Chapter(1) One
Chapter1(1)
Properties:
- Finite (easy) - Correct (hard) - Efficient (complexity) - Input - Output
Classifications: Some differences:
- Numerical - Nonnumerical - Serial - Parallel -……
Analysis Basics
- Algorithm vs. Problem - Algorithm vs. Procedure - Algorithm vs. Program
What is a problem
Definition:
- A mapping/relation between a set of input instances (domain) and an output set (range)
Analysis Basics
Initializatio n is not very important!
Why and What to Analysis
Purposes:
- choose between algorithms of solving a given problem - count the number of basic operations with respect to N input values - analysis is done without regard to any specific computer
N characters in the file The number of assignment (=) is 257 The total time: f(N) as the time of a certain basic operation. E.g., f(N)=N+257+1. N∞, f(N) ≈ N
chapter 1 Colonization of North America
(2) Amerigo Vespucci:
① the importance: He was for a time regarded as the discoverer of the new land because he wrote many letters in which the new continents were described in great detail and the letters were most quickly published and widely spread. Although he was not the discoverer of the new continents, but it was he who first confirmed the fact that a new continent rather than Asia had been discovered. ②the origin of the “America”: A false impression was created that it was Vespucci rather than Columbus who first discovered the New World, and so in 1507 the New World was named after him, the Latin form of his Christian name, Amerigo.
朗文英语六上chapter1复习
朗文6A Chapter One 学习提要亲爱的同学们，学习了这个章节后，请按照要求检测你的学习结果吧～～Part A and BNew words and phrases（要求：知道中文意思，听懂，会读，会拼写。
）grow up 长大dream job 梦想职业(a) dentist 牙医(an) engineer 工程师(a) vet 兽医(a) fashion designer 时装设计师《(an) astronaut 宇航员(an) inventor 发明家(a) pilot 飞行员(a) film director 电影导演explore space 探索太空look after animals 照顾动物fly planes 开飞机make films 拍电影build and repair things 建造、修理东西think up new things 想出新事情(事物)design new styles of clothes 设计新款服装take care of people’s teeth 爱护(呵护)人们的牙齿#the winner of a drawing competition 绘画比赛获胜者（以下词汇要求：知道意思，会读，听得懂）theme 主题Sentences （要求：会读，知道其中文意思，会拼，会写，会运用。
）1.What do you want to be when you grow up 你长大后想要做什么2.I want to be an engineer. Engineer s build and repair things.我想做一名工程师。
工程师建造和修理东西。
3.I want to be a dentist. Dentist s take care of people’s teeth.》我想成为一名牙医。
牙医爱护人们的牙齿。
4.I want to be an astronaut. Astronaut s explore space.我想做一名宇航员。
2019.11,公选Chapter 1,Unit 1. 翻译的定义-PPT精选文档
The answer to “what is translation?” depends on
how we interpret the word “translation”, for the
very word “translation” itself is ambiguous, and the Chinese equivalent “翻译” sounds even fuzzier. 翻 译 may either stand for a subject of the curriculum, a job people engage in, a piece of literary work, or
10. 翻译者“像一位雕塑家用雕塑再现 油画作品的形象”（A sculptor who tries to recreate a work of painting）.
11. 翻译家是“珍宝的发现者”（a
discoverer of valuable treasures）或 是“掘金者”（a digger for gold）
(Bell, Translation and Translating: Theory and
Practice: 13)
有关翻译和翻译者的比喻：
1. 世界上全部交际来往中最重要、最高贵的事业之
一。（歌德） 2. 意大利谚语：Traduttore, traditore. 翻译即叛逆。 3. 翻译犹如女人，漂亮便不忠实，忠实便不漂亮。 4. 理想的译者应成为一块玻璃，透明得让读者感觉 不到他的存在。（果戈理） 5. 把翻译看作是”译者摆布文本的一个过程。" （Susan Bassnett）
Questions:
• How Translation Came into Being? • How comes that there are so many languages in the world?
Chapter 1 How to Introduce One's Products
Chapter One How to Introduce One’s ProductsDialogue 1:A: W e are really quite impressed by your product. But we have some questions about the after-sale service.B: I’m glad you asked about that. Please take a look at our organization chart.A: I see you have several regional offices in the USA. Are they all equipped to provide repair service?B: Y es. Fully-trained engineers staff each office. If any trouble arises, we can deal with it promptly. Repairs take a maximum of 10 days.A: How long is the warranty?B: The main mechanism carries a three-year warranty. Any peripheral equipment is guaranteed for 1 year. Within the warranty periods, all repairs are free.A: What about after the warranty expires?B: All repairs are billed at cost.Dialogue 2:A: Fir st of all, let me tell you a little bit about our product, “Colleen”.Colleen is a revolutionary new building material. It is very easy to assemble and has a reasonable price. The particulars are given in this brochure.B: How does Colleen compare in cost performance to Duraface?A: It is difficult to judge by a single standard. Colleen is more expensive than Duraface, but definitely offers a higher level of performance and esthetics.B: What kind of end uses does Colleen go into?A: It can be used in most conventional horizontal and vertical areas in residential houses and can also be used in high-rise buildings.B: How does the color of Colleen hold up over a period of time?A: It holds up quite well. The outdoor exposure tests show that it is superior to others.B: I wonder whether it can be bent and joined to other materials.A: Y es, it can be bent to a certain extent, and normal adhesives can be used. B: How strong is it against stains?A: It is not easily stained, and, even if it is, stains can be removed by a simple wipe with a cloth.B: Y ou have told us about the merits of Colleen. Now, I would like to ask you about its shortcomings.A: To be frank, there is not much that comes to mind. While it does burn when subject to flames, almost everything burns eventually.W e are really quite impressed by your product.=Y our product is quite ____________.=Y our product has _____________________________ us.impress: vt.使铭记, 印入心中; 使得深刻印象; 打动(常用被动语态)be impressed byafter-sale service: 售后服务e.g. Man y consumers have turned to the Consumers’ Association for help,complaining about the company’s poor after-sale service.organization chart:组织图表，组织系统图chart: n.图, 图表, 示意图e.g. detail flow chart详细流程图operational chart工作[业务, 操作]图表, 作业流程图equip: vt.1.装备, 配备, 装束2.使做好准备, 训练; 使具备(with)e.g. The training is aimed at equipping the workers with the necessary skills.fully-trained: adj.训练有素的=well-trainedIf any trouble arises:如果有任何问题发生arise: vi.出现，发生e.g. It’s stipulated in the contract that the buyer is entitled to cancel thewhole deal if any delay in shipment arises.staff: vt.给...配备职员,作…的雇员,雇[聘]用职员e.g. This family-owned factory is staffed with 50 employees.n.全体职员e.g. a staff member (=a member of the staff)职员之一Repairs take a maximum of 10 days.维修时间最多10天。
哈维罗森财政学全英笔记Chapter1
