An Overlay Network for Monitoring Activities of Computer Viruses
蓝牙室内定位服务的营销指南说明书
The Marketer’s Guide to Bluetooth® LE Indoor Location ServicesCREATING AMAZING ONSITE MOBILE EXPERIENCES WITH VIRTUAL BEACONSThe Marketer’s Guide to Bluetooth® LEIndoor Location ServicesCREATING AMAZING ONSITE MOBILE EXPERIENCES WITH VIRTUAL BEACONSLocation-based mobile marketing is a boon to every marketer tasked with delivering the right message to the right person at the right time. After all, there’s no better time to reach prospective customers than when they are nearby. And there’s no better way to provide personalized, targeted information than by combining what you already know about them with their current location inside your establishment.Most people are aware of the Global Positioning System (GPS), which is the defacto standard for location-based interaction when outdoors. It uses geofencing technology to trigger activities, such as push notifications, when a mobile device enters or leaves a virtual geographic boundary. However, GPS does not work when it comes to indoor location services. That is why a new technology, Bluetooth® Low Energy (BLE), has emerged to identify and engage with mobile employees, customers, and guests inside hotels, stores, convention centers, hospitals, and other establishments.If you’re reading this guide, chances are you’ve heard about Bluetooth® LE. Perhaps you’ve experimented with battery-powered BLE beacons, but struggled with the complexity of creating a complete solution from the disparate parts of different vendors. Maybe you ran a successful pilot, but when it came time to scale, your IT department said it would be too complicated and costly to manage.If so, you’re not alone. While indoor location using Bluetooth® LE has been around since Apple’s introduction of the iBeacon protocol in 2013, challenges with scalability, interoperability, and manageability have hampered large-scale adoption of this technology to date. Fortunately, this is all changing.New advancements in the wireless infrastructure, such as virtual beacons enabled by machine learning, have made Bluetooth®LE easy to deploy and operate at scale. In addition, the convergence of Wi-Fi and BLE has removed the need for an overlay network, making it more cost effective than ever to roll out indoor location services.We are in a new era of enterprise-grade, personalized, indoor-location services using BLE. Are you ready to take advantage of it? This paper will show you how.What you’ll learn:• Bluetooth® LE basics and common beaconing standards• T op use cases for BLE (e.g. analytics, wayfinding, proximity messaging and more)• Overcoming BLE deployment and management challenges• The Mist solution for BLE engagement• Getting startedTHE ABCS OF BLUETOOTH® LEBluetooth® is the ubiquitous communications technology we all use to connect our wireless headsets, keyboards, and hands-free systems to our smart phones and computers. Operating in the 2.4GHz band (the same as Wi-Fi), Bluetooth was designed for continuous streaming of voice and data over short distances, and comes standard in all modern mobile devices.Bluetooth® Low Energy (BLE) is a subset of the Bluetooth protocol introduced in 2011. Unlike classic Bluetooth’s continuous streaming, BLE was designed for transmitting short bursts of data. Because it stays in sleep mode until a connection is initiated, BLE consumes far less energy thanclassic Bluetooth. This energy efficiency is driving a new class of wireless devices and applications, from smart home sensors and wearables like Fitbits, to indoor-location beacons and proximity marketing.Beacons are devices that use Bluetooth ® LE to transmit short packetsthat are used for providing location-based information, such as proximitynotifications, location, and nearby items of interest. They can be usedfor anything from analyzing customer traffic patterns to providing turn-by-turn directions and delivering offers or other contextual informationbased on physical location. You can even turn your mobile phone into aBLE beacon for use cases such as letting the server in a restaurant knowyou would like another drink. There are two main protocols used for Bluetooth ® LE beaconing: iBeacon, introduced by Apple in 2013, and Eddystone, Google’s cross platform beaconing protocol that was launched in 2015. Both protocols work in a similar fashion by broadcasting a unique identifier that is picked up by a compatible app or operating system on the phone or other mobile devices, to determine its relative position at your location. (A third protocol, Altbeacon, was announced in July 2014 as an open source beacon protocol. It overcomes vendor tie-in, but lacks the widespread adoption of iBeacon and Eddystone.)It is worth pointing out that Bluetooth ® LE beacons are an opt-in solution. Mobile consumers grant permission to use their location information in exchange for content or services they consider valuable. Mobile devices must have Bluetooth ® and location services on, and either a mobile app configured for BLE, or Google Chrome installed (if you’re beacon is configured with Eddystone-URL). BLUETOOTH ®LE BEACON USE CASES ARE LIMITED ONLY BY YOUR IMAGINATION The more you integrate a mobile user’ location data with everything else you know about the user, the more personalized, valuable, and amazing the experience. With Bluetooth ® LE (BLE) now standard in all modern mobile devices (and expected to be in 90% of all devices by 2018), and more people enabling Bluetooth (required to pick up beacon signals) to communicate with their wireless peripherals, BLE beaconing is quickly moving from a nice-to-have to a must-have marketing technology in 2017.-- Boston Retail Partners surveyCompanies of all sizes are using BLE technology to gain tremendous insight into employee, customer, and guest behavior, and to offer helpful, convenient, and incredibly personalized new services. Here are just some of the use cases that are enabled with BLE indoor location services:Analytics – Gather zone-based user analytics, such as the average number of people in your establishment, the number of passersby, or the length of time each person spends at a particular display, area or department. Look at traffic patterns by time of day, day of week, or by season. Integrate with other data such as weather feeds and customer relationship management (CRM) to gain even greater insights.Wayfinding (Indoor Navigation) – A GPS-like navigation experience for indoor environments. Wayfinding typically offers turn-by-turn directions and a map showing the user moving toward his or her destination. Ideal for airports, hotels, casinos, tradeshows, events, malls, or any other large venue.Mobile DeviceBLE Tag Access PointPush Promotions – Consumers receive personalized notifications or offerson their smartphone, based on their proximity to a specific object—a storein a mall, or an aisle, product or brand once inside. Integrate with othercustomer data to deliver ever more personalized and relevant messages:Direct customers to a product they recently researched online, or promotea concert at a baseball game to a fan that follows the band.Proximity Messaging – Not all messages need be promotional. Providinghelpful information or additional content helps increase brand loyalty.Greet customers by name as they walk through the door. Provide specialoffers to premium guests. Offer customized information to museumpatrons or trade show guests as they approach a specific display or booth.Notify shoppers when their in-store purchases are ready for pickup.Personalized Experiences – Beacons coupled with other technology,such as RFID tags and digital signage, take personalization from theuser’s phone to the surrounding physical environment. Customers canbe greeted by name when they reach a specific display. Screens coulddisplay specific products of interest based on past purchases or even bythe products currently in their shopping carts. Even prices on digital tagscould change based on that customer’s loyalty points or stored coupons.Hyperlocal Check-in – Unlike Facebook or Foursquare, highly targeted check-ins enable consumers to tell you exactly where they are in your facility. This feature could be used in conjunction with specific location-based promotions or reward-based games, like a scavenger hunt.Employee Assistance – Find the closest sales associate for product inquiries or rapid checkout. Or enable your customers to direct an employee straight to them with the tap of a finger.Retargeting Ads – T argeting people who visit your website with ads on Facebook, Twitter and other sites that use retargeting is a powerfully cost-effective way to reserve your ad spend on people who have already indicated an interest in your business. Now imagine being able to do the same for people who walk into your store or other physical place of business.Virtual Concierges – Guests in a restaurant, mall, fitness club or other establishment can use their phones to order food and other services, which can be delivered right to their exact location.Asset Tracking – Is another popular use case for Bluetooth® LE beacons. Instead of broadcasting its ID to mobile devices, the beacon “listens” for the unique IDs of BLE tags attached to objects. Because these tags can be equipped with sensors—for things such as light, sound, movement and temperature—the applications are many, from tracking of wheelchairs and infusion pumps in a hospital, to monitoring the movement, speed and vibration of an airport baggage conveyor.Creative marketers in every industry are already dreaming up ways to leverage asset tracking to generate more revenue streams and increase productivity.BLE Engagement WayfindingProximity Messaging Real-time Location AnalyticsTRADITIONAL BLUETOOTH® LE DEPLOYMENT AND MANAGEMENT CHALLENGESWhile the use cases for Bluetooth® LE are compelling, historically it has been a challenge to deploy and operate large BLE networks in a cost-effective way. That is because the beaconing technology to date has required battery powered devices (i.e. transmitters), which create the following challenges:•Comprehensive site surveys are required to arrange and calibrate beacons for optimum performance and accuracy in a given environment.Want to move or add more beacons? Another site survey and recalibration is required. Because RF signals can be impacted by physical changes in the environment—such as new product displays, moved furniture, or even large influxes of people—the system will be plagued by poor performance until the beacons can be recalibrated. What retail store or event venue doesn’t change on a regular basis? Who has an IT staff capable of dealing with dynamic daily changes, like large groups of people, on demand?•High deployment costs. Many of the use cases above require alocation system with granular micro-location to deliver one to threemeter accuracy. This would requires thousands of beacons in a singlelocation, which creates substantial cost barriers.•Battery maintenance is problematic- While battery life has improved, alarge enterprise may deploy tens of thousands of beacons, distributedacross the globe. Locating and replacing dead batteries can be aweekly occurrence. The more you beacon to get accurate and timelylocation information, the faster you’ll be replacing batteries.I’m a battery-powered Beacon •Lack of enterprise-grade management means costly truck rollsand time-consuming manual processes. Physical beacons lack IPaddresses. As such, they can’t be identified by the network and bemanaged remotely by IT.•Aesthetics. Battery powered beacons are glued to the wall, often 25 feet apart. This can adversely impact the appearance of a location, which is often a nonstarter in hotels, museums, and other locations where aesthetics is important.•Risk of theft. Battery powered beacons can be stolen or knocked off the wall, creating additional management headaches.All told, a large enterprise can expect to pay approximately $300 per beacon in maintenance costs. Even if your use cases warranted the high cost, there is still the issue of inconsistent user experiences to consider. Differences in mobile device types (chipsets, OS, antenna, etc.), and dynamic changes to the RF environment—like that large influx of people-- can dramatically affect accuracy and user experience. Manual site surveys and RF calibrations simply cannot keep up.MIST VIRTUALIZES INDOOR LOCATIONFor indoor location services to truly take off, companies require BLE deployments that integrate with their existing networks, scale to handle millions of mobile devices, and automatically recalibrate for different device types and dynamic changes to the environment in real time.Fortunately, new solutions like the Mist Learning WLAN integrate BLE with Wi-Fi in a single A.I.-driven platform that is operated via the cloud.Unlike other WLANs that just integrate a single BLE beacon in anAccess Point and/or make it possible to monitor battery beacons viaa centralized management tool, Mist completely virtualizes the indoorlocation experience for maximum scale, performance, ease of use,and cost effectiveness. Here are the unique components of the Mistsolution:Access Points with directional BLE antenna array. The first step in a Bluetooth ® LE location service is to blanket the room with BLE signals. Rather than use physical beacons, Mist achieves this with a patented 16 element directional antenna array in Mist Access Points, which sends unique RF energy in multiple different directions. With BLE signals emanating from the AP, Mist eliminates the need for battery powered BLE beacons and lets mobile devices interact with an entire room instead of a single transmitter.Machine learning in the cloud. An iPhone 6s operate s very differentlythan an iPhone 5s or Samsung Galaxy on a wireless network. But knowingthat doesn’t make it any easier to recalibrate for every situation. T oaddress this, the Mist platform uses artificial intelligence to account fordifferences in devices, as well as constant changes to the RF environment—such as moving a chair, or adding a partition. It continuously takeslocation estimates from every-day use, examines them, detects the RFcharacteristics based on the actual input, and adapts the location formulato maximize accuracy.Machine learning operates across different end user device types,constructing specifically tailored path loss formulas. This is naturallynecessary as different devices have different RF characteristics. Bycontinuously and automatically adapting to different devices and changingRF environments, new Mist WLAN systems obviate the need for manualcalibration in BLE environments.Virtual Beacons. As mentioned above, Mist eliminates the need forbattery powered beacons by moving the Bluetooth ® LE beaconingfunctionality into the AP and using machine learning in the cloud. T oenable location-specific messages, Mist patented a new concept knownas virtual beacons. Virtual beacons use geofencing technology to allowspecific messages to be displayed anywhere on a floor plan (like GPS usesoutdoors). The message, range and location is completely configurableusing software – i.e. the Mist UI or APIs. With Mist, an unlimited numberof virtual beacons can be deployed in any physical environment, providingunsurpassed scalability and ease of use.The above technologies enable Mist to deliver 1-3m location accuracy with sub-second latency, making it ideal for all the use cases mentioned above. By integrating this functionality into an enterprise-grade WLAN platform, you save time and money on deployment and operations while ensuring maximum scalability and reliability.Machine Learning in the Cloud Patented Virtual BeaconsHOW TO START YOUR OWN INDOOR LOCATION JOURNEYNow that you understand the basics of Bluetooth ® LE and how to deploy a scalable solution, here is what you need to get started with indoor location services:A Bluetooth ® LE-enabled mobile appA mobile app with a compelling user experience is essential for a successful proof of concept. Y ou can start with a simple navigation or wayfinding app, or any number of readily available third-party apps designed specifically for your industry. If you have your own branded app, your beacon platform provider can supply your developers with the software developerkit (SDK) they’ll need to BLE-enable your app. You can also find expertBLE app development partners to help you customize your app or build one from the ground up.Indoor MapA digital map of your facility or campus is required for navigation andproximity marketing. Your POC use case will help you determine howextensive your initial indoor map needs to be. But you should alsoconsider what will be required and who will maintain your maps longterm. Indoor mapping and navigation vendors catering to a variety ofindustries can be found in the Mist BLE Alliance.Bluetooth ® LE beacon infrastructure and analyticsBeacons and accompanying software services are required for blue dotlocation and analytics. A few battery beacons are all you need to testpilot your application. However, we recommend you engage early withyour IT department, and an enterprise-grade BLE/Wi-Fi provider toensure your solution can scale.Management platformMost battery beacons are managed with a mobile app. When moving from POC to full-scale deployment, you may want to consider an enterprise-grade management system with machine learning and virtual beacon capabilities to avoid expensive overlay network management and unsatisfactory user experiences.YOUR CEO WILL THANK YOUThe wireless world is at a tipping point where every smartphone, tablet and laptop has BLE, making these devices ready for new indoor location-based services.Thanks to new modern wireless platforms with enterprise-grade BLE access points, machine learning in the cloud, and virtual beacon technology, the infrastructure is now ready to support the demand.The use cases for BLE are endless. Are you ready to take advantage of the enormous opportunity? Mist can help you with all the elements needed to deliver a great BLE user experience. Email *************and we will get you started.Mist Case Study。
