Effect of stone composition,color,size,impaction and location on the efficacy of pneumatic urete

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造纸机械专业词汇

A基本术语1纸浆pulp2造纸用浆paper-making pulp,paper grade pulp3溶解浆dissolving pulp4风干浆air-dry pulp5制浆pulping6备料raw-material preparing7蒸煮cooking8漂白bleaching9浆料的筛选pulp or stock screening10浆料的净化pulp or stock cleaning11废纸waste paper12化学浆chemical pulp13化学机械浆chemical-mechanical pulp14机械浆mechanical pulp15盘磨机械浆refiner mechanical pulp16磨石磨木浆stone groundwood pulp17造纸paper-making18纸料stock19纸paper20纸板board (paper board)21配比(纸或纸板的)fiber composition22成形formation23纸层ply (of paper or board)24组成(纸或纸板的)composition (of paper or board)25纸幅web26纸页sheet (of paper or board)27净纸幅宽trimmed width of paper or board28卷筒(纸或纸板的)reel or roll (of paper or board)29尺寸(纸页的)size (of a sheet)30纵向(纸的)machine direction (longitudinal direction) of paper31横向(纸的)cross (transverse) direction (of paper)32Z向(纸或纸板的)Z-direction (of paper or board)33正面(纸的)top side (of paper)34网面(纸的)wire side (of paper)35损纸broke36整饰完成finishing (of paper or board)37加工(纸的)converting (of paper or board)38浆板pulp sheet39湿浆板pulp lapB制浆机械设备1拉木机log haul2圆锯机disc saw3卧式平衡圆锯机disc saw with horizontal frame and balanced construction 4排锯slasher5移动式圆锯机slashmobile6原木池log pond7劈木机log splitter8卧式劈木机horizontal splitter9去节机knot boring machine10去皮debarking11圆筒剥皮机drum barker12枝枉材圆筒剥皮机drum barker for branch wood13环式剥皮机ring barker14摆臂刺辊进料型环式剥皮机ring barker with swing arms and thorny rollers feeding mechanism15链刀型环式剥皮机ring barker with chain type barking knives16卡盘型环式剥皮机ring barker with chuck type barking ring17刀式剥机皮knife barker18刀盘knife dise19刀辊knife roll (drum)20飞刀fly (revolving) knives21水力剥皮机hydrabarker22削片chipping23削片机chipper24盘式削片机disc chipper25辊式削片机drum chipper26双锥盘削片机double conical disc chipper27螺旋型双锥盘削片机screw chipper28板皮削片机slab chipper29料片筛chip screen30料片再碎机chip crusher31鼠笼式再碎机squirrel-cage chip crusher32锤式再碎机chip shredder hog machine33料片的筛分析sieve analysis of chips34辊式切草机knife drum straw cutter35盘式切苇机disc reed cutter36切布机rag cutter37辊式蔗渣开包机roil type bagasse bale breaker38蔗渣松散机bagasse bale loosening machine39锤式除髓机 hammer depither40鼠笼式除姗机squirrel-cage depither41辊式除尘机railroad duster42水膜除尘器water film duster43风选机fan duster44振动筛vibrating screen45半振动筛semi-vibrating screen46摇振筛shaking screen47摇摆筛swinging screen48料片仓chip bin49锥底木片仓conical-bottomed chip bin50活底料片仓live bottom chip bin51间歇蒸煮batch cooking52连续蒸煮continuous cooking53间接加热蒸煮indirect cooking54多级蒸煮multistage cooking process55蒸球rotary spherical digester56燕球喷放轴头blowing journal of spherical digester57立式蒸煮锅vertical digester58蒸煮锅衬里digester lining59装锅器feed packer60喷放锅blow tank61喷放池blow pit62立式连续蒸煮器vertical continuous digester63横管式连续蒸煮器horizontal tubular continuous digester64斜管式连续蒸煮器inclined tubular continuous digester65汽蒸室steam chamber66低压给料器low pressure feeder67高压给料器high pressure feeder68格仓转子给料器pocket type feeder69螺旋给料器screw feeder70料塞(横管式连续蒸煮器的)chip plug or feed plug(for horizontal tubular continuous digester)71排料器discharger of continuous digester72喷放阀blow valve73冷喷放cold blow off74磨木机grinder75连续磨木机continuous grinder76间歇磨木机intermittent grinder77水压磨木机hydraulic grinder78袋式磨木机pocket grinder79双袋式水压磨木机dual-pocket type hydraulic grinder80套缸型袋式磨木机grinder with sliding pocket81压力磨木机pressure grinder82库式磨木机magazine grinder83链式磨木机chain grinder84单链C磨木机single-chain grinder85双链式磨木机dual-chain grinder86杠杆式磨木机lever grinder87环式磨木机ring type grinder88磨石grind-stone89陶瓷磨石 ceramic grind-stone90磨石锐度sharpness of grind-stone91磨木机浆坑grinder pit92刻石装置burring device of grind-stone93刻石锉轮burr (grindstone dresser)94盘磨机disc refiner95木片洗涤机chip washer96磨盘(盘磨机的)refiner disc97动盘(盘磨机的)rotating plate of disc refiner98定盘(盘磨机的)stationary plate of disc refiner99磨片(盘磨机的)disc refiner plate100磨纹(盘磨机磨盘的)grooved pattern of disc refiner plate101单动盘磨机single rotating disc refiner102双动盘磨机double rotating disc refiner103三盘单动盘磨机triple disc refiner104洗浆机pulp washer105浓缩机thickener (decker)106挤浆机washing press (for pulp)107稀释因子dilution factor108洗浆的置换比displacement ratio of pulp washing109洗浆池drainer110鼓式真空洗浆机drum type vacuum washer111水平带式真空洗浆机horizontal belt type vacuum washer112鼓式压力洗浆机drum type pressure washer113鼓式重力自吸洗浆机drum type gravity suction washer114筛环式扩散洗涤机ring screen diffusion washer115多段逆流洗涤系统multi-stage counter-current washing system 116多盘式真空过滤机disc type vacuum filter117螺旋挤浆机screw press washer118双辊挤浆机twin-roll press washer119双鼓挤浆机Eccentric drum press washer120圆网浓缩机cylinder decker121侧压浓缩机open vat type pressure thickener122双圆浓缩机double mould thickener123夹网浓缩机twin(double) wire thickener/washer124筛浆机screen125筛板screen plate126合格浆料accepted pulp127粗渣reject128筛孔screen hole129筛缝screen cut, screen slot130筛板开孔率percentage perforation of screen plate131离心筛centrifugal screen132A型离心筛centrifugal screen model A133B型离心筛centrifugal screen model B134C型离心筛centrifugal screen model C135CX型离心筛centrifugal screen model CX136压力筛pressure screen137旋翼筛pressure screen with rotary foils or vanes138内（外）流式旋翼筛inward (outward)-flow pressure screen139双鼓旋翼筛double drum pressure screen with rotary foils140级（纸浆净化的）screening or cleaning stage of accepted stock141段（纸浆筛选净化的）screening or cleaning stage of reject stock142增压型两级串联单鼓压力筛pressure-gain type singe-drum pressure screen for screening in series143旋鼓式压力筛rotary drum type pressure screen144卧式压力筛pressure screen with horizontal shaft145螺旋除节机worm knotter146内(外)流振动筛inward (outward)-flow vibrating screen147低频振槽式圆筛rotary screen with low frequency vibrating trough148低频振鼓式圆筛rotary screen with low frequency vibrating drum149高频振槽式圆筛rotary screen with high frequency vibrating trough150高频振鼓式圆筛high frequency rotary screen151低频振膜式平筛diaphragm screen152高频振框式平筛high frequency vibrating screen153低频框式除节机vibrating knotter154沉砂盘sandtable, sandtrap, riffler155涡流除渣器vortex cleaner156锥形除渣器conical vortex cleaner157逆向除渣器reverse vortex cleaner158高浓除渣器high consistency stuff cleaner159立式离心除渣机vertical centrifugal cleaner160漂白段bleaching stage161漂浆机tub bleacher162洗鼓wash drum163漂白塔bleaching tower164混合器mixer165双辊混合机double shaft mixer166盘式浆绷混合器disc type chlorine mixer167静态混合器static mixer168喷射式氯水混合器chlorine water injector169石灰乳氯化器chlorinator170收缩管式二氧化氯混合器converging tube mixer for chlorine dioxide171氯化塔chlorination tower172升降流式二氧化氯漂白塔up-flow down-flow chlorine dioxide bleaching tower173碱处理塔alkali extraction tower174酸处理塔acid souring tower175置换漂白displacement bleaching176置换漂白塔displacement bleaching tower177碎解slushing178碎浆机pulp slusher, pulp shredder, pulper179刀辊式碎浆机bealing pulper, pulping beater180水力碎浆机hydrapulper181连续式水力碎浆机continuous hydrapulper182捻绳除杂装置ragger183间歇式水力碎浆机batch type hydrapulper184高浓水力碎浆机high consistency hydrapulper185打浆beating, refining186打浆机beater187磨浆机refiner188细纤维化fibrillation189润胀swelling190槽式打浆机tub beater, hollander beater191调压式打浆机adjustable pressure beater192连续式打浆机Continuous beater193半浆机breaker beater194圆柱磨浆机cylindrical drum refiner195锥形磨浆机conical refiner196大锥度磨浆机wide angle refiner197内循环锥形磨浆机refiner with internal recirculation198疏解机deflaker, fiberizer, defiberizer199高频硫解机 high frequency deflaker200转鼓式纤维分离机drum fiberizer201复式纤维分离筛选机combined deflaker-screen202废纸的洗涤脱墨displacement washing-deinking of waste paper 203废纸的浮选脱墨floatation deinking of waste paper204浮选槽floatation deinking cell205双锥除渣器vortex cleaner with cones in series206浆泵stock pump207低浓浆泵low consistency stock pump208中浓浆泵medium consistency stock pump209高浓浆泵high consistency stock pump210贮浆池pulp (stock) chest211卧式贮浆池horizontal stock chest212立式贮浆池vertical stock chest213方浆池square or rectangular channel-less stock chest214涡轮式推进器turbo-impeller215螺旋浆式循环搅拌器propeller-agitator216湿抄机wet machine217浆板机pulp machine218成形机forming machine219湿抄机成形辊forming roll of wet machine or forming machine 220湿抄机成形压榨forming press of wet machine or forming machine 221闪急干燥flash drying222纸浆的闪急干燥器flash dryer for pulp223绒化干燥fluff drying224绒化处理fluffing of pulp225卧式多程转筒干燥器horizontal multipass rotary dryer226蒸煮废液spent liquor227黑液提取率extraction efficiency of black liquor228碱回收率efficiency of alkali recovery229红液red liquor,spent sulfite liquor230红液回收chemicals and heat recovery from red liquor231绿液green liquor232绿泥green mud233白液white liguor234白泥lime mud,white mud235苛化causticization236石灰的消化lime slaking237间歇苛化batch causticization238连续苛化continuous causticization239短管蒸发器short tube evaporator240长管液膜蒸发器long tube film type evaporator241多程蒸发器multipass evaporator242板式降膜燕发器plate type falling film evaporator243强制循环蒸发器forced circulation evaporator244多效蒸发站multi-effect evaporation station245回转式碱回收炉rotary furnace for alkali recovery246喷射式碱回收炉spray type recovery furnace247黑液喷枪black liquor spray gun248流化床化学品回收系统fluosolid system for chemical recovery249流化床燃烧炉fluidized-bed reactor250化学品回收炉的垫层cher bed in chemical recovery furnace251喷雾式二氧化硫冷却系统spray type cooling system for sulfur dioxide 252二氧化硫洗涤塔sulfur dioxide scrubber253圆盘蒸发器cascade evaporator254文丘里蒸发洗涤器venturiscrubber255静电除尘器electrostatic precipitator256苛化器causticizer257连续苛化器Continuous causticizer258鼓式消化器drum type lime slaker259石灰消化分离器continuous lime slaker260绿(白)液澄清器green (white) liquor clarifier261白液压力过滤器white liguor pressure filter262沉渣洗涤器mud thickener263白泥真空洗涤机lime (white) mud vacuum washer264带式白液过滤机belt filter for white liquor265石灰转窑rotary lime kilnC造纸机械设备1成浆perfect stuff2供浆系统stock supply system3成浆池machine chest4配浆stock prbportioning5配浆箱stock proportioning box, stock proportioner6鼓式配浆箱rotor type stock proportioner:7孔板式配浆箱orifice type stock proportioner8纸浆浓度控制器stock consistency controller9刀式浓度控制器blade type stock consistency controller10斜槽式浓度控制器flow channel type stock consistency controller11旋杯式浓度控制器rotary cup type stock consistency controller12转子式浓度控制器rotor type stock consistency -controller13浮动弯管式浓度控制器counter-balanced resistance tube type stock consistency controler14光学浓度控制器Cptical stock consistency controller15游离度控制器stock freeness controller16除气器deculator17旋涡真空分离器vortex separator18除渣器汇集筒radially arranged cleaner battery19松香锅rosin cooking tank, size cooker20脉冲衰减器attenuator21浆量调节阀stoke control valve22葱头阀onion valve23造纸机冲浆泵fan pump of paper machine24造纸机高位浆箱stablizing head tank of paper machine, stuff box25造纸机流送系统approach flow system of papar machine26絮聚(纤维的)flocculation (of fibres)27解絮deflocculation28絮团floc29纤维网络fibre network30浆流的临界浓度critical consistency of stock flow31浆流的临界流速critical velocity of stock flow32浆流的极限浓度extreme consistency of stock flow33高强度微湍动high intensity micro-turbulence34造纸机paper machine35纸板机board machine36流浆箱flow box, head box37成形器former38成形网forming wire ,forming fabric39造纸机的成形部forming (wire) section (part) of paper machine40造纸机的压榨部press section (part) of machine41造纸机的湿段wet end of paper machine42造纸机的干燥部dryer section (part) of paper machine43造纸机的传动部driving part of paper machine44造纸机的电气驱动部electical transmission section of paper machine45造纸机的干段dry end of paper machine46长网造纸机fourdrinier machine47圆网造纸机cylinder machine, vat machine48夹网造纸机twin-wire former papeeer machine49多长网造纸机multiple fourdrinier paper machine50多圆网纸板机multi-cylinder board machine51开式引纸造纸机open-draw paper machine52闭式引纸造纸机paper machine with pick-up transfer53自接纸造纸机lick-up machine54大直径单缸长网造纸机fourdrinier machine with Yankee dryer55混合式造纸机combination machine56干法造纸机air-laid paper machine57左、右手机left-or right-handed machine58单烘缸圆网造纸机cylinder machine with yankee dryer59毛纸幅宽untrimmed web width60横缩率cross directional wet shrinkage61网宽wire width, machine width62轨距centre distance of sole plates of machine63造纸机用织物paper machine clothing64造纸机车速paper machine speed65造纸机工作车速working speed of paper machine66造纸机设计车速design speed of paper machine67造纸机的结构车速structural limiting speed of paper machine68爬行车速creeping or crawling speed69辊筒平衡车速dalacing speed of roll70引纸threading71纸幅移送paper web transfer72开式移送open transfer73开式牵引open draw74闭式移送no-draw transfer75舔移lick up76吹移blowing (pneumatic) pick-up77吸移suction pick-up78毛毯felt79纸的临界水分critical moisture content of paper80面层top liner81里层back liner82次面层under liner83中间层middle (of board),medium84层间结合plybond (of paper)85开敞式流浆箱open type flowbox86淌浆箱open flowbox with apron87密闭式流浆箱closed type flowbox88气垫式流浆箱air-cushion type flowbox89逞流式流浆箱direct delivered flow headbox, tydraulic flowbox90二级流浆箱secondary headbox91布浆器flow spreader, flow distributor92扩展流道布浆器tapered duct distributor93中间进浆多支管布浆器multiple-branching manifold with centralfeed94多重对分布浆器multiple coupled-branching flow distributor95错流布浆器cross flow distributor96锥形总管布浆器tapered flow header97传动侧driving side98操作侧tending side99匀浆元件rectfying device100节扩流道converging-thro-ttling and diverging flow channel101流浆箱挡板flowbox baffle102排栅guiding fence103导流棒guiding bar104导流片组battery of guiding vanes105孔板perforated plate106台阶扩散器step diffusor107管束tube bank108流浆箱溢流率percentage overflow of paper machine flowbox109流浆箱浆池flowbox pond110匀浆辊rectifier roll111孔辊perforated rectifier roll, holey roll112喉辊throat roll113闸辊slice roll114波迹效应(匀浆辊的)wake effect (of holey roll)115挠性导流板flexible guide plate116流浆箱锥形布浆器回流率percentage circulating flow of lapered flow header 117裙布apron118流浆箱驼蜂hump bottom of flowbox119上浆装里slice120直立闸板上浆装置straight slice121唇板slice lip122唇缘slice lip strip123喷浆缝开度slice opening124斜闸板inclined slice125敛唇式上浆装置converging slice, projection slice,nozzle slice126突唇式上浆装置nozzle slice for pressure formation127浆网速比speed ratio of stock jetrelatedto wire128流浆箱喷射角sliec jet angle129着网角angle of projection130速度成形velocity formation131压力成形pressure formation132层上成形formation on the formed ply133泄水drainage134积层(纤维的)fibre mat135纤维沉积fibre deposition136纤维定向fibre orientation137细微物质fines138细小纤维debris139纤维比体积specific volume of fibre140纤维比表面积specific surface area of fibre141纤维留着率fibre retention142细料留着率fine retention143长网成形器fourdrinie former, fourdrinier144网案wire table145脱水dewatering146网目mesh147平织(网或毯的)plain weave (of wire or felt)148三丝网triple wire149斜纹织法(网或毯的)longerimp weave,twill weavue (of wire or felt)150捻织网twist weave wire151网案长度length of wire table152成形网的工作行程段working run of forming wire (fabric)153成形网的回程段return run of forming wire (fabric)154成形区(成形器上的)forming zone (on the former)155脱水区(成形器上的)dewatering zone (on the former)156水线dry line157自由表面(网上纸料的)free surface of the stock on the forming wire (fabric) 158跳浆spouting159水印watermark160黑水印cameo161纤维的比例沉积proportional deposition of fibre162纤维的选择性沉积selective deposition of fibre163冲刷作用wash-off action164网案的摇振shaking of wire table165摇振强度wire shaking intensity166两段同步摇振synchronous duplex shaking of wire-able167圆网成形器cylinder former168夹网成形器twin-wire former169短网成形器short-wire former170网槽成形器vat former171真空圆网成形器suction (vacuum) cylinder former172压力圆网成形器pressure cylinder former173抽气式圆网成形器vat former with extracting mould174网辊成形器roll former175水平夹网成形器horizontal twin-wire former176直立夹网成形器vertical twin-wire former177曲面夹网成形器convex twin-wire former178上成形器on-top former179夹网薄纸成形器twin-wire tissue former180网膜wire moutd181胸辊breast roll182成形板forming board183成形箱forming box184案辊table roll185脱水板foil186挡水板deflector on the fourdrinier187案辊效应table roll effect188导向板deflector on the vertical twinwire former189湿吸箱wet suction box190吸水箱suction box on the former, flat box191摆动吸水箱oscillating flat box192履带式吸水箱belt type flat box193摇振箱wire shake194饰面辊dandy roll195帘纹水印辊taid dandy roll196网笼cylinder mould197网鼓wire drum (roll)198伏辊Couch or couch roll199真空伏辊suction couch roll200沟纹伏辊grooved couch roll201伏辊压榨couch press202伏辊压榨一辊upper couch roll of the couch press (jacketed top couch roll) 203上伏辊lump-breaker roll, lump roll, top couch roll204驱网辊wire-turning (-driving) roll205回头辊return roll206回头辊压榨drum roll press207挤水辊压榨extraction press208导网(毯)辊wire (felt) roll209引纸辊paper (leading) roll210舒展辊spreader roll211弧形辊curved roll212动力衬网power fabric213定幅装置deckle214定幅带deckle strap215定幅板deckle board216定幅喷水管deckle shower217定边带deckle band218切边水针trimming squirt219引纸水针cut-off squirt220第一导网辊wash roll, doctor roll221上导网辊break back roll, end roll222冲纸喷水管knock-off shower223刮刀doctor224摆动刮刀oscillating doctor225蜂巢式真空辊cell type suction roll226箱式真空辊box type suction roll227白水white water228白水盘white water tray229网槽vat230活动弧形板式网槽vat with adjustable curved flow channel231顺流式网槽uniflow vat, direct flow vat232逆流式网槽counter flow vat233吸水刮刀suction slice, auto slice234换网装置wire-changing device235移出式换网装置roll-out type wire-changing device236套网式换网装置rapi-drape type wire-changing device237悬臂式换网装置cantilever type wire changing deviec238C形机架(成形器的)C-frame (of former)239网架wire carriage-hanger240网车wire dolly241展网横杆wire pole242换网托杆porter bar243网下白水坑wire pit244网外白水坑white water pit245伏辊损纸池couch pit246白水井white water well (silo)247成形辊(夹网成形器的)forming roll (on the twin-wire former)248成形喷水管forming shower249管辊tubular roll250张紧器stretcher251张力控制器、张力装置tension controller, tension device252校正器guide, guiding device253纸边校正器edge position controller254压榨press255夹区nip256压区nip (of press rolls)257压区宽度nip width258压榨道(组)数(造纸机压榨部的)number of presses in the press section of paper machine259双辊压榨two-roll press260多压区压榨multiple-nip press, compound press261压区压强nip pressure262作辊面宽working width of roll face263线压linear pressure264普通压榨plain press265普通压辊plain press roll266石辊stone roll267花岗石辊granite roll268人造石辊artificial stone roll269压区进侧incoming side of nip270压区中心midnip271压区出侧outgoing side of nip272压区的侧向lateral direction of press nip273压区的垂直向vertical direction of press nip274侧向流压榨lateral flow press275垂直流压榨vertical flow press276正压榨straight through press277反压榨reverse press278倒压榨inverse press279真空压辊suction press roll280真空压区suction press nip281吸风压榨air bleed press282衬网压榨fabric press283网套压榨shrink fabric press284沟纹压辊grooved press roll,vented press roll285沟纹压区grooved press nip286盲孔压辊blind drilled press roll287盲孔压区blind drilled press nip288双毛毯压榨double-felt press289热压榨hot press290蒸汽箱(加热纸幅的)steam box (for web heating)291托辊压榨pressure roll press292托辊pressure roll293电热压榨electrical hot press294分压榨divided press295延时压榨long dwelling time press, widened nip press 296高冲量压榨high impuse press297宽压区压榨wide (extended) nip press298压溃crushing299蹭皮(纸幅的)skinning of the web300剥离角take off ankle301剥离功work of take off302粘点picking point303自愈效应self-recovering effect304舔移装置lick-up transfer apparatus305吹移管blow pipe for pick-up transfer306吹移箱blow box for pick-up transfer307压纸辊(造纸机压榨部的)holding roll, air roll308舔移双毛毯压榨装置lick-up doubie press apparatus 309舔移双毛毯反压榨装置lick-up double-felt reverse press 310尾辊tail roll311吸移装置suction transfer apparatus312吸移辊suction pick-up roll, suction transfer roll313吸移箱suction box for pick-up transfer314预压榨primary press, baby press315递纸压榨transfer press316毛毯洗涤felt conditioning317毛毯压榨wringer press318毛毯冲洗喷管felt shower319打毯器felt whipper320毛毯吸水箱felt suction box321喷吸盒式洗毯器moving shoe type conditioner322毛毯洗涤喷头ocsillating felt conditioning jet323刮板槽型毛毯洗涤装置scraper board for felt washing324针辊压榨needle press325平滑压榨smoothing press326压纹压榨marking press327施胶压榨sizing press328牵引压榨draw press329湿压水印machine imprinted watermsrk330中高camber, crown, crowning331中高辊crowned roll332中固辊roll with shell shrink-fitted at middle333心轴辊roll with shell supported at ends334中凹辊concave roll335可控抗挠辊 Controllable anti-deflection roll336浮动辊swimming roll337可控中高辊controllable crown roll338静压轴承辊press roll with shell supported on static bearings339剥纸喷管(嘴)take-off air jet340托纸器paper-carrying roll341软套式弧形辊curved roll with flexible sleeve342水润软套式弧形辊curved roll with water lubricated sleeve343分节式弧形辊curved roll with segmental sleeves344变弧度弧形辊variable bow roll345弧形杆curved bar, spreader, spreader bar346压纹装置marking device347压纹辊marking roll348加压升降机构(压辊的)loading and lifting mechanism (of press roll)349湿损纸输送器wet broke conveyer350接触干燥(纸的)contact drying of paper351烘缸干燥(纸的)cylinder drying of paper352气流干燥(纸的)air drying of paper353热风干燥(纸的)hot air stream drying of paper354穿透干燥(纸的)air through drying of paper355辐射干燥(纸的)radiant drying of paper356微波干燥(纸的)microwave drying of paper357红外干燥(纸的)infrared drying of paper358悬挂干燥(纸的)festoon drying (loft drying) of paper359干燥率(纸的)drying rate of paper360蒸发干燥率(造纸机干燥部的)evaporation drying rate of paper machine dryer section361产纸量千燥率(造纸机的)production drying rate of paper machine362前干燥部pre-dryer section363后干燥部after-dryer section364烘缸cylinder dryer365光泽烘缸glazing dryer366烘纸缸paper dryer367引纸烘缸lead dryer, bady dryer368夹层供缸jacket dryer, double shell dryer369沟槽供缸cylinder dryer with condensate collecting channel370冷缸sweat dryer, cooling dryer371烘毯缸felt dryer372沟槽大烘缸grooved yankee dryer373起皱烘缸creping dryer374汽头steam joint, rotary joint (for pulp and paper machinery)375冷缸水头water joint of the cooling dryer376序斗dipper377虹吸管(烘缸的)siphon of cylinder dryer378固定虹吸管(烘缸的)stationary siphon of cylinder dryer379回转虹吸管(烘缸的)rotary or revolving siphon of cylinder dryer380凝水扰动片spoiler bar for dryer condensate381吹过汽blow-through steam382烘缸温度曲线dryer temperature curve383烘缸排列方式arrangement of cylinder dryers384烘缸供汽分组steam supply groupings of cylinder dryers385烘缸传动分组drive groupings of cylinder dryers386烘缸有效面积effective dryer surface area387烘缸供汽排水系统steam-condensate system of cylinder dryers388单毯配置single felting arrangement of cylinder dryer section, snake felting 389并联供汽排水系统parallel type steam-condensate system390分组串联供汽排水系统cascade type steam-condensate system391循环供汽系统recirculation type steam supply system392单缸循环供汽系统injector-circulation steam supply system393水气分离器steam separator394闪蒸箱flash tank395热风烘毯缸air dryer for felt396中间烘毯缸intervenient felt dryer397真空烘缸干毯部induced draft dryer section398袋区(烘缸干燥部的)pocket zone of clinder dryer section399袋区通风装置pocket ventilation device400袋区通风管pecket ventilation duct401热风横吹系统pocket injection ventilation system402热风烘毯辊felt drying roll403真空热风烘毯缸hot air suction dryer for felt404清扫刮J cleaning doctor405引纸刮刀cut-off doctor406起皱刮刀creping doctor407弹性刮刀flexible doctor408汽罩hood409全封闭汽罩totally enclosed hood410开式汽罩open hood411弹簧引纸辊spring roll412跳动导辊dancing fell or paper roll413湿润引纸辊sweat roll414热风干燥器air dryer415悬挂干燥器festoon dryer416穿透干燥器air through dryer417外压式穿透干燥器air through dryer with outside plenum418高速冲击热风干燥器high velocity impingement air dryer419气浮式热风干燥器air floating dryer420自平衡式热风干燥器self-balanced air floating dryer421互平衡式热风干燥器mutual-balanced air floating dryer422多程水平烘房multipass horizontal air dryer423热风吹毯系统felt air system424汽罩通风系统hood ventilation system425纸条割刀web tail cutting knife426引纸绳系统threading rope carrier system427引纸带threading tape428烘缸开式齿轮传动系统open gear drive of cylinder dryers429烘缸齿箱系统closed gear drive of cylinder dryers430传动分部driving section431造纸机的分部车速sectional speeds of paper machine driving sections432造纸机传动分部相对车速比relative sectional speeds of paper machine driving sections433造纸机的传动速比范围operating speed ratio of paper machine434正常运转负荷常数(NRI常数)normal running load constant435推荐传动能力常数(RDC常数)recommended driving capacity constant436横轴传动counter shaft drive437纵轴传动line shaft drive438纵轴机组传动line shaft drive with M-G set439天轴纵轴传动overhead line shaft drive440地轴纵轴传动ground drive441底层纵轴传动basement line shaft drive442纵轴汽轮机传动line shaft drive with steam turbine443调速槽轮vari-pitch sheave for sectional speed adjustment444三角带调速装置v-belt drive for sectional speed adjustment445锥轮调速装置cone-pulley drive for sectional speed adjustment446差动齿箱调速装置differential gear drive for sectional speed adjustment 447纵轴可控硅传动line shaft drive with thyristor speed control448分部传动sectional drive with multiple motors449可控硅分部传动sectional drive with thyrister speed regulation450单(双)闭环可控硅分部传动single(double) loop thyristor sectional drive 451电气驱动系统动态精度kinetic accuracy of electrical transmission system 452电气驱动系统静态精度static accuracy of electrical transmission system 453白水回收设备saveall454沉淀式白水回收设备sedimentation saveall455锥形沉淀塔conical saveall456飘浮式白水回收设备floatation saveall457真空飘浮式白水回收设备vacuum type floatation saveall458斜网白水回收机inclined wire saveall459圆网白水回收机wire drum saveall460双鼓型白水回收机double drum saveall461间歇转动式圆网白水回收机intermittent revolving drum saveall462真空过滤式白水回收机vacuum filtration saveallD整饰完成机械设备1表面施胶surface sizing2压光calendering3卷取reeling,winding4湿润dampening5选纸sorting6施光glazing, polishing7毛刷施光brush polishing8摩擦施光friction glazing9隧石磨光flint glazing10表面卷取surface winding11心轴卷取centre winding12热光泽hot rolling13蒸汽光泽加工steam finish14纵切slitting15横切cross cutting16剪切shear cut17割切slitting cut18压切score cut19水切jet cut20翻选overhauling, slip sorting21扇选fanning22卷纸机reeler23圆筒卷纸机drum reeler, pope reeler24卷纸缸reel cylinder, reeling drum25卷纸辊reel spool26原纸卷parent roll, jumbo roll, mill roll27卷心core28卷心轴core shaft29复卷机winder30重卷机rewinder31下引纸复卷机underfeed winder32上引纸复卷机overfeed winder33无轴型复卷机shaftless winder34复(重)卷机底辊winder (rewinder) drum,supporting roll35双辊复卷机double drum winder36单辊复卷机single drum winder37双侧复卷机duplex winder38纵切机slitter39砧辊anvil roll,platen roll40压纸辊(复卷机的)rider roll of drum winder41退纸unwinding42退纸架backstand, unwind stand43无轴退纸架，haftless unwind44移动退纸架movable backstand45恒张力装置constant tension device46张力辊tension roll47轴式卷纸机upright reeler48电动卷纸机motor driven centre winding reeler49回转臂式卷纸机revolving-arm centre winding reeler50回转臂式退纸架revolving-arm unwinding stand51纸幅(边)定位装置web edge position control device52压光机calender53纸机压光机machine calender54超级压光机supercalender55超级压光(纸的)supercalendering of paper56压纸辊(压光机的)catch roll of calender57纸粕辊bowl (of supercalender)> fiber roll58纸粕辊填料filling of bowl59飞辊flying roll60顶辊(压光机的)top roll of calender61底辊(压光机的)bottom roll or king roll of calender62压光机第二下辊second bottom roll or queen roll of calender 63压光辊calender roll64冷铸辊chilled iron roll65平滑压光机breaker calender66双辊平滑压光机smoothing calender67平张纸压光机sheet calender68半干压光机breaker stack69光泽压光机glazing calender, gloss calender70平板光泽压光机plate glazing calender71摩擦压光机friction glazing calender72隧石磨光机flint glazer73校厚压光机thickness calender, calibrating calender74压花(纹)压光机Cmbossing calender75释压装置pressure release device76中高补偿装置crown compensator。