Chapter One IntroductionThis book is about the taxing and spending activities of government, a subject usually called public finance.This term is something of a misnomer, because the fundamental issues are not financial (that is, relating to money). Rather, the key problems relate to the use of real resources. For this reason, some authors prefer the label public sector economics or simply public economics.We focus on the microeconomic function of government- the way government affects the allocation of resources and the distribution of income.This book follows tradition by focusing on governmental spending and revenue-raising activities.Public Finance and IdeologyOpinions on how government should function in the economic sphere are influenced by ideological views concerning the relationship between the individual and the state. Political philosophers have distinguished two major approaches.1. Organic View of GovernmentSociety is conceived of as a natural organism. Each individual is a part of this organism, and the government can be thought of as its heart. The individual has significance only as part of the community, and the good of the individual is defined with respect to the good of the whole. Thus, the community is stressed above the individual.The goals of the society are set by the state, which attempts to lead society toward their realization. The choice of goals differs considerably.Because societal goals can differ, a crucial question is how they are to be selected. Proponents of the organic view usually argue that certain goals are natural for the societal organism.2. Mechanistic View of GovernmentGovernment is not an organic part of society. Rather, it is a contrivance created by individuals to better achieve their individual goals.Virtually everyone agrees that it is good for individuals when government protects them from violence. To do so government must have a monopoly on coercive power.Opinions within the mechanistic tradition diverge. Libertarians, who believe in a very limited government, argue against any further economic role for the government. Libertarians are extremely skeptical about the ability of governments to improve social welfare.Social democrats believe that substantial government intervention is required for the good of individuals.3. Viewpoint of This BookThe mechanistic view of government has come to dominate Anglo-American political thought. Not surprisingly, Anglo-American economic thought has alsodeveloped along individual lines. Within the individualistic tradition there is much controversy with respect to how active government should be.Economic policy is not based on economic analysis alone. The desirability of a given course of government action inevitably depends in part on ethical and political judgments.Government at a Glance1. The Legal Framework2. The Size of GovernmentA more sensible (and common) approach is to measure the size of government by the volume of its annual expenditures, of which there are basically three types:(1) Purchase of goods and services.(2) Transfers of income to people, businesses, or other governments.(3) Interest payments.The federal government itemizes its expenditures in a document referred to a as the unified budget. However, some government activities have substantial effects on resource allocation even though they involve minimal explicit outlays. For example, issuing regulations per se is not very expensive, but compliance with the rules can be very costly. Some have suggested that the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations be published in an annual regulatory budget. Unfortunately, computing such costs is exceedingly difficult so it is unlikely there will ever be an official regulatory budget.The figure is a misleading indicator of the growth of government for several reasons:(1) Because of inflation, the dollars decreased in value over time.(2) The population has also grown over time. An increasing population by itself creates demands for a larger public sector.(3) It is sometimes useful to examine government expenditure compared to the size of the economy. If government doubles in size but at the same time the economy triples, then government has relatively shrunk.Government expenditures have increased in both nominal and real absolute terms, in per capita terms, and as a percentage of GDP.3. ExpendituresNational defense and Social Security are the largest spending items in the federal budget.Much of the government budget consists of so-called entitlement programs-programs determined by the number of people who qualify which are out of hands of the current government. The fast-growing areas such as Social Security and interest payments are relatively fixed in the sense that they are determined by the previous decisions.The share of national defense spending in federal expenditure has fallen over time, while Social Security, public welfare, and payments on outstanding debt have increased in importance. The combination of entitlement programs and interestof the payments reduces yearly control over the level of expenditures. About 34federal budget is relatively uncontrollable.It is useful to break down total expenditures by level of government. State and local governments are clearly important players.4. RevenuesAt the federal level, personal income taxation is currently the single most important source of revenue, accounting for about 45% of the tax collections. Socialof federal revenue collections, which are payroll tax Insurance accounting for 13collections used to finance Social Security and Medicare. The federal corporate income tax decreases. In the state and local sector, the property tax decreases and individual income taxes increase.Changes in the Real Value of Debt When the government is a debtor and prices increase, changes in the real value of the debt may be an important source of revenue.。
英语写作基础教程(第三版)Chapter 1
一、Manuscript Form
1. Arrangement 2. Word division 3. Capitalization 4. Handwriting
一、Manuscript Form
Answers to task 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
Where I Lived, and What I Lived For Are Transgenic Crops Safe? Well-Known Dramatists of the Ming Dynasty A Day to Remember Approaches to Teaching English as a Foreign Language Criticisms on the Ending of Mark Twain‟s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
二、 Punctuation
1. The Comma (,)
(1). A comma is used to join clauses. It is put before the conjunction (and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet ) (2). A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase. (3). Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the same function in the sentence.
一、Manuscriptnt (title)
chapter 1 课本
6The way is to do…方法是… My hobby is to…我的爱好是… His joy is to…他的工作是… My dream is …我的梦想是… One basic way of improving your memory is __ ( use) the link method.提高记忆的基本的方法之一是用 连接 法 My hobby is ___ (collect) stamps His joy is __ (draw) pictures for the cartoon films My dream is __ (be) a teacher. 7be connected with =have a link with 和…连接在一起 Memory is connected with our feeling 记忆和我们的情感有关 =Memory __ ___ ___ ___ our feeling.
吸烟和许多疾病有关 Smoking __ __ ___ many diseases 8 something dramatic 戏剧性的事情 形容词修饰不定代词放在所修饰词的后面 something strange,anything new 9 die v.死 dead adj. 死的 death n.死 v. n. People were amazed when they heard about the __ (die) of the president His father died two years ago. His father __ __ __ for two years.
4 be angry with sb对某人生气 He __ often __ __ his children. The teacher __ __ __ her because she didn’t finish her homework again. 5 have trouble doing sth=have difficulty doing sth 做某事有困难 Do you have trouble ___ (finish) the work in a short time? I have a little trouble __ (learn) English have fun doing sth=ejnjoy doing sth 做某事有乐趣 We have a lot of fun climbing Wutong Mountain. Some people have trouble remembering things.= Some people have __ __ things.
Chapter 1-1
3
Language is ……
What is language?
4
Comments on the following ideas
1. Language is a means of communication. 2. Language has a form-meaning correspondence. 3. The function of language is to exchange information.
The subject matter of linguistics
• The subject matter of linguistics is all natural languages, living or dead. • It studies the origin, growth, organization, nature and development of languages. • It discovers the general rules and principles governing languages.