VMware网络操作手册说明书
DatasheetAccelerate application security and networking across private, public and hybrid cloudsToday’s tools for monitoring the dataflow for optimum east-west traffic can be challenging and time-consuming because they involve manual processes. Niche and legacy network management tools do not provide converged visibility across virtual and physical networks to optimize performance. Customers need a simple, easy-to-use, end-to-end management tool to troubleshoot and get best practices compliance for VMware NSX ®, VMware SD-WAN ™, and VMware Cloud ™ deployments.VMware Aria Operations ™ for Networks (formerly VMware vRealize ® Network Insight ™) integrates with many vendors and can help provide end-to-end visibility with both physical and virtual infrastructure with a comprehensive flow assessment. This provides visibility for modeling security and firewall rules, and viewing that network segmentation is working by monitoring compliance postures over time. In addition, VMware Aria Operations for Networks can help you improve performance and availability with converged visibility across physical and virtual networks. You can also simplify NSX operations management with an intuitive UI and natural language search to quickly pinpoint issues and troubleshoot, as well as get best practices deployment and compliance recommendations.VMware Aria Operations for Networks Assurance and Verification enables formal verification by using a unified mathematical model of how the network functions. This improves network performance with more proactive monitoring capabilities in comparison to typical reactive network monitoring. Business intent checks enable better network planning and troubleshooting, which result in the assurance of better uptime and network resiliency.VMware Aria Operations for Networks Universal is available as an on-premises deployment or as a federated cloud software-as-a-service (SaaS) offering.At a glanceVMware Aria Operations for Networks delivers intelligent operations for software-defined networking and security. VMware Aria Operations for Networks consists of both SaaS and on-premises solutions. These offerings help customers build an optimized, highly available and secure network infrastructure across multi-cloud environments. They accelerate application discovery, migration, network segmentation planning and deployment; enable visibility across virtual and physical networks; and provide operational views to manage and scale VMware NSX, VMware Cloud on AWS, VMware SD-WAN, VMware NSX Advanced Load Balancer ™, VMware HCX®, and many other deployments.VMware Aria Operations for NetworksOn-premises, SaaS, and federated SaaS offeringsFigure 1: VMware Aria Operations for Networks provides security planning and network visibility across the virtual cloud network.Use casesNetworking• Gain unified visibility across hybrid and multi-cloud environments• Gain visibility for NSX, VMware SD-WAN, VMware HCX, Kubernetes, VMware Cloud on AWS, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Azure VMware Solution, Google Cloud VMware Engine, Oracle Cloud VMware Solution, and VMware Cloud on Dell• Gain visibility between overlay and underlay networks • Enable end-to-end troubleshooting, traffic and path analytics • Enable network assurance and verification• Utilize guided network troubleshooting for intuitive root-cause analysisApplications• Enable application discovery and plan application migrations • Measure application latency and performance• Reduce mean time to repair (MTTR) for application connectivity issues • Optimize application performance by eliminating network bottlenecks • Analyze traffic and apps across hybrid cloud and multi-cloudSecurity• Plan app security and cloud migration• Plan security; recommend firewall policies and network segmentation apps • Troubleshoot security for hybrid applications and designated crown jewels across virtual machines (VMs), containers and clouds • Map dependencies to reduce risk during app migrationKey benefits• Accelerate network segmentationplanning and deployment with VMware Aria Operations for Networks working together with NSX Intelligence ™• Audit changes to the security posture and ensure compliance• Troubleshoot quickly across virtual and physical network and security infrastructure• Manage and scale NSX deployments with confidence• Manage network and security across private clouds, public clouds and SD-WAN consistently• Reduce business risk by mapping application dependencies during application migration planning • Accelerate performance of your business-critical applications by optimizing your network and eliminating bottlenecks• Operationalize Kubernetes and troubleshoot connectivity issues between containerized workloadsVMware Aria Operations for Networks for VMware SD-WAN• End-to-end visibility of VMware SD-WAN connectivity to the cloud and the data center• Flow and traffic analysis of applications and business services used by edge sites• Site-/branch-level visibility and troubleshooting of connectivity to apps and the data center• Licensing for the VMware Aria Operations for Networks add-on for VMware SD-WAN is based on edges, VMware SD-WAN bandwidth, and term length • When used to monitor the data center, VMware Aria Operations for Networks for VMware SD-WAN requires either VMware Aria Operations for Networks Universal, the SaaS version of VMware Aria Operations for Networks, or VMware Aria Operations for Networks EnterpriseVMware Aria Operations for Networks Assurance and VerificationFor each license purchased, the software will allow monitoring of one network device. The term network device refers to routers, switches, firewalls and load balancers that are not processor or CPU based.Support and professional servicesVMware offers global support and subscription (SnS) services to all VMware Aria Operations for Networks customers. For customers requiring additional services, VMware also offers professional services engagements on bestpractices and getting started with your deployment, both directly and through an extensive network of certified professionals: /services .Learn moreFor more feature packaging details, refer to the VMware Aria Operations for Networks documentation .VMware Aria Operations for Networks on-premises term licenses are also available in one- and three-yearsubscription terms with VMware NSX. Read the VMware Product Guide for more information.Licensing for Remote Office Branch Office is available by VMs instead of CPU. Native public cloud licensing is available with vCPU.VMware Aria Operations for Networks Universal is available in one-, three-, and five-year subscriptions. For more information, read the VMware Cloud Services Guide .The solution is available in VMware Aria Universal Suite ™ (formerly vRealize Cloud Universal ™) Enterprise Plus as one-, three-, and five-year subscriptions. Visibility for VDI is available by CCU.For information or to purchase VMware products, call 877-4-VMWARE (outside North America, +1-650-427-5000), visit /products or search online for an authorized reseller in your area at .For detailed product specifications and system requirements, refer to the VMware Aria Operations for Networks documentation .。
Review_for_Chapter_2,川大计网部分习题答案第二章
Chapter 2 Review QeustionsR1,R3,R4,R5,R10,R11,R13,R15,R16,R20,R21,R22,R27,R28R1. List five nonproprietary Internet applications and the application-layer protocols that they use.Answer:The Web: HTTP; file transfer: FTP; remote login: Telnet; Network News: NNTP;e-mail: SMTP.R3. What is the difference between network architecture and application architecture?Answer:Network architecture refers to the organization of the communication process into layers (e.g., the five-layer Internet architecture). Application architecture, on the other hand, is designed by an application developer and dictates the broad structure of the application (e.g., client-server or P2P)•R4What information is used by a process running on one host to identify a process running on another host?Answer:The IP address of the destination host and the port number of the destination socket.•R5For a P2P file-sharing application, do you agree with the statement, “There is no notion of client and server sides of a communication session”? Why or why not?Answer:No. As stated in the text, all communication sessions have a client side and a server side. In a P2P file-sharing application, the peer that is receiving a file is typically the client and the peer that is sending the file is typically the server.•R10Recall that TCP can be enhanced with SSL to provide process-to-process security services, including encryption. Does SSL operate at the transport layer or the application layer? If the application developer wants TCP to be enhanced with SSL, what does the developer have to do ?Answer:SSL operates at the application layer. The SSL socket takes unencrypted data from the application layer, encrypts it and then passes it to the TCP socket. If the application developer wants TCP to be enhanced with SSL, she has to include the SSL code in the application.•R11What is meant by a handshaking protocol?Answer:A protocol uses handshaking if the two communicating entities first exchange control packets before sending data to each other. SMTP uses handshaking at the application layer whereas HTTP does not.•R13Telnet into a Web server and send a multiline request message. Include in the request message the If-modified-since: header line to force a response message with the 304 Not Modified status code.Answer:Issued the following command (in Windows command prompt) followed by the HTTP GET message to the “”web server:> telnet 80Since the index.html page in this web server was not modified since Fri, 18 May 2007 09:23:34 GMT, the following output was displayed when the above commands were issued on Sat, 19 May 2007. Note that the first 4 lines are the GET message and header lines input by the user and the next 4 lines (starting from HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified) is the response from the web server.•R15Suppose Alice, with a Web-based e-mail account (such as Hotmail or gmail), sends a message to Bob, who accesses his mail from his mail server using POP3. Discuss how the message gets from Alice’s host to Bob’s host. Be sure to list the series of application-layer protocols that are used to move the message between the two hosts.Answer:Message is sent from Alice’s host to her mail server over HTTP. Alice’s mail server then sends the message to Bob’s mail server over SMTP. Bob then transfers the message from his mail server to his host over POP3.•R16Print out the header of an e-mail message you have recently received. How many Received: header lines are there? Analyze each of the header lines in the message.Answer: skipped•R20Consider a new peer Alice who joins BitTorrent without possessing any chunks. Without any chunks, she cannot become a top-four uploader for any of the other peers, since she has nothing to upload. How then will Alice get her first chunk?Answer:Alice will get her first chunk as a result of she being selected by one of her neighbors as a result of an “optimistic unchoke,”for sending out chunks to her.•R21In BitTorrent, suppose Alice provides chunks to Bob throughout a 30-second interval. Will Bob necessarily return the favor and provide chunks to Alice in this same interval? Why or why not?Answer:It is not necessary that Bob will also provide chunks to Alice. Alice has to be in the top 4 neighbors of Bob for Bob to send out chunks to her; this might not occur even if Alice is provides chunks to Bob throughout a 30-second interval.•R22What is an overlay network? Does it include routers? What are the edges in the overlay network? How is the query-flooding overlay network created and maintained?Answer:The overlay network in a P2P file sharing systemconsists of the nodes participating in the file sharingsystem and the logical links between the nodes. There is a logical link (an “edge”in graph theory terms) from node A to node B if there is a semi-permanent TCPconnection between A and B. An overlay network does not include routers. With Gnutella, when a node wants to join the Gnutella network, it first discovers the IPaddress of one or more nodes already in the network. It then sends join messages to these nodes. When the node receives confirmations, it becomes a member of the of Gnutella network. Nodes maintain their logical links with periodic refresh messages.•R27For the client-server application over TCP described in section 2.7, why must the server program be executed before the client program? For the client-server application over UDP described in Section 2.8, why may the client program be executed before the server program?Answer:For the TCP application, as soon as the client is executed, it attempts to initiate a TCP connection with the server. If the TCP server is not running, then the client will fail to make a connection. For the UDP application, the client does not initiate connections (or attempt to communicate with the UDP server) immediately upon execution•R28The UDP server described in Section 2.8 needed only one socket, where the TCP server described in Section 2.7 needed two sockets. Why? If the TCP server were to support n simultaneous connections, each from a different client host, how many sockets would the TCP server need?Answer:With the UDP server, there is no welcoming socket, and all data from different clients enters the server through this one socket. With the TCP server, there is awelcoming socket, and each time a client initiates aconnection to the server, a new socket is created. Thus, to support n simultaneous connections, the serverwould need n+1 sockets.ProblemsP1,P4,P5,P7,P8,P16,P24,P25•P1True or false?a. A user requests a Web page that consists of some textand three images. For this page, the client will sendone request message and receive four responsemessages.b.Two distinct Web pages (for example,/research.html and/student.html)can be sent over the same persistent connection.c.With nonpersistent connection between browser andorigin server, it is possible for a single TCP segment to carry two distinct HTTP request messages.d.The Date: header in the HTTP response messageindicates when the object in the response was lastmodified.Answer:a) Fb) Tc) Fd) F•P4Obtain the HTTP/1.1 specification (RFC2616). Answer the following questions: a.Explain the mechanism used forsignaling between the client and serverto indicate that a persistent connection is being closed. Can the client, theserver ,or both signal the close of aconnection?b.What encryption services are providedby HTTP?Answer:a) Persistent connections are discussed in section 8 ofRFC 2616 (the real goal of this question was to getyou to retrieve and read an RFC). Sections 8.1.2 and8.1.2.1 of the RFC indicate that either the client or theserver can indicate to the other that it is going to close the persistent connection. It does so by including theincluding the connection-token "close" in theConnection-header field of the http request/reply.b) HTTP does not provide any encryption services.•P5Read RFC 959 for FTP. List all of theclient commands that are supported by the RFC.Answer:Access control commands:USER, PASS, ACT, CWD, CDUP, SMNT, REIN, QUIT.Transfer parameter commands:PORT, PASV, TYPE STRU, MODE.Service commands:RETR, STOR, STOU, APPE, ALLO, REST, RNFR, RNTO, ABOR, DELE,RMD, MRD, PWD, LIST, NLST, SITE, SYST, STAT, HELP, NOOP.•P7Suppose within your Web browser you click on a link to obtain a Web page. The IP address for the associated URL is not cached in your local host, so a DNS lookup is necessary to obtain the IP address. Suppose that nDNS servers are visited before your host receives theIP address from DNS; the successive visits incur andRTTof RTT1,…RTTn. Further suppose that the Webpage associated with the link contains exactly one object, consisting of a small amount of HTML text. LetRTT0denote the RTT between the local host and theserver containing the object. Assuming zero transmission time of the object, how much time elapses from when the client clicks on the link until the client receives the object?Answer:The total amount of time to get the IPaddress iselapses to set up the Once the IP address is known, RTTTCP connection and another RTTelapses to requestand receive the small object. The total response time is•P8Referring to Problem P7,suppose theHTML file references three very smallobjects on the same server. Neglecting transmission times, how much timeelapses witha.Non-persistent HTTP with no parallelTCP connections?b.Non-persistent HTTP with parallelconnections?c.Persistent HTTP?Answer: a)b)c)•P16Consider distributing a file of F=5 Gbits to N peers. The server has an upload rateof us =20Mbps, and each peer has adownload rate of di =1Mbps and anupload rate of u. For N=10,100, and1,000 and u=100Kbps, 250Kbps,and 500Kbps,prepare a chart giving the minimum distribution time for each of the combinations of N and u for both client-server distribution and P2P distribution.Answer:For calculating the minimum distribution time for client-server distribution, we use the following formula:Similarly, for calculating the minimum distribution time for P2P distribution, we use the following formula:•P24Suppose that in UDPClient.java we replace the LineDatagramSocket clientSocket= new DatagramSocket();withDatagramSocket clientSocket= new DatagramSocket(5432);Will it become necessary to changeUDPServer.java? What are the port numbers for the sockets in UDPClient and UDPServer?What were they before making this change?Answer:•P25Install and compile the Java ProgramsTCPClient and UDPCLient on one hostand TCPServer and UDPServer onanother host.a.Suppose you run TCPClient before yourun TCPServer. What happens? Why?b.Suppose you run UDPCLient before yourun UDPServer. What happens? Why?c.What happens if you use different portnumbers for the client and server sides?Answer:a)If you run TCPClient first, then the client will attempt to make a TCP connection with a non-existent server process.A TCP connection will not be made.b) UDPClient doesn't establish a TCP connection with the server. Thus, everythingshould work fine if you first run UDPClient, then run UDPServer, and then type some input into the keyboard.c) If you use different port numbers, then the client will attempt to establish a TCP connection with the wrong process or a non-existent process. Errors will occur.。