建设工程英语词汇大全

建设工程英语词汇大全建设，建筑，修建to build, to construct建筑学architecture修筑，建筑物building房子house摩天大楼skyscraper公寓楼block of flats （美作：apartment block）纪念碑monument宫殿palace庙宇temple皇宫，教堂basilica大教堂cathedral教堂church塔，塔楼tower十层办公大楼ten-storey office block柱column柱列colonnade拱arch市政town planning （美作：city planning）营建许可证，建筑开工许可证building permission绿地greenbelt建筑物的三面图elevation设计图plan比例尺scale预制to prefabricate挖土，掘土excavation基foundations打地基to lay the foundations砌好的砖列course of bricks脚手架scaffold脚手架scaffolding建筑build; architecture; construct; architectural; architectural & industrial ceramics建筑安装工程量construction work quantity建筑板材building board建筑材料表list of building materials建筑材料检验building material testing建筑材料行building material dealer建筑材料运输列车construction train建筑草图architectural sketch建筑朝向building orientation建筑成本预算construction cost estimate建筑尺度architectural scale建筑处理architectural treatment建筑创作architectural creation建筑大五金architectural metalwork建筑大样architectural detail建筑单元building unit建筑费construction cost建筑风格architectural style建筑辅助系统building subsystem建筑钢construction(al) steel建筑钢板building sheet建筑高度building height; height of building建筑高度分区building height zoning; height zoning建筑工程升降机builder's lift建筑工地选择siting建筑工羊角锤头builder's claw hammer head建筑工业building industry; construction industry建筑工种building trades建筑构思architectural conception建筑构图compostion on architecture; architectural composition 建筑构造building construction建筑管理architectural control建筑规程building regulations建筑规范building code建筑机械construction machinery; building machinery建筑及维护规则recommendation建筑结构building structure建筑结构分析语言structural engineering system solver (STRESS) 建筑立面elevation of building; building elevation建筑沥青bitumen for building; building asphalt No. 10建筑力学architectural mechanics建筑铝型材生产线architectural aluminium profile production line 建筑毛面积gross floor area建筑毛造价gross building cost建筑面积area of structure; covered area建筑面积比floor-area ratio (F.A.R.)建筑面积指标floor-space index (F.S.I.)建筑模数building module建筑配景entourage of building建筑平面architectural plane; building plane建筑起重机building crane; construction-site crane建筑砌块building block建筑气候分区climate region of building建筑青铜architectural bronze建筑青铜合金architectural bronze建筑声学architectural acoustics建筑石paring stone建筑石料building stone建筑时期观念construction period concept建筑史architectural history; history of architecture 建筑收进线building setback line建筑陶板architectural terra-cotta (A TC)建筑陶瓷architectural pottery建筑特色architectural feature建筑体积architectural volume; cubage建筑体积计算cubing建筑体系building system建筑体形building size建筑透视architectural perspective建筑外壳building shell建筑外形architectural appearance建筑物building; structure建筑物保险building insurance建筑物朝向direction of building建筑物基础building foundation建筑物间距distance between buildings建筑物理architectural physics; building physics建筑物缺隐building deficiency建筑物入口building entrance建筑物租约building lease建筑现场construction建筑限制building restriction建筑限制线building restiction line建筑效果architectural effect建筑型钢轧机机座structural stand建筑型式type of construction; architectural form建筑遗产architectural heritage建筑艺术architectural art建筑艺术处理artistic treatment in architecture; architectural treatment建筑艺术形式artistic form of architecture建筑用地building lot; building site; lot建筑用地规划plot planning; block planning建筑用钢铁constructional iron建筑用黄铜architectural brass建筑用木材building timber建筑用提升机service-building elevator建筑原理architectonics; architectural principle建筑造型艺术art of architectural modelling建筑占地系数coefficient of land used for buildings建筑障碍architectural barriers建筑照明architectural lighting建筑折旧准备buildings depreciation reserve建筑哲理architectural philosophy建筑柱式architectural orders; orders of architecture建筑装饰architectural decoration; architectural ornament建筑装饰彩釉砂涂料colour-glazed sand paint for building decoration 建筑装饰学architectural decoration建筑装修五金architectural metalwork建筑自动化building automation建筑自重structural weight per square meter建筑渲染architectural rendering; rendu装饰玻璃decorative glazing夹层玻璃laminated glass特种玻璃special function glass镜子mirrors有机玻璃plastic glazing装玻璃用附件glazing accessories玻璃薄膜glazing film幕墙GLAZED CURTAIN WALLS金属结构幕墙metal framed curtain wall半透明墙和屋顶组合件translucent wall & roof assemblies 结构玻璃幕墙structural glass curtain walls轻质板材LIGHT BOARD龙骨系统MA TEL SUPPORT ASSEMBLIES非承重墙体龙骨non-load-bearing wall framing顶棚悬吊体系ceiling suspension成套内部骨架interior framing assemblies灰浆和石膏板PLASTER & GYPSUM BOARD石膏板，骨架及附件gypsum board, framing & accessories 面砖TILES瓷砖ceramic tile玻璃玛赛克glass mosaics装饰石材TERRAZZO预制水磨石制品precast terrazzo吊顶CEILING吸声吊顶acoustical ceilings金属吊顶metal ceilings轻质吊顶light-transmitting ceilings地面装饰砖石地面masonry flooring木地面wood flooring弹性地面resilient flooring抗静电地面static control flooring地毯地面carpet地毯块carpet tile墙面装饰WALL FINISHES墙面装饰面层wall coverings柔性木墙板flexible wood sheets隔(吸)音绝缘和嵌缝材料acoustical insulation and sealants 油漆及涂料PAINTINGS AND COA TINGS涂料paints着色及透明面层stains and transparent finishes装饰面层decorative finishes高性能面层high-performance coatings阻燃面层fire-retardant coatings防化学腐蚀涂料chemical resistant coatings面层胶粘剂finish adhesives厕所隔断10155-toilet compartments通风和排气口10200-LOUVERS AND VENTS壁炉和火炉FIREPLACES AND STOVES指示装置IDENTIFYING DEVICES指示牌和公告板10410-directories & bulletin boards锁LOCKERS锁和附件10501-locker accessories & locks遮阳（雨）篷10536-awnings隔断PARTITIOINS钢丝网隔墙10605-wire mesh partitions可拆卸隔墙10615-demountable partitions活动隔墙，屏网和隔板10630-portable partitions, screens & panels 采光板10730-daylighting panels壁柜和衣橱专用制品WARDROBE AND CLOSET SPECIAL TIES 衣帽架及附件10914-hat & coat racks & accessories装饰织物FABRICS工艺品ARTWORK建筑古玩architectural antiques中国古建筑装饰材料碧饰、壁画murals墙面装饰品wall decorations雕刻或雕塑/浮雕饰品carved or cast sculpture/relief artwork玻璃艺术制品art glass箱，柜及台架制品MANUFACTURED CASEWORK实验室台柜laboratory casework展示台柜display casework室内用品及附件FURNITURE ACCESSORIES遮阳板和窗帘blinds, shades & shutters帷幔和窗帘五金drapery & curtain hardware电动控制五金-用于百叶、帷幕及窗帘motorized hardware-blinds，shades，draperies家具FURNITURE敞开式办公系统open office systems办公室家具office furniture座椅seating室外家具outdoor furniture住宅家具residential furniture固定家具FIXEDE FURNITURE座椅及桌子配件seat and table accessories特殊用途装饰品special use/decorative furnishings单元房屋13020-building modules特殊用途房间13030-special purpose rooms健身房13032-athletic rooms桑拿浴及设备saunas & equipment蒸气浴及设备steam baths & equipment整体浴室13058-bathroom modules整体厨房13060-kitchen modules预加工房屋13121-pre-engineered buildings活动房屋13136-portable & mobile buildings预制住宅结构13144-prefabricated residential structures预加工停车场结构13148-Pre-engineered parking structures游泳池及设备13152-swimming pools & equipment液体和气体储罐LIQUID AND GAS STORAGE TANKS指示器、记录器及控制器13440-indicators,recorders and controllers 太阳能系统13602-solar energy systems平板式太阳能收集器solar flat plate collectors保安通道和监视系统SECURITY ACCESS & SURVILLANCEa block 空心块a frame a 型框架a line 支座反力影响线abaciscus 嵌饰abacus 栏杆小柱顶abamurus 扶壁abat jour 灯罩abat vent 遮阳帘abbrasive wheel 磨盘aberration 偏差ability 能力ablation 磨蚀酌abode 住宅above ground structure 地面建筑物abrasion 磨耗abrasion concrete 磨蚀性混凝土abrasion hardness 耐磨硬度abrasion proof 耐磨的abrasion resistance 耐磨性abrasion test 磨耗试验abrasion tester 磨耗试验机abrasion value 磨耗值abrasive 磨料abrasive aggregates 耐磨骨料abrasive disk 磨盘abrasive paper 研磨纸abrasive tile 粗面瓷砖abridged notation 简化符号abs plastic abs塑料absolute deformation 绝对变形absolute displacement 绝对位移absolute error 绝对误差absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute value 绝对值absolute viscosity 绝对粘度absolute weight 绝对重量absorbed water 吸附水absorbent 吸收剂absorbent filter 吸收剂滤器absorber 吸收器absorbing ability 吸收能力absorbing ceiling 吸声天花板absorbing medium 吸收性介质absorbing well 吸渗水井absorption 吸收absorption basin 消力池absorption chamber 吸声室absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption factor 吸收率absorption index 吸收指数absorption of heat radiations 热辐射的吸收absorption of sound 声音吸收absorption spectrum 吸收频谱absorption test 吸收试验absorptive capacity 吸收能力absorptive forms 吸收性模壳abstraction of heat 散热abutment 桥台;拱座;对接接斗abutment wall 桥台墙abutting buildings 邻接房屋abutting joint 对接abutting tenon 毗连榫舌abyssinien well 管井ac circuit 交羚路academic city 科学城academy 研究院academy of architecture 建筑学会acanthus 叶形装饰accelerant 促进剂accelerated ageing 加速老化accelerated curing of concrete 混凝土的加速养护accelerated test 加速试验accelerated weathering 加速风蚀accelerating admixture 速凝剂accelerating curing 加速养护accelerating test 加速试验accelerator 促进剂acceptance of work 工程验收access 入口access balcony 过道access door 检修门access hole 检查孔access ramp 接坡道access road 进路access tunnel 进口隧道accessory building 辅助建筑物accident prevention 事故预防accident prevention regulations 技术安全规程accidental loading 偶然荷载accommodations 居住设施accordion door 折迭门accordion partition 折隔屏accumulation 积蓄accumulation of heat 蓄热accuracy 准确度accuracy of fixing 固定准确度accuracy of measuring 计量准确度accurate adjustment 准确蝶accurate ajusting 准确蝶accurate measurement 准确测量acetylene cutting machine 氧割机acetylene welding 乙炔焊achromatic color 无彩色acid 酸acid brick 酸性砖acid proof brick 耐酸砖acid proof cement 耐酸水泥acid proof floortile 耐酸地板瓷砖acid proof paint 耐酸涂料acid proof paper 耐酸纸acid proofing mortar 耐酸灰浆acid resistance 耐酸性acid resistant brick 耐酸砖acid resistant floor 耐酸地板acid resistant steel 耐酸钢acid resisting concrete 耐酸混凝土acid resisting mortar 耐酸灰浆acidproof concrete 耐酸混凝土acidproof construction 耐酸构造acoustic absorptivity 吸声率acoustic analysis 声学分析acoustic conductivity 声导率acoustic design 声学计算acoustic dispersion 声射散acoustic disturbance 声干扰acoustic field 声场acoustic filter 滤声器acoustic frequency 声频acoustic instrument 声学仪器acoustic investigation 声学研究acoustic lens 声透镜acoustic load 声负载acoustic material 吸声材料acoustic measurement 声学测量acoustic power 声功率acoustic pressure 声压acoustic radiator 声辐射体acoustic resistance 声阻acoustic resonance 声共振acoustic shadow 声影区acoustic signal 声信号acoustic sounding 回声测深acoustic velocity 声速acoustic wave 声波acoustical board 吸声板acoustical ceiling 吸声天花板acoustical fiberboard 吸声纤维板acoustical insulation 隔声acoustical lining 吸音隔板acoustical plaster 吸声灰膏acoustical resistance 声阻acoustical screen 隔音板acoustical tile 吸声砖acoustics 声学acoustics of building 建筑声学acryl resin 丙烯酸尸acrylic rubber 丙烯酸橡胶actinic glass 光化玻璃actinograph 日光能量测定器actinometer 露光计actinometry 光能测定action principle 酌原理activated adsorption 活化吸附activated alumina 活性氧化铝activated carbon filter 活性炭滤池activated mortar 活化灰浆砂activated sludge 活性污泥activating agent 活化剂activation 活性化activator 活化剂active carbon 活性炭active earth pressure 织土压力active material 活性材料active residential solar heating system 能动式住宅太阳热取暖系统activity 活性activity duration 工字续时间activity of cement 水泥活性activity time 工字续时间actual construction time 实际建筑期限actual damage 实际损坏actual dimension 实际尺寸actual load 有效载荷actual size 实际大小actual strength 实际强度acute angle 锐角acute arch 尖拱addition compound 掺加化合物additional building 附加房屋additional load 附加载荷additional services 追加供给additive 掺合料additive cement 附加物水泥additive method 加色法adhesion 附着adhesion agent 粘结剂adhesion factor 粘着系数adhesion stress 粘结力adhesive 粘着剂adhesive ability 附着能力adhesive failure 脱胶adhesive force 附着力adhesive power 附着力adhesiveness 粘着性adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却adiabatic curing 绝热养护adit opening 平洞口adjacent accommodation 厢房adjacent of window 窗棂adjoining building 邻屋adjustable ball hinge 可第球铰链adjustable grille 可雕子窗adjustable spanner 可靛手adjustable wrench 可靛手adjusted net fill 已蝶的净填土adjuster 蝶器adjuster for window 窗开关蝶器adjusting device 蝶装置adjusting valve 第阀adjusting wedge 蝶楔块adjustment 蝶adjustment of mixture 混合物组份的第administration building 行政办公楼admissible concentration 容许浓度admissible value 容许值admission pipe 吸气管admission valve 进气阀admixture 掺合料admixture effects 掺合剂效应adobe brick 风干砖坯adobe construction 干打垒结构adsorbate 吸附物adsorbed water 吸附水adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adverse slope 反坡advisory engineer 顾问工程师adz 手斧ae concret 加气混凝土aerated cement block 充气水泥块aerated concrete 加气混凝土aerated spillway 真空式溢吝aeration 通气aeration basin 曝气池aeration skylight 通风天窗aeration tank 曝气池aerial cableway 架空死aerial mast 天线杆aerial pipe crossing 架空管横越aerial survey 航空测量aerobic treatment 好气处理aerocrete 加气混凝土aerodrome 飞机场aerodynamic instability 空气动力不稳定性aerodynamic resistance 空气动力阻力aerofilter 空气过滤器aerograph 喷涂器aeroport 机场aerosol paint 气溶胶涂料afflux 岭afforestation construction 造林工程afforestation of city 城市绿化after air filter 二次空气过滤器after cooler 二次冷却器after hardening 后期硬化after heater 后热器after purification 后净化age hardening 时效硬化age strength relation 龄期强度关系ageing 老化ageing test 老化试验agent 附加剂agglomerate foam concrete 烧结矿渣泡沫混凝土agglomerating furnace 烧结炉agglomeration 烧结aggloporite 烧结骨料aggregate 骨料aggregate base 骨料基层aggregate batcher 骨料计量机aggregate batching plant 集料计量装置aggregate bin 集料斗aggregate blending 集料拌合aggregate cement ratio 集料水泥比aggregate coated panel 骨料涂层的镶板aggregate exposure 骨料外露aggregate gradation 骨料级配aggregate preparation plant 集料配备厂aggregate production plant 集料配备厂aggregate size 集料粒度aggregate weighing batcher 集料重量配料器aggregation 凝聚aggressive water 侵蚀性水aging proof agent 防老化剂agitating truck 混凝土搅拌汽车agitation 搅拌agitation tank 搅拌槽agitator 混合器搅拌装置;循环泵agreement 一致agreement for construction 建筑合同agreement of lease 租赁契约agricultural buildings 农业建筑agricultural town 农业城镇agro cement batcher 集料水泥配料器air blast 鼓风air breakwater 气动防波堤air brick 空心砖air brush 气刷air bubble 气泡air bulking 空气胀air change 换气air change rate 换气率air channel 风道air chimney 通风管air chute 通风道air circulation 空气循环air cleaner 空气净化器air cock 气开关air collector 空气收集器air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioned building 设有空气第的房屋air conditioner 空气第机air conditioning 空气第air conditioning load 空气第负荷air conditioning plant 空气第设备air conditioning room 空气第室air conditioning unit 空气第装置air conditions 空气状态air content 含气量air conveying 风力输送air cooled condenser 空冷式冷凝器air cooler 空气冷却器air cooling 空气冷却air curtain 空气帘air damper 空气第阀air dehumidification 空气干燥air demand 需要风量air detraining admixture 去除空气外加剂air diffuser 空气扩散器air diffusion 空气扩散air diffusion aeration 空气扩散式曝气air digger 空气式挖掘机air discharge grille 排气格栅air distribution 配风air door 通气门air draft 吸风air drain 气槽air dried lumber 气干材air drill hammer 风锥钻air drying 空气干燥air duct 通气管道air entrained agent 加气剂air entrained concrete 加气混凝土air entraining admixture 加气掺合剂air entraining cement 掺加气剂的水泥air entrainment 夹杂空气air entrainment test 夹杂空气量试验air exhaust 排气air exhaust opening 排气口air filter 空气过滤器air filtration 空气过滤air float 气动泥刀air flow 气流air flow meter 空气量计air flow switch 气撂电器air free concrete 密实混凝土air gap 空隙air hammer 空气锤air handling unit 空气第装置air hardening mortar 气硬灰浆air hardening of cement 水泥空气硬化air heater 空气加热器air heating 热风供热air hoist 气压提升机air humidification 空气加湿air humidifier 空气湿润器air humidity 空气湿度air hydraulic jack 气液千斤顶air infiltration 气渗air inflow 进气air inlet 进气孔air insulation 空气绝缘air intake shaft 进气竖井air jacket 空气套air leakage 漏气air leakage factor 漏气系数air lift 压缩空气杨水泵air lift pump 压缩空气杨水泵air lock 气闸air monitoring 大气监测air mortar 加气灰浆air outlet 排风口air output 送风量air permeability factor 空气渗透因数air pipe line 空气管路air placed concrete 喷注混凝土air placer 混凝土气力压送机air placing machine 混凝土气力压送机air pollution control 大气污染控制air preheater 空气预热器air pressure 空气压力air purification 空气净化air purifier 空气净化器air receiver 压缩空气箱air register 电器air requirement 需要风量air resistance 空气阻力air riveting hammer 空气铆锤air sampling 空气采样air setting refractory cement 气凝性耐火水泥air setting refractory mortar 气凝性耐火灰浆air space ratio 空隙比air supply 供给空气air supply grille 送风格栅air supply plant 送气装置air supply system 送风系统air supported structure 气璃承结构物air tamper 风动打夯机air temperature 气温air test 气压试验air throw 气炼射距离air tight concrete 气密混凝土air tight construction 气密构造air tight door 气密门air tight seal 气密air tight test 气密性试验air to air heat recovery unit 空气空气热交换式热回收组合机组air to air system 空气空气式空档统air to water heat exchanger 空气水热交换器air to water system 空气水第系统air tool 气动工具air treatment 空气处理air trowel 气动泥刀air ventilator 通风孔air vessel 压缩空气箱air voids 孔隙air volume control 风量第air water heat pump 空气水热力泵air winch 风动绞车airborne noise 空传噪声airless spray unit 真空喷涂装置airless spraying 真空喷涂airport facilities 飞机场设施airslide conveyor 气滑式输送机airstrip 飞机跑道airview 鸟瞰图aisle 通道alabaster 雪花石膏alarm system 警报系统alarming apparatus 警报装置aligning 对准alignment 对准alkali aggregate expansion 碱脱色alkali discoloration 因碱脱色alkali resistance 耐碱性alkali resistant glass fiber 抗碱玻璃纤维alkaline soil 碱性土壤alkaliproof paint 耐碱油漆alkyd paint 醇酸涂料all air heat pump 全空气式热力泵all air system 全空气式系统all brick building 全砖建筑all concrete frame 全混凝土框架all flanged tee 法兰三通all glass facade 全玻璃门面all in aggregate 天然混合集料all metal building 全金属建筑物all metal construction 全金属结构all outside air system 全外部空气第系统all position electrode 全位置焊条all purpose excavator 万能挖土机all purpose insulation 万能绝缘材料all purpose road 混合交通道路all purpose room 多用途房all socket cross 全带承窝的十字接头all veneer construction 全胶合板构造all welded steel structure 全焊接钢结构all wood construction 全木的建筑物allege 墙的较薄部分alley 狭径alligator shears 杠杆式剪床alligator wrench 管扳手alligatoring 龟皱裂allowable bearing pressure 容许支承压力allowable bearing value 容许承载力allowable error 容许误差allowable load 容许荷载allowable noise level 容许噪声电平allowable pile bearing load 单桩容许荷载allowable preressure 容许承载力allowable pressure 容许压力allowable stress 容许应力allowable stress design 容许应力计算allowable stresses method 容许应力法allowance 容差alloy 合金alloy steel 合金钢alluvial deposit 冲积物alteration 更迭alteration work 改建工程alternate bay construction 隔仓施工法alternate bending strength 交变弯曲强度alternate depths 共轭深度alternate design 比较设计alternate strength 交变荷重强度alternating bending test 反复弯曲实验alternating load 更迭载荷alternating load test 交替荷载试验alternating loading 更迭载荷alternating stress cycle 交变应力周期alternating stresses 交变应力altitude 高度altitude valve 水位控制阀alumina 氧化铝alumina cement 高铝水泥aluminium 铝aluminium alloy plate 铝合金板aluminium alloys 铝合金aluminium coated fabric 镀铝结构aluminium coated sheet steel 镀铝薄钢板aluminium foil 铝箔aluminium paint 铝涂料aluminium powder 铝粉aluminium trim 铝材装饰aluminized coating 铝涂层aluminizing 镀铝aluminous fire brick 铝质耐火砖aluminous sand 铝土砂amber 琥珀ambetti 装饰窗玻璃ambient air 周围空气ambient conditions 环境条件ambient medium 周围介质ambient noise 环境噪声ambient temperature 周围温度amendment 校正amenities 舒适ammonia 氨amorphous materials 无定形材料amorphous structure 无定形结构amortization 折旧amount 总值amount of evaporation 蒸发量amount of precipitation 降水量amount of rainfall 雨水量ampere 安培amphibious shovel 两栖铲土机amphibious site 水陆建筑场地amphitheater 半圆形露天剧场amplification 增幅amplitude 振幅amplitude of ground motion 地面地震振动振幅amplitude of stress 应力幅度amplitude of vibration 振幅amusement center 娱乐中心amusement park 公共游乐场analyser 分析器analysis 分析analysis by successive approximations 逐步渐近法分析analysis of sections 截面解析analysis of structures 结构分析analysis of truss joints 桁架结点分析analysis of trusses 桁架解析analysis of water 水质分析analysis table 分析项目表analytic method 解析方法anchor 锚固anchor bearing plate 锚承压板anchor block 锚块anchor bolt 锚定螺栓anchor cone 锚锥anchor device 锚固装置anchor ice 底水anchor male cone 锚式套管anchor nut 地脚螺母anchor pile 锚桩anchor plate 锚板anchor rod 锚杆anchor tie 锚拉杆anchor wall 锚定墙anchorage bond stress 锚定粘结应力anchorage by bond 靠粘接锚固anchorage device 锚具anchorage length 锚固长度anchorage of reinforcement 钢筋锚具anchorage pier 锚墩anchorage zone 锚固区域anchored bulkhead 锚定挡土板anchored retaining wall 锚固挡土墙anchored sheet pile wall 锚定板桩墙anchored type ceramic veneer 锚固型陶瓷面砖anchoring 锚固ancient architecture 古代建筑ancillary building 辅助建筑物ancone 托架anechoic chamber 消声室anemograph 自动风速计anemometer 风速计anemoscope 风向计angle 角angle bar 角铁angle bead 角条angle bending machine 弯曲机angle brace 角撑angle bracket 角铁托angle brick 角砖angle buttress 转角扶壁angle capital 角柱柱头angle cleat 角钢夹板angle clip 角钢夹板angle collar 环套角钢angle fillet 三角形盖板angle float 角镘刀angle hiptile 屋脊瓦angle iron 角钢angle iron frame 角钢构架angle joint 隅接angle lighting luminaire 斜照型照闷angle loads method 角荷载法angle of a roof 屋顶角angle of alteration 偏离角angle of bank 倾斜角angle of bend 弯头角度angle of curvature 曲率角angle of deviation 偏差角angle of displacement 位移角angle of external friction 外摩擦角angle of fall 塌落角angle of friction 摩擦角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of internal friction 内磨擦角angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of repose 自然倾斜角angle of roof 屋顶斜角angle of rotation 转动角angle of scattering 散射角angle of shear 剪切角angle of slide 滑动角angle of slope 倾斜角angle of torsion 扭转角angle post 角支柱angle rafter 角椽angle tee y 型分支angle valve 角阀angledozer 斜铲推土机angular aggregate 棱角骨料angular deformation 角变形anhydrite 无水石膏anhydrite cement 无水石膏水泥anhydrous gypsum 无水石膏animal glue 动物胶annex 附属建筑annual flood 年最大量annual mean 年平均annual range of temperature 全年气温变化annual runoff 年径流annual storage reservoir 年第水库annular girder 环形梁annular vault 筒形拱顶annulet 圆箍线anodic coating 阳极敷层anta 壁角柱ante chamber 前厅antefix 瓦檐饰antenna 天线antenna mast 天线杆anteport 外大门anti drumming coating 隔声盖层anti skinning agent 防结皮剂anti vibration mounting 抗振机座anticorrosion additive 抗腐添加剂anticorrosive agent 防腐剂anticorrosive coating 防腐涂饰anticorrosive compound 防腐剂anticorrosive paint 防蚀涂料anticorrosive protection 腐蚀防止antidazzle visor 遮阳板antifoam additive 抗泡添加剂antifouling paint 防污涂料antifreeze admixture 防冻附加剂antinoise paint 消声涂料antioxidant 抗氧化剂antireflective coating 抗反射涂层antirusting agent 防锈剂antirusting paint 防锈油漆antisag agent 抗垂剂antiseepage cofferdam 防渗围堰antiseismic construction 抗震结构antiseptic 防腐剂antiseptic paper 防腐纸antislip paint 防滑漆antisymmetrical load 反对称荷载anvil 铁砧apartment 公寓apartment area 公寓式住宅区apartment building 公寓大楼apartment hotel 公寓式旅馆apartment house 公共住宅apartment house of corridor access 走廊通路公寓房屋aperture 孔口aperture of door 门口aperture of window 窗口apex 顶点apex block 顶石apex stone 顶石apparatus 仪器装置apparent cohesion 假凝聚力apparent density 表观密度apparent elastic limit 表观弹性极限apparent elastic range 表观弹性范围appearance 外貌application consistency 使用稠度application life 使用寿命application of a force 施力application of load 加载application of roofing felt 屋顶油毡涂装application of solar energy 太阳能的利用application point 酌点application techniques 涂装技术applied column 半柱applied load 外施荷载applied moment 外施力矩approach channel 进港航道approach road 引道approach span 引跨approximate analysis 近似分析appurtenances 附件apron 窗底裙墙apron wall 前护墙aquatorium 水域aqueduct 渡槽aquifer 含水层arabesque 阿拉伯式花饰arc 弧arc welding 电弧焊arcade 列拱arch 拱arch abutment 拱台arch apex 拱顶石arch bar 拱杆arch block 拱面石arch brick 楔形砖arch bridge 拱桥arch buttress 飞拱arch camber 拱翘起arch center 拱圈中心arch covering 拱形屋面arch dam 拱坝arch door 拱门arch falsework 楔形砖arch gravity dam 重力拱坝arch key 拱顶石arch of triumph 凯旋门arch stone 楔形砖arch structure 拱结构arch truss 拱形桁架arch without articulation 无铰拱arched barrel roof 筒形屋顶arched beam 拱形梁arched ceiling 穹窿arched floor 拱形楼板arched girder 拱形梁arched retaining wall 拱形挡土墙arched roof 拱形屋顶arched spillway 弧形溢吝arched window 拱窗architect 建筑师architect's office 建筑师办公处architectonics 建筑美术的architects association 建筑师协会architectural acoustics 建筑声学architectural appearance 建筑外观architectural bronze 建筑用青铜architectural coating 建筑饰面architectural complex 建筑群architectural composition 建筑构图architectural concept 建筑构思architectural concrete 装饰用混凝土architectural conservation 建筑保扩architectural construction 建筑结构architectural constructional materials 装饰建筑材料architectural decoration 建筑装饰architectural design 建筑设计architectural drawing 建筑绘图architectural engineering 建筑工程architectural finish 建筑表面装饰architectural garden 建筑庭园architectural hardware 建筑小五金architectural lighting 建筑照明architectural monument 建筑纪念碑architectural order 建筑柱式architectural park 建筑公园architectural pattern 建筑标本architectural planning 建筑规划architectural space 建筑空间architectural surface 装饰面层architectural terra cotta 建筑用陶砖architectural volume 建筑体积architecture 建筑archives 档案室archway 拱廊arcuated architecture 拱式建筑area 面积area method 面积法area of construction 建筑面积area of force 力图面积area of moments 力矩面积area of pile head 桩头面积area of rivet shaft 铆钉杆面积area of section 截面积area of steel 钢筋断面面积area of structure 建筑面积arenaceous sand 石英砂areometer 比重计argillaceous limestone 泥质石灰岩argillaceous rocks 粘土岩argillite 泥岩argillization 泥浆灌注法argon arc welding 氩弧焊arid climate 干燥气候arm 臂armature 加强料armed beam 加强梁armor hose 包皮管armor plate 防弹钢板armored cable 铠装电缆armored concrete 配筋混凝土armored concrete floor 有护面的混凝土楼板armored concrete slab 钢筋混凝土板armored glass 钢化玻璃armored plywood 铠装胶合板armored wood 包铁皮木材arrangement 排列arrangement of beams 梁布置arrangement of block 区段布置arrangement of reinforcement 钢筋排列arrester 避雷器arriere voussure 墙面内的辅助拱arris 边棱arris hiptile 屋脊瓦arris of slab 板肋arris rail 三角轨。