21
Phonetics (语音学)
• It is the scientific study of speech sounds, including the articulation, transmission and reception of speech sounds, the description and classification of speech sounds. • [b] 双唇爆破辅音
• Linguistics differs from traditional grammar at least in three basic ways:
英语语言学Chapter 1
Chapter OneⅡ. 1. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k of the rulesof his language.2. Langue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.3. D is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.4. Language is a system of a vocal symbols used for human communication.5. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s .6. Human capacity for language has a g basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.7. P refers to the realization of langue in actual use.8. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a linguistics.9. Language is p in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before..10. Linguistics is generally defined as the s study of language.11. Language is a system of a symbols used for human communication. use, it is said to be d ; if it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior,it is said to be p .14. In modern linguistics, S study seems to enjoy priority over d study. The reason is that successful studies of various states of a language would be the foundations of a historical study.15. Langue refers to the a linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech community; and parole refers to the r of langue in actual use.16. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s k of the rules of his language, and performance, the actual r of this knowledge in linguistic communication.17. “ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This famous quotation from Shakespeare illustrates that language has the design feature ofa .18. The property of d of language provides a speaker with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.19. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, one of Sounds, and the other of w . This double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.20. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use language, but they are not mutually intelligible, which shows that language is culturally t .III.1. The study of _____ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. syntaxB. pragmaticsC. morphologyD. sociolinguistics2. If the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called _____ come into being.A. syntaxB. semanticsC. morphologyD. pragmatics3. Which of the following statements is no the concern of psycholinguistics?A. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use languageB. It relates the social norms that determine the type of language to be used in a certain occasion.C. It pays more attention to the study of language acquisition in childrenD. It focuses on the way of processing the information we receive in the course of communication.4. Which of the following words is the entire arbitrary one?A. bookB. beautifulC. crashD. newspaper5. Which of the following items is not a design feature of human language？A. arbitrarinessB. competenceC. displacementD. productivity6. The difference between modern linguistics and traditional grammar are all of the following EXCEPT _______A. descriptive vs. prescriptiveB. non Latin-based vs. Latin-based frameworkC. spoken vs. writtenD. competence vs. performance7. The term _____ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stage.A. synchronicB. comparativeC. diachronicD. historical comparative8. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. carefulB. handbagC. crackD. table9. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.A. sociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. computational linguisticsD. Applied Linguistics10. ______ is regarded as the “Father of modern linguistics”.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf11. Competence refers to ________.A. the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his languageB. the actual realization of the language user’s knowledge of the rules in utterancesC. knowledge of meaning of words and sentencesD. what speakers can actually do with language12. The subject area on the borders of linguistics and literature has become known as _____ .A. anthropological linguisticsB. linguistic stylisticsC. neurolinguisticsD. mathematical linguistics13. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between ________.A. prescriptive & descriptiveB. synchronic and diachronicC. speech and writingD. langue & parole14. _____ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. applied linguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. psycholinguisticsD. anthropological linguistics15. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ______.A. language is arbitraryB. language is productiveC. language is used for communicationD. language is basically vocal16. _____ means the lack of logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.A. AmbiguityB. FuzzinessC. AbstractnessD. Arbitrariness17. Which of the following statements about language is NOT TRUE?A. Language means the system of pronunciation, grammar and vocabularyB. Language includes animal and artificial features of languageC. Language means a particular type or style of language used for a particular purposeD. Language refers to the common features of all human languages18. All human languages are organized on two levels: the sound level –meaningless, the grammatical level – meaningful. This means language has the design feature of _______.A. dualityB. changeableC. creativeD. arbitrary19. ____ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. morphology and semanticsB. morphology and syntaxC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology and phonology20. ____ dictionary established a uniform standard for English spelling and word use.A. LongmanB. OxfordC. Webster’sD. Johnson’s21. Langue & Parole are a pair of important distinctions put forward by_______ .A. ChomskyB. LyonsC. SaussureD. Halliday22. Language has the feature of ____ in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.A. dualityB. interchangeabilityC. displacementD. productivity23. Linguistics gives priority to the spoken language instead of the written language because ______.A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systemsB. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languagesC. we have recording devices to study speech in modern timesD. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world24. The distinction between competence and performance is made by _____ in _______.A. F. de. Saussure; SwissB. Noam Chomsky; USAC. M. A. K. Halliday; UKD. L. Bloomfield; USA25. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic26. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness27. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable28. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above29. A historical study of language is a_______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative30. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological, psychologicalB. psychological, sociologicalC. applied, pragmaticD. semantic, linguistic31. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language32. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas33. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______.A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission34. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and B。