Mellanox vSAN 网络解决方案说明说明书
vSAN ™Networking Done RightIncrease vSAN Efficiency with Mellanox Ethernet InterconnectsHigher EfficiencyEfficient Hardware OffloadsA variety of new workloads and technologies are increasing the load on CPU utilization. Overlay networks protocols, OVS processing, access tostorage and others are placing a strain on VMware environments. High performance workloads require intensive processing which can waste CPU cycles, and choke networks. The end result is that application efficiency is limited and virtual environments as a whole becomes inefficient. Because of thesechallenges, data center administrators now look to alleviate CPU loads by implementing, intelligent, network components that can ease CPU strain, increase networkbandwidth and enable scale and efficiency in virtual environments.Mellanox interconnects can reduce the burden byoffloading many networking tasks, thereby freeing CPU resources to serve more VMs and process more data. Side-by-side comparison shows over a 70% reduction in CPU resources and a 40% improvement in bandwidth.Without OffloadsWith Mellanox OffloadsvSphere 6.5, introduced Remote Direct MemoryAccess over Converged Ethernet (RoCE). RoCE allows direct memory access from one computer to another without involving the operating system or CPU. The transfer of data is offloaded to a RoCE-capable adapter, freeing the CPU from the data transferprocess and reducing latencies. For virtual machines a PVRDMA (para-virtualized RDMA) network adapter is used to communicate with other virtual machines. Mellanox adapters are certified for both in vSphere.RoCE dramatically accelerates communication between two network endpoints but also requires a switch that is configured for lossless traffic. RoCE v1 operates over lossless layer 2 and RoCE v2 supports layer 2 and layer 3. To ensure a lossless environment, you must be able to control the traffic flows. Mellanox Spectrum switches support Priority Flow Control (PFC) and Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) whichenables a global pause across the network to support RDMA. Once RoCE is setup on vSphere close-to-local, predictable latency can be gained from networked storage along with line-rate throughput and linear scalability. This helps to accommodate dynamic, agile data movement between nodes.RoCE CertifiedReduce CPU OverheadWith RDMAWithout RDMA VMware Virtual SANVMware's Virtual SAN (vSAN) brings performance, low cost and scalability to virtual cloud deployments. An issue that cloud deployment model raises is the problem of adequate storage performance to virtualinstances. Spinning disks and limited bandwidth networks lower IO rates over local drives. VMware’s solution to this is vSAN which adds a temporary local storage “instance” in the form of a solid -state drive to each server. vSAN extends the concept of local instance storage to a shareable storage unit in each server, where additionally, the data can be accessed by other servers over a LAN. vSAN brings. The benefits of VSAN include:•Increased performance due to local server access to Flash storage•Lower infrastructure cost by removing the need for networked storage appliances •Highly scalable --simply add more servers to increase storage •Eliminate boot storms since data is stored locally•Unified management --no storage silo versus server silo separation problemsMellanox 10/25G Ethernet interconnect solutions enable unmatched competitive advantages in VMwareenvironments by increase efficiency of overall server utilization and eliminating I/O bottleneck to enable more virtual machines per server, faster migrations and speed access to storage. Explore this reference guide to learn more about how Mellanox key technologies can help improve efficiencies in your vSAN environment.Scalable from a half rack to multiple racksHalf Rack 12 nodesFull Rack 24 nodesPay As You Grow Switching10 Racks up to 240 nodesDeployment Config134411GbE link: 1GbE Transceiver125/10GbE link: QSFP to SFP+324100GbE link: QSFP to QSFP 100/40GbE link: QSFP to QSFP Provisioning & Orchestration▪Zero-touch provisioning ▪VLAN auto-provisioning▪Migrate VMs without manual configuration▪VXLAN/DCI support for VM migration across multiple datacenters for DRMonitoring▪Performance monitoring ▪Health monitoring ▪Detailed telemetry▪Alerts and notificationsAutomated Network▪½ 19” width, 1U height ▪18x10/25GbE + 4x40/100GbE ▪57W typical (ATIS)2Mellanox InterconnectsiSERStorage virtualization requires an agile and responsive network. iSER accelerates workloads by using an iSCSI extensions for RDMA. Using the iSER extension lowers latencies and CPU utilization to help keep pace with I/O requirements and provides a 70% improvement in throughput and 70% reduction in latencies through Mellanox Ethernet interconnects.Deliver 3X EfficiencyHyper-ConvergedReduce CapEx ExpenseHyper-Converged Infrastructure (HCI) is a demanding environment for networking interconnects. HCI consists of three software components: compute virtualization, storage virtualization and management, in which all three require an agile andresponsive network. Deploying on 10, or better, 25G network pipes assists as does network adapters and switches with offload capabilities to optimizeperformance and availability of synchronization and replication of virtualized workloads.CapEx Analysis: 10G vs. 25GMellanox adapters and switches accelerate VM resources toimprove performance, enhance efficiency and provide high-availability and are a must-have feature for any VMware environment. Ethernet AdaptersMellanox Connect-X adapters:▪Enable near-native performance for VMs thru Stateless offloads ▪Extend hardware resources to 64 PF, 512 VF w/ SR-IOV & ROCE ▪Accelerate virtualized networks with VXLAN, GENEVE & NVGRE ▪Align network services withcompute services for multitenant network supportIncreasing vSAN EfficiencyIncrease vSAN Efficiency with Mellanox Ethernet Interconnects。
CiteSpace中文手册
FURUNO deepsea
All brand and product names are registered trademarks, trademarksor service marks of their respective holders.SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE1312 PDF Printed in JapanCatalogue No. GC-020tFURUNO ELECTRIC CO., LTD.Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan FURUNO U.S.A., INC.Camas, Washington, FURUNO NORGE A/S Ålesund, Norway www.furuno.no FURUNO (UK ) LIMITEDHavant, Hampshire, FURUNO DANMARK A/S Hvidovre, Denmark www.furuno.dkFURUNO SVERIGE ABVästra Frölunda, Sweden www.furuno.seFURUNO FRANCE S.A.S.Bordeaux-Mérignac, France www.furuno.fr FURUNO ITALIA S.r.l.Genoa, ItalyFURUNO ESPAÑA S.A.Madrid, Spain www.furuno.es FURUNO FINLAND OY Espoo, Finland www.furuno.FURUNO POLSKA Sp. Z o.o.Gdynia, Poland www.furuno.plFURUNO EURUS LLCSt. Petersburg, Russian Federation .ruFURUNO DEUTSCHLAND GmbHRellingen, Germany www.furuno.de FURUNO HELLAS S.A.Glyfada, Greece www.furuno.grFURUNO (CYPRUS) LTDLimassol, Cyprus .cy FURUNO KOREA CO., LTD.Busan, KoreaFURUNO SHANGHAI CO., LTD.Shanghai, China /cn RICO (PTE ) LTDSingapore.sgPlease visit and get more ideas about FURUNO!FURUNO, a world's leading manufacturer of Marine Electronics,offers a comprehensive range of Navigation and Communications equipmentFor safe and efficient navigation, FURUNO provides a wide range of innovative radio-communications and radio-navigation equipment complying with IMO, ITU, IEC, ISO and other relevant standards. Our equipment and systems are designed with state-of-the-art technologies, software expertise and sensor engineering.FURUNO radar can be connected to an Ethernet network for a variety of user requirements. Each of X- and S-band radar can be interswitched without using extra equipment.Displays official Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) S-57 Edition, ARCS charts and C-MAP CM 93 Edition 3. The ECDIS can overlay a radar image, ARPA and AIS data with the chart, when conducting, route planning and route monitoring.Featuring total integration of ARPA Radar and ENC Display System, FURUNO Chart Radar series display the radar images together with ENC at the same time.Model: FMD-3300Model: FCR-28x9Model: FEA-2807Model: FCR-28x7Models: FAR-21x7(19" LCD )/FAR-28x7(23" LCD )Models: FMD-3200(19" LCD )/FMD-3300(23" LCD )Models: FCR-21x9(19" LCD )/FCR-28x9(23" LCD )Models: FEA-2107(19" LCD )/FEA-2807(23" LCD )Models: FCR-21x7(19" LCD )/FCR-28x7(23" LCD )RadarIntegrated Navigation SystemElectronic Chart Display and Information SystemChart RadarModel: FAR-21x7Model: FAR-28x7FURUNO VOYAGER is an Integrated Navigation System comprising ECDIS, Radar, conning display, steering system, radio-navigation equipment, VHF radios, chart table, etc., and offers Track Control System. The bridge console complies with the requirements set by various classification societies and matches with a bridge layout of modern merchant vessels.Delivers full coverage of Inmarsat-C services: EGC reception, Inmarsat E-mail, distress message handling,LCR IP RoutingVPNIP PBXTraffic ControlTraffic Control Onboard LAN NetworkIP phone Pre-paid call Surveillance camera Monitoring systemw w w.sa f e c o m n e t.c o mFirewall IP Routing VPN IP PBXLCR (Least Cost Routing)FirewallLCR is the process of selecting the path of communications traffic based on cost, allowing for automatic selection of the most cost-efficient communication line available. It is possible to set VSAT, which is charged by monthly fixed flat rate, as the default communication means, and switch over to “pay-as-you-go” FleetBroadband whenever the VSAT line is out. This way, total cost for communicatoin can be reduced.IP routing is a set of protocols to facilitate IP connection between onboard network and the public Internet.VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a secure way of connecting to onshore office network from a remote location, using the Internet. Since encryption is applied to the communication, the network data packets can be transported privately, preventingunauthorized users from reading the private network packets. This way, the same network environment as onshore offices can be constructed onboard vessels. Compared with using exclusive circuit services to construct secure network between vessels and onshore offices, VPN has the advantage of reducing communication cost.IP PBX is a PBX for IP telephones utilizing IP network, unlikePABX commonly used for analog telephone network. The system is designed to interoperate with the conventional PABX, onboard public addressor system as well as VoIP of Inmarsat and VSAT.Traffic control is the control of computer network traffic tooptimize performance of communication. This can be achieved by setting order of priority for data to be handled (Quality of Service: QoS), and restricting the volume of communication at a time, applications to be used as well as access to certain contents.A firewall is designed to permit or deny network transmissions to protect networks against unauthorized access by malware from the public Internet, i.e., computer viruses and keyloggers, while permitting legitimate communications to pass.InquiryReceipt。
富士通 FLASHWAVE
F L A S H W A V E®4500 Mul tiservice Provisioning Pla tforMToday’s optical transport networks are increasingly defined by the unpredictable convergence of voice, data and video technologies. They are shaped by accelerating service demands and shifting business models that aim to reduce overall operational expenditures. To succeed, national, local and multiservice providers need extremely flexible and scalable infrastructure equipment that will adapt to emerging bandwidth fluctuations.Transition to Packet ServicesThe Fujitsu FLASHWAVE ® 4500 Multiservice Provisioning Platform (MSPP) provides a unified platform for both packet and SONET-derived services. The FLASHWAVE 4500 MSPP solves majorbusiness and network problems by reducing transport costs and power requirements, conserving valuable space and simplifying network management. The system allows convergence of data, synchronous and asynchronous networks, increasing revenue without the expense of overlay networks.Converged Ethernet ServicesThe MEF-certified FLASHWAVE 4500 platform supports a wide range of Ethernet interfaces and features. Utilized as a hybrid TDM/packet device, the inherent bandwidth granularity within a single system can realize further savings.A Quantum Leap in Efficiency and ScalabilityThe FLASHWAVE 4500 MSPP provides a quantum leap in network efficiency. It delivers a flexible, multiservice optical transport solution for a comprehensive range of applications. This highlyscalable system easily expands to become a Multiservice Switching Platform (MSSP), supporting ultra high-capacity grooming applications. Such scalable expansion previously required an expensive Digital Cross-connect System (DCS).Optical Flexibility and DensityThe FLASHWAVE 4500 system offers an extremely cost- and space-effective solution for traditional SONET Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) applications. Its architecture supports advanced functionality, such as high-density Ethernet transport, data aggregation, versatile multirate optical interfaces and optional integrated DS1/DS3 grooming.The FLASHWAVE 4500 platform enables you to:Migrate ▶ TDM to packet with efficient Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) streams within the SONET layer.Unify ▶ service delivery and applications with a single, flexible multirate card (OC-3 to OC-48).Trusted to Deliver with Proven ReliabilityFujitsu has deployed more than 400,000 Network Elements (NEs) throughout every sector of thecommunications market in North America. Our platforms have also been proven via rigorous independent assessment. One example is testing of the FLASHWAVE 4500 system by the U.S. Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)-sanctioned Joint Interoperability Test Command (JITC) for use in the DISA Defense Information System Network (DISN).Migra tion to etHernetFuture-Proof Strategy, ScalabilityThe FLASHWAVE 4500 system’s switch fabric units match system capacity to that of the network, helping tocontrol capital outlay. The platform enables an elegant scalable solution, allowing grooming capacity to be added as needed. This architecture scales from MSPP (70 Gbps) to MSSP (300 Gpbs) single-rack configurations, protecting initial capital investments. The system integrates multiple service, transport and grooming elements into a single NE. A centralized non-blocking STS-1 switching architecture, combined with an optional 20 Gbps VT1.5 switching fabric, provides flexible grooming within the STS-1 to ensure maximum use of available bandwidth.Ethernet Flexibility, AggregationThe FLASHWAVE 4500 system enables flexible management and cost-effective transport of Ethernet services.Packet transport efficiency is optimized by utilizing features such as VCAT, LCAS, & RPR. The platform’s Trunking Port (TPORT) function can efficiently aggregate multiple VLAN and EoS WAN services onto a single GbE LAN facility. This capability is ideal for applications that require Ethernet aggregation, such as wireless backhaul.TPORT functionality also reduces routers/switch ports, external cabling and FLASHWAVE 4500 system interface ports. Optional redundant GbE hand-offs provide facility and module protection for mission-critical applications. Key Technical AdvantagesThe FLASHWAVE 4500 platform supports a wide range of services, while improving the bottom line:Integrated▶MSPP and high-density MSSP on a single platformModular▶ and flexible multirate service interface to conserve shelf real estateTunable▶optics for reduced sparing inventoriesN ext-Generation▶data, video and voice services, plus operational continuity with existing networksD iverse▶ MEF-9 and MEF-14 certified E-Line and E-LAN services over a reliable SONET platformKey Network BenefitsThe FLASHWAVE 4500 platform delivers a full range of services and architectures utilizing SONET andEthernet technologies:Full Line-Rate▶ Gigabit Ethernet provisioning over all SONET/DWDM backbonesAdvanced▶ service aggregation and grooming (DS1, DS3, STS-1, optical and Ethernet)Simplified▶ network management and visibility (performance monitoring data)Converged▶ data, synchronous and asynchronous networks without expensive overlay networks oPtiMiZeD for efficiencYTHE WINNING COMBINATION KEY NETWORK BENEFITS OVERLAY NETWORKSMODULAR/FLEXIBLEMULTIRATE SERVICEINTEGRATEDMSPP/MSSPINVENTORYREDUCTIONSIMPLIFIED NETWORK MANAGEMENTcritical netWorK aPPlicaWireless BackhaulFor wireless-carrier backhaul services, the FLASHWAVE 4500 is the transport platform of choice, deliveringEthernet aggregation and TDM grooming. The platform enables a smooth migration in supporting anincreasing amount of data over the wireless infrastructure at optimized cost.Core and Dedicated RingsOptical flexibility and density, dependability and cost efficiency make the FLASHWAVE 4500 platform ideal for incumbent national carriers deploying core, dedicated ring and path-protected mesh topologies. Multiservice TransportWith a single multirate card, the FLASHWAVE 4500 platform provides the ultimate in optical flexibility, easysparing and low maintenance costs.Transition to BroadbandThe FLASHWAVE 4500 system is the ideal migration platform to assure a smooth transition to a more packet-centric network. The platform simultaneously maintains important revenue-bearing OC-n/TDM services.DCS and Optical HubbingThe FLASHWAVE 4500 system supports optical hubbing of OC-3/12/48/192 rings. This enables traffic aggregation and grooming across multiple networks when utilized with the inherent DCS functionality.Scalable, Dependable, Cost-EffectiveFujitsu offers a broad selection of professional services to assist at every stage in a network’s evolution and operation. From planning through deployment and ongoing maintenance to future enhancements, Fujitsu Network Life Cycle Services are available whenever needed. Our comprehensive range of services includesnetwork and system design, training, customized deployment, craft interface software, migration planning and more. Your Fujitsu sales representative can guide you in selecting the right service options for your business.Popular planning and deployment services for the FLASHWAVE 4500 platform include:N ETSMART ▶® 1500 Element Management System – Simplify Operations, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning (OAM&P) through a secure point-and-click interface. A dvance Hardware Replacement ▶ – Ensure uninterrupted operation with spares supplied within four hours or by the next business day. R emote Technical Assistance ▶ – Our Technical Assistance Center is your central point of contact for resolving network issues in collaboration with highly trained Fujitsu engineers—24 x 7 x 365.Service Support Packages for Ongoing MaintenanceIf you’re looking for a complete professional maintenance solution, Fujitsu service support packages have the right combination of flexibility and comprehensive assurance. Choose the level and types of service you need to supplement your own resources. Our service support packages help keep your network running smoothly, provide critical care and protect the longevity of your investment.Network Operations CenterWith a full range of vendor-independent network fault and performance monitoring features, the Fujitsu Network Operations Center (NOC) offers guaranteed, round-the-clock system protection. Our reliable NOC facility is available as a primary or supplemental operations resource. This service not only helps you control costs and maintain high levels of customer satisfaction, it also provides trustworthy and reliable after-hours and emergency coverage.netWorK life cYcle servicesArchitecturesTerminal▶Linear ADM (1+1)▶Unidirectional Path Switched Ring (UPSR)▶Two Fiber-Bidirectional Line Switched Ring (2F-BLSR)▶Four Fiber-Bidirectional Line Switched Ring (4F-BLSR)▶Dedicated Path Protected Mesh (DPPM)▶Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)▶InterfacesDS1 64-pin AMP▶® CHAMP connectors DS3/EC1 BNC connectors▶OC-3/STM-1 S C for dual unit; LC for quad unit,▶MPO connector for 8-port unit1310 nm widebandOC-12/STM-4 L C, FC, SC or ST for single unit;▶LC for quad unit;MPO connector for 8-port unit1310 nm wideband1550 nm wideband (single unit only) OC-48/STM-16 L C, FC, SC or ST connectors▶1310 nm wideband1550 nm tunable narrowband(8 λ @ 50 GHz)OC-192/STM-64 L C, FC, SC or ST connectors▶1310 nm wideband; 1550 nm wideband1550 nm tunable narrowband(4 λ @ 100 GHz)1550 nm full band tunable to 88 λ(@ 50 GHz spacing) G.709 compliant Ethernet (EoS) R J-45 connectors for▶10/100Base-T Ethernet;LC or SC connectors for GigabitEthernetEthernet Aggregation LC connectors for dual port unit▶(trunking port, RPR) 850 nm wideband; 1310 nm widebandHigh/Low Order Aggregation Switching ProtectionDS1 1+1 or unprotected▶DS3/EC1 1:n (n=1 to 6) or unprotected▶DS3 Transmux 1+1 or 1:n (n=1 to 6)▶OC-3/STM-1 1+1, UPSR, DPPM or unprotected▶OC-12/STM-4 1+1, UPSR, DPPM or unprotected▶OC-48/STM-16 1+1, UPSR, 2F-BLSR, DPPM▶or unprotectedOC-192/STM-64 1+1, UPSR, 2F-BLSR, 4F-BLSR,▶DPPM or unprotectedEthernet R PR or unprotected;▶Port Link Aggregation orUnit Link AggregationSwitch matrices 1+1▶Synchronization 1+1▶SynchronizationInternal Stratum 3 timing source▶Synchronization Status Messaging (SSM)▶D S1 Building Integrated Timing Supply (BITS) primary and ▶secondary clock output/inputLine timing▶FLASHWAVE 4500 Single-Shelf ConfigurationOperationsI n-service expansion from MSPP to MSSP with common ▶operations benefitsStandard RPR embedded management plane▶TL1 protocol over X.25, OSI/LCN or IP/LCN▶Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)▶TCP/IP and X.25 gateway functionality▶Software download and remote memory backup/restore ▶M anaged via NETSMART 500 craft user interface and▶NETSMART 1500 EMSDS1, DS3, OC-3 and OC-12 digital test access▶PM Threshold Provisioning on a per facility basis▶G.709 compliant digital wrapper for narrowband OC-192 ▶optical channel adaptationAutomatic equipment protection group creation▶Interoperable with all Fujitsu transmission products▶Full suite of in-service hardware and software upgrades ▶NEBS Level 3 compliant▶Telcordia OSMINE compliant▶Power Consumption/Heat Dissipation Per shelf (typical) 400 W (1364 BTU/hr)▶Power Input –48 V DC (A and B)▶Operating EnvironmentTemperature 0 to 50 °C (32 to 122 °F)▶Humidity 5 to 95% (non-condensing)▶Physical CharacteristicsDimensions (H x W x D) 22.75 x 21.5 x 12"▶(578 x 546 x 305 mm) Weight (fully loaded) 137 lb (62 kg)▶FLASHWAVE 4500 Multishelf ConfigurationFujitsu Network Communications Inc.2801 Telecom Parkway, Richardson, TX 75082Tel: 800.777.FAST (3278) Fax: 972.479.6900/telecom© Copyright 2008 Fujitsu Network Communications Inc.FLASHWAVE® and NETSMART® are trademarks of Fujitsu Network Communications Inc. (USA). FUJITSU (and design)® and THE POSSIBILITIES ARE INFINITE™ are trademarks of Fujitsu Limited. All Rights Reserved.。
NetOmnia 形成今天的网络规划与您的合作 全面以太网保证性能和SLA管理说明书
NetOmnia™Comprehensive Ethernet assurance performance and SLA management1A key challenge of delivering Ethernet services is the time-consuming task of network monitoring. Many key metrics must be accurately measured to assess the performance of an entire, often multivendor, network. The lack of a single, unified management system further complicates this challenge, as operators must work with multiple management systems: an inefficient, time consuming, and costly overhead. Gathering data to support accurate and effective performance measurement across an entire Ethernet network is, therefore, often a best-effort project involving a substantial amount of manual work.In addition, end customers and subscribers often want to know how well the service provider is executing on Service-Level Agreements (SLAs). Providing real-time and accurate reports for SLA management is difficult to produce on a continuous basis; an error here can result in lost revenue, not to mention lost customers.To address these challenges, Fujitsu is offering NetOmnia™, a comprehensive Ethernet Assurance Performance and SLA management system providing end-to-end service assurance and service quality management solutions in a multivendor environment. NetOmnia enables youto achieve three keybusiness objectives:• M onitor Ethernet-related performancedata efficiently in aconstantly changingnetwork• P rovide consistent-looking, meaningfulperformance and SLAmanagementinformation tostakeholders• R educe or eliminateinstances and impactof customer SLAviolations Next-Generation Visualization to Improve Network Performance NetOmnia Ethernet Assurance is a multivendor, MEF-compliant solution that provides end-to-end visualization and monitoring of Ethernet services to ensure and improve customer experience. With off-the-shelf, multivendor support, NetOmnia can be deployed and configured quickly to discover Ethernet services and begin monitoring and reporting on the health and status of customer services. NetOmnia provides configurable monitoring and visualization of service quality metrics such as availability, delay, jitter, and frame loss, as well as the ability to create and monitor custom-defined metrics. Deliver Better Service, Increase Revenue, Reduce CostsNetOmnia SLA Manager, an optional overlay, enables service providers to easily define, track and report on contractual SLAs. NetOmnia can seamlessly monitor the operational performance of customer services to show the impact of network degradation and service outages on per-contract corporate SLAs.With NetOmnia, technicians can define SLAs based on service quality and service availability. It is also possible to define the conformance period and configurable levels for warning and violation notifications. SLA reports can be delivered to customers on a scheduled basis to provide differentiated service to improve customer retention.In contrast to solutions that merely provide monthly SLA reports, NetOmnia provides real time reports on SLA compliance and predicts SLA violations based on current trends. Reports can be scheduled and automatically delivered to both users and end customers.NetOmnia™End-to-End, MEF-Compliant Service AssuranceNetOmnia helps you offer profitablecarrier-class Ethernet servicesNetOmnia’s Workflow Automationempowers users to create automations andnotifications based on performance criteria23Innovative Performance and SLA ManagementNetOmnia delivers dramatic innovation that takes network performance and SLA management to the next level with true end-to-end services visibility and ease of use. This system is highly scalable and supports a distributed, high-availability clusterenvironment. NetOmnia takes advantage of the latest software and hardware technologies to offer you:• 100% Web 2.0-based architecture requiring no administration • Easy integration with existing software systems• Simple Web browser-based access—no Java software needed • F ull compliance with ITU-T Y.1731, IEEE 802.1ag and 802.3ah, andMEF 10.2, 15, and 17 standards• Comprehensive discovery, mapping, and monitoring of:• Devices and physical ports • Logical interfaces, including UNIs • Ethernet Virtual Connections • Point-to-point• Multipoint-to-multipoint • Traffic profiles• CIR, CBS, EIR, EBS, and color mode • Testing and diagnostics• Customer-centric performance monitoring and SLA management • Customer portals available for SLA conformance reports • One system to monitor a multivendor hardware environment • Support for multiple customer networks without risk of data leakage • C ustomized reporting capabilities including key performance and keyquality indicators (KPIs and KQIs)• D etailed metrics on key service quality parameters such asavailability, delay, jitter, throughput, frame loss ratio, and packet loss• Deploys in days and configures in weeks, not months • New network devices can be added in just minutes• Auto-discovery of EVCs and VLANs provides out-of-box functionality • M ultivendor support ensures seamless end-to-end service viewsacross vendorsNetOmnia ™NetOmnia Helps you Focus on Your Core BusinessNetOmnia allows users to create and run detailed summary and top-n reports4Building and maintaining a monitoring system typically consumes a large quantity of resources and time; in turn, this impairs a service provider’s ability to deliver and maintain revenue-generating services. NetOmnia reduces this burden by freeing network operations staff to focus on core business goals, not on reporting.Backed by a Market-Leading Solutions ProviderWith NetOmnia, service providers also get the support of Fujitsu, a leading innovator in Connection-Oriented Ethernet and a market leader in packet optical networking solutions. Fujitsu offers a broad portfolio of multivendor network services and wide experience sourcing and selecting the best network technologies available. NetOmnia enables us to offer you a truly vendor agnostic Ethernet service assurance and SLA management solution.NetOmnia ™© Copyright 2013 Fujitsu Network Communications Inc. FUJITSU (and design)® and “shaping tomorrow with you” are trademarks of Fujitsu Limited in the United States and other countries. All Rights Reserved. NetOmnia ™ is a trademark of Centina Systems, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Configuration requirements for certain uses are described in the product documentation. Features and specifications subject to change without notice. 1.0/04.13Fujitsu Network Communications Inc.2801 Telecom Parkway, Richardson, TX 75082 Tel: 800.777.FAST (3278) Fax: 972.479.6900/telecomMultivendor Ethernet Assurance and SLA ManagementNetOmnia consolidates, filters and correlates alarms across the entire network。
CYME电力系统分析软件模块参考指南说明书
CYME power system analysis softwareModule reference guideReliable modeling, analytics and planning tools to improve the performance of the distribution systemCYMEPower Engineering Software and Solutions2EATONCYME Power System Analysis Software Module Reference Guide – October 2020CYME power system analysis softwareBase packageCYMDIST is the distribution system analysis base package of the CYME software suite. It bundles all the modeling and analysis tools required to perform the various types of simulations involved in electric distribution system planning. The calculation engines supportbalanced or unbalanced distribution models that are built with any combination of phases and operated in radial, looped or meshed configu-rations. Reliable modeling, analytics and planning tools to improve the performance of the distribution system.3EATONCYME Power System Analysis Software Module Reference Guide – October 2020CYME power system analysis softwareAdditional module optionsEaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks are property of their respective owners.Eaton1000 Eaton Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44122United States Eaton's Energy Automation Division CYME International T & D 1485 Roberval, Suit 104St. Bruno, QC Canada J3V 3P8P: 450.460.3655 F: 450.461.0966P: 800.361.3627 (Canada/USA)/cyme© 2020 EatonAll Rights ReservedPublication No. PA917005EN October 2020Follow us on social media to get thelatest product and support information.* Distribution Resource Integration and Value Estimation (DRIVE) is provided under license and is powered by technological research developed by the Electrical Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI).EPRI does not endorse or advocate for any particular measure, valuation, answer, finding, conclusion, hypothesis, assumption, or other result.CYME power system analysis softwareAdditional module options。
《城市轨道交通供电系统工程施工质量验收规范》标准全文
量安全监督总站负责技术内容的解释。执行过程中，请各有关单位结合实际，不断总结经验，
并将发现的问题、意见和建议函告杭州市建设工程质量安全监督总站[地址：莫干山路 100 号耀江国际大厦 A 座 12 楼，邮政编码：311005]，以供修订时参考。
本规范主编单位、参编单位、主要起草人和主要审查人： 本规范主编单位：杭州市建设工程质量安全监督总站
本规范共分 10 章，主要技术内容包括：1 总则；2 术语；3 基本规定；4 牵引及降压变 电所；5 刚性架空接触网；6 柔性架空接触网；7 接触轨；8 杂散电流腐蚀防护系统；9 可视 化接地系统；10 电力监控与电能质量管理系统。
本规范由浙江省住房和城乡建设厅负责管理和对强制条文的解释，由杭州市建设工程质
浙江省工程建设标准
城市轨道交通供电系统施工质量验收规范
Code for acceptance of construction quality of power supply system engineering of urban rail transit
DB33/T ××/××××-201×
主编单位：杭州市建设工程质量安全监督总站 中铁电气化局集团有限公司 中铁二局集团有限公司
中铁电气化局集团有限公司 中铁二局集团有限公司 本规范参编单位：中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 杭州市地铁集团有限责任公司 宁波市轨道交通集团有限公司 中铁十一局集团电务工程有限公司 中铁一局集团电务工程有限公司 浙江丽水宏瑜建设有限公司 浙江德光建筑工程有限公司 浙江瓯立园林建设有限公司 纳琦绿能工程有限公司 浙江鸿旭园林建设有限公司 浙江罗邦建设有限公司 丽水市金丰建筑工程有限公司 丽水市鼎旺建设工程有限公司 浙江瓯业园林建设有限公司 丽水市汇桦市政园林有限公司 浙江屹立建设有限公司 浙江华歌建设有限公司 本规范主要起草人：史文杰 周静增 肖国军 雷 鸣 蔡佳旻 周 军 施云琼 王祥涛 于镇川 郭润桥 唐兆军 孙海东 王海涛 左传文 郭 忠 叶波涛 徐 俊 吴赟胤 王存建 王 波 朱智文 赵加建 范 卿 韩明学 陈俊卿 周洪波 何贵龙 黄美香 潘国平 蒋 真 本规范主要审查人：石西全 赵宇宏 戴新国 游劲秋 张 燕 袁 林 刘 伟 洪秀敏
4G的出现
*How to access several different mobile and wireless network ?
updated to its home agent
Terminal Mobility
Handoff process causes: increase in system load, high handover latency, packet losses.
It is more difficult to solve these problems in 4G networks. the reason is that besides horizontal handoff and vertical handoff is also need
It is hard to decide the correct handoff time because measuring handoffs among different wireless systems is very complicated.
Researchers are currently investigating new handoff decision policies and new handoff algorithms for heterogeneous networks.
What’s 4G (3 of 4)
Personalization
=> Users in widely different locations, occupations, and economic class will use the services. To meet the demands of these diverse users, service provides should design personal and customized services.
