2000年竞选类型学调查(Campaign 2000 Typology Survey)_数据挖掘_科研数据集
老托福2000年5月阅读解析第五篇
2000年5月第五篇Questions 41-50According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, Line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, althoughsupport to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other groupmembers. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to(25) suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote(30) distant respect.题目解析：41. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The problems faced by leaders(B) How leadership differs in small and large groups(C) How social groups determine who will lead them(D) The role of leaders in social groups解析：本文第1段和第2段讲了一个团体中领导的产生，第3段和第4段着重阐述了领导的角色，即功用型领导和亲和型领导。
大学英语专业毕业论文英语语言研究方向选题
英语语言研究方向选题1．语音1.1 语音学英语语音特点美式英语语音特点英音和美音的区别分析英语语音的变异现象英语书写与语音的差异英语和汉语语音比较1.2 语位学英语音位变体英语音节结构特征英语音位分布特征英语音节音位与汉语音节音位比较英汉音位对比1.3超音段音节英语重音特点英语语调特点英语音节节奏研究英语超音段音位比较研究2. 语法学英语祈使句结构双并语结构There Be 结构疑问句特殊疑问句It 用法被动句中英相应语法结构制中英具体模式与句式特点英语间的用法As 的用法That的用法不定式的用法动名词的用法非谓语动词的用法情态动词的用法各种时态的特殊用法主动与被动的问题数词的问题代词的问题3.形态学英语语法特征英语启折变化特征英语构词法英语复合词英语词汇借入4.语义英语词语的色彩英语词汇的特点网络英语词汇特征词的理句和文化历史关系中英文化中的词汇意义对应分析若干时态多少的英语反义与语义研究词汇空缺与词义冲突词语构成的现据英语词汇的发展基本形态变化的英语反义词语义讲究英语词汇的相异性英语歧义现象英语同义词的差异性5.语用学非言语交际跨文化交际关联理语用推理关联的交际言语行为语用失误6.修辞学英语修辞结构的特征修辞特征与文化修辞与理解英汉修辞手法的比较讲话与修辞英语语言研究参考书目语言学：程雨民.《语言系统及其运作》. 上海外语教育出版社，1997.程雨民.《英语语体学》. 上海外语教育出版社，1989.董树人（主编）.《语言学论文索引》（1991）. 北京语言学院出版社，1993.董树人（主编）. 《语言学论文索引》（1992）. 北京语言学院出版社，1994.董树人（主编）. 《语言学论文索引》（1993）. 北京语言学院出版社，1995.董树人（主编）.《语言学论文索引》（1994）.北京语言学院出版社，1996.董树人（主编）.《语言学论文索引》.北京语言学院出版社，1997.桂诗春.《应用语言学》.湖南教育出版社，1988.桂诗春.《心理语言学》.上海外语教育出版社，1985.桂诗春,宁春岩主编.《语言学方法论》.外语教育与研究出版社，1997.何自然.《语用学概论》. 湖南教育出版社，1988.刘辰诞.《教育篇章语言学》.上海外语教育出版社，1999.刘润清.《西方语言学流派》.外语教育与研究出版社，1995.戚雨村.《语言学引论》.上海外语教育出版社，1985.戚雨村.《现代语言学的特点和发展趋势》.上海外语教育出版社，1997.秦秀白.《文体学概论》，湖南教育出版社，1986.赵世开.《美国语言学简史》.上海外语教育出版社，1989.王德春.《语言学概论》.上海外语教育出版社，1997.王宗炎.《语言学和语言的运用》.上海外语教育出版社，1998.王宗炎.《语言问题探索》.上海外语教育出版社，1985.伍谦光.《语义学导论》.湖南教育出版社，1988.杨自俭，李瑞华.《英汉对比研究论文集》.上海外语教育出版社，1990.祝畹琼.《社会语言学概论》.湖南教育出版社，1992.伍铁平.《模糊语言学》.上海外语教育出版社，1999.中国英汉语比较研究会《英汉语比较研究》.湖南科技教育出版社，1994.Carroll,D.W.Psychology of language,3rd edition(语言心理学)，外语教育与研究出版社，2000. Fasold,R.The Sociolinguistics of Language(社会语言学)，外语教育与研究出版社，2000. Gee,J.P.An introduction to Discourse Analysis:Theory and Method(话语分析入门：理论和方法)，外语教育与研究出版社，2000.Hudson,R.A.Sociolinguistics(社会语言学)，外语教育与研究出版社，2000.J.Kramsky.”Papers in General Linguistics”,Paris:Mouton the Hague,1976.Lyons,J.Linguistic Semantics:An Introduction(语义学引论), 外语教育与研究出版社，2000. Peccei,J.S.Pragmatics(语用学), 外语教育与研究出版社，2000。
2000下半年上海市高等教育自学考试社科文献检索试题及答案要点
2000下半年上海市高等教育自學考試社科文獻檢索試題及答案要點第一部分選擇題一、單項選擇題（本大題共10小題，每小題1分，共10分）在每小題列出的四個選項中只有一個選項是符合題目要求的，請將正確選項前的字母填在題後的括弧內。