深圳牛津九年级chapter1 课文翻译与词组
Unit1 Body languageDebbie and Simon have part-time jobs at a travel agency.It is Saturday morning.They are at work in the office.黛比和西蒙在一家旅行社做兼职工作。
这是星期六上午，他们在办公室工作。
Debbie and Simon looked up as a well-dressed lady entered.The lady glanced at them both,and then walked over to Debbie.Debbie greeted her cheerfully.‘Hello,’the lady said.’I want to go by train from Shenzhen to Guangzhou..’当一位妆扮很好的女士进来的时候，黛比和西蒙抬起头。
这位女士扫视了一下他们两人，然后朝黛比走了过去。
黛比欢快地向她打招呼，‘您好’，女士说，‘我想乘火车从深圳去广州。
’Simon sighed.Mr Young, a senior employee,was standing beside him.‘What’s up,Simon?You don’t look very happy.’西蒙叹气。
杨先生（一位高级职员）站在他旁边。
他问：‘西蒙，你怎么了，你看上去不高兴。
’‘The customers always prefer Debbie to me.I can’t understand it.‘I can. It’s the way you communicate.’客户们总是更喜欢黛比，我无法理解它。
‘我知道，是你的交流的方式。
’‘How can that be?’ Simon asked. ‘I don’t even get a chance to speak to them.’‘怎么可能呢？’西蒙问，‘我甚至没有机会去与他们交谈。
Chapter One 文章开头句型
Chapter One 文章开头句型1-1 对立法: 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,适用于有争议性的主题.例如(e.g)[1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently.[2]. When it comes to .... , some people bielive that ....... Others argue/ claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter ...)[3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....1-2 现象法引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 .[1]. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/arou sed public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.[2]. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus. ( has been brouth to public attention)[3].Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.----- To be continued !!1-3 观点法----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.[1]. Never history has the change of .. been as evident as ... Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of .. benn more visible/popular tha n...[2]. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to re alize/accept/(be aware) that...[3]. Now there is a growing awareness/recognation ot the necessity to...... Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ......[4]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......1-4 引用法----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点![1]. "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by Bacon.This rem ark has been shared by more and more people ."Education is not complete with gradulation." Such is the opnion of a gre at American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion.[2]."........." How often we hear such statements/words like thoses /this . In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as th is "......".1-5 比较法------ 通过对过去,现在两种不同的倾向,观点的比较, 引出文章要讨论的观点.[1]. For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh l ook now. With the growing ... , people ....... .[2]. People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new.1-6 故事法---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. [1]. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenemenon of ... has aroused public concern.[2]. I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are ofte n confront with in our daily life.[3]. Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be (u nbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.1-8 问题法----- 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题.Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ...But in my opinion , ...... .Chapter 2 文章中间主体内容句型原因结果分析3-1-1. 基本原因--- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因.[1]. Why...? For one thing.. For another...[2]. The answer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing... F or another...... Still another ...[3]. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect .... /both individual and social contribute to ....3-1-2 另一原因--------> 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用![1]. Another important factor is ....[2]. ... is also responsible for the change/problem.[3]. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for .....3-1-3 后果影响--------- 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 .[1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on....[2]. In involves some serious consequence for ........比较对照句型3-2-1. 两者比较---> 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用![1]. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantag es we gain from B.[2]. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.[3]. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.3-2-2 . 两者相同/相似------> 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用! [1]. A and B have several thing in common. They are similar in tha t.....[2]. A bears some sriking resemblance(s) to B.Chapter Three 文章结尾形式2-1 结论性--------- 通过对文章前面的讨论,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 . [1]. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the c onclusion that .....[2]. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable .......2-2 后果性------ 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.[1]. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phen omenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of .......[2]. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every ch ance that .. will be put in danger.2-3 号召性-------- 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意.[1]. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendc y of ......[2]. It is essential thar effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.2-4 建议性-------- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.[1]. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The mo st popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is .....