SIMATIC Energy Manager PRO V7.2 - Operation Operat
2 Energy Manager PRO Client................................................................................................................. 19
2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.5.1 2.1.5.2 2.1.6
Basics ................................................................................................................................ 19 Start Energy Manager ........................................................................................................ 19 Client as navigation tool..................................................................................................... 23 Basic configuration ............................................................................................................ 25 Search for object................................................................................................................ 31 Quicklinks.......................................................................................................................... 33 Create Quicklinks ............................................................................................................... 33 Editing Quicklinks .............................................................................................................. 35 Help .................................................................................................................................. 38
航空专业术语缩写英汉
航空专业术语缩写英汉AVIATION GLOSSARY A－E--ATIS Airport Terminal Information Service机场终端信息服务ATIS Automated(automatic)Terminal Information Service自动终端情报服务ATM Air Traffic Management空中交通管理ATN Aeronautical Telecommunications Network航空电信网ATNP（ICAO）Aeronautical Telecommunication Network Panel （国际民航组织）航空电信网专家组ATO Actual Time Over实际经过时间ATRK Along-Track Error沿航线误差ATS Air Traffic Services空中交通服务ATSC Air Traffic Services Communication空中交通服务通信ATT Attitude姿态AUSSAT Australian Satellite澳大利亚卫星AUTODIN Automated Digital Network自动化数字网络AUTOVON Automatic Voice Network自动化话音网络AUX Auxiliary辅助AVOL Aerodrome Visibility Operational Level机场能见度运行等级AVPAC Aviation VHF Packet Communications航空甚高频分组通信AVS Aviation Standards航空标准AWANS Aviation Weather And NOTAM System航空气象和航行通告系统AWOP（ICAO）All Weather Operations Panel（国际民航组织）全天候运行专家组AWOS Automated Weather Observing System自动化气象观测系统AWP Aviation Weather Processor航空气象处理器AWS Aviation Weather Service航空气象服务AZ Azimuth transmitter方位台BBARO Barometric气压BAZ Back Azimuth后方位，背航道BER Basic Encoding Rules基本编码规则BER Bit Error Rate误码率BIT Built-In-Test机内测试BITE Built-In-Test Equipment机内测试设备BOP Bit Oriented Protocol面向位的协议BPS bits per second每秒传送位数；每秒比特数BPSK Biphase Shift Keying两相相移键控BRITE Bright Radar Indicator Tower Equipment塔台高亮度雷达显示设备BRL Bearing Range Line方位距离线BSU Beam Steering Unit天线方位控制组件BUEC Backup Emergency Communications备用紧急通信C通信C-Band Approx.5,000MHz C波段C/A(CA)Code Course Acquisition Code粗获码（民用的）C/I Carrier-to-Interference Ratio信号干扰比C/N Carrier-to-Noise Ratio信噪比CA Conflict Alert冲突告警CA GPS Course-Acquisition Code粗捕获码（民用码）CA/MSAW Conflict Alert/Minimum Safe Altitude Warning冲突告警/最低安全高度警告CAA Civil Aviation Administration,Civil Aeronautical Authority,Civil Aviation Authority民航局CAAC General Administration of Civil Aviation of China中国民用航空总局CAASD Center for Advanced Aviation System Development(The MITRE Corporation)(MITRE公司)高级航行系统开发中心CAB Civil Aeronautical Bureau民航局CARF Central Altitude Reservation Function中央飞行高度保留功能CARs Civil Air Regulations民用航空规则CASITAF CNS/ATM implementation task force新航行系统实施特别工作组CAT Category仪表着陆等级CATⅠCategoryⅠ一类仪表着陆CATⅡCategoryⅡ二类仪表着陆CATⅢa CategoryⅢa三类a级仪表着陆CATⅢb CategoryⅢb三类b级仪表着陆CATⅢc CategoryⅢc三类c级仪表着陆CATC Civil Aviation Training Center民航培训中心CATMAC Co-operative Air Traffic Management Concept空中交通管理合作方案CBA Cost/Benefit Analysis成本效益分析C-BAND The frequency range between4000and8000MHz4000到8000MHz频段CBI Computer Based Instruction计算机基本指令CBT Computer-Based Training计算机辅助训练CC Connection Confirm联接确认CCA Continental Control Area大陆管制区CCC蜂窝式CNS概念CCD Consolidated Cab Display综合机舱显示器CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone ConsultativeCommittee国际电报电话咨询委员会CCP Contingency Command Post应急指挥站CCWS Common controller workstation通用管制员工作站CD Common Digitizer通用数字化仪设备CDC Computer Display Channel计算机显示通道CDI Course Deviation Indicator偏航指示器CDM Code division multiplex码分复用CDM Continuous Delta Modulation连续增量调制CDMA Code Division Multiple Access码分多址CDT Controlled Departure Times管制离场时间CDTI Cockpit Display of Traffic Information驾驶舱交通信息显示CDU Control Display Unit控制显示组件CEP Circular error probability圆概率误差CERAC Combined Center Radar Approach Control雷达进近管制联合中心CFCC Central Flow Control Computer中央流量管制计算机CFCF Central Flow Control Facility中央流量管制设施(功能) CFDPS Compact Flight Data Processing System小型飞行数据处理系统CFWP Central Flow Weather Processor中央流量气象处理机CFWSU Central Flow Weather Service Unit中央流量气象服务单元（组件）CHI Computer Human Interface机人接口CIDIN Common ICAO Data Interchange Network国际民航组织公用数据交换网CIS Cooperative independent surveillance合作式独立监视CLAM Cleared Level Adherence Monitoring放行高度保持监视CLB Climb爬升CLK Clock时钟CLNP Connectionless Network Protocol无连接网络规程（协议）CLR Clear清除CMC Central Maintenance Computer中央维护计算机CMD Command命令CMS Cabin Management System机舱管理系统CMU Communications Management Unit通信管理单元CNDB Customized Navigation Database用户导航数据库CNS Consolidated NOTAM System综合航行通告系统CNS/ATM Communication Navigation,Surveillance/AirTraffic Management通信导航监视/空中交通管理CODEC Coder/Decoder编码器/解码器COM/MET/OPS Communication/Meteorology/Operations通信/气象/运行COMLO Compass Locator罗盘定位器；罗盘示位信标COMM Communication通信COMP Compressor压缩器COMSEC Communications Security通信保安CON Continuous连续CONUS Continental,Contiguous,or Conterminous United States美国大陆本部(四十八州)COP Change Over Point转换点COP Character Oriented Protocol面向字符协议COTS Commercial Off-the-Shelf商业货架产品供应CPDLC Controller Pilot Data Link Communications管制员驾驶员数据链通信CPFSK Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying连续相位频移键控CR Connection Request联接申请CRA Conflict Resolution Advisory冲突解脱咨询CRC Cyclic Redundant Check循环冗余校验CRCO Central Route Charges Office中央航路收征费办公室CRM C Reference Model C参考模式CRM Collision Risk Modeling碰撞危险模型CRM Crew Resource Management机组人员安排CRT Cathode Ray Tube阴极射线管CRZ Cruise巡航CSA Standard Accurate Channel标准精度通道CSE Course Setting Error航线设定误差CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access(datalink protocol)载波侦听多址访问C/SOIT Communication/Surveillance Operational Implementation Team通信监视运行实施小组（美国）CTA Calculated Time of Arrival计算到达时间CTA Control Area管制区CTAS Central Tracon Automation System中央终端雷达进近管制自动系统CTL Control控制CTMO Central traffic Management Organization中央交通流量管理组织CTMO Centralized Traffic Management Organization中央交通管理组织CTOL Conventional Take Off and Landing常规起飞着陆CTR Control zone管制地带CTS Control Tracking Station控制跟踪站CU Control Unit控制单元C§W Control and Warning控制和告警CW Carrier Wave载波CWI Continuous Wave Interference连续波干扰CWP Central Weather Processor中央气象处理器CWSU Center Weather Service Unit中央气象服务单元DD/A Digital-to-Analog数/模转换DABS Discrete Addressable Beacon System离散寻址信标系统DADC Digital Air Data Computer数字大气数据计算机D-ATIS Digital Automatic Terminal Information Service数字自动终端信息服务DA Decision Addressing beacon system决断寻址信标系统DA Demand Assignment按需分配DA/H Decision Altitude(Height)决断高度DARC Direct Access Radar Channel直接存取雷达信道DARP Dynamic Air Route Planning动态航线计划DARPS Dynamic Aircraft(Air)Route Planning Study动态飞机航线计划研究DC Departure Clearance离场放行许可DC Direct Current直流(电)DCC Display Channel Complex显示通道组合DCIU Data Control Interface Unit数据控制接口单元DCL Departure Clearance Delivery起飞许可传送DCPC Direct Controller Pilot Communication管制员驾驶员直接通信DES Data Encryption Standard数据加密标准DF Direction Finder测向器DFCS Digital Flight Control System数字飞行控制系统DFDAU Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit数字飞行数据采集单元DGCA Director-General Civil Aviation民航局长DGNSS Differential Global Navigation Satellite System差分全球导航卫星系统DGPS Differential Global Positioning System差分全球定位系统DH Decision Height决断高度DIP Diplexer双工器DL Data Link数据链DLAC Data Link Applications Coding数据链应用编码DLAS Differential GNSS Instrument Approach System差分GNSS仪表进近系统DLK data link数据链DLORT FAA Data Link Operational Requirements Team FAA 数据链运行要求工作组DMAP ICAO Data Link Mobile Applications Panel(proposed) 国际民航组织数据链移动应用专家组（建议）DME Distance Measuring Equipment测距设备DME/N Distance Measuring Equipment/Normal标准测距设备DME/P Distance Measuring Equipment/Precision精密测距设备DMU Data Management Unit数据管理单元DO（DOC）Document记录（文件）DOD Department of Defense(美国)国防部DOP Dilution of Precision精度扩散因子DOT Department of Transportation(美国)运输部DOTS Dynamic Ocean Tracking System动态海洋跟踪系统DP Disconnect Request分离拆线请求DPF Data Processing Function数据处理功能D8PSK Differential Eight-Phase Shift Keying差分8相移键控DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying差分相移键控DRMS Distance Root Mean Square距离均方根值DRN Document Release Notice文件发放通告DSB－AM Double Sideband Amplitude双边带调幅DSDU Data Signal Display Unit数据信号显示单元DSP Departure Sequencing Program起飞排序计划；离港排序计划DT Data数据DTE Data Terminal Equipment数据终端设备DT&E Development Test and Evaluation开发测试和评估DTF Data Test Facility数据检测设备DTG待飞距离DTN Data Transport Network数据传输网络DUAT Direct User Access Terminal用户直接存取终端DVOR Doppler Very high frequency Omni-directional Range 多普勒甚高频全向信标EEANPG European Air Navigation Planning Group欧洲航行规划小组E-DARC Enhanced Direct Access Radar Channel增强的直接存取雷达信道EARTS En route Automated Radar Tracking System航路自动化雷达跟踪系统EASIE Enhanced ATM and Mode S Implementation in Europe 欧洲S模式和增强的空中交通管理实施项目EATCHIP European ATC Harmonization Implementation Program 欧洲空中交通管制协调实施计划EATMS European Air Traffic Management System欧洲空中交通管理系统ECAC European Civil Aviation Conference欧洲民航会议ECEF 地心地固坐标EDCT Estimated Departure Clearance Time预计离港起飞放行时间EET Estimated Elapsed Time预计经过时间EFAS En route Flight Advisory Service航路飞行咨询服务EFAS Extended Final Approach Segment扩展最后进近段EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System电子飞行仪表系统EFC Expect Further Clearance预期进一步放行许可EFIS Electronic Flight Information System电子飞行情报系统EGNOS European global navigation overlay system欧洲全球导航重迭系统EHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator电子平面状态显示器EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiate Power等效各向同性辐射功率EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture扩展的工业标准结构EL Elevation Transmitter仰角台ELOD En route sector Load航路扇区负载管制飞机数量ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter紧急示位发射机EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility电磁兼容EMI Electromagnetic Interference电磁干扰ENRI Electronic Navigation Research Institute（日本）电子导航研究所EOF Emergency Operations Facility应急运行设施EPA Environmental Protection Agency环境保护署ER Error误差ERL Environmental Research Laboratories环境研究实验室ERM En Route Metering航路计量管制ERN Earth Referenced Navigation大地参考导航ERP Effective Radiated Power有效幅射功率ES End System终端系统ESA European Space Agency欧洲航天局ESCAN Electronic Scanning(radar antenna)ESMMC Enhanced SMMC增强的系统维护监视台ESP En route Spacing Program航路间隔计划EST Estimated message预计信息ETA Estimated Time of Arrival预计到达时间ETB Estimated Time of Boundary预计边界时间ETD Estimated Time of Departure预计离港时间ETG Enhanced Target Generator增强的显示目标产生器ETN Estimated Time of Entry预计进入时间ETO Estimated Time Over预计飞越时间ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute欧洲电信标准学会EU European Union欧洲联盟EURATN European ATN欧洲航空电信网EUROCAE European Organization for Civil Aviation Electronics欧洲民用航空电子学组织EUROCONTROL European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation欧洲航行安全组织(欧安局)EVS Enhanced Vision System增强视景系统EWAS En-route Weather Advisory Service航路气象咨询服务FF&E Facilities and Equipment设施和设备F,E&D Facilities,Engineering,and Development设施、工程和开发FAA Federal Aviation Administration(美国)联邦航空局FAATC FAA Technical Center(美国)联邦航空局技术中心FAF Final Approach Fix最终进近坐标FANS ICAO Future Air Navigation Systems（国际民航组织）未来航行系统FANS Special Committee on Future Air Navigation Systems 未来航行系统特别委员会FANS(Phase II)Special Committee for the Monitor-ing and Co-ordination of Develop-ment and Transition Planningfor the Future Air Navigation System未来航行系统监督、协调发展与过渡规划专门委员会FAR Federal Aviation Regulation联邦航空条例FAS Final Approach Segment最后进近段FASID Facilities And Services Implementation Document设施和服务实施文件FCC Flight Communication Center飞行通信中心FCC Federal Communication Commission联邦通信委员会FCC Flight Control Computer飞行控制计算机FDAU Flight Data Acquisition Unit飞行数据收集单元FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface光纤分布数据接口FDEP Flight Data Entry and Printout飞行数据输入和输出FDI Fault Detection and Isolation故障检测和隔离FDIO Flight Data Input/Output飞行数据输入/输出FDM Frequency Division Multiplex频分复用FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access频分多址FDP Flight Data Processor飞行数据处理器FDPS Flight Data Processing System飞行数据处理系统FDR Flight Data Recorder飞行数据记录仪FEATS Future European ATS System Concept未来欧洲空中交通服务系统方案FEATS ICAO Future European Air Traffic Management System 国际民航组织未来欧洲空中交通管理系统FEC Forward Error Correction前向纠错FGC Flight Guidance Computer飞行引导计算机FGCC Federal Geodetic Control Committee联邦大地测量管理委员会FI Flight Inspection飞机校验FIC Flight Information Center飞行信息中心FIFO First In-First Out先入先出FIFO Flight Inspection Field Office飞行检查现场办事处FIR Flight Information Region飞行情报区FIS Flight Information Services飞行情报服务FISA Automatic Flight Information Service自动飞行信息服务FL Flight Level飞行高度层FLIR Forward Looking Infra-red Detection前视红外线探测FM Frequency Modulation调频FMC Flight Management Computer飞行管理计算机FMEA Failure Mode Effects Analysis故障模式效果分析FMS Flight Management System飞行管理系统FMS Frequency Management System频率管理系统FMSG Frequency Management Study Group频率管理研究组FMU Flight Management Unit飞行管理组件FMU Flow Management Unit流量管理单元FOC Full Operation Capability全运行能力FOM Figure of Merit性能指数FPA Flight Path Angle航迹倾角FPD Flight Plan Data飞行计划数据FPS Military Primary Radar军用一次雷达FREQ Frequency频率FRP Federal Radio navigation Plan联邦无线电导航计划（美国）FS Functional Statement功能描述FSAS Flight Service Automation System飞行服务自动化系统FSDPS Flight Service Data Processing System飞行服务数据处理系统FSK Frequency Shift Keying频移键控FSP Flight Strip Printer飞行进程单打印机FSS Flight Service Station飞行服务站FSTN Federal Security Telephone Network联邦政府保安电话网络FT Functional Test功能测试FTE Flight Technical Error飞行技术误差FY Fiscal Year财政年度;会计年度GGA General Aviation通用航空GA Ground annta地面天线Gatelink Datalink for packed aircraft网关数据链路GADS Generic Aircraft Display System通用航空器显示系统GAIT Ground-based Augmentation and Integrity Technique陆基增强和完好性技术GAO Government Accounting Office(联邦)政府会计署GBA Geostationary broadcast area静止卫星广播区域GCAS Ground Collision Avoidance System地面防撞系统GCS Ground Controlled Approach地面控制系统GDLP Ground Data Link Processor地面数据链处理器GDOP Geometic Dilution of Position位置几何扩散因子GDOP Geometry Dilution of Precision精度几何扩散因子GEO Geostationary静地的GEO Geostationary Earth Orbit相对地球静止轨道静止卫星GES Ground