不同骨料对混凝土弹性模量的影响

石家庄铁道大学毕业论文不同骨料对混凝土弹性模量影响的研究The Research of the effects about different aggregates to the concrete elastic modulus2015届材料科学与工程学院专业无机非金属材料工程学号2011XXXX学生姓名X X指导教师XXXXX完成日期 2015年6月20日毕业设计（论文）成绩单毕业论文任务书毕业论文开题报告摘要弹性模量反映的是混凝土试块受压后的应变与应力之间的关系。

骨料、水泥石、砂率、水胶比、矿物掺合料、界面过渡区以及混凝土试块的养护条件和养护时间等因素都会对混凝土试块的弹性模量产生一定的影响，但是其中骨料对混凝土的弹性模量的影响在众多的影响因素中作用是最大的，因此本研究主要是侧重不同种类、不同用量、不同等级的骨料对混凝土弹性模量的影响，从而达到测定骨料的种类、用量对混凝土弹性模量会出现什么样的影响。

本研究分别用石灰岩、大理石、玄武岩1、玄武岩2拌制不同的混凝土通过实验和一定的计算得出混凝土试块的弹性模量，并通过四组混凝土的弹性模量对比得出一定的规律。

本次研究主要工作拌制混凝土，养护，待到达龄期之后测定混凝土的轴心抗压强度值和应力——应变测试，根据计算公式可以算出混凝土试块的弹性模量，最后通过对比C50、C40三种强度等级的混凝土的弹性模量测定值得出结论： C50混凝土中玄武岩2混凝土的弹性模量最大，其次是大理石混凝土，第三是石灰石混凝土，玄武岩1混凝土弹性模量最小；C40混凝土中石灰石混凝土、大理石混凝土、玄武岩1混凝土的弹性模量相差不多，玄武岩2混凝土弹性模量最小；C30混凝土中大理石混凝土弹性模量最大，接下来的是石灰石混凝土、玄武岩1混凝土和玄武岩2 混凝土；C50混凝土中骨料用量越大，弹性模量就会越高，C40混凝土的弹性模量则是与其他因素有较大关系。

关键字：轴心抗压强度；凝土弹性模量；混凝土拌合步骤AbstractAggregate elastic modulus of bone reflects the relationship between the strain and stress of concrete after the concrete is blocked. Aggregate, cement, sand ratio, water/cement ratio, mineral admixtures and curing of concrete block, interfacial transition zone conditions and factors, such as curing time will produced certain effect on the elastic modulus of concrete, but the most important influence on the elastic modulus of concrete in the numerous factors influencing role is aggregate, so this research is mainly focus on impact to different types, different dosage, different grades of aggregates, the influence of elastic modulus of concrete, to determine the types of aggregate, dosage of elastic modulus of concrete. This study used limestone, granite, basalt, basalt 1 2 which mixing different concrete by experiment and some calculated elastic modulus of concrete block, and with four groups of the elastic modulus of concrete certain regularity are obtained by comparison. This research has four to eight kinds of coarse aggregate particle size determination of stone crushing index and the apparent density and the analysis of the screen, and then use a single horizontal mixer mixing concrete, after mixing of concrete slump and the determination of the air content, concrete forming, qualified after curing, after reach the age determination of the axial compressive strength of concrete value and the stress - strain test, according to the formula to calculate the elastic modulus of concrete block, finally by comparing the C50, C40, three kinds of strength grade of concrete elastic modulus measurement of worth conclusion: basalt in the C50 concrete 2 concrete elastic modulus maximum, the second is concrete, granite, the third is the concrete of limestone, basalt 1 concrete elastic modulus minimum; C40 concrete in the concrete, granite, limestone, basalt 1 concrete elastic modulus of concrete, basalt 2 concrete elastic modulus minimum; Granite in the C30 concrete concrete elastic modulus maximum, the next is concrete and basalt, basalt, limestone concrete 1 2 concrete; In C50 concrete aggregate dosage, the greater the elastic modulus is higher, C40, C30 concrete elastic modulus have great relationship on other factors.Keywords: axial compressive strength ；the concrete elastic modulus；concrete mixing process目录第1章绪论 (1)1.1混凝土弹性模量 (1)1.1.1普通材料弹性模量定义 (1)1.1.2混凝土弹性模量定义 (1)1.13弹性模量的重要意义 (2)1.2国内外研究成果 (2)1.2.1 Glucklich 的研究以及总结 (2)1.2.2陈光华和许将的研究以及总结 (2)1.3背景资料 (5)1.3.1课题背景 (5)1.3.2弹性模量的测定现状 (6)1.3.3课题研究意义及目的 (6)1.4研究方案 (7)第2章实验部分 (8)2.1 原材料 (8)2.1.1P.O.42.5水泥技术指标 (8)2.1.2粉煤灰技术指标 (8)2.1.3四种粗骨料技术指标 (8)2.2实验设备 (9)2.3实验方案 (10)2.3.1方案 (10)2.3.2配合比 (10)2.3.3 测定混凝土坍落度和含气量 (11)2.3.4实验过程 (11)第三章结果与讨论 (13)3.1不同骨料对弹性模量的影响 (13)3.2 讨论 (18)第四章实验结论与展望 (19)4.1实验结论 (19)4.2 展望 (19)致谢 (20)参考文献 (21)附录 (22)第1章绪论1.1混凝土弹性模量1.1.1普通材料弹性模量定义普通材料弹性模量是指材料在弹性范围内的应力和应变的比值。

土木工程材料英语词汇

Dolomite白云石
Drying shrinkage干燥收缩（干缩）
Ductility延性
Durability耐久性
Durability factor耐久性因素
Decoration glass装饰玻璃
Decoration mortar装饰砂浆
Deformed bar变形钢筋，螺纹钢
Defoamer消泡剂
Blowing agent发泡剂
Bar between mesh加筋
Ball impact test（冲击强度）落球试验法
Basic constituent碱性组分基本成分
Basicity碱度，碱性
Batch mixture配合料
Bend stress弯曲应力
Bituminous paint沥青涂料
Consistency绸度
Core tests钻芯试验
Corrosion of steel in concrete混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀
Cost of concrete混凝土成本
Cracking开裂
Creep徐变
Critical aggregate size临界集料尺寸
C-S-H水化硅酸钙
Coefficient of thermal expansion热膨胀系数
Component组分，成分，构件
Compliance柔度
Composite复合，合成，复合材料
Composite insulation复合绝热层
Compositeportlandcement复合硅酸盐水泥
Concrete混凝土
Condensed silica fume浓缩（凝聚）的二氧化硅烟雾（硅粉）
Capillary water毛细管水

英译汉纺织词汇

英汉对照纺织常用Shipping (运输)FOA(FOA AIRPORT)(启运)机场交货（价）BY SEA(AIR)海（空）运AWB空运提单号Bill of lading海运提单Postpone拖单Order (订单)PPO订货合同Lead time 生产周期Unite price单价Up charge 加价QA质量保证Manufacturer制造商Maximum最大值Amount金额Shipping sample船样Piece goods货物Bulk 大货Yarn-dyed色织Running order常规翻单Assortment 实单Quality standard质量标准Tag on 与…一起生产Test 测试Before在…之前After 在…之后Appearance外观Picks/Ends纬纱/经纱Item项目Accept接受Approve同意Reject拒收Cancel(Drop)取消Requirement要求Acceptable可接受的Identify辨别Warp经纱Weft纬纱Technical工艺Original原始的Decrease减少Environment环境Function功能Shape形状Hold(Release)候（放）单Delivery交货Destination交货地点D/N(debit note)收款单Free of charge免费DHL敦豪速递公司Shipping schedual 出货计划Packing list 装箱单Shipping allowance短溢装范围Balance尾数Over shipment溢装Sample(样品)Blanket花型组合Trail weave试样Salesman sample销售样衫A4 size swatch A4板Bulk大货Lap dip 小样Xerox(copy)复印件Fabric information (织物信息)Pattern 花型Layout花型排列Width布幅，布封Swatch布样Exact color 同样的颜色Handloom手织板Density密度Yarn count纱支Twist捻，捻度Fabric weight布重Float浮点Texture组织Construction组织规格Fibre content纤维成分Filament 长纤维Cellulose纤维素Raw stock原料Twill斜纹Basket weave方平组织50%beam stripe50%经条Dogtooth齿状织物Check/Gingham小格织物stripe条子Weaving 织物，机织Plaid大格EOE米通条Knit针织物Fabric name (织物名称)Poplin府绸Heavy oxford牛津纺Barre纬向条子织物Solid净色布Indian(Madras)印度布Calico平纹布Seersucker泡泡布Lycra fabric弹力布Raised fabric毛布Dying and Finishing (染整)Deyestuff染料Undyed未染色的Sulfur dyestuff硫化染料Indigo靛蓝（一种牢度差的染料）Hydroxide氢氧化物Brightness光泽度Luster光泽Vivid鲜艳的White白的Yellow黄色的Medium中等的Delicate浅色的Sheer深的Durability耐久性PH value PH值Temperature温度Shrinkage缩水Stability稳定性Pastel彩色的Process (工艺流程)Art Design工艺设计Prodution程序Spinning纺纱Pretreatment前处理Winding络筒Shaft轴Sizing/Slashing浆纱Loom织机Dobby loom多臂织机Weaving织布Finishing后整Singeing烧毛Scouring煮练(Non-)Mercerizing（不）烧毛Dip-stenter布铗拉幅机Compacting(pre-shrunk)预缩Carpet/Rubber)橡胶毯Sueded(peach)磨毛Heat setting热定型Resin treatment树脂整理Color fastness to acids 耐酸色牢度Coating teatment 涂层整理Enzyme soft酶洗超软Moisture Management吸湿快干ETI易烫整理Testing (测试)Requirement 要求Lab物测试JIS日本方法Testing report测试报告Tearing Strength撕破强度Seam strength缝线强力Color fastness to water水洗牢度Color fastness to laudering水洗牢度Color fastness to hot pressing热压烫牢度Color fastness to light日晒牢度Flammability易燃性Formaldehyde content甲醛含量Stretch拉伸Surface表面Dp rating外观评级Inspection (检验)Defective fabric疵布Complain投诉Cut loss裁床损失Labor cost人工Roll卷4-point system四分制评分标准Grade级别Spining defect (纱疵)Slub粗节Coarse pick粗纬Neps棉点Snarp棉球Three-ply yarn三股纱Light place without knot无结稀纬Other spinning sefect 其他纺纱疵点Dyeing defect (染疵)Rusty yarn锈沙Dyeing streak染条花Other dyeing defect染纱其他疵点Weaving defect (织疵)Overlap end经纱重叠Misdram 穿错Wrong pattern错花型Wrong texture错组织/模纹Jerked in带纱Broken end断经Broken yarn断纱Reed mark筘路Double ends双经Double picks双纬Float跳纱花Hole破洞Weaving crease mark织条痕Oil end油经Other weaving defect其他织造疵点Finishing defect (后整疵点)Skewing纬斜Torn selvage烂边Chemical stain料渍Wavy width布幅不一Crease mark轧痕Compactor mark 风印Hooked yarn钩纱Alkaline bar碱档Wider width宽幅Wavy cloth起泡Water mark 水渍Uneven coating涂层不匀Tear drop纬移Stain沾色Steak浪纹Other finishing defect其他整理疵点General defect (公共疵点)Briuse骚损Color end色经Oil end油经Lighe place with knot有节稀纬Rusty mark锈渍Fluorescent stain荧光污染Garment (成衣)Dress-shirt正装衬衫Top上装Lining衬里Sleepwear睡衣Shirts衬衫Kid's童装Swatch布片Cutting裁Iron(pressing)烫Selvedge边GMT Dye成衣染色Chemical wash化学水洗Sand wash砂洗Adult成年人Infant婴儿YPD(Yardage per dozen)每打用布量Cutting table裁床Measurement尺寸纺织常用词汇FOB离岸价CNF到岸价（不含保险费）CIF到岸价（含保险费）OTD准时交货Freight运费Color(Pattern name)品名Description规格Finishing 后整QC质量控制Quantity数量Mini-quantity小数量Remarks备注Yardage码数Standard标准Piece-dye匹染Reservation留位Hand feel standard手感标准Dyeing type染纱类型Composition成分Updated status现状Add/Reduce增加/减少Method方法Normal普通的Strict严格的No need不需要Lable商标Lace花边Reasonable合理的Special特殊的Confirm确认Sports运动装Loss损失Effect影响Sheet片，张Percentage百分比Times次数Classify分类Feature特点Diagram图表i.e即Logical合理的Stock库存Bill of lading 提单Delay托单Push赶单Shipping term运输方式C/N(Credit note)汇款单Open account（销售上用）客户账户Consignee收货人Lot批Shipping details 出货详细资料Invoice发票Short shipment短装Development sample开发样Sample小样PP sample纸样Hanger挂板Hand loom(H/L)手织板Print card(CAD) 电脑板Repeat size循环尺寸Length长度（经向）Combo花型Yarn dip(yarn skein,lab dip)纱样Warp经纱Weft纬纱Carded yarn普通纱Combed yarn经梳纱Compact yarn紧密纺纱Twisted yarn 并（捻）纱Heather yarn花灰纱Rayon人造丝Nylon尼龙Flax亚麻Polyester聚酯，涤纶Soft软的Stiff硬的Loose松的Coarse粗的Plain weave平纹Satin缎纹Fancy stripe多条纹Cross-weave交织Dobby 提花多臂布Herringbone人字斜Printing印花Available color可供颜色Pinpoint oxford细点牛津纺Chambray青年布（条格布）Flannel绒布Denim牛仔布Print印花布Chamois仿麂皮Peached fabric磨毛绒Velvet天鹅绒Corduroy灯芯绒Fluorescent 荧光Shade色调Pigment涂料Vat dye还原染料Alkali碱Direct dye直接染料Disperse dye分散染料Azoic dye不溶性偶氮染料Basic dye碱性染料Acid dye酸性染料Reactive dye活性染料Fade退色Fastness牢度Pollution污染Moisture湿度Tension张力Stretch伸长，弹力Clarify透明度Bright鲜亮的Art sheet工艺表Productivity生产率Dyeing染纱Beam经轴Warping整经Pick纬纱，投梭Drawing in穿综Air jet loom喷气织机Grey fabric(greige)坯布Desizing退浆Bleaching漂白Stentering定型Pin-stenter针板拉幅机Brush起毛Calender轧光No chlorine-bleach非氯漂Washing水洗UV-protection treatment非紫外线整理Teflon treatment拒水拒油整理Skincare treatment负离子整理Nanocare treatment纳米整理Wrinkle Resistant/free面烫整理Finished production成品Inspecting验布Package包卷Testing item测试项目AATCC(ASTM)美国方法BS英国方法Tensile sthength拉伸强力Seam slippage缝线滑移Shrinkage/Dimensional stability缩水Wet-fasstness湿牢度Color fastness to crocking摩擦牢度Flammability可燃性Resistance抵抗Light光，日晒Light fastness日晒牢度Perspiration fastness汗渍牢度Abrasion resistance耐磨牢度FPY一次通过Replenishment补数Wastage损耗Inspection report验布报告Sticker吊牌Point评分Odd零布TQM全面质量管理Coarse end粗经Thin yarn经纱细Knot棉结Snarls扭结Uneven Filling条干不匀Fluorenscent yarn荧光纱Uneven dyeing染不匀Shading bar色差档Temple mark边撑疵/痕Wrong check错格Mixed end错经Mixed filling错纬Little broken pick点断纬Broken pick断纬Sizing spot浆斑Loopy end（停车）经缩圈Thin/thick place稀密/路Slack/tight end松吊经Kinky纬缩Uneven weft density云织Weaving streak织条花Color fly色纤织入Bowing 弓纬Fly飞毛Narrow width窄幅Crease selvage布边皱Chafe hair擦毛Seams mark 风头印Finishing bruise后整骚损Selvage turndown卷边Peaching streak磨毛条痕Uneven singeing烧毛不匀Uneven raising起毛不匀Finishing bar停车档Compactor mark网楞纹/鱼鳞纹Calender spot轧光斑Pinholes针眼入Steak 条花Oil pick油纬Hole破洞Wrong color颜色不对Soil stain油污渍Fly飞花Sportwear运动装Bottom下装Men's男装Women's女装Ladies女装Match thread配线Sewing缝Bone骨Garment wash成衣水洗Nomal GMT Wash普洗Stone Wash石洗Heavy GMT Wash重洗水Chemical wash化学水洗Enzyme wash酶洗Seam缝线Children小孩Maker唛架Cutting loss裁损。

Four Treasures of Study(原文)

中英对照原文文房四宝Four Treasures of Study现在我们来谈谈中国画作画时常用的工具。

Now let’s talk about the things, or the tools we are gonna use to paint Chinese painting.我们把这些工具称作“文房四宝”，意思就是书房里的四件宝物。

In Chinese we called those tools as “Wen Fang Si Bao”, literally means the four treasures in your study.这些是毛笔，我们叫做“笔”。

These are the brushes; we call it “Bi”.这是“墨”。

And this is ink.这是“纸”。

And this is of course paper, you can see that.这块石头是“砚”，叫做砚石或砚台。

And this piece of stone we call it ink stone or ink slab.这件我们叫做“笔”的东西，在英语中叫做“刷子”。

The thing is that, this is called “Bi” in Chinese. But of course I see that in English it’s called brush.在西方绘画中，你们用扁平的刷子，但在中国绘画和书法中，我们用圆形的刷子。

In western painting, you use a kind of a flat brush, but in Chinese painting or Chinese calligraphy, we use a round one. 在中文中我们说的笔，听起来与英文中的，“钢笔”是一样的。

And in Chinese we call it “Bi”, which sounds very much like or exactly the same as we would call it pen in English.所以这是很传统的“中国笔”。

电镀合金的英语

电镀合金的英语我又有一个很矛盾的想法。

我觉得主人公有时候是不是太依赖一、自己的力量了单词1呢？她似乎. electroplating- 英语释义：the process of coating a metal object with a thin layer of another metal by electrolysis.- 用法：常作名词，例如“Electroplating is widely used in the manufacturing industry.”（电镀在制造业中被广泛使用。

）很少向外界寻求帮助。

也许在那个岛上，除了她自己也没有别人可以依靠，但我还是觉得有时候借助一些外力可能会更好。

这就像我们- 在做数学题的时候，有时候自己苦思冥想很久都做不出来，但是如果向老师或者同学请教一下，可能很快就会得到答案。

主人公在岛上是不是也可以试着寻找一些其他的生存方式呢？比如说制作一些信号，看看能不能吸引过往的船只。

双语例句：The electroplating of this part can improve its corrosion resistance.（这个部件的电镀可以提高其耐腐蚀性。

）2. alloy- 英语释义：a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion.- 用法：可作名词或动词。

作名词时，如“Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.”（黄铜是铜和锌的合金。

）作动词时，例如“They alloyed copper with tin这一章还.”（他们把让我对人与自然铜和锡熔的关系有了合制成合金。

更深的思考。

）-主人公在岛上，双语例句：她是大自然的This alloy has excellent一部分，同时又mechanical properties.（在努力地从这种合金有优异大自然中获取生存的机械的资源。