1.查古籍叢書最理想的書目是（）CA.《叢書舉要》B.《叢書集成初編目錄》C.《中國叢書綜錄》D.《中國近代現代叢書目錄》2.手冊的基本特點是（）DA.側重揭示文獻內部特徵B.內容新穎，連續出版C.著錄內容標明出處D.所收資料側重基礎知識，注重實用性3.《十三經索引》是（）CA.逐字索引B.逐詞索引C.逐句索引D.篇名索引4.查本學科重要專業期刊的最佳工具書是（）BA.《全國中文期刊聯合目錄》B.《中文核心期刊要目總覽》C.《中國近代期刊篇目匯錄》D.《中國期刊大全》5.查詞藻典故的主要類書有（）CA.《冊府元龜》B.《太平廣記》C.《佩文韻府》D.《藝文類聚》6.我國第一部體裁完備的政書是（）DA.\"十通\"B.《通典》C.《文獻通考》D.《政典》7.查古代漢語辭彙的主要工具書是（）CA.《辭海》B.《辭通》C.《辭源》D.《詞詮》8.書目資料庫主要提供的是（）BA.一次文獻B.二次文獻C.三次文獻D.零次文獻9.進行中西歷年月日換算所用的主要工具書有（）DA.《中國歷史紀年表》B.《西元干支推算表》C.《中國歷史大事年表》D.《中國史曆日和中西曆日對照表》10.利用選定的檢索工具由近及遠地逐年查找，直到查到所需文獻為止的檢索方法是（）AA.倒查法B.順查法C.追溯法D.抽查法11.ABC 12.ABCD 13.ABD 14.AC 15.AD 16.ACD 17.ABCD 18.ABD19.ABD二、多項選擇題（本大題共10小題，每小題2分，共20分）在每小題列出的四個選項中有二至四個選項是符合題目要求的，請將正確選項前的字母填在題後的括弧內。
多選、少選、錯選均無分。
社会调查方法试题及答案完整版
《社会调查方法》试题（一）一、不定项选择题（2分×10，共20分）1．我国于2000年进行的全国人口调查属于（）。
A．普查 B．抽样调查 C．典型调查 D．个案调查2. 统计分析方法的内容可以根据变量的多少划分为（）。
A．单变量分析 B．双变量分析C．三变量分析 D．多变量分析3. “将被调查者工资单上的应发金额数加上每月奖金发放统计表上他所得的奖金数额就是他的收入状况”是（）。
A．测量客体 B．测量内容C．测量法则 D．数字和符号4. 从12.8万名大学生中抽取1000名大学生，一次直接抽取出40个班级，而以这40个班级中的全部学生(假定正好1000名)作为调查对象，则班级就是（）。
A．抽样框 B．抽样单位 C．元素 D．样本5. 最常见的集中量数有（）。
A．平均数B．众数 C．中位数 D．标准差6. 社会调查中所研究的对象称之为（）。
A．调查对象 B．研究内容C．分析单位 D．研究主题7. 现代社会调查主要采用( )两种方法收集资料。
A. 自填式问卷B. 结构式访问C. 个别发送法D. 电话访问法8. 属于定类测量层次。
A.性别B.年龄C.收入D.职业声望9. 社会调查研究的一般程序包括五个基本环节，即（1）确定研究课题（2）整理与分析资料（3）搜集资料（4）撰写调查研究报告（5）设计调查研究方案。
合适的程序应为（）A．（1）—（2）—（3）—（4）—（5）B．（1）—（5）—（3）—（2）—（4）C．（3）—（1）—（5）—（2）—（4）D．（1）—（3）—（5）—（2）—（4）10. 下列抽样方法中属于概率抽样的是：（）A. 随机抽样B. 偶遇抽样C. 系统抽样D. 整群抽样二、名词解释（4分×5，共20分）1. 应用性课题2. 离散趋势分析3. 统计值4. 操作化5. 交互分类三、计算题（15分）调查100名工人和100名教师的收入，得到下列资料。
问工人相互之间收入的差别与教师相互之间收入的差别哪个更大?收入工人数教师数300 30 20400 20 30500 30 40600 20 10四、综合题（15分）某校有4000毕业生，共80个班级。
2000年考研真题及详解
哲学
博士、硕士
2
金融工程
0202Z1 0202
应用经济学
博士、硕士
3
能源经济学
0202Z2 0202
应用经济学
博士、硕士
4
国际金融学
0202Z4 0202
应用经济学
博士、硕士
5
知识产权法学
0301Z1 0301
法学
博士、硕士
6
国防教育学
0401Z1 0401
教育学
博士、硕士
7
对外汉语教学
0501Z1 0501 中国语言文学
系统工程 模式识别与智能系统 导航、制导与控制
建筑历史与理论
4
授权级别 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士
硕士 硕士 硕士 硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士、硕士 博士 硕士 博士 硕士 硕士 硕士
化学
博士、硕士
14
海洋物理
0707Z1 0707
海洋科学
博士、硕士
15
海洋生物技术
0707Z2 0707
海洋科学
博士、硕士
16 电气检测技术及仪器 0804Z1 0804 仪器科学与技术 博士、硕士
17 软物质与功能材料 0805Z1 0805 材料科学与工程 博士、硕士
18
核工程与材料
0805Z2 0805 材料科学与工程 博士、硕士
24
财务学
1202Z1 1202
工商管理
博士、硕士
2000年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查报告_全国结核病流行病学抽样调查技术指导组
重庆
6
15
内 蒙古 、吉林 、甘肃5源自14新疆4
12
上海
3
13
北 京 、天津 、海南
2
10
西 藏 、宁夏 、青海
1
9
全 国合计
2 57
(四)地区分类 按实施世界银行贷款结核病控制项目情况分为项目地区 、非项目地区和京津沪地区 。 按照经济条件和 地域分布把各省 、自治区 、直辖市分为东部 、中部 、西部和京津沪地区(表 3)。
按各省人口数计算各省流调点数 , 各省调查点数见表 2 。
省 、市 、区
表 2 各省 、自治区 、直辖市调查 点数
每省调 查点数
省 、市 、区
每省调查点数
河南 山东 四川 江苏 、广东 河北 、湖南 湖北 安徽 广西 辽宁 、江西 、浙江
20
黑 龙江 、云南
8
19
福 建 、贵州 、山西 、陕西
7
17