Earth Station地面地球站GFE Government-Furnished Equipment政府提供的设备GHz Giga hertz千兆赫兹GIB GNSS integrity broadcast全球导航卫星系统完好性数据广播GIC GNSS Integrity Channel全球卫星导航系统完好性通道GICB Ground-initiated Comm-B地面启动的B类通信GIRU Ground Interrogator Receiver Unit地面应答机接收单元GIS Geographical Information System地理信息系统GLONASS Global Orbit Navigation Satellite System全球轨道导航卫星系统(俄罗斯)GLS GPS Landing System GPS着陆系统GM Guidance Material指导材料GMC Ground Movement Control地面活动管制GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift KeyingGMT Greenwich Mean Time格林威治时间GNAS General NAS综合国家空域系统GND Ground地GNE Gross Navigational Error总导航误差GNR Global Navigation Receiver全球导航接收机GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System全球导航卫星系统GNSSP ICAO Global Navigation Satellite Systems Panel国际民航组织全球卫星导航系统专家组GPSSU Global Positioning System Sensor Unit全球定位系统（GPS）传感器组件GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite静地运行环境卫星GOS Grade of Service服务等级GOSEP Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile政府开放系统互联结构GOSIP Government Open systems Implementation Profile政府开放系统实施结构GP Glide-Path下滑道GPIP Glide-Path Intercept Point下滑道截获点GPIWP Glide Path Intercept Waypoint滑行道切入点GPO/GPI General Purpose Output/General Purpose Input通用输出/通用输入GPS Global Positioning System全球定位系统GPWS Ground Proximity Warming System近地告警系统GREPECAS Caribean/South American Planning and Implementation Regional Group加勒比/南美洲计划和实施区域小组GRS Ground-Reference Station地面基准站GRS80Geodetic-Reference System－80大地基准系统－80GS(G/S)Glide Slope下滑坡度GS Ground Speed地速GSA General Services Administration综合服务管理局(联邦政府下属)GSL General Support Laboratory综合保障实验室GSM Global System（or Mobile）Communication全球通信系统GWS Graphic Weather Service图形气象服务HH Homing radio beacon归航无线电信标HARN High Accuracy Reference Network高精度参考网HAT Height Above Touchdown高于接地点的高度HCI Human Computer Interface人机接口HDD Head Down Display下视显示器HDG Heading航向HDOP Horizontal Dilution Of Precision精度水平扩散因子HEMP High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse高空电磁脉冲HEO High Elliptical Orbit高椭圆率轨道HF High Frequency(3-30MHz)高频HFDL High Frequency Data Link高频数据链HGA High Gain Antenna高增益天线HIRF High Intensity Radiated Fields高强度辐射场HIWAS Hazardous In-flight Weather Advisory Service飞行时遇危险天气的咨询服务HMI Human Machine Interface人机接口HPA high power amplifier高功率放大器HPF Horizontal Position Fix Error水平位置坐标误差HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator水平位置指示器HUD Head-up Display平视显示仪HUI Head up DisplayHVAC Heating,Ventilating,And air Conditioning加热,通风和空调Hybird GNSS/ILS Precision Approach/Landing based on combination of GNSS localizer and ILS glide path基于GNSS 航向和ILS下滑道组合的精密进近/着陆系统Hz Hertz赫兹IIA5International Alopabet5国际字母表第5号码IACA International Air Carrier Association国际航空公司协会IACSP International Aeronautical Communication Service Provider国际航空通信业务提供者IAF Initial Approach Fix初始进近点（坐标）IAG International Association of Geodetical国际测地协会IAIN International Association of Institutes of Navigation国际导航学会联合会IAOPA International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations航空器企业主和驾驶员协会国际委员会IAP Instrument Approach Procedure仪表进近程序IAR Intersection of Air Routes航路交叉点IAS Indicated Air Speed指示空速IASC Inter Area Speech Circuit区域间话音线路IATA International Air Transport Association国际航空运输协会IBAC International Business Aviation Council国际商业航空委员会ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization国际民航组织ICCAI(A)International Co-ordination Council of Aerospace Industries Associations国际宇航工业联合会合作委员会ICD Interface Control Document接口控制文件ICO Interim Circle Orbit中高度圆轨道ICSS Integrated Communications Switching System综合通信转换系统ID Identifier(Identification)标识码(编码、识别标志)ID Instrument Departure仪表离场IDSG ICAO Internet Working Standards Drafting Group国际民航组织网间标准起草小组IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers电气和电子工程师学会IF Intermediate approach Fix中间进近定位点IFALPA International Federation of Airline Pilots Associations 航空公司驾驶员协会国际联合会IFATCA International Federation of Air TrafficControllers'Associations空中交通管制员协会国际联合会IFCN Interfacility Flow Control Network设施(单位)间流量管制网络IFF敌我识别器IFM Integrated Flow Management综合流量管理IFR Instrument Flight Rules仪表飞行规则IFRB International Frequency Registration Board国际频率注册委员会IFSS International Flight Service Station国际飞行服务站IBM International Business Machines(美国)国际商用机器公司ILA International Law Association国际法律协会ILS Instrument Landing System仪表着陆系统IMA Integrated Modular Avionics集成化模块式航空电子设备IMAWP Initial Missed Approach Waypoint起始复飞航路点IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions仪表气象条件IMCS Interim MCS过渡性监控/管制软件IMO International Maritime Organization国际海事组织IMS Integrity Monitoring System完好性监视系统IN Information Need信息需求INMARSAT International Marine Satellite Organization国际移动卫星组织（原名国际海事卫星组织）INS Inertial Navigation System惯性导航系统INS Insert插入INTNET Integrated Data Communications Network集成化数据通信网络I/O input/output输入/输出IOACG Informal Indian Ocean Air Traffic Services Coordinating Group非正式印度洋空中交通服务协调小组IOC Initial Operational Capability初始运行能力IOD GPS Issue of Data全球定位系统数据发布ION Institute of Navigation导航学会IOR Indian Ocean Region印度洋区域IOT§E Initial Operational Test and Evaluation初始运行测试和评估IP Internetwork Protocol网络间协议IPACG Informal Pacific Air Traffic Control Coordination Group 非正式太平洋空中交通管制协调小组IRS Inertial Reference System惯性参考系统ISA International Standard Atmosphere国际标准大气ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network综合业务数字网络ISNS国际卫星导航服务ISO International Organization for Standardization国际标准化组织ISPACG Informal South Pacific ATS Co-Ordination Group非正式南太平洋空中交通服务协调小组ISSS Initial Sector Suite Subsystem起始扇区管制席位分系统ITU International Telecommunication Union国际电信联盟ITWS Integrated T erminal Weather Service综合终端气象服务IVAD Integrate Voice and Data综合话音和数据（通信数据链）IVRS Interim Voice Response System过渡性话音响应系统IWP Interim Working Party临时工作组JAWS Joint Airport Weather Studies联合机场气象研究JCAB Japan Civil Aviation Bureau日本民航局JAWS Joint Airport Weather Studies联合机场气象研究JPO Joint GPS Planning Office联合GPS规划办公室JSS Joint Surveillance System联合监视系统Kbps Kilo bits per second千位每秒KDP Key Decision Point关键性决定点kHz Kilohertz千赫KLAAS Kinematics Local Area Augmentation System动态地面局域增强系统KLADGNSS Kinematics Local Area Differential GNSS 动态地局域差分GNSSkW Kilowatt千瓦kWh Kilowatt hour千瓦小时LL11575.42MHz L-Band carrier L1频率L21227.6MHz L-Band carrier L2频率LAAS Local Area Augmentation System局域增强系统LACAC Latin American Civil Aviation Commission拉丁美洲民航委员会LADGNSS Local Area Differential GNSS局域差分全球卫星导航系统LADS局域差分系统LAN Local Area Network局域网LAT/LONG Latitude/LongitudeLat/Long Reference Waypoint经/纬度经/纬度参考点L-Band Approx1,500MHz L波段（1500兆赫附近频段）LCD Liquid Crystal Display液晶显示LCN Local Communications Network局域通信网络LDGPS Local Differential GPS本地差分GPSLEO Low Earth Orbit近地轨道、低高度轨道LGA Low Gain Antenna低增益天线LCN Local Communications NetworkLLWSA(S)Low Level Wind Shear Alert System低空风切变报警系统LMM Locator Middle Marker航向中指点标LNA Low Noise Amplifier低噪音放大器LNAV Lateral Navigation侧向导航LOC Localize Transmitter(Localizer)航向台发信机LOM Locator Outer Marker航向外指点标LON Longitude经度LORAN－C Long Range Navigation System罗兰－C导航系统LPC Linear Predicative Coding线性预测编码LRR Long Range Radar远程雷达LRU Line Replaceable Unit在线替换部件LSB Least Significant Bit最低有效位LVA Large Vertical Aperture大垂直孔径MMALSR Medium-intensity Approach Lighting System with Runway alignment indicator lights中级亮度进近照明系统，并有跑道对准线显示灯MAP Missed Approach Point复飞点MAR Minimally Attended Radar需低度护理的雷达MASPS Minimum Aeronautical System Standards最低航空系统标准MASPS Minimum Aircraft(Aviation)System Performance Specification(Standards)最小飞机(航空)系统性能标准扩展频谱MAWP Missed Approached WaypointMB Market Beacon指点标MBI Message Block Identifier信息块指示器mbps、Mbit/s mega bits per second兆位每秒MCA Minimum Crossing Altitude最低穿越高度MCC Maintenance Control Center维护控制中心MCDU Multifunction Control Display Unit多功能控制显示单元MCI Mode C intruder装有C模式应答器的入侵飞机MCS Master Control Station主控站MCS Monitoring/Control Software监控/管制软件MDA Minimum Descent Altitude最低下降高度MDT Maintenance Data Terminal维护数据终端MEA Minimum En-route Altitude最低航路高度MED Manual Entry Device人工输入器MET Meteorology气象METAR Meteorological Report of Aerodrome Conditions机场条件气象报告MFCP Multifunction Control Display Panel多功能控制显示面板MFDU Multifunction Display Unit多功能显示单元MHz Megahertz兆赫MIDANPIRG Middle East Air Navigation Planning and Implementation Regional Group中东地区航行规划<请合法使用í?t>实施小组MIFR Master International Frequency Registration国际频率注册管理站(员)MIL Military军方MKR Marker指点标MLS Microwave Landing System微波着陆系统MMALS Multi-Mode Approach and Landing System多模式进近和着陆系统MMI Man-Machine Interface人机接口MMR Multi-Mode Receiver多模式接收机MMS Maintenance Management System维护管理系统MMW Millimeter Wave毫米波MNPS Minimum Navigation Performance Specification最低导航性能规范MNPSA MNPS airspace最低导航性能规范空域MNT Mach Number Technique马赫数技术MOCA Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitudes最低超障净空高度Mode S specific services S模式特定业务MODEM Modulator-Demodulator调制解调器MOPR Minimum Operational Performance Requirements最低运行性能要求MOPS Minimum Operational Performance Standards最低运行性能规范MORA Minimum Off-Route Altitude<请合法使用软件>低偏离航路高度MOS Metal-Oxide Semiconductor金属-氧化物半导体MOU Memorandum Of Understanding备忘录MPS Maintenance Processor Subsystem维护处理机分系统MRA Minimum Reception Altitude最低接受高度MRT Multi-Radar Tracking多雷达跟踪MRT-VU Multi-Radar Tracking using Variable Update采用变化更新的多雷达跟踪MSA Minimum Sector Altitude最低扇区高度MSAT移动业务卫星系统（美国的）MSAW Minimum Safe Altitude Warning最低安全高度警告MSCP Mobile Satellite Service Provider移动卫星业务提供者MSE Mean Square Error均方误差MSK Minimum Shift Keying最小移频键控MSL Mean Sea Level平均海平面MSP Mode S specific protocol S模式特别协议(规程)MSU Mode Select Unit模式选择单元MTBA Mean Time Between Alarm(Warning)平均告警间隔时间MTBF Mean Time Between Failure平均故障间隔时间MTBO Mean Time Between Outage平均故障停工间隔时间MTBR Mean Time Between Repairs平均故障修复间隔时间MTBUR Mean Time Between Unit Replacements平均更换故障单元间隔时间MTBW Mean Time Between Warning平均告警间隔时间MTD Maintenance Terminal Display维护终端显示器MTI Moving Target Indicator活动目标指示器MTM Module Test and Maintenance模块测试和维护MTMIU Module Test and Maintenance Bus Interface Unit模块测试和维护总线接口单元MTN MEGA Transport Network MEGA运输网络MTSAT Multi-Functional Transport Satellite多功能传送卫星（日本）MTTDA Mean Time To Dispatch Alert平均签派告警时间MTTF Mean Time To Failure平均故障时间MTTM Mean Time To Maintenance平均维护时间MTTR Mean Time to Repair维平均修时间MTTR Mean Time to Restore平均恢复时间MU Management Unit管理单元MUS Minimum Use Specification最低应用规格MUX Multiplexer复用器MN Multisensor Navigation多传感器导航MUX Multiplexer多工器，复用器MWARA Major World Air Route Area世界主要航路区MWO Meteorological Watch Office气象观测台NN Navigation导航NA Not Applicable不可用NACK Negative Acknowledgment出错通知NAD North American Datum北美数据(基准)NADIN National Airspace Data Interchange Network国家空域数据交换网NAGU咨询报告NAILS National Airspace Integrated Logistics Support国家空域综合后勤保障NAPA国家公共管理科学院（美国）Nanosecond One billionth of a second十亿分之一秒NAR National Airspace Review国家空域审议NARACS National Radio Communications System国家无线电通信系统NAS National Airspace System国家空域系统NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration国家航空和宇航局(美国)NASNET National Airspace System Network国家空域系统网络NASP National Airport System Plan国家航空港系统计划NASPALS NAS Precision Approach and Landing System国家空域系统进近和着陆系统NAT North Atlantic北大西洋地区NAT ADSG North Atlantic Automatic Dependent Surveillance Development Group北大西洋自动相关监视开发小组NAT ATS North Atlantic Air Traffic Services北大西洋空中交通服务NAT SPG North Atlantic Systems Planning Group北大西洋系统规划组NATCOM National Communications Center,Kansas City, Missouri国家通信中心(位于密苏里州堪萨斯城)NATS National Air Traffic Service国家空中交通服务NAV NavigationNAVAID Navigational Aid导航设施NAVAID Radio Aid to Navigation无线电助(导)收设备NAVD North American Vertical Datum北美垂直向数据NCA National Control Authority国家指挥当局NAWP National Aviation Weather Processor国家航空气象处理机NCC Network Control Center网络控制中心NCD No-Computed Data无算出数据NCIU NEXRAD communications interface unit改进型气象雷达通信接口单元NCP Network Control processor网络控制处理器NCS Network Coordinating Station网络协调台NDB Nondirectional Radio Beacon无方向信标NEAN North European ADS-B Network北欧ADS－B网络NEOF National Emergency Operations Facilities国家应急指挥设施NEXRAD Next Generation Weather Radar改进型气象雷达；下一代气象雷达NGRS National Geodetic Reference System国家测地参考系统NGS National Geodetic Survey国家测地勘察NICS NAS Interfacility Communications System国家空域系统设施间的通信系统NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology国家标准和技术研究所NLES导航岸站NM(NMI)Nautical Mile海里,节NMC National Meteorological Center国家气象中心(美国) NMCE Network Monitoring and Control Equipment网络监控设备NMDPS Network Management Data Process System网络管理数据处理系统NMS Navigation Management System导航管理系统NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration国家海洋和大气局(美国)NOPAC North Pacific北太平洋NOTAM Notice to Airmen航行通告NPA Non-Precision Approach非精密进近NPDU Network Protocol Data Unit网络协议数据单元NPLAS National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems国家综合航空港系统的计划NRC National Research Committee国家科学研究委员会（美国的）NSAP Network Service Access Point网络服务访问点NSB National Secure Bureau国家保安局（美国的）NSC Network Service Centre网络服务中心NSDU Network Service Data Unit网络服务数据单元NSE Navigation System Error导航系统误差NSSF NAS Simulation Support Facility国家空域系统的仿真保障设施NTLA National Telecommunications Information Agency国家电信资料署(美国)NTSB National Transportation Safety Board国家运输安全委员会(美国)NWS National Weather Service国家气象服务(美国)OO&M Operation and Maintenance运行和维修O.R.Operational Requirement运营要求OACC Oceanic Area Control Center海洋区域管制中心OAS Obstacle Assessment Surface障碍物评价面OAS Oceanic Automation System海洋自动化系统OCA Obstacle Clearance Altitude超障净高度OCA Oceanic Control Area海洋管制区OCH Obstacle Clearance Height超障高OCM Oceanic Clearance Message海洋放行许可信息OCP ICAO Obstacle Clearance Panel国际民航组织超障净空专家组OCS运行控制系统OCS Obstacle Clearance Surface超障面ODALS Omnidirectional Approach Lighting System全向进近灯光系统ODAPS Oceanic Display and Planning System远洋飞行显示和规划系统ODF Oceanic Development Facility海洋开发设施ODIAC Operational Development of Initial Air-ground data Communications早期空-地数据通信运行开发ODL Oceanic Data Link海洋数据链OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer原始设备制造商OFDPS Offshore Flight Data Processing System近海飞行数据处理系统OLAN Onboard Local Area Network机载局域网OLDI On-line Data Interchange联机数据交换OMB Office of Management and Budget国家管理和预算局(美国) OMEGA A navigation system that uses two high-powered transmitter grounds stations to broadcast a continuous wave signal.奥米加导航系统ODALS Omnidirectional Approach Lighting System全向进近灯光系统OOOI Out-Off-On-In滑出-起飞-接地-停靠门位OP Operational 运行。
华硕WiFiAccess Point产品说明书
The NETGEAR WC9500 High Capacity Wireless Controller supports rapid mobility across VLANs and subnets including 802.11i preauthentication and fast roaming support (FRS). Seamless L2 and L3 roaming provides support for latency-sensitive applications such as video, audio and voice over wireless. WiFi Multimedia (WMM) advanced prioritization extends WiFi s high-quality end-user experience to voice applications (VoWiFi).