Cover stones on liquefiable soil bed under waves

Cover stones on lique ﬁable soil bed under wavesB.Mutlu Sumer ⁎,Figen H.Dixen,Jørgen FredsøeDTU Mekanik,Section of Coastal,Maritime and Structural Engineering,Technical University of Denmark,Building 403,2800Kongens Lyngby,Denmarka b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 3September 2009Accepted 12May 2010Available online 3June 2010Keywords:Cover stones LiquefactionMarine sedimentPore pressure buildup Silt WavesThe paper describes the results of an experimental study on the behavior of cover stones on a lique ﬁable soil bed exposed to a progressive wave.The soil was silt with d 50=0.098mm.Stones,the size of 4cm,were used as cover material.The effect of packing density of stones,and that of number of stone layers (including the effect of an intermediate ﬁlter layer)were investigated.Pore pressure was measured across the soil depth.The experiments show that the soil liquefaction depended mainly on two parameters:the packing density of stones,and the number of stone layers.When the liquefaction occurs,stones sink in the soil.Mechanisms of liquefaction and sinking are described,and practical guidelines are recommended.©2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionSurface protection by cover stones over a lique ﬁable soil (e.g.,back ﬁll soil,silt or ﬁne sand,in a trench)is a method to protect the soil against scouring.Scouring may be caused by effects such as current,combined wave and current,and wave-induced steady streaming near the bed.A fairly substantial amount of knowledge has been gained on the behavior of cover stones/riprap on a liquefaction-resistant sediment bed in the past decade or so (see e.g.Sumer and Fredsøe,2002).Sekiguchi et al.(2000),apparently the only study to the authors'knowledge,investigated the behavior of cover stones/riprap on a lique ﬁable sediment bed .In Sekiguchi et al.'s study,the bed (sand the size d 50=0.15mm)was covered completely or partially with gravel (the size D 50=3mm).The centrifuge wave testing was used.A steady upward seepage ﬂow was maintained during the tests.Even with the presence of this upward seepage ﬂow,the soil was not lique ﬁed in the tests when the soil surface was covered with gravel completely.Although limited to four tests (two tests with gravel covering the entire soil surface and two tests with that covering the soil surface only partially),Sekiguchi et al.'s experiments indicated for the ﬁrst time that cover gravel/stones/riprap could be an option to protect soils (hydraulic ﬁll or naturally deposited)against liquefaction.The questions are (1)Can a liquefaction-prone soil underneath such a protection system be lique ﬁed even if it is fully covered?(2)What is the behavior of the cover stones if the soil underneath is lique ﬁed (issues involving sinking of the stones and their penetrationdistance)?(3)What is the effect of a ﬁlter layer used between the cover stones and the soil?(4)Can cover stones be used as a counter measure against liquefaction?The purpose of the present study is essentially to address these questions and,with this,to get an understanding of the processes involving in the interaction between cover stones and a lique ﬁable sediment bed.2.Experimental set-up2.1.Wave ﬂume and instrumentationThe experiments were carried out in a wave ﬂume,0.6m in width,0.8m in depth and 26.5m in length.Uniform,regular,progressive waves were produced by a piston-type wave generator.A wave absorber was used at the end of the ﬂume to handle the re ﬂection.The water depth was maintained at 40cm.The soil was placed in a 0.165m deep,0.56m wide and 0.84m long Perspex box,located at 12m from the wave generator.The box was placed in the ﬂume so that the soil surface was ﬂush with the false bottom of the ﬂume (Fig.1a and b).The experimental set-up was the same as that used in our previous research (Sumer et al.,1999,2006a,b,c,2007).The underlying principles in the design of the soil box were:(1)The length of the box should be large enough to accommodate shear strains caused by the cyclic bed pressure,meaning that the length of the box should not be too small compared with the wave length,L =2.84m (see the wave properties under Section 2.4).(2)A longer box would imply a tedious test procedure,and therefore the length of the box should not be too large.So,the length chosen,0.84m,was a compromise between these two criteria.Owing to the physicalCoastal Engineering 57(2010)864–873⁎Corresponding author.E-mail address:bms@mek.dtu.dk (B.MutluSumer).0378-3839/$–see front matter ©2010Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2010.05.004Contents lists available at ScienceDirectCoastal Engineeringj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w ww.e l s ev i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c o a s ta l e n gconstraints in the ﬂume depth,the height of the box was chosen to be d =0.165m.A further increase in the height of the box would have caused a decrease in the water depth,and hence a decrease in the maximum attainable wave height,which was not desirable because the wave height should be suf ﬁciently large to liquefy the soil.The sediment-depth-to-wave-length ratio was d/L =0.165/2.84=0.06,and d/L of this order of magnitude,or smaller,actually corresponds to a real-life scenario where a loose sand (or silt)layer is con ﬁned with an impermeable layer below,or that where a trench is back ﬁlled with native (or otherwise)soil.Two kinds of measurements were carried out:pore-water pressure measurements,and water-surface elevation measurements (at the same section as the pressure measurements).The pore-water pressure measurements were made in the middle of the soil box at ﬁve depths,z =0,5,10,13and 16cm,in which z is the vertical distance measured downwards from the mudline (Fig.1a).The water-surface elevation was measured with a conventional wave gage.The aforementioned pressure measurements were made,using Honeywell RS395pressure transducers.Pressure tappings,5mm in diameter and covered with 40μm nylon ﬁlters,were placed on a vertical rack.They were connected to the pressure transducers with transparent,plastic piezometer tubes ((OD)=5mm,(ID)=3mm,and length ≃3m).The fact that (1)the tubes had a large wall thickness,and (2)they were made of hard material ensured that the measured pressures were unaffected by pressure variations.Utmost care was taken to get rid of air bubbles in the tubes,and in the measuring system.Time response of the pressure transducers was checked against the water-surface –elevation time series.These measurements showed that there was no phase delay between the pressure time series at the bed (mudline)and the surface elevation time series.It may be noted that the present pressure transducers aredifferent from those used in Sumer et al.(1999,2006a).The latter transducers had time delays and therefore the pressure time series had to be shifted to get the correct representation in the phase space,Sumer et al.(1999,2006a).2.2.SoilFig.2displays two particle size distributions (PSD)of the soil,A and B,where A corresponds to the PSD before and B after this experimental campaign.The PSD curves were determined using (1)the conventional sieve analysis for the fraction of the sediment for which the grain size was N 0.063mm,and (2)the hydro-suspension method for the part of the sediment for which the grain size is b 0.063mm.As seen from Fig.2,the ﬁner fractions have been elutriated during the course of the experiments.d 50,the grain size where 50%of soil is ﬁner,is d 50=0.098mm,the mean value found from the two PSDs,while the geometric standard deviation is σg =ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃd 84=d 16p =1:8where d 84and d 16are,again,the mean values based on the two PSDs.The speci ﬁc gravity of soil grains,s =γs /γwas 2.65where γis the speci ﬁc weight of water,and γs the speci ﬁc weight of sediment grains.To classify the soil,a plasticity index test was carried out according to ASTM D4318.The test showed that the soil is classi ﬁed as “sand,ﬁne,very silty,sorted,calcareous,yellowish grey (SM)”,and it is nonplastic.The coef ﬁcient K 0,the ratio between horizontal and vertical effective stresses,K 0=σh ′/σv ′,was 0.50,determined from K 0=1−sin φ(Lambe and Whitman,1969,p.127)in which φis the friction angle;the latter was obtained as the angle of repose in a simple test where the oven-dried soil is gently poured onto a horizontal plate in air,and the angle of repose was measured.The values of the maximum and minimum void ratio were e max =0.90and e min =0.44.These values were obtained in the same way as in Sumer et al.(2006a);e max was obtained by gently pouring the oven-dried sediment into a mold of known volume in dry condition and subsequently the void ratio was determined,and e min was obtained by vibrating the sediment in saturated condition until a constant volume was reached with a minimum disturbance,and then the void ratio was determined.A set of supplementary experiments were carried out to determine e max and e min according to ASTM D4254-00and ASTM D4253-00,respectively,to double check the values of e max and e min .From these tests,e max was found to be 0.941(ASTM D4254-00,Method A),and e min 0.452(ASTM D4253-00,Method 1A),values in good agreement with the previously men-tionedones.Fig.1.a.Test set-up.b.Photograph of the test ﬂume.Fig.2.Grain size distribution.A:At the beginning;and B:At the end of the experimental campaign.865B.Mutlu Sumer et al./Coastal Engineering 57(2010)864–873Regarding the void ratio e ,this quantity changes considerably as the soil goes through liquefaction –compaction sequence,see e.g.,Sumer et al.(2006a).Of particular interest is the before-the-test value because it describes the initial state of the soil.To determine the before-the-test value of e ,and therefore the before-the-test value of the relative density,D r =(e max −e )/(e max −e min ),separate tests were carried out.This was because the soil was too loose to take samples directly from the soil box,a problem similar to that experienced in Sumer et al.(2006a).As was done in the latter work,a glass beaker of known volume (6cm in diameter)was ﬁlled with the soil in exactly the same way as the silt box (the soil depth in the beaker being exactly the same as in an actual experiments,i.e.,16.5cm);then the soil was left to consolidate for a duration equal to that of ﬁlling of the entire soil box in an actual test;and subsequently the void ratio was determined.The same exercise was also done in the stone cover case,i.e.,the glass beaker was ﬁlled with the soil in the same way as the silt box,and then a single stone was placed on the surface of the soil;then the soil was left to consolidate for a duration equal to that of ﬁlling of the entire soil box including the placement of cover stones in an actual test;and subsequently the void ratio was determined.In this exercise,(1)the size of the stone was selected so that the plan-view area loaded by the stone relative to the total surface area of the soil corresponded precisely to the packing density of the stones in an actual test,and likewise (2)the height of the stone was selected thesame as the mean stone height,D Pz ,when stones were placed in a coverlayer in an actual test (see the next section for D Pz ).The relative density values obtained in this way are given in Table 1.2.3.Cover stonesStones,the size D =4cm,were used as cover stones in the tests.D was obtained from D =∑N si =1D i !=N s in which D i =13ðD x+D y +D z Þwhere D x ,y ,z are the dimensions measured in three major axes of an individual stone,and N s the sample size,which was 40.The stones were laid in one layer,two layers and three layers.In the one-layer case,two kinds of packing were tested:loose packing and dense packing.In the case of the loose packing,stones were placed in such a way that the porosity of the stone layer was ratherlarge (Fig.3a)while,in the case of the dense packing,they wereplaced such that the porosity was small (in this latter exercise,stones being arranged like in a “jigsaw puzzle ”),Fig.3b.The degree/density of packing was measured in terms of stone weight per unit area of the bed,per stone layer,w .The larger the value of w ,the denser the packing.The stones initially lying on the entire bed were collected at the end of each test and weighed to get the quantity w .The measured values of w are given in Table 1.From w ,the porosity of cover stones is obtained fromn =1−ws γPD zð1Þin which s is the speci ﬁc gravity of stones (taken as 2.65),γthespeci ﬁc weight of water,and D Pz the mean stone height when stones are placed in a cover layer.(The preceding equation is obtained from(1−n )(ND Pz A )(γs )=wNA in which N is the number of layers,A is thearea of the bed,and the product (1−n )(ND Pz A )(γs )is the weight of stones over the bed area A .).The mean stone height,D Pz ,was found to be D P z =3.2cm with a standard deviation of 0.7cm.The porosity values obtained in this way were n =0.57–0.63for the loose packing tests,and n =0.36for the dense packing tests (Table 1).Table 1Test conditions.TestCover stones Soil RemarksNumber of layers Packing condition:Weight of cover stones,per unit bed area,per stone layer,w (kPa per layer)Porosity,nVoid ratio eTotal speci ﬁcweight γt (kN/m 3)Relative density,D r Testobservation 10–––0.7319.20.37Lique ﬁed No cover stones.Reference case 21Loose 0.360.570.6919.40.45Lique ﬁed 31Loose 0.360.570.6919.40.45Lique ﬁed 41Loose 0.330.600.6919.40.45Lique ﬁed 52Loose 0.310.630.6619.60.52Lique ﬁed 63Loose 0.320.620.6419.70.57Not lique ﬁed 71Dense 0.530.360.6919.40.45Not lique ﬁed 81Dense 0.530.360.6919.40.45Not lique ﬁed 91Loose0.430.580.6219.80.61Not lique ﬁedStones were released from a distance 15cm from the bed,simulating dumping stones.100–––0.6419.70.57Not lique ﬁedStone cover in loose packing was placed three-layer deep,and subsequently removed,and then waves were switched on.111Loose 0.340.590.6719.50.50Lique ﬁedStone cover and the soil wasseparated with a ﬁlter layer with D 50=7.6mm,w =0.105kPa per layer and n =0.45.Soil depth is the same as in the other tests,i.e.,16.5cm.Fig.3.Cover stones.(a)Loose packing;(b)dense packing.866 B.Mutlu Sumer et al./Coastal Engineering 57(2010)864–873In addition to Tests1–8,three supplementary tests,Tests9–11, were conducted.Theﬁrst two tests are described under Section3.1, and the last under Section3.5.2.4.WavesThe wave height in the experiments was H=17cm,the wave period T=1.6s,and the wave length,L=2.84m.The amplitude of the orbital velocity of water particles at the bed was U m=31.2cm/s.The maximum value of the friction velocity calculated fromU fm=ﬃﬃﬃﬃﬃf wrU mð2Þwas U fm=2.5cm/s.Here f w is the wave friction coefﬁcient and calculated through classic wave boundary layer formulae(e.g.,Fredsøe and Deigaard,1992).The Shields parameter deﬁned byθ=U2f m50ð3Þwasθ=0.4.In the preceding equation g is the acceleration due to gravity,and s the speciﬁc gravity of soil grains.The value ofθin the tests was larger than the critical value for the initiation of motion at the bed,θ=0.08,implying that the surface sediment was in motion in the case of no stones.In the case of soil covered with stones,θwill be even much larger than0.4(because of the substantial increase in the friction velocity due to stone roughness),and therefore the sediment sucked out from between the stones will be transported even in larger quantities. (The sediment transport is discussed in details under Section3.3.).As aﬁnal remark,the area covered by stones was small compared with the total area of the bed,and therefore the effect of stones on the waves was negligible.In a possible practical application,e.g.,cover on the surface of a soil in a trench,the cover will be conﬁned over a limited bed area,and therefore also be small,and hence the effect of the cover layer on waves is expected not to be very signiﬁcant.2.5.Remarks on scalingThe present work is not a hydraulic scale model study,and the results cannot,through model laws,be extrapolated directly to prototype conditions,as is done in a classic scale model experiment in Hydraulic Engineering.The purpose of this physical modelling exercise is to get an understanding of the processes and mechanisms involved in soil liquefaction under waves when the soil is covered with a protection layer.This requires that the processes occurring in the prototype should be mimicked in the laboratory experiments.To this end,the following conditions need to be met.1.The length of the soil box should be sufﬁciently large to generatewave-induced shear stresses in the soil,and these shear stresses should be large enough to cause liquefaction.This issue has been discussed in Section2.1.2.Likewise,the wave height should be large enough to causeliquefaction.This issue also has been discussed in Section2.1.3.The wave frequency should not be too low.Otherwise,the pressureswill dissipate as rapidly as they accumulate,and therefore no pressure buildup(and therefore no liquefaction)will occur.4.The soil depth should be reasonably small to simulate a liqueﬁablesediment layer in theﬁeld conﬁned with an impermeable layer below,or a backﬁll in a trench.This issue has been discussed in Section2.1.5.Regarding the stone layer,it turns out that there are two issues:weight of the stone layer,and packing density of the stones.The stone size is chosen in the present experiments so that handling of the stones does not pose any practical problem in placing the coverlayer.No signiﬁcant similarity criterion is attached to the stone size,as long as the weight of the stone layer and the packing density of the stones satisfy the desired test conditions.The question how the presentﬂume results can be applied to full scale problems is demonstrated under Section4.The present results, with the support of the limited data from the centrifuge wave testing of Sekiguchi et al.(2000),discussed in Section3.2,shed light onto the wave-induced liquefaction process in the case when a soil is covered with a protection layer.With this knowledge,a numerical-model simulation has been carried out in full scale,using Sumer and Fredsøe's(2002,p.475)mathematical model,and the critical stone size for liquefaction in the case of a three-layer stone cover has been determined for a given set of wave and soil conditions,as will be detailed under Section4.2.6.Test procedureThe procedure regarding the placement of the soil in theﬂume was precisely the same as in Sumer et al.(1999,2006a).The only difference was that the present experiments involved the placement of cover stones.The stones were placed on the bed gently by hand,one by one.The duration of placing the soil andﬁlling theﬂume was about 90min while the duration of the stone placement varied,depending on the type of the cover,but ranged from20min to40min.The sampling length was30min(which was large enough to cover the entire liquefaction–compaction process,Sumer et al.,2006a).The sampling interval for the surface elevation and pressure recordings was0.05s.3.Results3.1.Soil response in the case of no cover stonesFig.4presents the pore pressure time series measured at depth z=16cm with no stones(the undisturbed case,Fig.4a;Test1, Table1),one-layer cover stones(Fig.4b;Test4,Table1),two-layer cover stones(Fig.4c;Test5,Table1),and three-layer cover stones (Fig.4d;Test6,Table1).Here p is the pore-water pressure in excess of the static pore-water pressure at this depth,the excess pore pressure. Fig.4a also includes the time series of the water-surface elevation,η. The water-surface elevation time series are not included in Fig.4b–d to keep theﬁgure relatively simple.The reference level in Fig.4a is the still water level.In this subsection,the case of no cover stones will be discussed. With the introduction of waves,the excess pore pressure begins to build up(Fig.4a).The buildup of excess pore pressure can be explained as follows(see e.g.,Sumer and Fredsøe,2002,Chapter10). The bed in the case of a progressive wave undergoes a periodic pressure(Fig.5a).Owing to the increased bed pressure under the wave crest and the opposite effect under the wave trough,the soil will be compressed under the wave crest and expanded under the wave trough(Fig.5b).This will result in the generation of shear stresses in the soil(Fig.5b),and these shear stresses will vary periodically in time,as the wave continues.This is essentially equivalent to shaking up the soil continuously.This will gradually rearrange the soil grains at the expense of the pore volume of the soil.The latter will pressurize the water in the pores,and presumably lead to a buildup of pore-water pressure if the soil is“undrained”(such as silt andﬁne sand) where the pressures will not dissipate as rapidly as they accumulate.It is seen that the accumulated period-averaged excess pore pressure,Àp=1T∫t+Ttpdt eventually reaches a constant value,p max (Fig.4a).Liquefaction occurs whenp max≅p′ð4Þ867B.Mutlu Sumer et al./Coastal Engineering57(2010)864–873in which p ′is the initial mean normal effective stress,p ′=γ′z1+2K 03ð5Þ(McDougal et al.,1989,and Sumer and Fredsøe,2002).Here,γ′is thesubmerged speci ﬁc weight γ′=γt −γin which γt is the total speci ﬁc weight of the soil.It should be noted that the precise form of the criterion for liq-uefaction is,as of yet,not understood very well.Sumer et al.(2006a)discussed two criteria,commonly used for the onset of liquefaction,(1)p max ≅p ′(in which p ′is given by Eqs.(5)),and (2)p max ≅σv ′in whichσ′v=γ′z ð6ÞThe latter authors pointed out that the criterion related to p ′gave a better agreement with the measurements for smaller depths while the one related to σv ′gave a better agreement with the measurements for larger depths (Sumer et al.,2006a,b,c ,Figs.9and 10)althoughtheyFig.4.Time series of excess pore pressure.z =16cm.Cover stones:Loose packing.(a)No stones,Test 1;(b)With cover stones,one-layer deep,Test 4;(c)With cover stones,two-layer deep,Test 5;(d)With cover stones,three-layer deep,Test 6.868 B.Mutlu Sumer et al./Coastal Engineering 57(2010)864–873remarked that they had no clear explanation for this discrepancy,and they concluded that neither of these criteria described the onset of liquefaction in a precise manner,and argued that this aspect of the problem would be worth exploring further.As the topic is outside the scope of the present study,the subject will not be pursued further here.In Fig.4,both p ′and σv ′are plotted,to enable the reader to compare the p max values with both p ′and σv ′.It should be noted that the value used for K 0in Eq.(5)is calculated using a friction angle of 300(see Section 2.2).As the soil is placed at different densities at various tests,the effect of the soil density on the K 0estimate has not been taken into account,and the friction angle used in the estimation of K 0,i.e.,30°,is measured from the angle of repose.The density of the soil at repose is not necessarily related to the state of the soil placed in the test bed.Therefore,the angle of repose will be a crude measure of the soil friction angle at loose packing,and hence the estimate of K 0used here is only approximate.Fig.4a shows that the liquefaction at the depth z =16cm occurs after 5waves.Although not shown here,the pressure time series obtained for the other depths (z =0,5,10and 13cm)showed that the liquefaction occurred ﬁrst at the surface of the soil and then progressed downwards,in agreement with the previous research (Sumer et al.,1999,Sassa et al.,2001,Miyamoto et al.,2004and Sumer et al.,2006a ).Also,it may be noted that Sumer et al.(1999,Fig.6)may be consulted for liquefaction resistance curves where the liquefaction resistance in terms of the wave height was plotted as function of the number of waves.The soil and the test conditions in this latter study were much the same as in the present investigation.Finally,in order to get an idea about the level of the induced shear stress in the experiments,the analytical solution of Hsu and Jeng (1994)is employed.The latter authors developed an analytical solution to the Biot equations for the case of ﬁnite soil depth.For the test conditions of Test 1(Table 1)and for the wave conditions summarized in Section 2.4,and taking the permeability constantk =5.4×10−8m/s (the value obtained for a soil collected from the same site as the present one in the study of Sumer et al.,1999),and the shear modulus G =2×105kN/m 2(for which the number of waves to cause liquefaction is,from the mathematical model of Sumer and Fredsøe (2002,p.475),found to be 5,similar to that in Test 1,Fig.4a),the maximum value of the cyclic shear stress at z =0.16m is found to be τmax =0.17kPa,and hence the ratio of the maximum value of the shear stress and the initial effective stress is τmax /σv ′=0.113.3.2.Soil response with loosely-packed cover stonesFig.4b –d present the time series of the excess pore pressure.The quantities p ′and σv ′are now calculated by (cf.Eq.(5))p ′=ðγ′z +p s Þ1+2K 0ð7Þσ′v =γ′z +p sð8Þrespectively,in which p s is the surface loading (the surcharge)corresponding to the cover stones.The quantity p s is actually the submerged weight of the N -layer stones per unit area of the bed,and given byp s =wN −ð1−n ÞPD z N γð9ÞThe values of p ′and σv ′are plotted in Fig.4b –d.As seen from the ﬁgure,the soil under the cover stones was lique ﬁed in the case of the one-and two-layer cover stones (Fig.4b and c,respectively),while liquefaction did not occur in the case of the three-layer cover stones (Fig.4d).This implies that,although covered by stones,the soil in the case of the one-and two-layer cover stones was subject to cyclic shear stresses,which were presumably suf ﬁcient to liquefy the soil.(Although not shown here,the measured pressure time series at the other depths,z =5,10and 13cm,also revealed the same behavior as in Fig.4b –d.).We note that ps in Eq.(7)(or Eq.(8))should be reduced according to the spreading of the loaded area with depth.This is important for not-too-shallow soil depths (see Powrie,2004,Fig.6.7).The observed behavior of the soil in Fig.4b –d is linked to the soil densi ﬁcation.It is seen from Table 1that the soil density,D r ,increases with the thickness of the cover layer.Fig.6displays the number of waves to cause liquefaction for the tests depicted in Fig.4a –d,plotted against D r .The ﬁgure shows that while it takes only 5waves for the soil to be lique ﬁed in the case of no stones with the soil density D r =0.37(see also Fig.4a),it takes 7waves in the case of the one-layer cover stones with D r =0.45(Fig.4b),and 21waves in the case of the two-layer cover stones with D r =0.52(Fig.4c)to reach liquefaction,and liquefaction does not occur at all in the case the three-layer cover stones with D r =0.57(Fig.4d).In the latter case,the soil is densi ﬁed so much so that the resulting soil density is presumably too large,D r =0.57,for the liquefaction phenomenon to occur.To test this argument further,a supplementary test (Test 10,Table 1)was conducted where the stones were ﬁrst laid three layers deep,and then they were removed,and subsequently the waves were switched on with the bed exposed directly to the action of the waves.This test showed that liquefaction did not occur,implying that D r was indeed too large (D r =0.57,Test 10,Table 1)to cause liquefaction even without the stones.At this juncture,it is interesting to note that,in Sekiguchi et al.'s (2000)two experiments where liquefaction did not occur (cited under Section 1),the coarse sand (D 50=0.3cm)simulating the gravel cover had a thickness of 1cm in one test and 2cm in the other (corresponding to approximately three-and six-layer covers,respec-tively).Now,this thickness was apparently large enough to cause an increase in the soil density (D r =0.5−0.6,the range reported in Sekiguchi et al.)so that the soil was presumably not lique ﬁed.Fig.5.(a)Pressure distribution at the bed beneath a progressive wave.(b)Elastic deformation of the soil bed induced by the latter pressure distribution.869B.Mutlu Sumer et al./Coastal Engineering 57(2010)864–873。