Abstract :Objectives To realize the dy namic status of t he epidemiological si tuation of t uberculosis in the Country and evaluate the eff icacy of control measures as well as to provide the scientific basis for the preparation of T he National T uberculosis Control Prog ram (2001 ～ 2010).Method T he mul ti st rat if ied g rouping random sam pling method w as used and the proportional sampling w as utilized for the count ry as a w hole .A total of 257 investig at ion points w as sampled .T uberculin testing w as carried out among all children of 0 ～ 14 age g roup .Chest X -ray fluoroscopy w as applied to all population ≥ 15 years of age and the testees of children wit h positive t uberculin reaction (≥10m m).Chest X -ray radiog raphy , sputum direct smear and cultural examination were applied to all tuberculosis symptomatic w ith cough and ex pectoration more than three weeks and all examinees wi th abnormal finding during f luo roscopy .Sensit ivity test ing of anti -tuberculosis drugs w as conducted fo r all isolated colonies from positive sputum cultural examinatio n .Socio -eco nomic study w as carried out among all detected tuberculosis patient s .T he investigation of tuberculosis inf ection among whole population was conducted in 59 investigation point s .A ret rospective study of tuberculosis mort ality w as investigated .Results T he act ual examined population in this survey was 365 097 and occupied 97 .2 % of the eligible populat ion . The standardized prevalence of active , smear posit ive and bacteriological positive pulmonary t uberculosis
数据挖掘_County data from the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida(2000年的总统选举中佛罗里达州县数
County data from the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida(2000年的总统选举中佛罗里达州县数据)数据摘要：These data are derived from three sources, described below. As far as I am aware, you are free to use these data in any way that you see fit, though some acknowledgement is always nice. The candidate vote counts are the final certified counts reported by the Florida Division of Elections. These were obtained from the NORC web site in the file Cert_results.csv. Note that these do NOT inculde the federal absentee votes (so that Gore's total vote is actually higher here than Bush's).中文关键词：数据挖掘,统计,总统选举,佛罗里达州,2000,英文关键词：Data mining,Statistics,Presidential election,Florida,2000,数据格式：TEXT数据用途：The data can be used for data mining and analysis.数据详细介绍：County data from the 2000 PresidentialElection in Florida∙AbstractThese data are derived from three sources, described below. As far as I am aware, you are free to use these data in any way that you see fit, though some acknowledgement is always nice. The candidate vote counts are the final certified counts reported by the Florida Division of Elections. These were obtained from the NORC web site in the file Cert_results.csv. Note that these do NOT inculde the federal absentee votes (so that Gore's total vote is actually higher here than Bush's).