[2]. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the sit uation.2-5 方向性的结尾方式---- 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景. [1]. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way .[2]. There is no quick method to the issue of .., but .. might be helpful/ benefical.[3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty , but ........ 2--6 意义性的结尾方式--------> 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!e.g:[1]. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also bene fit .....[2]. In any case, whether it is posotive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ..特点：喜欢考难的单词,homogeneously 同一的,基因(前缀,词根adj adv) make a reservation 订房间: (出现两次) commitment 商业方面的约定engagement 一般的约定(也指订婚)gorgeous 秀色可餐，太美了lease 签租约 mortgage 抵押,贷款installment 分期付款collide with 与......相冲突 deprive of 剥夺budget 预算compensation 弥补，补偿eternal永恒的intuition 直觉penalty 惩罚,点球 potential 潜在的in terms of在......方面sheer完全的 trivial 琐碎的 regardless of 除了 demonstrate 演示demonstrated beauty 倾国倾城mingled情感、气息、气味的混合： claim有100多条解释Constrain 陪考：e mpirical 凭经验的，主观的出现giant panda/species 就选死光光，绝种extinct记忆方法：词根法＋联想法spir=breath(呼吸) inspire吸入空气-->产生灵感 conspiracy共同呼吸-->同谋者expire断气-->过期，满期 perspire出汗，流汗 aspire不断地呼吸-->渴望ers＝turn (旋转)Universe 围绕地旋转-->宇宙,单一的，同样的 converse 扭转,共同地 reverse 颠倒，反转，倒带,反 diverse 不同的 vertigo 头晕,分开 cess=go (走路) access 一再地走-->接近,一再excess 超过-->过渡,超出 recess 走回来-->休息 process 前进，加工scend=climb (爬) ascend v.攀登，轻薄物体的上升，声音从远处传来 descendant n.后代（在你后面爬）transcend v.超越，胜过 cest 跑 ancestor 在前面跑-->祖先 sophomore 大二生cur跑 precursor 在前面跑-->祖先 form 形式 reform 一再地改变形式--> 改革conform 共同->符合 perform 演出 deform 不好的形式-->畸形不好sophy智慧sophisticated 复杂的，老于世故的聪明的，睿智的 philosophy 哲学,爱智慧rupt＝break(断裂) bankrupt 破产 interrupt 打断 exclusive interview 人物专访corrupt r双写＋co=共同共同在断-->腐败-->破坏excursion 跑出去-->旅游clude=close exclusive a.排他的，独占的，专属的 exclude v.排除在外inclusive a. 包围住的，包括的 preclude v.预防，妨碍 ped 脚 expedition 脚出去-->探险biped 双足的 pedal 脚蹬的地方 define 加强限定-->下定义stat 站在那stationary 静止的 statue 全身雕塑 scribe=write (写) ascribe 归因于subscribe 订阅，提交,在下面写 conscribe 征兵 circumscribe 限制,圆圈press压 impression 压在你心里面-->印象 express 压出来-->表达suppress 往下压-->平息，镇压 oppress 压迫，压制 bat=hit打斗 debate 争论combat 搏斗 acrobat 杂技flicient deficient 缺乏的，不够的 subfficient 足够的 proficient a.精通的；n.专家efficient 效率的 flict打 conflict 一起打-->冲突，战争 afflict 一再地打击-->折磨inflict 自虐，自我折磨front 面对 confront 使面临，对抗 affront 脸一直凑过去-->冒犯，侮辱 effrontery 厚颜无耻 gest管道digest分开管道-->文摘congest共同走到管道->交通拥挤 ingest 进入管道-->吃入，摄入miss送mission 送出去的-->任务 commission 共同送出去的任务 ->委托，委任，佣金，回扣dismiss 疏散，解散，解雇，免职 omission 省略，忽略 pel推 repel 推回来-->相斥compel共同往前推-->强迫，迫使 propel 往前推-->推进 compliments 赞美之词sist 站立resist 抵制 consist of 由......组成 persist （一直总）坚持 assist 帮助 decline 下降incline 倾向be inclined to do 喜欢做 recline 斜躺（安娜卡列尼娜卧轨自杀ple 满，完成 implement 实施，执行 complement 相补充、相弥补superior 优良的，卓越的 superable 可取的，可胜任的 supreme 最高的，至高无上的superb 庄重的，极好的fin 终点，范围 confine 限制 finish 完成 definite 明确的infinite 无限，极大 cede 走 concede妥协 recede 后退rip(撕裂) grip v. 抓gripping 扣人心弦的 ceed 走 proceed with=contine with exceed 超过exceeding 巨大的defect n.过失，错误 affect n.影响,侵袭 effect n.效果，作用infect v.传染，感染 pat 父亲，祖国 patrol 巡逻 expatriate 驱逐出境compatriot 同胞（有共同的祖国） repatriate v.遣返patriot n.爱国者tent扩展，延展 intentionally 故意地 content 内容patent 怕传出去-->申请专利保护 acro高 acronym(名字的词根)缩写acrobat 高级的杂耍-->杂技 anonymous没名-->匿名的tract 拖，拉extract 拉出来-->萃取，提取 attract 一再地拉-->吸引（美好的）distract 拉走了-->分散，转移，分神 cise 切 precise 事先切好-->精确concise 共同切-->简洁的，简明的 compact 结实的，简洁的，紧凑的（常考）lump 肿块，疙瘩hump 驼峰 plump 丰满<-->bony骨感美人 goose lump外国人的鹅皮疙瘩perspective n.透视，全景 inspect v.检查，视察 expect v.期待 prospect n.前景spectacles 眼镜undertake 承担，许诺 undergo 经历，遭受 underscore 强调underlying a.基本的 four underlying principles underline 强调 bar 棍子barbarian 野蛮人 barren(ren=人)剩棍和人-->贫瘠 revive 复活survive 存活embarrass 用棍子打屁股-->尴尬vivid 鲜艳的 vivisect(切)活体解剖prime 黄金时期，青春；主要的，最初的 primitive 原始的 preliminary 预备的hypo 低hypotension 低血压 hypothsis 假说 hyper 高 hypersensitive 高度敏感 turb 搅动turbine 搅动机 turbulent 混乱的，动荡的＝chaos relent 反复地借-->v.使......宽厚，仁慈<-->relentless 无情，冷酷 shear v.剪羊毛;n.大剪刀(羊有耳朵ear)sheer adv. 完全地kernel r像花-->核 kennel 有n像门-->狗窝 sprout 有r-->v.发芽spout 爆发fragrant r一朵花-->香喷喷的 flagrant l像粪勺-->臭烘烘的，罪恶昭著的，声名狼藉的haven 有个门-->避难所 heaven ea表示在......上面-->避难所在上面-->天堂loom l高高的个子，oo大大的眼睛的MM在网上是很少的-->若隐若现gloom 因此GG感到很郁闷-->郁闷，阴沉 rose代表爱情-没有爱情-->郁闷，阴沉morose mo白话"冇"的音-没有，dismay(美mei)-->郁闷，沮丧amorous 爱摸玫瑰（rose音同rous） ->好色的，色情的ponderous 胖得要死-->笨重的pest 拍死它-->害虫 gangster 干死他-->匪徒 naive 奶糊的-->天真的，无邪的，-->幼稚chaos 吵死-->吵闹的；正确发音：[ ke,a:s] quaint 把q看成g,汉语拼音：guai怪-->古怪的，新奇的 acquaint ac表示一再--> 一再古怪，就见怪不怪-->熟悉juvenile 久闻奶-->青少年shatter 沙特被人连灌8球--梦想破碎-->破碎acme AC米兰（能发展到AC米兰-->顶点 obstinate 我不听你的-->固执的（考过）aftermath 在马死后，要调查，就是引起余波-->余波elegant 把leg想象成模特在T字台上走的大腿-->优雅obscene 我不see/信--我不看-->下流的，淫荡的appal 我怕-->恐惧Lobuster 老不死-->龙虾 blunder 不太烂的-->小错误commit a blunder 犯小错（常考）original 最初的，原创的--orginals n.原著slippery 滑，老*巨猾 decline 具体数字、数据下降，如汇率；婉言拒绝slip one's mind 忘了...... plunge into 跳进lung 肺，p（扑）进水里，水进入肺中，然后出来e（out） plight把火扑灭-->困境eg:No one can be a hero in plight.ambiguous安必规（治疗精神病药）-->模棱两可，似是而非（考过）absurd 爱不死-->荒谬（考过）wallflower 壁花，局外人（特指在舞会中无人邀请的女孩）spicy 辣味的spic 看conspicuous 看得到的--明显的（一般考交通标志很明显）apprehension 一再地事先不知道-->理解，明白，忧虑，恐惧tremendous 可怕的，巨大的，高速的（不要激怒老熊）tremble 因恐惧而颤抖，trem恐惧；end结果--害怕结果-->可怕的magnify 放大-->magnificent 精美的＝gorgeous cumulus积雨云-->accumulate一再地积累-->积聚，堆积luxi住在银河仙女的皮肤（力士香皂）-->luxury拥有那种皮肤是件奢侈的事->奢侈fabrica te （fabre纤维）-->编造，捏造decent （低头看钱）找工作要看薪水-->合适的despise (spit 吐口水)低头向他吐口水-->蔑视 innocent (被人抓住的小偷兜里没钱)-->无辜scorn 长得像死玉米-->贬低abuse (离开)-->滥用abide (I=爱)离开爱-->忍受痛苦subject to 1.=undergo 经历；2.=bring 带来compatible with 与......相容（常考）illumine 一路明-->照亮，点亮illumination n. revenge myself on sb .亲自报复alternate a.轮流的，轮换的-->alternative a.其他的；n.另一选择revenues pl.收入，税收venues 维纳斯想拥有她那样的身材就得付钱In collaboration(共同劳动) with 与......相合作(文化艺术)，与......相一致tantalus n.致命的诱惑也指宙斯和人间女子所生之子，鄙视神仙，曾把亲生儿子煮了让神仙吃tantalize v.逗弄deviation from 与......相背离真题：科学家的计算跟人们目测之间是存在偏差。
语言学教程Chapter 1_introduction(1)
• Without the awareness of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.
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Discuss with your neighbors ---• What is language? • What do you know when you claim to know a language?
“Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of symbols principally transmitted by vocal sounds.” --Stuart C. Poole: An Introduction to Linguistics (1999)
3
Some fundamental views about L
• Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction. • Language operates by rules. • All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics. • Everyone speaks a dialect. • Language slowly changes.