地面铺装颜色搭配（Groundpavementcolormatching）

地面铺装颜色搭配（Ground pavement color matching）Color performance and material selection of landscape pavementFirst, the color performance in ground design1, the role of color and emotional color of the environment is the main elements of landscaping, is a means of spiritual expression, it can strongly appeal to the landscape of emotion, thus acting on the human mind. Therefore, more and more attention has been paid to the use of color in landscape architecture. The color of ground pavement should be unified with plant, landscape, architecture and so on. If the ground color of the site is simple, the characteristics of the space can be enriched by line and shape changes.The color of the surface of the pavement is usually the background of the scenery, or the background color. The person and the scenery are the main bodies, except for the special cases. The color of the pavement must be calm, and the choice of color should be accepted by most people. Colors should be steady and not dull, bright and not vulgar. Different colors can cause different psychological reactions, people generally believe that warm warm, excited mood; cold tone, quiet, elegant performance cheerful, lively, give people a fresh and happy feeling; grey blue, dull performance. Therefore, in the design of flooring, we should consciously use the change of color to enrich and strengthen the atmosphere of space.2, ground design in the color harmony, color harmony, should pay attention to the same tone, approximate tone and contrast color matching and coordination. For example, the park pavement,concrete pavement, block stone pavement, gravel and gravel pavement, etc., at this time a variety of things exist at the same time, if the neglect of tonal harmony, will greatly undermine the sense of unity of the garden. For example, in the same tone, the use of brightness and hue changes to achieve harmony of color, then it is easy to achieve a calm personality and atmosphere. If the ambient tone is tedious, the pavement can be changed. Approximate tone matching, in the color matching attention should be paid to the approximate tone between the main tone and dependent tone, the two can not be treated equally. If the tone used increases, the number of styling elements should be reduced. Contrasting tones are made up of complementary colors, which cause intense tension when they are repelled or attracted to each other, so contrasting tones should be used carefully in design.Although the garden can provide the most ideal private space, but if its four was surrounded by high walls, also due to the lack of light is dim, the best way to solve this problem is to use the reflection light tone ground garden, large tiles is full of light. But one thing to note is to avoid using colored flooring, because the color of the ground is long and often fades. The floor must be able to provide an elegant background for any activity, and should not be too prominent, too.Two, the material in the ground pavement1, soft pavement, garden ground pavement materials used less flexible. The low vegetation can enhance the sense of the ground space, and also improve the microclimate conditions of the ground over heating in summer. The pavement in the garden andgarden is often paved with bark, so that the forest path and the natural garden path give a sense of tranquility, while the bark itself is in harmony with the natural environment. Sleepers can also be used to pave the floor, but note that the selected sleepers must be clean. The heavy, slender, powerful feel of a tie matches well with the growth of leaves and shallow sand.2, the characteristics of hard pavement materials and the use of occasions also require the environment and function of the garden. In the garden ground pavement, different hard materials, through careful examination of the form, patterns, colors and ups and downs, can obtain a wealth of environmental landscape, and improve the quality of space. Natural materials are commonly used stones, stones, block (bar), broken pieces of marble, stone pebbles etc.. Artificial materials with concrete brick, tile, terrazzo, Zhanjiashi, asphalt concrete, brick and brick, cement block etc..In smaller ranges, square granite may be considered. Due to its small size, the granite can be used to lay out all kinds of graphics needed in gardens, squares and parks. The only drawback of this kind of stone is that the surfaces they use are uneven, so they can not be used to put together the seating area or dining area table or chair surface. The pebbles are the ideal paving materials, can be loose on the ground floor, or embedded in cement mortar. The key of using the two methods is that the placement of pebbles to be clever, don't let the dirt or mortar exposed. Similarly, the surface of cobblestone pavement is uneven, but it is very texture. Floor tiles are the most useful paving materials, and manufacturers are now ableto produce floor tiles of various colors. Tiles can effectively connect the garden with a house or a wall of similar style, and its soft color is easily blended with the plants in the garden. Tiles can also be used on balconies, stools, and other fixtures,To ensure consistency throughout the garden style.Three, the quality of the pavement pavement texture, to a large extent depends on the beauty of material texture. Generally, paving materials are good for rough, firm and vigorous.1, the texture of the performance, as far as possible to play the inherent beauty of the material itself, to reflect the rough granite, pebbles of the round, blue stone and other generous materials of different aesthetic feeling.2, texture and environment and distance have a close relationship. The quality of the pavement depends not only on the quality of the material, but on whether it is compatible with the environment.3, texture reconcile method, should consider unified harmony, similar harmony and contrast reconcile.4, the floor in the seam, texture to rough, vigorous, to produce a strong sense of strength. The joint is obvious, easy to produce beautiful texture, makes people feel elegant and pleasant.5, texture changes and color changes balanced proportionality. If the color changes more, the texture changes will be less.If the color and pattern are very rich, then the texture of the material to be relatively simple.The role of the environment, colors, patterns, and plants in adding to the ambience of the garden is beyond doubt. In fact, the variety of flooring materials we choose to use can have a big impact on our enjoyment of the garden and the activities in the garden. Smooth paving will speed us up, while rough flooring will slow our feet, and gravel and gravel will slow us down. The rugged pebbles of the earth make you very careful, while the smooth boulders make you flinch. Choosing different flooring can have a great influence on people's behavior. In the narrow front yard, there is no parking space, but instead, it is decorated with floor coverings, plants and huge smooth round stones. They are easy to clean, durable, and boulder sculpture effect and holly hedge just.Four, the pattern of pavement design in landscape construction, paving the ground with its various forms, patterns to foil and beautify the environment, increase the landscape of the garden. The pattern plays the role of decorating the pavement, and the pattern of the flooring varies from place to place. Some bricks paved with straight or parallel lines can achieve the effect of enhancing the floor design. In general, a line perpendicular to the line of sight can enhance the sense of direction in the space, whereas the horizontal line through the line of sight enhances the opening of the space. In addition, some parallel forms (such as residential floor slabs) and some bricks or tiles paved in a straight line can produce an elongated or shortened perspective effect on the floor.Other forms create a more static state of mind. For example, square, round and hexagon, regular, symmetrical shape will not cause a sense of movement, and will form a quiet atmosphere, suitable for laying some leisure areas. The patterns of concentric circles usually consist of small, regular paving materials such as bricks and pebbles, which place the material in the center of the ground or in the middle of the square to produce a strong visual effect. Methods expression pattern have block mosaic, mosaic, into line, knurling, brush, made concave line etc.. Always pay attention to the influence of floor covering on space effect. Floor tiles in the garden crosswise crisscross pavement, will make the garden looks spacious, increase the sense of space; and with the same material in the garden longitudinal paving, will have the opposite effect, make the garden become narrow and long. No matter what material is used, this feature will be very obvious, so different methods should be adopted according to the actual situation.Five, the scale of the ground pavement, lighting effects1, the scale road block size, joint design, color and texture, are closely related with site scale. For example, a large texture can be coarse, patterns should not be too small. But the small field geological sense should not be too coarse, the pattern may also be thin. The choice of suitable paving tiles for different floors in different places is as important as proper use of contrast and coordination between the two adjacent areas. Large stone paving in smaller areas will appear to be larger than actual size, and the use of too much decorative material in a small area can make the region look cluttered.2, the lighting effect in Chinese classical gardens, have used different colors of stone, gravel etc. according to the different direction, in the sunlight, which is full of change shadow patterns more prominent. In modern new garden, more concrete brick is paved. In order to increase the decorative property of the road, the brick surface is made into stripes of different directions, and it can also produce good light and shade effects. The application of this method in garden paving needs no additional materials, simple process, and can reduce the light intensity of the road surface and improve the skid resistance of the road surface. It can get twice the result with half the effort.White or light colored crushed stone floors are excellent,Especially in the low light garden adjacent to the basement, it can be paved with the whole garden, with flowers and stone pavement, and can be mixed with other materials to form a contrast, set off each other. For example, with black tiles or dark paving with it, forming a contrast, the effect is excellent.Six, the relationship between pavement and other factors1, the ground pavement and the surrounding environment coordination, ground pavement is a part of landscape construction, and its color, shape, pattern and other factors should be coordinated with its surrounding environment, to achieve the unity of landscape design.2, the ground pavement and the consistency of the cultural themeof "culture" refers to a great extent mankind created all things. The basic connotation of garden culture is to make the nature humanized and humanized. Including the creation of landscape garden culture and create life, and pavement design should also be a cultural landscape reflected, so the ground pavement material, pattern, texture and other elements, should take into account the echoes with the whole garden culture theme, make unified, perfect and harmonious.With the progress of society and the development of gardens, the selection and variety of the material and texture of the ground pavement in the garden is also an inevitable trend. This requires the majority of the landscape designers in the selection, modeling, pattern process does not use and promotion is not content with staying where one is, suspicion and exclusion of new things, do not blindly chasing the new and strange, extravagance and waste. We should have the spirit and vision of keeping pace with the times, the courage to bring forth the new, to explore and try the use of things, and to contribute to the blossom of garden work.。