WAC730
Description
Part Numbers
WAC720 WNDAP660
Typical Deployment
Product Image (Front)
Product Image (Back)
WNDAP620
WNDAP360
WNDAP350 WNAP320 WNAP210 WN370 WND930
Page 3 of 10
Features
Scalable Architecture
The NETGEAR WC9500 High Capacity Controller supports up to 200 APs and is upgradable in 10, 50, 100, or 200 APs via so ware licenses. Stackable up to three controllers, a WC9500 High Capacity Controller stack can support up to 600 access points with a single interface. The WC9500 o ers redundancy for always-on reliability.
Fire Watch 411系列从Fire Lite制造的多功能、小型数字报警通信传输器（DACT）
• Includes 15 reporting formats, including the popular ADEMCO Contact ID format.
• Capable of transmitting the following DACT information, in addition to vital system status of the host control panel:
• Surface Mount Technology (SMT).
• Extremely compact enclosure, measuring only 6.75" (17.145 cm) W x 4.40" (11.176 cm) H x 1.05" (2.667 cm) D.
• Shares identical footprint with Fire•Lite’s 911 Series for replacement purposes.
• Inputs may be individually programmed to monitor the host control panel for:
Fire Alarm
Fire Trouble
Fire Supervisory Process Monitoring
AC Power Loss
24-hour abnormal test.
• New long-distance Carrier Access Code (CAC) compliant, accepting up to 20-digit Central Station telephone numbers.
NVIDIA DOCA Applications Overview说明书
GuideTable of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction (1)Chapter 2. Applications (2)2.1. Allreduce (2)2.2. Application Recognition (2)2.3. App Shield Agent (2)2.4. DNS Filter (2)2.5. East-West Overlay Encryption (3)2.6. File Scan (3)2.7. Firewall (3)2.8. IPS (3)2.9. L4 OVS Firewall (3)2.10. Secure Channel (3)2.11. Simple Forward VNF (4)2.12. URL Filter (4)Chapter 1.IntroductionDOCA applications are an educational resource provided as a guide on how to program on the NVIDIA® BlueField® DPU using DOCA API.For instructions regarding the development environment and installation, refer to the NVIDIA DOCA Developer Guide and the NVIDIA DOCA Installation Guide respectively.Chapter 2.Applications2.1. AllreduceThis application is a collective operation that allows data from many processing units to be collected and merged into a global result before being delivered to all processing units using an operator. The application is implemented using the UCX communication framework, which leverages the DPU's low-latency and high-bandwidth utilization of its network engine.2.2. Application RecognitionThis application identifies applications that are in use on a monitored networking node.The application is based on the deep packet inspection (DPI) library, which leverages DPU capabilities such as regular expression (RXP) acceleration engine, hardware-based connection tracking, and more.2.3. App Shield AgentThis application describes how to build secure process monitoring and is based on the DOCA APSH library, which leverages DPU capabilities such as regular expression (RXP) acceleration engine, hardware-based DMA, and more.2.4. DNS FilterThis application offloads DNS requests from the host to the DPU's Arm cores which allows reducing CPU overhead as they allow further DNS processing (e.g., allow/deny list) to be done. The application is based on the DOCA Flow and RegEx libraries which leverage DPU capabilities such as regular expression (RXP) acceleration engine, building generic execution pipes in HW, and more.2.5. East-West Overlay EncryptionThis application, IPsec, sets up encrypted connections between different devices and works by encrypting IP packets and authenticating the packets' originator. It is based on a strongSwan solution which is an open-source IPsec-based VPN solution.2.6. File ScanThis application describes how to scan a file using the hardware RegEx engine to find whether there are matches according to the compiled regular expressions. It is based on the DOCA RegEx library which leverages the DPU's regular expression (RXP) acceleration engine.2.7. FirewallThis application applies network security based on DOCA Flow gRPC and is used for remote programming of the DPU hardware. It leverages DPU capabilities such as building generic execution pipes in hardware, monitoring incoming and outgoing network traffic, and more.2.8. IPSThis application monitors a network for malicious activities or policy violations and is based on a deep packet inspection (DPI) library, which leverages DPU capabilities such as the regular expression (RXP) acceleration engine, hardware-based connection tracking, and more.2.9. L4 OVS FirewallThis application performs basic access control list (ACLs) operations. It allows the identification of different flows based on L3/L4 headers and executes different actions using Open vSwitch (OVS) commands.2.10. Secure ChannelThis application is used to establish a secure, network-independent communication channel between the host and the DPU based on the DOCA Comm Channel library.2.11. Simple Forward VNFThis application is a forwarding application that takes VXLAN traffic from a single RX port and transmits it on a single TX port. It is based on DOCA Flow which leverages DPU capabilities such as building generic execution pipes in the hardware, and more.2.12. URL FilterThis application limits access by comparing web traffic against a database to prevent users from different threats (e.g., malware, harmful sites, phishing). It is based on a deep packet inspection (DPI) library, which leverages DPU capabilities such as the regular expression (RXP) acceleration engine, hardware-based connection tracking, and more.NoticeThis document is provided for information purposes only and shall not be regarded as a warranty of a certain functionality, condition, or quality of a product. NVIDIA Corporation nor any of its direct or indirect subsidiaries and affiliates (collectively: “NVIDIA”) make no representations or warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this document and assume no responsibility for any errors contained herein. NVIDIA shall have no liability for the consequences or use of such information or for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. This document is not a commitment to develop, release, or deliver any Material (defined below), code, or functionality.NVIDIA reserves the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and any other changes to this document, at any time without notice. Customer should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete.NVIDIA products are sold subject to the NVIDIA standard terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgement, unless otherwise agreed in an individual sales agreement signed by authorized representatives of NVIDIA and customer (“Terms of Sale”). 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It is customer’s sole responsibility to evaluate and determine the applicability of any information contained in this document, ensure the product is suitable and fit for the application planned by customer, and perform the necessary testing for the application in order to avoid a default of the application or the product. Weaknesses in customer’s product designs may affect the quality and reliability of the NVIDIA product and may result in additional or different conditions and/or requirements beyond those contained in this document. NVIDIA accepts no liability related to any default, damage, costs, or problem which may be based on or attributable to: (i) the use of the NVIDIA product in any manner that is contrary to this document or (ii) customer product designs.No license, either expressed or implied, is granted under any NVIDIA patent right, copyright, or other NVIDIA intellectual property right under this document. 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FDA_2013_Minimed_530G
SUMMARY OF SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS DATA (SSED)I.GENERAL INFORMATIONDevice Generic Name: Artificial Pancreas Device System, Threshold Suspend Device Trade Name: MiniMed 530G SystemDevice Procode: OZOApplicant’s Name and Address: Medtronic MiniMed18000 Devonshire Street91325 Northridge,CA Date(s) of Panel Recommendation: NonePremarket Approval Application P120010(PMA) Number:Date of FDA Notice of Approval: September 26, 2013Expedited: Expedited by policy1II.INDICATIONS FOR USEMiniMed 530G SystemThe MiniMed 530G System is intended for continuous delivery of basal insulin (at userselectable rates) and administration of insulin boluses (in user selectable amounts) for the management of diabetes mellitus in persons, sixteen years of age and older, requiringinsulin as well as for the continuous monitoring and trending of glucose levels in the fluid under the skin. The MiniMed 530G System can be programmed to automaticallysuspend delivery of insulin when the sensor glucose value falls below a predefinedthreshold value.The MiniMed 530G System consists of the following devices that can be used incombination or individually: MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump, Enlite™ Sensor, Enlite™Serter, the MiniLink Real-Time System, the Bayer Contour NextLink glucose meter,CareLink® Professional Therapy Management Software for Diabetes, and CareLink®Personal Therapy Management Software for Diabetes. The system requires aprescription.1 The Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health has determined that all devices intended to non-invasively monitor blood glucose, and similar devices, will be treated as expedited submissions per the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997 Section 215(b).The MiniMed 530G System is not intended to be used directly for making therapyadjustments, but rather to provide an indication of when a finger stick may be required.All therapy adjustments should be based on measurements obtained using a home glucose monitor and not on values provided by the MiniMed 530G System.The MiniMed 530G System is not intended to be used directly for preventing or treating hypoglycemia but to suspend insulin delivery when the user is unable to respond to theThreshold Suspend alarm to take measures to prevent or treat hypoglycemia himself.Therapy to prevent or treat hypoglycemia should be administered according to therecommendations of the user’s Health Care Provider.Enlite® SensorThe Enlite Sensor is intended for use with Medtronic MiniMed 530G Insulin pump(models MMT-551, MMT-751) to continuously monitor glucose levels in persons withdiabetes.Enlite® SerterThe Enlite Serter is used as an aid for inserting the Enlite sensor. It is indicated as asingle-patient use device and it is not intended for multiple-patient use.CareLink® ProCareLink Pro is designed to enhance Health Care Provider management of diabeticpatients using Medtronic insulin pumps and glucose monitors and is intended for use as a tool to help manage diabetes. The purpose of this system is to take informationtransmitted from insulin pumps, glucose meters and continuous glucose monitoringsystems, and turn it into CareLink Pro reports. The reports provide information that canbe used to identify trends and track daily activities—such as carbohydrates consumed,meal times, insulin delivery and glucose readings.CareLink® PersonalCareLink Personal is intended for use within the home and Health Care Providerenvironments. CareLink Personal is intended for use as a tool to help control diabetes.The purpose of this system is to take information transmitted from insulin pumps,continuous glucose monitors and glucose meters, and logbook data entered by the patient, and turn it into CareLink Personal reports.MiniLink Real-Time SystemThe MiniLink Real Time System consists of the MiniLink Transmitter, a tester and acharger. When connected to a sensor that is inserted in the body, the transmitterautomatically initializes the sensor and begins to periodically send glucose data to thepump using a radio signal.III.CONTRAINDICATIONSPump therapy is not recommended for people who are unwilling or unable to performa minimum of four blood glucose tests per day.∙Pump therapy is not recommended for people who are unwilling or unable to maintain contact with their healthcare professional.∙Pump therapy is not recommended for people whose vision or hearing does not allow recognition of pump signals and alarms.∙Do not use the Enlite Serter on products other than the Enlite sensor. Medtronic cannot guarantee this product’s safety or efficacy if used on other products.IV.WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONSThe warnings and precautions can be found in the MiniMed 530G labeling.V.DEVICE DESCRIPTIONThe MiniMed 530G System is comprised of the following devices:MiniMed 530G Insulin PumpThe MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump is an ambulatory, battery operated, rate-programmable infusion pump designed to deliver insulin from a reservoir. The reservoir is driven by a motor to deliver patient determined basal rate profiles and patient selected bolus amounts of insulin into the subcutaneous tissue through an infusion set.The MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump is offered in two models (MMT-551 and MMT-751).The difference between models MMT-551 and MMT-751 is the size of the devicehousing to accommodate different reservoir sizes. Model MMT-551 is compatible with a1.8 ml reservoir and model MMT-751 can be used with either the 1.8mL or the 3.0 mlreservoir. Other than the size difference in the pump case housing all other aspects of the device (PCBA, drive motor, LCD, etc.) are the same between the two models.The MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump is similar to the Paradigm REAL-Time REVEL pump (P980022/S031, S089) hardware and software platform. The only hardware differencebetween the two devices is an update to the keypad overlay to include the color green to the circle around the ACT button. This is a cosmetic change and it does not affect thepump performance, function or intended use.The major difference between MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump and the Paradigm REAL-Time REVEL insulin pump is the application software. In addition to the features carried over from the Paradigm REVEL pump, the software was updated to incorporate featureenhancements to the glucose monitoring and insulin delivery features. The featureenhancements that were included in the MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump are as follows: ∙‘Threshold Suspend’ tool with 60-90 mg/dL threshold range∙The sensor life has changed from three days to six days (resulting in changes to the software)∙Modified sensor calibration algorithm for the Enlite Sensor∙Blood Glucose units set to mg/dL (no longer user selectable)∙Enhanced Radio Frequency (RF) communication security featuresThe MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump is designed to receive and display real-time glucose values received from the provided transmitter. Enlite sensor signals are transmitted from the transmitter to the MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump via RF telemetry and converted into glucose concentrations based on calibration values from commercially available blood glucose meters. Signals are updated and transmitted to the pump every five minutes. The real time sensor glucose values, displayed by the MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump, are not intended to be used directly for making therapy adjustments. The patient can use the tracking and trending of sensor glucose values to help determine if an unplanned finger stick measurement may be needed. In addition, sensor glucose values should not be used to modify insulin therapy. All insulin therapy adjustments should be based on measurements obtained using a blood glucose meter and not based on the sensor glucose value displayed by the MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump.The most significant difference between MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump and previously approved insulin pumps is the inclusion of the ‘Threshold Suspend’ tool. This new tool provides the patient the means to set the pump to temporarily suspend insulin delivery automatically when the sensor glucose level is equal to or less than a selected threshold. The patient has the capability to select a ‘Threshold Suspend’ threshold within the 60 mg/dL to 90 mg/dL range. When the ‘Threshold Suspend’ tool is set to ‘ON’, the system compares the sensor glucose value and the programmed Suspend threshold whenever the sensor glucose value is updated (every five minutes). The use of the Threshold Suspend tool is optional and the patient can turn the tool ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’.When the sensor glucose value is below the set threshold, an alarm and siren occurs and the patient may elect to continue or cancel the temporary pump suspension of insulin delivery.If the user does not respond to the alarm or siren, the pump will automatically suspend for two hours. At the end of the two hours, insulin delivery will resume and the system will be unable to suspend the pump automatically for four hours post-insulin resumption even if the sensor glucose value is below the threshold.If the user cancels the suspension of insulin delivery, the system will continue to deliver insulin at the programmed basal rate until the next time the sensor glucose value is below the set threshold value. The alarm and siren will then re-sound, and the pump will suspend (unless canceled by the user). The interval between the cancellation of the Threshold Suspend and the next possible threshold alarm will be the duration of the patient’s specified Low Alert Repeat (5-60 minutes).If the patient responds to the alarm or siren by electing to accept the insulin suspension,the pump will suspend. At the end of the two hours, the pump will resume insulin delivery until the next sensor glucose value is below the set threshold suspend value. The interval between the accepted Threshold Suspend and the next possible threshold alarm will be the duration of the patient’s