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Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. --Ronald Wardhaugh: Introduction to Linguistics (1977)
Chapter One
Organizational Development PortfolioChapter 5ASSESSMENTSGaining power and influence :My total score on the skills assessment was a 152. This score puts me in the second quartile. The score show that I was gaining power more like relay on personal characteristics than the position characteristics,but I was not good at effort which is a source of personal power, effort is one of the most highly prized characteristics , but somes time I was wasting my time on the pc games, so I have a bad score on the effortAction Plan: as the effort is highly prized characteristic and a important source of personal characteristics, I think I should work hard on my cource instead of playing PC games.Using influence strategies :My score on reason is 17, reciprocity is 15 same with the retribution. I think I like to present facts to the one who I want to beg him to do something that I want . because they are my friend , we can be friend because of we have common values, so the reason strategies is the best to use. But I don’t like to use the retribution strategies, even it can cause a quick, direct action, but it maybe a rude way to use in my study life.SKILL LEARNINGSKILL ANALYSISDiscussion Questions:1. What specific techniques were used to bring about the destruction of self-awareness among prisoners?The Communists used social alienation to bring about destruction of self-awareness. The would force prisoners to implicate their friends or familymembers for crimes that they didn’t commit. They were tied up an d left to depend of their cellmates to help them perform basic human functions.This made them lose all self respect.2. What opposite processes could be used to create the reverse process,that is, a strengthening of the self-concept?Because some of the techniques used to destroy self concept lead tosickness or wounded, some of the prisoners ended up becoming friendswith their interrogator or instructor because of the time spent with them.When the prisoners were considered “cooperative” they were allo ws to live with other “cooperatives” and allowed to have an active group life.3. Assume that you are charged with the orientation of a cohort of newmanagers in your organization. How would you help them understandtheir own strengths and inclinations and how they could best contribute to the firm?First I would have them look at themselves and see what they see as their own strengths. People often times overlook their own strengths because they are never forced to look and see what they do well. After havingthem share their strengths, I would show them how the differences in all their strengths makes them a stronger group because of all the different strengths. One person’s strength is another’s weakness, so it is important to realize what you and others do well or do poorly so you can understand where you fit within the group. I would also have them do team building activities to make them a closer team. The closer the team, the easier it is to share ideas, the more ideas that are available, the greater the chances for success.4. What mechanisms do people use, and what mechanisms could theprisoner of war have used, to resist a change in their self-concepts?Mental imagery is always a good way to get yourself through something difficult. If a person can see themselves in a good situation, they are able to hold a better attitude even toward difficult situations. When a personhas a good attitude, it spills over into other aspects of their life. The quote, “Whether you think you can or you can’t, you’re right,” applies here. When people see themselves in a positive light, they will not lose their sense of self-concept and will retain their self-awareness as well. When they lose their sense of self concept and self-worth, they will lose all hope as well. 5. What could be done to reform or rebuild the self-awareness of theseprisoners? What can be done to help individuals without self-awareness to improve that skill?It is much more difficult to rebuild self-awareness than it is to break it down.Continually assuring people of their worth and their strengths is important in rebuilding their self-awareness. Showing people the value of self-awareness will help them to improve that skill.Decision Dilemmas1. Accept the offer. Everyone learns the skills used in their trade fromsomewhere. It is unfair for them to tell her not to accept a job withbetter pay without even offering her a better salary or extra benefits forstaying with them.2. Cease the advertisements. It would be better for Wendy’s to advertisewith something that they can legitimately claim that they are better atthan to claim to be the best when really they are very similar by varioustests.3. Not proper to accept the gifts and he should not sell to that company.It is a bribe for him to accept the gifts for the sale of his company tothem. Its unethical and shows what he really values and what thecompany trying to buy him out values.4. Kick them off the team. Not only did the team members violate teamrule and NCAA regulations, but they lied to their coach. The teammembers have shown the team and their coach what they value and itisn’t what the team should value. The coach is highly regarded andshould hold to his integrity and kick those team members from theteam. They had a second chance when he asked them about therumors and when they lied to him, they blew that chance.5. Close the plant. If that is the best plant to close with the fewest lay-offs,then that should be the one to close. Many of the competing plants willalso have the same circumstances. Communities develop because ofcertain plants and industries, and many communities would suffer fromthe loss of jobs. It is unfortunate, but sometimes necessary. (I had ahard time with this decision).Discussion Questions:1. Why did you make the choices you did in each case? Justify your answer.Many of the choices were a weighing of the costs and benefits of eachchoice. It was also partly based on my values and morals and what is thebest to maintain the values of the organization.2. What principles or basic values for decision making did you use in eachcase?I mainly looked at being fair and equitable to people and the companiesthat each industry was working with.3. What additional information would you need in order to be certain aboutyour choices?I would need more information about the companies, what their valuesand beliefs are, what the values and beliefs of the employees are. Itwould be good to understand the impact that those organization have onthe communities that they are in.4. What circumstances might arise to make you change your mind aboutyour decision? Could there be a different answer to each case in different circumstances?Different situational factors can change my mind. Based on theinformation given, I have made the decisions that I think are best for thecompany. There can be a number of different answers to the questionsabove, including some that were not given as options. The situation mustbe assessed to get a good decision that is best for everyone.5. What do our answers tell you about your own emotional intelligence,values or cognitive style, attitude toward change and core self-evaluation?My answers imply to me that I am a good person that wants the best foreveryone. I don’t want anyone to be hurt, but as a businesswoman, I want to make the best decision for everyone, not just one person and not justfor the business. I have a great sense of empathy for the plight of othersand that could be a downfall in certain business situations. I am very intune to the needs and desires of others, which can both help and hurt in a business situation. Overall, I think I have a good EQ, I have good valuesthat will benefit me and others in the future. I like change, but at times Ifind it difficult to accept.SKILL PRACTICEThe following is my autobiographical story that would appear in a business-type magazine:In my 37 years there are a number of things that I would consider “notable accomplishments.” Some of those are personal and some are business and career related. I would consider my family to be a notable accomplishment. I have two wonderful, determined children that I am proud to call my own. They are the two people that I admire the most and am proud to see that they possess some of my qualities as well. I am proud that I have a successful marriage. It is hard work at times, but it is so worth it in the end. Beyond my family, I would say that my most treasured accomplishment is that I can consider myself a good, happy person. I don’t question my capabilities or decisions and that makes me feel like I have succeeded at something in my life.Regarding my notable business accomplishments, I would say that I am proud that I have become the youngest CEO of GE. That is a huge accomplishment in my life and I am very proud of it. More than that, I would say that I am proud to have made good, ethical decisions that have helped the company and helped me grow as a person. I have learned from my mistakes and grown from those choices. I am proud to say that I am a motivated worker and have