石材术语（Stoneterminology）

石材术语（Stone terminology）Chinese and English contentDirty fingerprints material not beautiful, ugly color, including impurities and inclusions.The ceiling line installed in the position of the yarn together.The ability of antifouling stone to resist the erosion of sewage sludgeA plate made into a geometric shape on one side of a board.Sheet material with smooth surface and low luminosity.A sheet of rough finish made from acetylene, oxygen, or propane, oxygen, or liquefied petroleum gas, oxygen, and fuel.A column made of a variety of stones bonded together.A column with a Rome trough on the surface of Rome column.A board used in stairs for decoration.The process of removing an angle from the bottom of a thickness (Huo Kuan).The prime line on the surface of a tapered column is extended to a intersecting column.A sheet of material used to cut a fringe mark on a board surface.The window covers are arranged at the window to form a window arch line.The French chess edge is made up of a small straight edge and a 1/2 rounded edge.Dry stone in one of the most difficult shortcomings stand, said opaque, dull, non oily. Dry stone is white.Construction method for applying stone curing agent to stone surface by spraying low pressure spray gunPlates with thickness greater than 15mm.The chicken beak opens a L - shaped notch in the 5*5 on the edge of the board.Seamless repair, the first resin to fill all cracks in stone, and then the stone surface renovation. The surface treated by this process has a very good overall effectStone contains the meaning of character and performance. Is a kind of language identification of the stone.Chinese and English contentThe prime line on the surface of a cylindrical column is a parallel column.A two stage chess edge is made up of two 1/4 round edges to forma semicircle edge.A sheet of stone having a variety of patterns carved on the surface of a stone.The concave convex surface stone stripes, installed in the blind plate.Foot line installation in the Qi at the yarn.Artificial stone refers to the stone, stone powder and modified resin produced by a granite, marble texture, beautiful decorative sheet. Its color is rich, bibulous rate is low, the texture is softColourful bright colors, bright, dull feeling, more than a warm.A method of construction that soaks the stone curing agent into the sink and then puts the stone in it and allows it to permeate completelyLarge length greater than 14mm bevel edge.Natural panel material surface with a chisel and hammer on a gable plate.Grouting first with stone wire, pin and other fixed on the wall, and then the cement mortar into the gap between the stone and the wall of a methodA plate hammer plate in longan stone surface such as eyelid forming a cross.Construction method for applying stone maintenance agent on stone surface by roller coating rollerThe seat is installed in the shaft in the bottom position that part of the seat.A board used in table decoration.The child is weak, mainly refers to the color of the stone, or the main colors.A line used as an armrest.Step straight-line position decorative surface is astraight-line position step.In the crack mining when vibration or weathering cracks in the stone material. The crack and crack of crack, the stone material refers to the short crack shallow crack; crack deep long finger. Crack is the most can be sealed with beeswax.Arc straight-line position cross-section straight-line position for arc.Pineapple panelVitrified tile is made of quartz sand and clay by burning at high temperature. Then, it is polished and polished by grindingtools. Its hardness is high, it does not absorb water, and the main component is silicaSticky and not crisp, stone soft, carved when cutting, stone shavings are shavings. Is used for the identification of stone carvings, also used "cotton" said.A column whose spindle column cross section is spindle shaped.Burning water + water board, a kind of plate which is first fired and then washed with water.A column having a cross section with a threaded shape.The powder dispersed and not concentrated red bloodstone, said there is less weak meaning.A concave opening with a depth or width on the plate.The sand blasting plate is made of emery sand as auxiliary material, and the surface of the stone is sprayed under certain pressure.Cleaning or cleaning of materials or chemicals on a stone surface by means of physical tools or chemicalsMatt stone panels made from a series of stone grinding brushes. Some archaize stones are burnt first, and then a series of grinding brushes are used to polish the knives.Composite straight-line position section shape for thestraight-line position of a plurality of circular or step.The French side is made up of a small straight edge and a 1/4 rounded edge.Microcrystalline stone is made of quartz sand by natural gas sintering and crystallization, without water absorption, high strength, the main component is silicaThe use of machinery and abrasives to process stone surfacesAt the edges of the light, two adjacent edges are polished at more than 80 degrees.Edge of a piece of chess.Transparent, transparent and lively, and close to embellish and yan.The process of removing an angle from the upper surface of a thickness (Huo Kuan).Leveling and reducing the error of stone horizontal plane by grindingChinese and English contentThe ability to resist natural ultraviolet radiation and other physical and chemical damageA line used as a railing.The double French side is made up of two small straight sides and a middle circle of 1/2. Or made up of two French sides.The single column surface without other processing column.Curved lines extended track curve line.The original fracture mineralization formed in most grain stone, with a thin layer of clay, color is dark yellow. There is deep yellow and black stone lock pattern, influence on the quality of its products is large.The process of re crystallization of stone surface by means of crystal surface agent under the influence of heat energy converted from mechanical energyStone disease refers to the influence of certain factors, stone structure, performance, color and other aspects have been affected or changed, and its decorative effect has declined or disappeared.1/4 edge of small circle R less than 10mm.With a chisel and hammer peening forming such as undulating plate plate surface Yamagata mushroom.The handle is installed on the door, the small cylinder that pushes and pulls the sliding door.Planar straight-line position decorative surface forstraight-line position plane.Construction method for directly applying stone maintenance agent on stone surface by brush and brush"Embellish" is a kind of comparative term of high transparency and good quality, while "antisense" is "dry".Quartz impurities or dispersed fine sand stone.The ability of waterproof stones to resist moisture entering the interior of the stone through the poresResistance to water pressure. The resistance of stones to moisture through the pores into the stoneThe 1/4 edge of the larger circle R is greater than 10mm.The child eats blood refers to a situation of bloodstone, because every printed material is red, is a large area of the red blood flooded live.Nail is a rock crystal quartz or high hardness residual stone, or pyrite crystalsChinese and English contentThe knife is also called Zoudao. Is the stone tool can accept a phrase engraved degree mark.(top) installed in the column column at the top of the said partof the stigma.A method of gluing a stone directly to a pasteThe side of a duckbill resembling a duckbill.The joint is filled with caulking or other filling material to fill the gap of the stoneA method of applying cement mortar directly to decorative stone in wet paste. At present, more commonly used in ground constructionA straight lines extended to the linear trajectory of yarn.Waist mounted in the wall at approximately waist line.Pour, pour, use containers to hold the stone curing agent first, then from top to bottom to irrigate the surface of stone material.Line installation form a door arch line at the door.Mildew resistance, performance, stone resistance to mold erosion capacityGlazing will be applied to the surface of the stone material, in order to improve the luster of stonesThe impact of water on the impact of the processing of plate, water shock processing plate, water impact on the plate surfacedistribution of small holes and pits, stone quality is basically presented.The outermost part of skin material stones often have a layer of yellow mud attachment, effect of stone quality directly observed, called skin. The skin are useless, but there is a part of the surface has a uniform thin yellow stone, stone and internal color clear, known as wampee, is thin and shallow relief carving good material.The cross section of the plum blossom column is shaped like a quincunx shape.A column having a rectangular cross section.A curved plate with a certain radius and an arc length, which can be formed into a cylinder, an elliptic column or other cylinders by splicing.The mirror surface uses some physical or chemical methods to make the stone surface glossiness reach the brightness, such as the effect of the mirrorThe edge of the Begonia is made up of two vertical small sides and a circle edge of less than 1/4 in the middle.A line used for a wall, corner, or post corner.Chinese and English contentA sheet made of a surface of a lychee surface hammered from thesurface with a hammer shaped like a lychee rind.Stone protection usually refers to some stone protective agent applied to the surface of the stone, the stone has a waterproof, anti fouling, acid and alkali resistance, aging resistance, frost resistance, anti erosion and other biological functions, so as to improve the service life of stone and decorative effectA line fitted to the eaves of a eaves line.The column is installed in the shaft waist waist position roughly that part of spinal column.The abrasion resistance of abrasion resistance facing stone is indicated by the amount of abrasion per unit area of dry rock under specified conditions.The performance of acid resistance Acidresistance acid corrosion resistance of decorative stone.Acid washing has a small corrosion mark on the surface of ACID-WASHED. Acid wash less scratches, the appearance is more plain than the polished surface. Most stones can be pickled, but the most common are marble and limestone. Acid washing is also a way to soften the luster of granite.The agreement by the two sides agreed Agreeddimension stone material specifications blocks.Alkaline feldspar alkali - feldspar, rich in alkali metal potassium and albite feldspar.The performance of alkali alkali corrosion resistance Alkaliresistant decorative stone.Amphibole amphibole containing hydroxyl (OH[-]) chain structure of silicate minerals iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, aluminum.The angle between two adjacent edges on the polished surface of the decorative plate angle angle.Antique surface, ANTIQUE surface is not smooth. After initial cutting, the stone is processed to eliminate obvious scars, but the effect is not up to the ground after effect. Granite, marble, and limestone can be handled this way, usually in the case of custom.A axed, slab, of a rough panel made of an ax.Banded structure banded, structure, rock, different structures, different mineral particles composed of different colors of the band arrangement.A basic igneous rock in which the basaIt component of the basalt is comparable to that of gabbro.The basement of the basement room below the plane of the plane from the height of more than half the height of the room.A bioclastic limestone made up of calcium carbonate by broken biological shells.Biological structure biogenetic texture the structure of biological bones in rocks is greater than%.Biotite biotite iron containing magnesium mica.Chinese and English contentScrub the surface of the BRUSHED. The process is to scrub the stone surface, mimicking the natural wear and tear of stones.The height of the building is building altitude buildings outside the ground to the eaves or roof surface height of the water tank on the roof of the room, elevator room, smoke room and stair exit are not counted among the building height.Building stone building stone has certain physical and chemical properties, and can be used as rock for building materials.Commercial building business - living building, the bottom of the commercial building and residential high-rise buildings.Calcite, calcite, calcium carbonate minerals.Clastic structures clastic, texture, rock, clastic content greater than% of the structure.Colour line colour stripe and decorative stone basic colors and patterns out of the striped strip or porphyritic material.A building member made of combustible material, combustible,component.Compressive strength compressive strength the stress value of the specimen subjected to uniaxial compressive force.A mass of inclusions in two core concretion carbonate, such as chert.Crack crack a small crack in the rock.The crystalline structure of an cryptocrystalline, texture component, that is finely crystalline and can only be resolved microscopically.The process of cutting a sheet of cutting into a size.Decorative stone decorative, stone decorative stone building materials, after processing can be used for architectural decoration.Density density the mass per unit volume of rock.A shallow basic igneous rock composed mainly of pyroxene and basic plagioclase diabase.Material specifications meet the standard specifications of the dimension stone blocks.A deep, neutral igneous rock composed mainly of neutral plagioclase and amphibole diorite.Dolomite, dolomite, calcium magnesium carbonate minerals.A sedimentary rock consisting mainly of dolomite, dolomite.Chinese and English contentDry hanging dry-hang metal component corrosion with stone veneer, directly fixed to the wall surface in the left column, grouting mortar cavity modeDunite peridotite consists mainly of olivine and pyroxene plutonic ultrabasic magmatite.Duration of fire resistance fireresistance building component fire test according to standard time temperature curve, the time from the fire, this time to lose support ability or integrity is destroyed or losing everyfire role when only, by hour.Edges and corners of edges imperfection veneer panels damaged by edges and corners.The grain size of the main minerals in the eguigranular texture rock is approximately the same.Veneer board facing slab is made of facing stone, used as the inside and outside wall of the building, the ground, cylinder, mesa and so on.Facing stone, facing, stone, used to process facing stone.The shelf structure of feldspar, feldspar, potassium, sodium, and calcium; aluminosilicate minerals.Flag slab by the hair plate plate sawing into blocks.Fire FLAMED surface roughness. This kind of surface is mainly used in interior, such as floor or commercial building, and the labor cost is higher. After the high temperature is heated, a fire surface is formed by rapid cooling. The burnt surface is usually granite.Flatness of polished surface of Pingdu flatness veneer.Bending strength flexuril the stress that a specimen can withstand when it is bent to failure.Frost resistance, frost, resistance, rock resistance to freeze-thaw failure.Gabbro gabbro is mainly composed of basic plagioclase and clinopyroxene.The glassy structure, glassy, texture component, does not crystallize and is pure glassy structure.Gloss glossiness the extent to which visible light is reflected on the surface of veneer panels.A metamorphic rock of the gneiss gneiss, consisting mainly of feldspar, quartz, and mica.The structure of the mineral in the gneissic structure rock is a directional arrangement.Granite granite commercial refers to the granite as a representative of a decorative stone, including all kinds of magmatic rocks and granitic metamorphic rocks, generally hard texture.协议板 greed－dimension slab 供需双方议定的板材.中文英文内容花纹 is 材的组分、结构、构造而呈现的图象.锤击板材 hammer dressed slab 花锤加工成的粗面饰面板.挡烟垂壁 hang walll 用不燃烧材料制成, 从顶棚下垂不小于500 mm 的固定或活动的挡烟设施.活动挡烟垂壁系指火灾时因感温、感烟或其它控制设备的作用, 自动下垂的挡烟垂壁.难燃烧体 hard–combustible component 用难燃烧材料做成的建筑构件或用燃烧材料做成而用不燃烧材料做保护层的建筑构件.厚板 at slab 厚度大于15mm的板材.高级旅馆 high–grade hotel 具备星级条件的且设有空气调节系统的旅馆.高级住宅建筑装修标准高和设有空气调节系统的住宅 high–grade residence.薄板 hin slab 厚度小于15mm的板材.孔洞 hole 天然形成的具有一定深度的凹坑, 直径在mm以上.坑窝 hollow 在加工过程中形成深度较深的凹陷.全晶质结构组分完全结晶而不含有玻璃质的结构 holocrystalline texture.磨光 honed 磨光面看起来很 "软, 刮痕明显, 无需过多的护理.大理石、石灰石及板岩适合作磨光处理.装饰性 icoration 材的颜色、花纹, 及光泽等的总和反映出的外观效果.重要的办公楼、科研楼、档案楼 important agency building、laboratory、archive 性质重要, 建筑装修标准高, 设备、资料贵重, 火灾危险性大、发生火灾后损失大、影响大的办公楼、科研楼、档案楼.烧毛板 slab 用火焰法法加工成的粗面饰面板 lamed.机刨板材 laned slab 刨法加工成的粗面饰面板.网局级电力调度楼 large–scale power dispatcher''s building 可调度若干个省 (区) 电力业务的工作楼.石灰岩 limextone 主要由方解石组成的沉积岩石.竭铁矿以氧化铁的水合物为主要成分的混合物 limonite.岩浆岩 magmatic rock 由岩浆冷凝而形成的岩石.中文英文内容磁铁矿 magnetite 四氧化三铁矿物, 具磁性.大理岩 marble 碳酸盐矿物 (方解石、白云石为主) 大于50% 的变质岩.大理石 marble 商业上指以大理岩为代表的一类装饰石材, 包括碳酸盐岩和与其有关的变质岩, 主要成分为碳酸盐矿物, 一般质地较软.块状构造岩石中矿物排列无次序、分布均匀的构造 massive structure.原有的岩石经变质作用后形成的岩石变质岩 metamorphic rock.云母 mica 铁、镁、钾等的层状结构铝硅酸盐水合物, 具有极完全的片状解理, 可沿解理剥成具有弹性的薄片.含钾的云母白云母 muscovite.不燃烧体 non–combustible componen 用不燃烧材料做成的建筑构件.镜面板材 (抛光板) olished slab 表面平整, 具有镜面光泽的板材.镁和铁的硅酸盐矿物橄榄石 olivine.鲕状灰岩 oolitic limeston 具鲕状结构的石灰岩.鲕状结构 oolitic texture 由球形或椭球形颗粒组成, 其颗粒外形、大小象鱼卵.of course 方形或长方形的板材普型板 slabs.回来前将矿体周围的非矿体物质清除掉的过程剥离 overburden stripping.斜长石 plaginclase 富含钠、钙的长石的总称.综合楼 ple–use Building 由二种及二种以上用途的楼层组成的公共建筑.抛光 polished 表面高光泽.抛光可能会持续很长的时间也可能不要, 主要是看石材的类型.花岗岩、大理石和石灰石通常是抛光处理, 并且需要不同的维护以保持其光泽.抛光 Polishing 将细面板表面加工成具有镜向光泽的过程.斑状结构 porphyritic Texture 岩石中有大小截然不同的结晶颗粒, 大颗粒称为斑晶, 小颗粒称为基质.黄铁矿二硫化铁矿物 pyrite.中文英文内容辉石 pyroxene 铁、镁、钙、钠、铝的链状结构硅酸盐矿物.采场回采矿石的场地 Quarry.荒料 Quarry Stone 由毛料经加工而成的, 具有一定规格, 用以加工饰面板材的石料.回采 quarrying 由矿体分离矿石的过程石英 Quartz 二氧化硅晶体.凹陷加工过程中表面有明显的碟状缺陷 Recess.粗面装饰板材 (粗面板) 表面平整粗糙具有较规则加工条纹的板材Roughing Slab.异型板 rregular 正方形或长方形的板材 Slab.磨光 rubbing 将毛板表面加工成具有平整光滑的过程.安全出口保证人员安全疏散的楼梯或直通室外地平面的出口Safety exit.砂眼天然形成的具有一定深度的凹坑 Sand Hole, 直径在mm以下.锯解 sawcutting 将荒料加工成毛板的过程.沉积岩由沉积物固结而形成的岩石 Sedimentary Rock.半地下室 semi–basement 房间地平面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高1 / 3, 且不超过1 / 2者.蛇纹石 Serpentine 硅酸镁的水合物.蛇纹石化大理石 serpentinized Marble 含有大量蛇纹石的大理岩.裙房与高层建筑相连的建筑高度不超过24m的附属建筑 skirt Building.开裂 Split faced 表面粗糙, 不过不像火烧那样粗糙.这种表面处理通常是用手工切割或在矿山錾以露出石头自然的开裂面.这种表面处理主要是用于板岩.料石 Squared Stone 用毛料加工成的具有一定规格, 用来砌筑建筑物用的石料.污点 Stain 由原生原次生形成的, 污染板材的异物.中文英文内容石材护理 Stone Protection 是一种针对石材后续服务所产生的新兴行业, 主要包括石材防护、翻新、整平、抛光、病症处理、清洗、日常保养等内容叠层灰岩 stromatolithic Limestone 具平行细纹层的灰岩.缝合线岩石中呈锯齿状一般不造成破坏性的曲线 stylolite.翻滚 tumbled 中文直译: 表面光滑或稍微粗糙, 边角光滑且呈破碎状.有几种方法可以达到翻滚效果.20毫米的砖可以在机器里翻滚, 3厘米砖也可以翻滚处理, 然后分裂成两块砖.大理石和石灰石是翻滚处理的首选材料.细面板材 (磨光板) ubbed 面平整光滑的板材 Slab.毛料 Untrimmed Quarry Stone 由矿山直接分离下来, 形状不规则的石料.按颜色、花纹等特征及产地对饰面石材所做的分类品种 Variety.翘曲 warpage 装饰板材的弯曲吸水率用所吸水的岩石质量与干燥岩石质量之比来表示 Water absorption.竹叶状灰岩竹叶状灰岩由圆形、椭圆形扇平砾石平行排列组成的石灰岩，在垂直切面上砾石的形状象竹叶。

