些“无灵”物称充当主语，使得被动句大 兴其道。在英语被动句里，不必强调动作的施行者，就 将其置于句尾由by连接；不必、不愿或不便言明动作的 施行者，就干脆将其省略。相对而言，汉语习惯于人称 化的表达，主语常常是能施行动作或有生命的物体，所 以汉语中主动句多。
英语中除了祈使句，其余句子必须出现主语；而汉语中可以 出现无主句。
标点符号： 汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所没有。 ⑴顿号（、）：顿号在汉语中起分割句子中的并列成分的 作用；英语中没有顿号，分割句中的并列成分多用逗号。 如：She slowly, carefully, deliberately moved the box. (2)书名号（《》）：英文没有书名号， 书名、报刊名用斜体或者下划线表示。如：
（respective）的原则。
•Conquer the desires，or they will conquer you. 你如不能战胜欲念，欲念将要战胜你。 •An English man who could not speak Chinese was once travelling in China. 一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。
(1)文章内容切题、丰富，文章通顺，表达清楚。 (2)行文流畅。
(3)组织严密，逻辑性强。
(4)句型多样化，句法结构正确。 (5)用词得体、恰当、丰富。 (6)语法正确。 (7)拼写及标点正确，书写整洁。
评价一篇八级作文的得分多少，大致可以参照以下四个标准来确定: 内容(content)、组织(organization)、语法(grammar)和得体性(appropriacy).这四 个标准中，前两个标准是关于内容结构的，属于谋篇布局部分，后两个是关 于语言的，属于表达部分。在八级考试的作文评阅中，一般将作文分为五个 等级: 第五级：化秀作文(effective communication with accuracies)这样的作文观点清 楚，结构合理，内容充实，语言运用得体，基本没有语言错误.得分在18-20 分。 第四级：良好作文(good communication with few inaccuracies)这样的作文观点 明确，结构合理，内容充实，语言运用较得体，稍有语言错误。得分在15-17 分。 第三级：尚可作文(passable communication with some inaccuracies)这样的作文 观点明确，结构完整，内容尚可，语言运用的得体性一般，语言错误不少， 影响到作文的理解.得分在14-12分。 第二级：问题作文(problematic communication with frequent inaccuracies)这样 的作丈观点不甚明确，结构不完整，内容匮乏，语言得体性较差，语言错误 较多，影响到作文的理解.得分在11-9分。 第一级：失败作文(almost no communication)这样的作丈基本没有达到写作要 求，几乎无结构和内容可言，通篇充斥语言错误，无语言得体性可言，作丈 难以理解.得分在8-6分或以下。
种时态），区分细微，习惯性强。英语就是通过这些固定
的语法手段将动作的进行过程与状况描绘得更准确更精细， 有时甚至能表达说话人的感情色彩。
• It seems the weather is changing. 看样子要变天了。 • I was in Beijing at that time. 当时我在北京。 • ——Who is it? ——It’s me. ——是谁呀？ ——是我。 • It won’t do! 不行！
that he heard the gate swing to，and saw the girl coming
running among the trees，with the red cheeked， stolid Joe in swift pursuit. 一个星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一面在听画眉鸟 的啁啾，一面在写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门砰地关上，
长期以来，大家知道心脏与肝脏的关系是最主要。 •The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火几乎使这家有名的旅馆全部毁灭。 •They were given a hearty welcome. 他们受到热烈欢迎。
英语重形和，汉语重意和。英语句子中如果少 了连接词如or，but，if，so，because，when，
although ， in order that，so that，所要表达的
意思就支离破碎了，而汉语如没连接词，只从 句子本身的意思就可以把概念或关系表达清楚。
• It was on a Sunday evening，when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem，
英语的又一显著特点是其丰富的时态。
不同的语言具有不同的时态，有的语言甚至很少或没有
时态，汉语基本上就是借助词汇来表示各种时间和动作的， 汉语动词除了只有“着”、“了”、“过”的若干说法与英语的 进行时、完成时或过去时相对外，别无其他与英语相对应 的时体形式；而英语不仅有时态，而且种类繁多（共有16
Introduction
一．课程简介： 写作3是写作1，2的延伸，着重从篇章层面培养学生 的写作规范。 二．教材及教学安排： 14、17、18不讲，15根据时间待定。 三．参考资料： 英文写作网 英语作文网 我爱英语网 英文网 各个出版社的写作教材 四．考核： 平时（70%）+出勤&作业（30%）
专业四级写作评分标准：
•Tragedies can be written in literature since there is
tragedy in life.
•生活中既然有悲剧。
英美人的思维方式是直线式的，他们在遣词造
句谋篇上遵循着从一般（general）到具体
（specific），从概括（summarize）到举例 （exemplify），从整体（whole）到个体
进檐下，靠门停住了。
汉语句子中可以有多个谓语动词，而英语中，只能有一个 谓语动词，其它动词要变成非谓语形式。
• It has been known for rst
relationship between the heart and the liver.
put up with aching feet and sore muscles. 足球运动员必须能不停地奔跑，有时得用头顶球，撞别
人或被别人撞，必须忍受双脚和肌肉的疼痛，所以说，
足球运动是一项难度大的运动。
•He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill. 因为他病了，昨天他不得不呆在家里。
the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat， which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. 在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，
What you should pay attention to in writing ----The differences between English and Chinese
•Soccer is a difficult sport.（1）A player must be able to run steadily without rest.（2）Sometimes a player must hit the ball with his or her head.（3）Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others.（4） They must
总统就此发了言。他说他不能理解为什么共和党遭到了
这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院 长期享有的优势。
On my way to town, I met a farmer, who was talking with a girl, who carried a basket on her arm, which contained some
Hamlet / Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》。
⑶间隔号（· ）：汉语有间隔号，用在月份和日期、音译 的名和姓等需要隔开的词语的正中间， 如“一二· 九”、“奥黛丽· 赫本（人名）”等。英语中没有汉 语的间隔号，需要间隔时多用逗点。
⑷着重号：有时汉语用在文字下点实心圆点表示需要强
调的词语，这些实心点就是着重号。而英语中没有这一 符号，需强调某些成分时可借助文字斜体、某些强调性 词汇、特殊句型、标点停顿等多种方法
接着看见那姑娘从树丛里奔出来，后面飞跟着那呆头呆脑
的红脸的乔。
• The president said at a conference dominated by questions
on yesterday's election results that he could not explain why
fled from the persecution of Archbishop Land.
英语中出现“多枝共干”式的长句，复合句；汉语则常 用短句，简单句。
• He became deaf at five after an attack of typhoid fever.
他五岁时，生了一场伤寒，变成了聋子。 • Absorbed in his walking, Old Shuan was startled when he saw the crossroad lying distantly ahead of him. He walked back a few steps to stand under the eaves of a shop in front of its closed door. 老栓正在专心走路，忽然吃了一惊，远远地看见一条丁字街， 明明白白横着。他便退了几步，寻到一家关着门的铺子，蹩