used hard work and determination to achieve what I have. I can’t name everything I feel are notable accomplishments, the list would be too long. I think if I can continue to say that I have made good choices and I feel that I have lived my life well, those things will be notable enough.Questions:To be able to raise money for cancer, leukemia, etc. would make me feel like I have accomplished something with my life. It would make me feel like I’ve done something positive to help other people and grow as a person. I want to be remembered for doing something for others. I’ve never particularly cared what people think of me, so I don’ care if they think that I am stuck up or bitchy or whatever it is that people might think of me. I only care that I have done something to help others and that I am happy with how my life has turned out. If I had to be known for something, I would want it to be that I am a good personwho is always there for a helping hand and that I was a good friend, sister, and daughter.I’m pretty happy with how my scores turned out on the self assessments. Because I want to continue to improve myself, I would, of course, want to improve in all areas in the self assessments. I hope to continue to do so in the future, but for right now, they are at an acceptable level. I am content with myself and while I hope to continue to grow, I don’t think that I am behind where I want to be at this point in my life. If I had to look at the assessments and improve in any one area, it would be to improve my emotional intelligence. I think that a person’s EQ can always be improved, no matter what level you are currently at. We all have to deal with others on a daily basis and interpersonal and emotional skills can be constantly improved, even if we are already good at dealing with others. I also want to improve my locus of control to make it more internal than it is (even though I am already at an internal locus of control). I need to work on my motivation and procrastination to improve in that area.Interviewing someone about me and the qualities that I possess/do not possess was a little weird and very difficult because the questions really put the person I interviewed on the spot. I interviewed my best friend. She knows me very well, but she is also not someone who vocalizes what she thinks or feels a lot. She is opinionated, but not when it comes to personal things about others. The things she said about me were:What are my unique strengths and capabilities-You are very determined; you know what you want and you go for it without letting things stop you. You know what you believe in and you don’t back down when others question your beliefs. You are friendly and easy to talk to. You are both task and goal oriented.What does my future hold: Specifically, I have no idea, but you will be successful at whatever you do because when you are determined to succeed, you do.Who do you admire and why: No one specifically, but I do admire those people who can express their emotions and say how they really feel. I admire people who can go after their goals and not let anything stop them.Who do you know that failed to reach their potential and why do you think they failed: No names specifically, but I think that people fail because they stop believing that they can do it. When the odds are stacked against someone, they tend to stop believing that they are capable of doing anything they want.What do you see as my distinctive and notable capabilities: Again, you are determined and know what you believe. You make ethical decision and do not jeopardize others for the sake of personal gain.What areas should I focus improvement on: Motivation. While you are motivated, you tend to procrastinate and not get things done until last minute. When you wait, the quality of work declines.What do you see me doing in 15 years: Working in sports.I need to continue to improve my procrastinating. It is a bad habit. I always get things done, but she was right when she said the quality of things that Iprocrastinate on diminishes the more I put it off. Since I am a business major and don’t have any courses in sports, it would be good to take some sports management classes to improve my abilities in that specific area. I plan to get my masters in business administration, but it might be a good idea to emphasize in sports or take some elective classes in sports administration. Getting to know people in the sports industry would be helpful. Networking in general can help in that area. I need to continue to participate in sporting activities, participating and watching. I already read sports books, magazines and keep up to date on sporting news, so continuing to do this would be helpful. I think that journaling and meditation would be most helpful. It will help me reflect on what I have done, what has worked, and where I need to improve and what things have been successful.SKILL APPLICATIONI asked my mom to take the self assessments as she sees me. For the self-awareness assessment I scored myself at 53 and she scored me at a 54. Apparently she and I see me about the same way. For the emotional intelligence assessment, mom and I were way different. I scored myself at a 65 and she scored me at a 50. I can’t say that I disagree with either of the scores. Some of the situations really depend on where I am. There are times when I would blow up at someone and other times when I would keep my cool. If I am with my family I would sometimes react differently than when I am in a work situation. For the learning style inventory, mom felt that I learn best using active experimentation, then abstract conceptualization and finally a tie for concrete experience and reflective observation. My scores were active experimentation, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, then concrete experience. Not terribly different from each other. I was surprised with my score of abstract conceptualization being so high, so I am still surprised that she scored me high in this area as well. For the locus of control assessment, mom scored me at a 5 and I scored myself at a 7. I think her assessment of me is closer to how I feel about myself. I think that I have a higher internal locus of control, which is what her score says about me. My score shows that I have a higher external locus of control, which I don’t think that I have. Mom and I were similar on the tolerance for ambiguity test also, both score indicate that I have a relatively high tolerance for ambiguity. Core self evaluation for my test was a 4.2, and from mom was a 5.25. Pretty close for each. I would say that because we were so similar in the tests that it should confirm that I know myself pretty well and she also knows me well because she is evaluating me in similar ways that I evaluate myself.。
01-Chapter One PPT
meaning of a message
'bottom-up' processes
To use linguistic knowledge to understand the meaning of a message.
To build meaning from lower level sounds to words to grammatical relationships to lexical meanings in order to arrive at the final message.
Chapter 1 Comprehensive Listening Skills and Listening Competence
讲师 课程
1 Comprehensive Listening Skills and Competence
Listening processes listening skills and methods listening competence
meaning of message lexical meanings
grammatical relationships
words
sounds
1.1 Listening process
top-down process
Listening hension
bottom-up process
While Sara seems to represent the majority of the students' opinions on the matter, there are some who have their doubts. "Security cameras take away our privacy," states a male student at the school. A few like him agree that the constant surveillance may make the most innocent students feel nervous. School is designed to be a safe learning environment, and no child should feel insecure. But because the district has assured that the video will not be viewed on a regular basis and only at a time when a situation arises, it can be argued that invasion of privacy will be minimal.
Chapter1
1 pc 3.26 ly
1.2 A quick tour of the cosmos
To understand the universe, we must understand the relative scales of planets, stars, galaxies and the universe as a whole. We will journey from a campus scene to the limits of the cosmos in 12 steps. In each step we will widen our view by a factor of 100. That is, each successive picture will show a region of the universe that is 100 times wider than the preceding picture.
THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARES 2009 THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF ASTRONOMY 联合国宣布 2009年为国际天文年！ 纪念伽利略400年前 首次使用望远镜观测太空。
Astronomy
The Solar System and Beyond
Michael A. Seeds Joseph R. Grundy Observatory Franklin and Marshall College
Fig. 1-4 Field of view enlarged 100 times from the previous image (NASA). This step in our journey shows our entire planet. The earth is 12,756 km in diameter and rotates on its axis once a day.
英语语法 Chapter One 时态 (1) ( Tense)
当我到戏院时电影已经开始10分钟了。
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一般过去时和过去完成时的区别： 一般过去时和过去完成时的区别：
一般过去时是过去的一个特定的时间。而过去完成时表示这一时间之前的 行动。 He knew President was in the next room. He knew President had been in the next room. He bought a computer when he entered the college. He had bought a computer when he entered the college.