纤维素对水包砂多彩粒子形态及多彩涂料仿石效果的影响

摘要：在平面型水包水多彩涂料的基础上，向分散相和连续相乳液中加入适量的石英砂，利用硅酸镁锂保护胶与纤维素之间的凝胶化反应，采用斯托默黏度计、流变仪研究了不同纤维素种类及用量对分散相流变性、彩粒形态、贮存稳定性的影响，分析了其对水包砂多彩涂料仿石效果的影响。

结果表明：不同纤维素种类及用量会显著影响分散相在中低剪切下的黏度；在相同用量条件下，添加缔合型纤维素HE-10K 分散相的触变性较添加HS100000的大，在造粒时彩点更圆润饱满，凹凸质感更强，碎点更少，仿石效果更佳；采用羟乙基纤维素HS100000和疏水改性羟乙基纤维素HE-10K 复配时，制备的多彩涂料储存稳定性良好。

关键词：水包砂多彩涂料；硅酸镁锂；纤维素；稳定性；仿石效果中图分类号：TU56+1.62文献标识码：A文章编号：1001-702X （2020）11-0055-05Effect of cellulose on the morphology of color particles and the effect of stone imitation insand-in-water multi-color coatingsZENG Xianwei 1，2，LIU Xu 2，WANG Chunwei 2，ZHANG Xueqin 3，YANG Hui 1（1.School of Material Science and Engineering ，Zhejiang University ，Hangzhou 310027，China ；2.Zhejiang Fenghong New Material Co.Ltd.，Huzhou 313300，China ；BM Design &Research Institute Co.Ltd.，Hangzhou 310022，China ）Abstract ：Based on planar w/w multi-color paint ，an appropriate amount of quartz sand was added to the disperse phase andcontinuous phase emulsion.The effects of different cellulose type and dosages on the rheology of the disperse phase ，the morphology and storage stability of color particles were studied by the gelation reaction of magnesium lithium silicate as protective gel and cel -lulose using Stormer viscometer and rheometer ，and its influence on the imitating effect of sand-in-water colorful paint was ana -lyzed.The results show that the cellulose type and dosage will greatly affect the viscosity of the disperse phase at middle and low shear.Under the same dosage conditions ，the thixotropy of the disperse phase of the associative cellulose HE-10K is greater than that of the HS100000，the color dots are more round and full ，the uneven texture is stronger ，the broken dots are less ，and thestone-like effect is better.When compound using hydroxyethyl cellulose HS100000and hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl cel -lulose HE-10K ，the prepared colorful paint has good storage stability.Key words ：sand-in-water multi-color coating ，magnesium lithium silicate ，cellulose ，stability ，stone imitation effect纤维素对水包砂多彩粒子形态及多彩涂料仿石效果的影响曾宪伟1，2，刘戌2，王春伟2，张雪芹3，杨辉1（1.浙江大学材料科学与工程学院，浙江杭州310027；2.浙江丰虹新材料股份有限公司，浙江湖州313300；3.中国新型建材设计研究院有限公司，浙江杭州310022）0引言相比真石漆和质感涂料，水包水以及水包砂多彩仿石涂料因装饰效果优异、施工简便、可设计性强、质轻安全、对环境友好以及成本相对低廉等优点，受到广大建筑设计师和消费者的青睐[1-3]。

石头总能引起人们无限的遐想英语作文

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：石头总能引起人们无限的遐想英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Boundless Imaginative Power of StonesAs a student, I've always been fascinated by the way simple objects can spark our imaginations and transport us to realms of endless possibility. One such object that has consistentlycaptivated me is the humble stone. These unassuming rocks, scattered across the earth's surface, possess an extraordinary ability to ignite our sense of wonder and creativity.From a young age, I can vividly recall spending hours scouring the ground for the most unique and intriguing stones I could find. Each one held the promise of a new adventure, a story waiting to be told. Some were smooth and polished by the relentless forces of nature, while others were jagged and rough, bearing the scars of their tumultuous journey. Regardless of their shape or size, these stones became canvases upon which my imagination could run wild.As I grew older, my appreciation for stones only deepened. I began to see them not merely as inanimate objects but as portals into the depths of human imagination and creativity. Throughout history, stones have played a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of the world around us and inspiring artists, writers, and thinkers to push the boundaries of their craft.Consider the ancient cave paintings, etched onto the rocky walls by our distant ancestors. These primitive artworks, created with pigments derived from stones, offer a glimpse into the minds of those who came before us. They reveal a deep-seated desire to express themselves, to tell stories, and to make sense ofthe world through visual representations. Each stroke of pigment on the stone canvas was a testament to the boundless creativity that has always been an integral part of the human experience.Fast forward to the present day, and we find stones continuing to captivate our imaginations in myriad ways. Sculptors meticulously chisel away at marble and granite, transforming these unyielding materials into breathtaking works of art that defy the limitations of their physical forms. Writers draw inspiration from the geological formations and landscapes shaped by stones, weaving intricate narratives that transport readers to fantastical realms or explore the depths of the human condition.Even in the realm of science and technology, stones have played a critical role. The silicon revolution, which has revolutionized our world, would not have been possible without the humble silicon dioxide found in common stones. From microchips to solar panels, these unassuming rocks have formed the building blocks of some of humanity's greatest technological achievements.But perhaps the most profound impact of stones lies in their ability to inspire personal reflection and introspection. As I hold a smooth pebble in my hand, I can't help but marvel at its timelessexistence. This single stone has borne witness to eons of history, weathered countless storms, and endured the relentless march of time. It serves as a tangible reminder of the vastness of the universe and our own fleeting existence within it.In these moments of contemplation, my mind wanders, and I find myself transported to distant lands, imagining the incredible journeys this stone has undertaken. I envision it tumbling down ancient riverbeds, carried by the currents of time itself. I picture it resting at the foot of towering mountain ranges, bearing silent witness to the slow dance of tectonic plates that sculpted the very landscapes we inhabit.And yet, despite its seemingly insignificant appearance, this stone holds profound lessons about resilience, endurance, and the cyclical nature of existence. It reminds me that even the most seemingly insurmountable obstacles can be overcome with patience and perseverance, just as this stone has endured the weight of countless eons.As I trace my fingers along its contours, I am struck by the intricate patterns and textures etched into its surface. Each groove, each imperfection, tells a story – a story of the forces that shaped it, the elements that sculpted its form, and the countless transformations it has undergone. In these intricatedetails, I find endless inspiration, a reminder that even the smallest and most seemingly insignificant things can hold profound beauty and complexity if we take the time to truly observe and appreciate them.Moreover, stones have the power to connect us with our ancestral roots and the deep history of our planet. Holding a stone in my hand, I am reminded of the countless generations that have come before me, each leaving their mark on the world in their own unique way. I am humbled by the realization that this stone has existed long before I was born and will likely continue to exist long after I am gone, a silent witness to the ebb and flow of human civilizations.As a student, the boundless imaginative power of stones has been a constant source of inspiration and wonder. They have taught me to appreciate the beauty in simplicity, to find solace in the timeless cycles of nature, and to embrace the limitless potential of human creativity. Whether I am crafting a poem, painting a landscape, or simply lost in contemplation, these unassuming rocks have the ability to transport me to realms of endless possibility.In a world that often moves at a relentless pace, stones serve as a gentle reminder to slow down, to observe, and to appreciatethe wonders that surround us. They encourage us to embrace our innate curiosity, to ask questions, and to never stop seeking knowledge and understanding.As I hold a stone in my hand, I am filled with a sense of awe and reverence for the natural world and the countless mysteries it holds. I am reminded that even the most ordinary objects can hold extraordinary power, if only we are willing to open our minds and let our imaginations soar. And so, with each stone I encounter, I embark on a new adventure, a new journey of discovery and self-exploration, guided by the boundless imaginative power these humble rocks possess.篇2Stones Can Spark Endless ImaginationHave you ever really looked at a stone? I mean, truly examined one closely and let your mind wander? If you have, you'll know that even the most ordinary rock can unlock worlds of curiosity and imagination. To the untrained eye, a stone may seem dull and lifeless, but I've found that these humble objects possess an inexplicable magic that has the power to captivate anyone willing to let their thoughts run free.I remember the first time I became enamored with stones. I was barely six years old, tagging along on one of my dad's hiking adventures. While he was admiring the breathtaking mountain views, I was crouched by a trickling stream, mesmerized by the colorful pebbles that lined the banks. I spent what felt like hours sifting through them, marveling at their unique shapes, textures, and patterns. Some were smooth and flat like skipping stones, while others were jagged and uneven. A few even sparkled when they caught the sunlight at just the right angle. In that moment, I felt like I had stumbled upon a hidden treasure trove of natural gems.As I grew older, my fascination with stones evolved from mere infatuation to something deeper – a profound appreciation for their history and the stories they could tell. You see, stones are like tiny time capsules, each one encapsulating millions of years of our planet's evolution. By examining their composition, color, and form, you can catch glimpses into ancient landscapes, climates, and geological events that shaped the world we live in today.Take, for instance, a piece of sandstone. Those layers upon layers of compressed sediment hold the secrets of primordial beaches and riverbeds that existed long before humanity walkedthe Earth. Within its grainy folds, you can envision vast, windswept deserts slowly being sculpted by the persistent forces of wind and water over eons. It's a humbling reminder of how fleeting our existence is in the grand scheme of things, and how the very ground beneath our feet has born witness to epochs beyond our comprehension.Or what about a hunk of polished obsidian, that volcanic glass forged from the scorching fury of molten rock? As you trace your fingers over its smooth, glassy surface, you can almost feel the raw, untamed power of nature that birthed it. The same forces that spewed forth towering mountains and carved deep oceanic trenches also crafted this singular, glistening artifact. In its depths, you can lose yourself in visions of bubbling lava flows and explosive eruptions that reshaped entire landscapes in the blink of a cosmic eye.Even the most common pebbles found on neighborhood sidewalks can be windows into worlds unknown. That unassuming chunk of granite you mindlessly kick aside may have been hewn from the bones of ancient, uprootetd mountains by the inexorable march of glaciers. Its crystalline structure an enduring testament to the incredible pressures and temperatures deep within the Earth's crust. Every pit, crack, anddiscoloration is a hieroglyphic that speaks of its incredible journey, if only you take the time to listen.To the eternal poets, painters, and dreamers among us, stones are more than just inanimate objects – they're vessels for our boundless imagination. Some see them as mythical creatures turned to solid stone by the curses of wizards and witches. Others envision them as miniature planets, entire civilizations etched into their cratered faces. A rock's rough, asymmetrical form has inspired sculptors and artisans to breathe life into their creations for centuries. And who among us hasn't looked up at the stars and seen fanciful beasts and heroic figures traced across the cosmic canvas of the night sky, merely by connecting the celestial dots?Even in our modern, technology-obsessed world, the simple act of holding a stone can transport us to distant realms and realities far removed from our daily grind. As we roll its weight between our palms, we become interstellar travelers exploring the mysteries of distant moons and asteroids. Or perhaps we're rugged adventurers, braving the windswept dunes of alien deserts in search of some long-lost relic. When cradled just so, a stone can even become a dragon's egg, harboring a fantastic beast just waiting to hatch. Our minds are blank canvases, afterall, and stones are the brushes that allow us to paint whatever scenes we can fathom.That's the true magic of stones, you see. They possess no inherent power of their own, and yet they hold the key to unlocking the vast potential of our imagination – that uniquely human superpower that has allowed us to dream up everything from sprawling cities to soaring spacecraft. All it takes is an open mind, a momentary pause from our perpetually hurried lives, and the willingness to gaze upon something so simple and commonplace with the wide-eyed wonder of a child.So I implore you, the next time you find yourself hurriedly brushing past a scattered patch of ordinary stones, pause for just a moment. Reach down and pick one up, feeling its contours and imperfections beneath your fingertips. Let your mind drift away from the stresses and distractions of the day, and allow that little rock to become a doorway to anywhere and anywhen your thoughts want to roam. Visit uncharted realms, witness the birth of stars, or sail alongside epic heroes of myth and legend. The possibilities, like the depths of your imagination, are endless. All you need is a humble stone to set you on your way.篇3Stones Always Spark Endless ImaginationAs I gaze upon the small, weathered rock resting in my palm, I can't help but marvel at the incredible journey it has undertaken and the countless stories it could tell if only it could speak. This unassuming pebble, with its rough edges and mottled surface, holds within it a world of possibility, sparking my imagination and transporting me to realms both familiar and unfamiliar.To some, a stone may seem like a mere inanimate object, devoid of life and significance. However, to those with a keen eye and an open mind, these humble formations are portals into the vast expanse of our planet's history and the ever-evolving tapestry of life itself. Each rock is a time capsule, preserving the secrets of eons past, waiting patiently to be unlocked and explored.I often find myself lost in contemplation, wondering about the origin of this particular stone. Was it once part of a towering mountain, its edges gradually smoothed by the relentless forces of wind and water? Or perhaps it was born from the fiery depths of a volcanic eruption, forged in the intense heat and pressure of the Earth's core. Regardless of its beginnings, this stone has undoubtedly witnessed countless moments in the grand narrative of our world, silently observing the ebb and flow ofcivilizations, the rise and fall of empires, and the ever-changing landscapes that have shaped our planet.As I turn the stone over in my hand, I can't help but imagine the stories it could tell if only it had a voice. I envision it recounting tales of mighty glaciers that once covered vast expanses, their slow but relentless march carving deep valleys and sculpting majestic mountains. It might whisper of ancient forests that once thrived, their towering trunks providing shelter to a myriad of creatures now long extinct. Or perhaps it would speak of oceans that once covered lands now arid and parched, their restless waves leaving behind intricate patterns and fossils that hint at the rich diversity of life that once flourished beneath their depths.Beyond the realms of natural history, stones have also played a pivotal role in the development of human civilization. They have served as tools, weapons, and even canvases for our earliest artistic expressions. The intricate carvings and petroglyphs that adorn the surfaces of certain rocks are testaments to the ingenuity and creativity of our ancestors, offering tantalizing glimpses into their belief systems, struggles, and triumphs.In many cultures, stones have held deep spiritual and symbolic significance, revered for their supposed mystical properties or as physical embodiments of deities and sacred entities. From the towering monoliths of ancient civilizations to the elaborately carved statues that grace modern cities, these rock formations have served as focal points for reverence, worship, and contemplation, reminding us of the enduring human yearning to connect with something greater than ourselves.Even in our modern world, where technology and innovation reign supreme, stones continue to captivate our imaginations and inspire us in unexpected ways. They are the building blocks of our cities, the foundations upon which our towering skyscrapers and sprawling metropolises are built. They adorn our jewelry, their brilliant hues and intricate patterns a constant reminder of the beauty and diversity that nature has to offer.For me, however, the true magic of stones lies in their ability to transport us to realms beyond the physical world. As I hold this unassuming pebble, I can imagine myself standing atop a windswept cliff, gazing out over a vast and ancient landscape. I can envision myself as an intrepid explorer, navigating treacherous terrain in search of long-lost civilizations and hiddentreasures. Or perhaps I am a humble hermit, finding solace and wisdom in the quiet contemplation of these enduring natural wonders.In these moments of reverie, the boundaries between reality and imagination blur, and the stone becomes a conduit for my mind to wander freely, unencumbered by the constraints of time and space. It is a reminder that even in the midst of ourfast-paced, technology-driven world, there are still wonders to be found in the most unexpected of places, if only we take the time to pause and truly observe the world around us.As I reluctantly return the stone to its resting place, I am filled with a profound sense of gratitude for the boundless possibilities it has inspired within me. For in that small, unassuming rock lies the essence of our planet's history, the echoes of countless stories, and the seed of infinite imagination. And as I continue on my journey through life, I know that wherever my path may lead, stones will always be there, waiting patiently to ignite my curiosity and spark my wonder, reminding me that the greatest adventures often begin with the smallest of things.。