specified Low Alert Repeat (5-60 minutes). This means that it is possible for the system to suspend insulin delivery for two hours, followed by a minimal amount of insulin delivery (5 minutes), and re-suspend insulin delivery for two more hours. This loop can be continued for as long as the patient acknowledges the pump suspension (by electing to continue) and the sensor value remains below the set threshold value.The patient can cancel the temporary pump suspension at any time during the two-hour period regardless if the suspension occurred because he/she was not able to respond to the initial alarm or he/she accepted the suspension.The MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump is capable of storing 90 days of pump history and glucose sensor data. The pump has a graphical display that the patient can use to view the glucose history for the past 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours, high/low glucose alarms and display of retrospective glucose trend information.Stored pump history and glucose data can be downloaded to a personal computer for review and analysis, to track patterns and improve diabetes management. Data is downloaded from the pump to CareLink therapy management software.Enlite Glucose Sensor (MMT-7008)The Enlite sensor is a single-use, disposable component, which is intended for use with MiniMed 530G Insulin Pump to continuously monitor glucose levels. It is inserted into the subcutaneous tissue of the patient and connected to a transmitter device, the MiniLink Real-Time System (model MMT-7707). The sensor/tube assembly is flexible and has a small cross-section designed to minimize pain and discomfort during use. A rigid introducer needle aids in the insertion of the sensor into the subcutaneous tissue, and retracts into the polycarbonate hub after use. This is intended to prevent accidental needle sticks and allows for safe disposal once the sensor is in place. The sensor/base assembly connects to the transmitter, which in turn communicates with the 530G insulin pump. The Enlite Sensor is intended to be worn for up to six days.Enlite Serter (MMT-7510)The Enlite Serter was designed for aiding in the insertion of the Enlite Sensor. It is intended to be used by a patient or a clinician to introduce the sensor into the subcutaneous tissue at a fixed depth, with minimal discomfort and technique dependency, and with minimal exposure of the sensor needle.CareLink Pro Software (MMT-7335 version 3.4A):CareLink Pro software is a personal computer software application designed to enhance Health Care Provider management of diabetic patients using compatible Medtronic insulin pumps, glucose monitors, and supported third-party blood glucose meters.It is intended for use by the Health Care Providers in a clinical environment, as a therapy management accessory to:∙Read and store device data from supported devices.∙Read and store device data from the CareLink Personal system (MMT-7333).∙Write new device data to the CareLink Personal system.∙Generate reports from the patient records for use in managing the patient’s therapy.CareLink Personal Software (MMT-7333 version 5.9A)CareLink Personal software is a network based software system residing on a computer server platform connected to the Internet. The system is designed to download patientdata from compatible Medtronic MiniMed infusion pumps, glucose monitors, andsupported third-party blood glucose meters to a central database. CareLink Personal isintended for both professional and non-professional user to facilitate the review andanalysis of information downloaded from compatible devices.MiniLink Real-Time System:The MiniLink Real-Time System consists of the MiniLink Transmitter (model MMT-7703), Charger (model MMT-7705), and Tester (model MMT-7706).The MiniLink Transmitter provides power to the sensor and measures the sensor signal current (I SIG). The I SIG is an electrical current level that is proportional to the glucoselevel in the subcutaneous interstitial fluid of the patient. The I SIG is converted to a digital signal, and is filtered to reduce noise artifact. The digital signal is then transmitted to a receiving device through RF link once every 5 minutes. The MiniLink Transmitter isintended to provide the patient with the convenience of viewing real-time glucose values that can be analyzed to track patterns and improve overall diabetes management. Real-time glucose values are not intended to be used directly for making therapy adjustment, but rather to provide an indication that unplanned finger stick with a home blood glucose monitor may be needed.. Accessories:The following accessories are compatible with the MiniMed 530G System:Reservoirs and Infusion SetsParadigm Reservoir MMT-326A, MMT-332AMiniMed Mio Infusion Set MMT-921, MMT-923, MMT-925,MMT-941, MMT-943, MMT-945,MMT-965, MMT-975MiniMed Silhouette Infusion Set MMT-368, MMT-369, MMT-370,MMT-377, MMT-378, MMT-381,MMT-382, MMT-383, MMT-384MiniMed Sure-T Infusion Set MMT-862, MMT-864, MMT-866,MMT-874, MMT-876, MMT-886MiniMed Quick Set Infusion Set MMT-386, MMT-387, MMT-394,MMT-396, MMT-397Paradigm Polyfin Infusion Set MMT-312S, MMT-312LParadigm Sof-Set Infusion Set MMT-317, MMT-318,MMT-324, MMT-325RF Communication DevicesCareLink USB MMT-7305ComLink Communication Device MMT-7304MMT-503Paradigm Remote Control/ProgrammerBayer Contour NextLink glucose meter (k122370)2:The Bayer CONTOUR NEXT LINK Wireless Blood Glucose Monitoring System candirectly communicate with the MiniMed 530G System. It consists of a small handheldelectronic device, dry reagent strips and liquid controls to be used for the measurement of glucose in capillary whole blood by persons with diabetes. Blood glucose results aredisplayed in the meter window and stored in the meter’s memory. The COUNTOURNEXT LINK meter also contains RF functions to send Blood Glucose Meter results tothe MiniMed 530G System.VI.ALTERNATIVE PRACTICES AND PROCEDURESControl of diabetes can be achieved through a combination of methods and behaviors.Self behaviors include healthy eating, taking the clinically indicated medications, andbeing active. Persons with diabetes may also administer insulin by injection or by using other insulin infusion pumps as prescribed by his/her physician. Methods of controllingglucose levels (glycemic control) have been shown to reduce severe diabetes-relatedcomplications. Methods of monitoring glycemic control include periodic measurement of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), which reflects blood glucose control over a three month period.Self-monitoring of blood glucose using glucose meters and test strips providesquantitative measurements of blood glucose at a single point in time for patients and their healthcare providers to monitor the effectiveness of glycemic control and make moreimmediate treatment modifications.2 As stated in FDA’s final guidance, The Content of Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) and Premarket Approval (PMA) Applications for Artificial Pancreas Device Systems, because the intended use of an APDS is different than the intended use of a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), FDA believes additional information will be needed for blood glucose devices (BGD) that are part of an APDS compared to the information required for a BGD that is part of a CGM. The Agency does not intend to request this information for one year following the publication of this notice for the BGD component of APDS submissions. P120010 was received for review by the Agency within one year of guidance publication. For future APDS submissions, PMAs for APDS should include complete information (e.g., manufacturing, specifications, etc.) for the BGD component of the APDS.Each alternative method for monitoring glycemic control has its own advantages anddisadvantages. A patient should fully discuss these alternatives with his/her physician to select the method that best meets expectations and lifestyle. The Medtronic MiniMed530G System is the first device of its kind to suspend insulin when a sensor detects a pre-defined glucose threshold.VII.MARKETING HISTORYThe MiniMed 530G System has not been marketed in the United States but a similarinsulin pump system containing the threshold suspend tool received a CE mark under the name, Paradigm Real Time Veo System, and was commercialized in the EuropeanEconomic Community in May 2010. The device has not been withdrawn from marketing for any reason related to its safety or effectiveness.VIII.POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THE DEVICE ON HEALTH Below is a list of the potential adverse effects (e.g. complications) associated with the use of the device.The following events are possible adverse device effects of inserting a sensor into yourskin: local infection, inflammation, pain or discomfort, bleeding at the glucose sensorinsertion site, bruising, itching, scarring or skin discoloration, hematoma, tape irritation, sensor or needle fracture during insertion, wear or removal. There were no SeriousAdverse Device Events (SADEs) or Unanticipated Adverse Device Effects (UADEs)reported during either of the clinical studies (G110131/A001 and G100028). No sensorbreakage was documented in the clinical studies supporting approval of this device.Reported sensor breakage rate with similar devices has been very low, however, and this study was not powered or designed to assess the rate of breakage, though all sensors were inspected for fracture after removal.A minor risk of the CCM is that patients may need to perform unnecessary fingersticks toevaluate their blood glucose when the CGM gives false positive hypoglycemic andhyperglycemic readings or alerts. There is also a minor risk of skin irritation,inflammation, or infection due to either the sensor needle or the adhesive. However,CGM devices allow patient s to measure the interstitial glucose at near continuousintervals to obtain a 24 hour picture of their glucose profile, especially during the night.Tracking and trending information is of value to patients and outweighs minor risksassociated with fingersticks and the sensor.There are additional risks due to missed alerts and false negative hypoglycemic andhyperglycemic readings related to patients not being alerted to the need to perform afingerstick to detect hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Additionally, there is a riskassociated with false alerts and false positive hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia readings related to the need to perform unnecessary fingersticks to confirm an erroneous low orhigh reading.Patients who only use blood glucose meters to manage their diabeteswithout the aid of a CGM would also be unaware of the need to perform additionaltesting to detect an abnormal blood sugar (unless they were exhibiting symptoms of an abnormal blood glucose).The risks of inaccurate Enlite sensor glucose results is not unreasonably higher than the risk of managing diabetes with a blood glucose meter alone and these include incorrect tracking and trending or threshold detection; increased false negative and false positive low threshold alerts and alarms or high threshold alerts, and incorrect rate of change calculations that could adversely affect treatment decisions.. However, if the patient relies on sensor glucose values and does not perform fingerstick blood glucose tests as recommended (4-7 times daily) the risks of CGM use increases; especially if the sensor error results in failure to detect glucose out of the target glucose range (failure of Low and High alerts) or incorrect insulin dosing.Inaccurate calculation of the rate of change of interstitial glucose by the CGM could result in failure to identify trends of increasing or decreasing glucose and alerts to the patient that an unplanned blood glucose check should be performed. Rate of change detection errors result in the patient losing the opportunity to perform additional blood glucose tests and take appropriate measures to stop a trend of increasing or decreasing glucose levels that could lead to serious hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Inaccurate calculation of the rate of change of glucose could also lead to unnecessary additional blood glucose tests. As discussed above the risk of using sensor rate of change information for making treatment decisions, rather than as a prompt for unplanned blood glucose checks, increases the risk of CGM use.There are risks associated with using the Threshold Suspend tool. As with the sensor based alerts, the threshold alarm is subject to sensor errors that can result in missed hypoglycemia and no pump suspension, or inappropriate pump suspension when blood glucose is above the sensor suspend threshold (suspension in the absence of hypoglycemia) potentially resulting in hyperglycemia and ketosis. Under certain conditions of use after the initial 2-hour suspension the pump will resume insulin delivery but can re-suspend after a short period of time (as little as 5-minutes) rather than after 4 hours. Repeated pump suspensions, especially if the initial suspension was in error, increases the risk of more severe hyperglycemia, ketosis, and possibly DKA. Patients using insulin pumps can manually suspend insulin or set a temporary basal rate of zero at any time, which can also result in hyperglycemia, ketosis, and possibly DKA if the interruption of insulin delivery is prolonged. The risks of the Threshold Suspend tool can be mitigated if patients do not rely on the tool for treating or mitigating hypoglycemia if they are aware of Low Alerts or Threshold Suspend alarms, perform blood glucose checks, and treat hypoglycemia as instructed by their healthcare providers. Patients should also not rely on the sensor to detect hypoglycemia and perform blood glucose checks in response to symptoms of hypoglycemia.Risks of the pump hardware problems include the following possible hypoglycemia from over-delivery of insulin due to a hardware defect; as well as hyperglycemia and ketosis possibly leading to ketoacidosis due to inappropriate insulin suspension or pump failure resulting in cessation of all insulin delivery due to either a hardware defect or software anomalyFor information on adverse events that occurred in the clinical studies, please see Section X below.IX.SUMMARY OF PRECLINICAL STUDIESboratory StudiesPre-clinical testing was performed on the insulin pump models (MMT-551 and MMT-751), Enlite Sensor (MMT-7008), Enlite Serter (MMT-7510), and MiniLink Transmitter(MMT-7707).MMT-551 and MMT-751 Insulin PumpsThirty MMT-551 and 30 MMT-751 pumps were subjected to following functional andenvironmental tests to ensure that these devices will continue to function normally evenwhen exposed to extreme environmental conditions:• Storage at -20°C and 55°C• Storage at 0% and 95% relative humidity• Storage at 7.2 psi and 15.4 psi• Storage at 50% relative humidity• Exposure to detergent, alcohol, Betadine and insulin• Temperature cycling between 3°C and 40°C• Operation at 20% and 95% relative humidity• Operation at 10.2 psi and 15.4 psi• Cycling between temperature of -20°C and 60°C• IPX4 and IPX7 liquid ingress tests• Random vibration at 6.0 g rms in three axes• One meter drop test• Occlusion detection sensitivity test• Delivery volume accuracy tests• Battery life test• Alarm sound lever pressure testPump Test Description Test PurposeStorage Temperature 24 Hrs at -20°C24 hrs at +55°C Storage Humidity4 hours at 0% RH4 hours at 95%RH Storage Pressure4 hours at 7.2 psia4 hours at 15.4 psia Steady State Humidity 24 hours at +50°C These tests determine the devices ability to function normally when exposed to extreme environmental conditions.Pump Test Description Test Purpose 96 hours at +50°C &90%RHChemical/ Fluid CompatibilityMild household liquid detergent diluted with waterQuaternary Alcohol solutionBetadineU100 insulin This test determines the ability of the devices to withstand the effects of physical exposure to various chemical agents such as: a mild household liquid detergent diluted with water, a Quaternary Alcohol solution, Betadine, isopropyl alcohol, and U100 insulin.Ingress of Liquids IPX4 and IPX7 These tests determine the devices ability to withstand accidental exposure to water and ensuring devices continue to function normally when exposed to water.Vibration Test Random Vibration profile,6.0 g's rms, three axes These tests determine the ability of the devices to function normally and withstand vibration in excess of what might be experienced with normal use.Drop TestFree-fall at height of 1 meter on 3 different starting altitudes This test determines the ability of the devices to function normally and withstand physical shock, as might be experienced when the device is dropped.Occlusion Sensitivity Test This test demonstrates the ability of the devices to detect occlusion and generate an alarm "No Delivery" to notify the patient.Delivery Volume Accuracy This test demonstrates that the pump is able to deliver accurately (within ±5% error) while delivering during an intermediate rate.Battery Life Test This test demonstrates that the pump is able to detect lowvoltage of the battery and generate a Low Battery or deadbattery (Off No Power) alarm to notify the patient toreplace the battery of the pump.Six Day Sensor This test demonstrates the ability of the devices tocalculate the age of the sensor and generate “End Sensor”alarm after six days of use.Self Coexistence Test This test demonstrates the ability of multiple devices tocontinue RF communication when they are in closeproximity.Alarm Sound Level Pressure Test This test demonstrates the ability of the devices to generate audio alarm loud enough to be heard by the patient during alarm conditions.Ship Test This test demonstrates the ability of the packaging toprotect the devices during shipping.Leap Year Verification This test demonstrates the ability of the devices tofunction normally during date changes in leap years.。