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在大学英语四、六级语法中，时态是一个必测题， 测试的重点主要有： 1.完成时态—— 现在完成时，过去完成时，将来 完成时。 2.进行时态—— 现在进行时，过去进行时，现在 完成进行时。 3一般将来时
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完成时态
1. 现在完成时（Present Perfect） 构成： Have ( has ) + 过去分词
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3. 将来完成时 （Future Perfect） 构成： will ( shall ) + have done
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用法： 表示在将来一个特定时间之前已经完成的动作或行为。 常和by the end, by the time …. 等时间状语连用。
I hope we will have pulled through the crisis by the end of this year. 我希望今年年底前我们可以度过这个难关。 By the end of July we will have studied 8 units. 7月底我们将学习第8单元。 By the time of next year, I have got my bachelor degree. 明年的这个时候，我将拿到我的学士学位。
Summary of Chapter One 1
Chapter One: The Beginning Period of English LiteratureⅠThe Old English Period1. Historical BackgroundEngland has a long history of civilization. But historians are still uncertain about who first came to the island. The ancient Greeks first mentioned Britain and described it as a remote and legendary place. From the recorded history we know that the land was occupied by the Celts before the Romans invaded it.The native Celtic Britons suffered repetitive invasions by foreign forces. From 55 B.C. to 407 A.D., the British Isles was under the rule of the Roman Empire and the Celts were subjugated to the rule of Rome for nearly 400 years. It was during the Roman occupation that London was founded. The Romans, however, did not gain full control of Britain, and they made little influence on the cultural life of the Celts. By the 4th century, the Roman Empire was weakening. In 410, the Romans abandoned the island.England was soon invaded by three Germanic tribes: the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. We often refer to them as the Anglo-Saxons for convenience. This is the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period in British history (449-1100). By 550, the Anglo-Saxons were firmly established. The English language became the dominant language in England. No matter how uncomfortable the native Celts felt about the invasions, these foreign elements played vital roles in the creation of English history and literature.They became the new masters of the British Isles and were the ancestors of the present English people.It was around 500 A.D. the founder of the kingdom of Wessex, that the Celtic King Arthur, a legendary figure, is said to have acquired his fame.The Anglo-Saxons admired greatly the wisdom and courage of their war leaders. In Anglo-Saxon society, the king was essentially a warrior, whose duty was mainly to lead his tribe to fight against any possible foreign or hostile tribes. The Anglo-Saxons, who were largely pagans or heathens when they came to the island, gradually accepted Christianity. The conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity changed their intellectual outlook. Christianity offered them some values that were more consistent and solid than their pagan beliefs. It also enabled them to learn book knowledge in monasteries or schools from the Scriptures and the classical writings of Virgil and the ancient Greeks. They traveled long distances to Rome on pilgrimages, and these experiences enriched their understanding of the world, broadened and deepened their mental and spiritual powers.2. Beowulf: an English EpicOf the earliest heroic poetry, the most important poem now preserved is Beowulf. It probably existed in oral from as early as the 6th century as historical events related in the poem indicated. It was probably written down in the 8th century though the manuscript of the poem preserved today dates back to the 10th century and was written in the Wessex dialect. The poem contained altogether 3,193 lines and the story in it is based on partly historical and partly legendary materials, brought over by theAnglo-Saxons from their original homes.Though traces of Christian values can be clearly seen in Beowulf, it is pervaded with paganism. In the noble figure of Beowulf, pagan heroism and fatalism are mingled with Christian qualities.Like Homer’s poetry, Beowulf sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, i.e., his resolution to serve his country and kinsfolk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem Beowulf is strong, courageous, and selfless, ready to risk his life in order to rid his people of evil monsters.Beowulf is more than a fairy story of heroes fighting against monsters. The poem unfolds a picture of an early Danish society, of its public life, its customs, rituals and cultural activities. It recaptures the values, beliefs and longings of the Anglo-Saxon people before they came to England. Beowulf is not simply a courageous warrior. He is a wise ruler, and a brave fighter.Beowulf is a pagan poem concerned with the heroic ideal of kings and kingship in North Europe. Battle is a way of life at that time. Strength and courage are basic virtues for both kings and his warriors. The king should protect his people and show gentleness and generosity to his warriors. And in return, his warriors should show absolute obedience and loyalty to the king. By praising Beowulf’s wisdom, strength and courage, and by glorifying his death for his people, the poem presents the heroic ideal of a king and his good relations to his warriors and people. Present-day readers are often charmed by its depiction of a remote world, a world of legend, fantasies and primitive beauty.Like many other Anglo-Saxon poems, Beowulf was written in long lines. The lines do not rhyme but alliteration was extensively used. The most striking feature is its use of “word pictures”.。
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II. The relationship between testing and teaching 1. Both testing and teaching are so closely interrelated that it is impossible to work in either field without being concerned with the other. Tests may be. 2. Example We cannot go home until we finish these exercises. There are at least three different ways to give a little test for this sentence:
Chapter One Introduction to Language Testing
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I. What is meant by language testing? Douglas Brown pointed out: “Whether we realize it or not, we test every day in virtually cognitive effort we make. When we read a book, listen to the news on TV, or prepare a meal, we are testing hypotheses and making judgments, we are testing.” Here, we’ll limit testing to language testing. 1). What’s the significance of learning this course? perceptual knowledge and rational cognition 2). A test should be seen as a natural extension of classroom work. lecturing ------ practicing ------ examining 2
Language was taught and considered as a set of knowledge including grammar, words and pronunciation. The representative of this school or trend was Karl Plotz (a German). This trend is also called as German trend (or German school). It lasted for a long time till the eve of Word War II.
as a Foreign Language)
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In the testing field, the representative is: Robert Lado (Language Testing) This trend is also called “American trend” or 11 “American school”.
3). A test could be a highly effective teaching and learning device. 4). A test is a factor for psychological adjustment. 5).To give students an appropriate evaluation is the obligation of a teacher. How to evaluate the students is a main task of testing.
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In the late 1960’s, socio-linguistics, which studies the relationship between language and society gained more attention. The concept of “communicative competence” was brought up. In the testing area, integrative approach is used, which requires candidates to combine many language elements in the completion of a task. “Communicative testing is a performance testing. It stands or falls by the degree of real life, or at least life-like.”
3. Communicative Stage (or
Integrative-sociolinguistic period)
After the prevailing of structuralism, the appearance of Chomosky’s Transformational-Generative Grammar gave deep reformation to linguistics. A new discipline-psycholinguistics came into being, which focuses on people’s understanding and use of language and the psychological process of language acquisition.
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1.
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III. Historical trends Intuitive Stage (or pre-scientific period) In Teaching, Grammar-Translation Approach was used, ( it is also called as Reading Approach or Classical Method.) Deductive way was used in grammar and words teaching. There was no difference between teaching and testing in form. Testing was dependent on the personal impressions of teachers, so it’s called “ Subjective Tests”. Scoring or grading was subjective 8 judgment.
Q: IMAGINE WHAT DO THESE TESTS ENCOURAGE TEACHING TO DO?
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Type (a) and (b)encourages teaching about the language. Type (c) encourages practicing in using the language. It has been found that some English Examinations have exerted a harmful influence on the teaching and encouraged teachers to teach about the language while students learn about the language.
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The book “English 900” was the typical textbook. [1]. recognition [2]. imitation [3]. repetition [4]. variation [5]. selection The representatives are: Leonard Bloomfield (Linguistic Aspects of Science) Charles C. Fries (Teaching and learning English
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a. Translate the sentence from English into Chinese. b. Analyze this sentence and state the function of the clause. c. Rewrite the sentence in another way but do not change the meaning . Begin the new sentence with word given. WHEN... (When we finish these exercises, we might go home.)
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2. Scientific Stage (or psychometricstructuralist period) The theoretical base for this trend is behaviorism-psycholinguistics. They considered the process of leaning as a process of a kind of behavior. There are three factors: stimulus response reinforcement (grammar was taught by inductive analogy rather than deductive explanation. )