英语WorldofWonders钻石宝石简介

Jade in Chinese Culture
Jade has been prized in Chinese culture for years, symbolizing beauty, nobility, and immaturity
Medical European Royal Jewelry Tradition
Gemstones in Fashion Jewelry
Gemstones are also widely used in fashion Jewelry, adding color and spark to necklaces, earrings, Bracelets, and other accessories
Types and classifications
Diamonds are classified based on their color, clarity, cut, and care weight, with the most valuable
diamonds being completely clear and colorless
Testing
Use of specialized equipment such as a loop, microscope, or spectrometer to analyze the stone's physical and chemical properties
Grading
Assignment of a quality rating based on the stone's characteristics, typically using a standardized grading system

关于石做实验的作文

关于石做实验的作文【中英文版】英文文档：Title: The Experiment with StonesStones are an essential part of our daily lives, whether we see them as building materials, decorations, or even as tools.But have you ever wondered what stones can teach us? Recently, I conducted an experiment with stones to explore their properties and the lessons they hold.The first step of my experiment involved gathering various types of stones from different sources.I collected smooth pebbles from a river, rough chunks of granite from a quarry, and polished gemstones from a jewelry store.Each stone had a unique texture, color, and size, which sparked my curiosity to discover their secrets.To study the stones" hardness, I used the Mohs scale, a common method for determining the scratch resistance of minerals.I tested each stone against a set of reference minerals, such as talc, quartz, and diamond.Surprisingly, the hardest stone I tested was the diamond, known for its unparalleled brilliance and strength.This experiment taught me the importance of hardness in natural stones and how it contributes to their durability.Another aspect I explored was the stones" ability to absorb water.I soaked each stone in a container of water for a few hours and observedthe changes.Some stones quickly absorbed the water, becoming heavier and darker, while others seemed almost unaffected.This led me to investigate the stones" porosity, or the amount of empty space within their structure.Porous stones, like sandstone, can absorb large amounts of water, making them ideal for filtering and construction purposes.Furthermore, I conducted a visual inspection of the stones under a magnifying glass.This revealed fascinating details, such as minuscule fossils embedded in sedimentary rocks or the intricate patterns formed by minerals in the stones" crystals.This observation highlighted the stones" ability to preserve history and showcase the beauty of nature"s artwork.In conclusion, my experiment with stones taught me valuable lessons about their properties and characteristics.From their varying hardness to their ability to absorb water and preserve history, stones are more than just solid objects.They offer a window into the Earth"s history, showcase natural beauty, and possess properties that can be harnessed for various purposes.By conducting this experiment, I gained a deeper appreciation for the wonder and wisdom stones hold.中文文档：标题：石头的实验石头是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，无论我们将其视为建筑材料、装饰品，还是工具。

高一挡道的石头评价英语作文

高一挡道的石头评价英语作文As a freshman in high school, one of the most significant challenges I have encountered is the evaluation of English essays. This evaluation process, often referred to as the "stone in the road," poses a significant obstacle for many students, myself included. The transition from middle school to high school brings about a more rigorous and demanding academic environment, especially in the field of English literature and composition.The first hurdle to overcome is the increase in complexity and depth of the material. High school English essays often require a deeper understanding of the subject matter and a more nuanced approach to analysis. This means that students must not only master the basic rules of grammar and syntax but also develop a critical thinking ability that allows them to interpret and evaluate texts from multiple perspectives.The second challenge lies in the strict evaluation criteria. High school English teachers often use a rubric that takes into account various aspects of the essay, including content, organization, language use, andmechanics. This rubric requires students to pay attention to every detail of their writing, from sentence structure to paragraph transitions to the overall coherence of the essay.However, despite these challenges, I believe that the evaluation of English essays is an essential part of the high school education process. It helps students develop their writing skills, critical thinking abilities, and understanding of English literature. Furthermore, it prepares them for the even more rigorous academic writing they will encounter in college and beyond.To overcome the "stone in the road" of English essay evaluation, students need to take a proactive approach. They should start by reading widely and developing a strong foundation in English literature. This will help them understand the various genres, themes, and techniques used in writing and will provide them with a wealth of examples to draw from when writing their own essays.Additionally, students need to practice writing regularly. They should start by writing short essays on topics that interest them and gradually increase the lengthand complexity of their writing. This will help themdevelop their writing skills and become more confident in their ability to express their ideas clearly and coherently. Lastly, students should seek feedback on their writing. They can do this by sharing their essays with classmates, teachers, or even online writing communities. By receiving feedback from others, students can identify their weaknesses and areas for improvement and refine theirwriting skills accordingly.In conclusion, while the evaluation of English essays can be a challenging aspect of high school education, it is also an opportunity for growth and development. By overcoming the "stone in the road" of essay evaluation, students can develop their writing skills, criticalthinking abilities, and understanding of English literature, preparing them for the academic challenges of the future.**高一挡道的石头：英语作文的挑战与突破**作为一名高一新生，我遇到的最大挑战之一是英语作文的评估。

石头奇妙作文英语

石头奇妙作文英语In the vast expanse of nature's canvas, there lies an element as ancient as time itself—stone. It is a subject that has captivated poets, inspired architects, and served as a canvas for history's most enduring narratives. This essay seeks to explore the wonders of stone through the lens of English composition, delving into its aesthetic, structural, and symbolic significance.Aesthetic WondersStone, in its raw form, presents a beauty that is both rugged and refined. It is the silent witness to the ebb and flow of geological ages, its patterns and textures a testament to the forces that shaped it. In English composition, we can describe this beauty with a rich tapestry of adjectives and metaphors, painting a picture of stone's inherent allure. For instance, one might write, "The stone's surface was as intricate as a tapestry woven by the hands of time, its veins running deep with stories of the earth's tumultuous past."Structural MarvelsBeyond its aesthetic appeal, stone has been a cornerstone of human construction for millennia. From the towering pyramids of Egypt to the majestic cathedrals of Europe, stone has been the architect's medium of choice for its durability and load-bearing capacity. An English composition on this topic mightexplore the ingenuity of stone structures, using phrases like, "The stone arches soared overhead, a testament to theingenuity of the masons who, with chisel and hammer, defied gravity."Symbolic SignificanceIn literature and art, stone often carries a symbolic weight that transcends its physical properties. It can represent permanence, as in the phrase "set in stone," or it can symbolize the impermanence of human endeavors, as seen in the gradual erosion of stone monuments. An essay might ponderthese dualities, musing, "Like the stone that stands defiant against the elements, so too do we strive for a legacy that endures, yet we must acknowledge the inevitable erosion of time."Cultural RelevanceStone is not just a material but a cultural touchstone, embedded in the myths, legends, and daily lives of people across the globe. An English composition could weave in anecdotes and cultural references to highlight stone's rolein shaping human identity. For example, "In the heart of the Andean mountains, stone is not merely the bedrock of villages but the silent narrator of Incan legends, its stories whispered in the wind that carves its face."Environmental ImpactIt is also crucial to address the environmental impact ofstone extraction and use in an English composition. This can be done by balancing the admiration for stone's beauty and utility with a responsible perspective on sustainable practices. A thoughtful essay might conclude with, "As we continue to harness the wonders of stone, we must do so with a reverence for the earth that birthed it, ensuring that our admiration does not come at the cost of our planet's well-being."In conclusion, the wonders of stone are multifaceted,offering a rich vein of inspiration for English composition. By examining its aesthetic, structural, and symbolic qualities, as well as its cultural significance and environmental considerations, we can craft a nuanced and compelling narrative that honors the enduring legacy of stone in our world.。

石料开采规范英语作文

石料开采规范英语作文Stone Extraction Guidelines。

When it comes to stone extraction, safety is always our number one priority. Before any equipment is turned on, a thorough inspection of the site must be done to ensure there are no loose rocks or potential hazards. The workers should be equipped with protective gear, including helmets, gloves, and boots, to minimize the risk of accidents.Choosing the right equipment for the job is crucial. Depending on the type and size of the stones, we might need to use excavators, drills, or even blasting methods. But regardless of the equipment used, operators must be trained and certified to handle them safely.Environmental considerations are also important. We strive to minimize the impact on the surrounding areas by using sustainable extraction methods. This includes proper waste management and ensuring that any chemicals orlubricants used are eco-friendly.Communication between workers is key to ensuring smooth and safe operations. From simple hand signals to radio communication, we rely on various methods to ensure everyone is on the same page. This not only improves efficiency but also prevents misunderstandings that could lead to accidents.And last but not least, we believe in continuous improvement. After each extraction project, we conduct a debriefing。

宝石英文知识点总结

宝石英文知识点总结Gemstones are precious and semi-precious stones that are prized for their beauty, rarity, and durability. They have been used for centuries in jewelry, decorative objects, and religious and spiritual practices. Gemstones come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes and are typically classified based on their chemical composition, crystal structure, and physical properties.Chemical CompositionGemstones are typically made up of minerals, which are naturally occurring, inorganic substances with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure. The chemical composition of a gemstone determines its color, hardness, and other physical properties. For example, the mineral corundum, which is composed of aluminum oxide, is responsible for the red color of rubies and the blue color of sapphires. Quartz, which is composed of silicon dioxide, is the most abundant mineral on Earth and is used to make a variety of gemstones, including amethyst, citrine, and rose quartz.Crystal StructureIn addition to their chemical composition, gemstones are also classified based on their crystal structure, which refers to the internal arrangement of atoms and molecules. Different crystal structures give rise to different physical properties, such as hardness, cleavage, and luster. For example, diamonds are composed of carbon atoms arranged in a cubic crystal structure, which makes them the hardest known natural material. In contrast, the crystal structure of opals is amorphous, which gives them a unique play-of-color effect caused by the scattering of light.Physical PropertiesGemstones can be identified and classified based on their physical properties, such as color, hardness, cleavage, and luster. Color is one of the most important factors in determining the value of a gemstone, and it can be caused by the presence of trace elements, impurities, or structural defects. For example, the green color of emeralds is caused by the presence of chromium and vanadium, while the red color of rubies is caused by the presence of chromium.Hardness is a measure of a gemstone's resistance to scratching and is determined by its crystal structure and chemical composition. The Mohs scale of hardness, which ranges from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond), is commonly used to compare the hardness of different gemstones. For example, sapphires and rubies, which are both composed of corundum, have a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, while emeralds, which are composed of beryl, have a hardness of 7.5 to 8.Cleavage refers to the way a gemstone breaks along certain crystal planes, and it is an important factor to consider when cutting and polishing gemstones. For example, diamondshave cleavage planes that allow them to be cut and faceted into brilliant shapes, while opals have a tendency to break along their natural fractures, which can make them challenging to work with.Luster is a measure of a gemstone's shine or reflectivity, and it is influenced by its refractive index, or the way that light is bent as it passes through the gemstone. For example, diamonds have a high refractive index, which gives them a brilliant, fiery luster, while pearls have a lower refractive index, which gives them a soft, satiny luster.Classification of GemstonesGemstones are typically classified into two main categories: precious and semi-precious. Precious gemstones are valued for their rarity, beauty, and durability and include diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and emeralds. These gems are often used in high-end jewelry and can command very high prices. Semi-precious gemstones, on the other hand, are valued for their color, clarity, and size and include a wide variety of gems, such as amethyst, citrine, garnet, and turquoise. While semi-precious gemstones are generally more affordable than precious gemstones, they can still be very valuable and are used in a wide range of jewelry and decorative objects.History and LoreGemstones have been used for thousands of years in jewelry, decorative objects, and religious and spiritual practices. They have been prized for their beauty and rarity and have been associated with various symbolic meanings and powers. For example, diamonds have long been associated with love, purity, and strength, while sapphires have been associated with wisdom, loyalty, and protection. Many cultures and civilizations have also attributed healing and magical properties to certain gemstones and have used them in rituals and ceremonies.In conclusion, gemstones are prized for their beauty, rarity, and durability and come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. They are typically classified based on their chemical composition, crystal structure, and physical properties and are used in a wide range of jewelry, decorative objects, and religious and spiritual practices. Gemstones have a rich history and lore and have been associated with various symbolic meanings and powers. Whether they are precious or semi-precious, gemstones continue to captivate and inspire people around the world.。

石头文案——精选推荐

石头文案石材文案3S stone在乎石头，更在乎你！《企业理念篇》在乎石头，更在乎你！在石头生产及贸易这个行业，3S stone已坚持了20年。

我们在乎每一块石头，从开采、设计、切割、打磨，到成品，像对待孩子一样，精益求精。

我们更在乎客户的需求，从接洽、报价、验货，到包装，到送货，一旦承诺，全程呵护。

从做生意，到做朋友，我们70%的客户合作时间超过10年。

有人的客户是一下子，而我们的客户是一辈子。

专注一件事，坚持二十年，假如石头有心，也应为之感动。

《品牌故事篇》最好的传承，叫做创新。

我们的幸运，生在泉州这个石头历史名城；我们的使命，让悠久的石文化得到传承和创新。

马可波罗抵达泉州之前，泉州的石头历史已经几百年了。

自古以来，泉州就是中国有名的治石小城。

叮叮当当的击石声每天在城中回响，这里的每个角落都有石器、石材的存在。

匠人们世代传承，人人生而治石。

在千年治石历程中，石匠们不仅积累了无数经验，还留下大量精美壮丽的石雕和石构建筑。

石头街、安平桥、东西双塔……，历尽沧桑，千年不毁。

林氏家族的治石历史也从这里开始。

“以石为友、专注石艺”的理念让林氏从祖辈起就熟悉每一座矿山、每一种石料，更深谙各种石艺技能。

经过几百年的代代相传、不断发展，从民间治石作坊，到今日的生产贸易一体化企业，3s stone不断将传统发扬光大。

延续传统，3S更融入了创新风格，引进更标准现代化的产品管理和设计理念，让石文化生生不息。

《企业简介篇》20年，像石头一样坚持。

罗马帝国灰飞烟灭，凯旋门依然屹立。

埃及法老早已逝去，金字塔依然不倒。

任岁月沧桑，石头依然是石头。

从石头身上，我们学会了坚持。

3s stone，坚持品质，坚持服务。

3s stone，在做石头生意的20年里，石头的个性已经融入我们的血液里。

石头这个辛苦的行业，并不是所有人都能坚持下去。

在中国，很少有石材公司拥有超过20年的历史，而我们是其中一家。

3sstone，创始于1989年，专业制造、加工、出口各种天然石材产品。

高二练习题制作手绘石头英语作文

高二练习题制作手绘石头英语作文In the English class of the sophomore year, students were given a unique assignment that combined creativity with language skills. The task was to create a handdrawn English essay centered around the theme of "stone." This exercise aimed to foster both linguistic proficiency and artistic expression among the students.The students eagerly embraced the challenge, each approaching the task with their own interpretation of how to incorporate the theme of "stone" into their essays. Some chose to focus on the physical properties of stones, exploring their texture, color, and shape. Others delved into the symbolic significance of stones in various cultures and literary works, highlighting themes of strength, resilience, and permanence.As they worked on their essays, the students also honed their artistic skills, using pencils, markers, and paints to create visually stunning illustrations to accompany their written pieces. The combination of language and art allowed them to express themselves in a multifaceted manner, showcasing their creativity and imagination.Through this assignment, the students not only improved their English writing abilities but also learned the power of visual communication. The handdrawn essays served as a testament totheir hard work and dedication, demonstrating their growth as both language learners and artists.In the end, the "stone" themed English essays became a source of pride for the students, showcasing their talent and dedication to mastering the English language in a creative and engaging way. This unique assignment not only challenged them to think outside the box but also provided a platform for them to showcase their individuality and creativity.。

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