∙Data DescriptionThese data are compiled by Brett Presnell, Department of Statistics, University of Florida.The undervote and overvote counts were extracted from the NORC ballot level data in the file aligned.txt. Since aligned.txt is too large to work with in R (or almost any other program) I used cut (a standard UNIX program) to extract just the columns I needed:cut -f 2,9,10 -d"|" aligned.txt > tmpThen I read the results into R and processed them there.The technology and columns data were extracted from the Media Group data from the NORC web site. "Technology" is simply the type of voting machine used, and "columns" is 1 if the ballot listed the presidential candidates in a single column on a single page, and 2 if the presidential candidates were spread over two columns or two pages of the ballot.These agree with some earlier data that I had obtained from the NY Times web site, except that in the media group data the PalmBeachcounty ballot (the famous butterfly ballot) was listed as having one column. I would definitely call this a two-column ballot, so that is the designation recorded here. At one time I thought that MiamiDade County also used a two-column ballot, but I was wrong (the ballot listed the candidates and parties in English and Spanish in opposing columns).Images of most of the ballots can be found on the New York Times web site:/images/2001/11/12/politics/recount/index_BALLOT.html数据预览：点此下载完整数据集。
较大制累计
一、调查方案的设计
一、调查目的——“为什么调查”。 二、研究对象、调查对象、调查单位——“向谁调查”。 三、调查项目——“调查什么” 。 四、调查方式和方法——“怎样调查”。 五、调查地点和调查时间——“什么时间、什么地点”。 六、组织计划（具体工作计划）——“谁做调查”等等。
（每逢末尾数字为“5”的年份进行工业普查； 每逢末尾数字为“3”的年份进行第三产业普查； 每逢末尾数字为“1”或“6”的年份进行基本单位普查）
抽样调查（sampling survey）
定义：按照随机（或非随机）的原则，从总体中抽 取一部分单位作为样本进行调查，并根据样本调查 结果来推断总体数量特征的一种非全面调查方式。
调查的标准时间：资料所属的时间。
时点资料 时期资料
调查期限：调查的工作时间。
二、统计调查的方式和方法
统计调查的方式
普查 重点调查 抽样调查 典型调查 统计报表
统计调查的方法
原始数据搜集方法 次级数据搜集方法
普查（census）： 是专门组织的一次性的全面调查。
优点：数据一般比较准确、规范化程度高； 搜集的资料更全面、更系统。
特点： 经济性，节省人力、物力和财力； 时效性强，可迅速、及时地获取信息； 适用面广，适用于对各个领域、各种问题的调查； 准确性高，产生的误差可以计算和控制。
2000年美国大选
在佛州的选票最后决出之前，全美国9000多万张普选选票中， 民主党候选人阿尔.戈尔获得50，140，140张选票，占49%，乔治. 布什获得49，782，288张，占48%。戈尔领先布什357，932张选 票；在全美国538张选举人票中，戈尔获得267张；布什获得246 张。
简单随机抽样
2000年同等学力申硕心理学真题
2000年同等学力人员申请硕士学位学科综合水平全国统一考试心理学试卷一、单项选择题（每题2分,共30分）1.最早编制出智力测验量表的心理学家是（）A.桑代克B.卡塔尔C.比纳D.罗夏克2.吉尔福特的智力理论称为（）A.特立因素说B.二因素说C.三维智力结构说D.智力层次说3、投射法主要用来研究（）A.智力B.人格C.思维D.观察力4.皮亚杰使用（）研究儿童的道德发展A.道德发展问卷B.临床法C.自然实验法D.道德两难法5.文化--历史发展理论是由前苏联（）创立的。
A.巴甫洛夫B.维果斯基C.达维多夫D.谢切诺夫6.系统脱敏法的理论基础是（）A.行为主义理论B.精神分析理论C.需要层次理论D.认知不协调理论7.先将总体各单按某一标志顺序排列编上序号，然后用总体单位数除以样本单位数求得取样间隔，最后根据取样间隔作等距取样，这种取样法称为（）A.系统随机取样法B.分层随机取样法C.多段随机取样法D.整群随机取样法8.下面四种方法中属于真实验设计的是（）A.时间序列设计B.被试内设计C.对照组比较设计D.相等时间样本设计9.研究中，为控制因主试、被试了解实验目的引起的无关变量，可以采取的方法是（）A.平衡测查任务的顺序B.使用单一主试C.加快测查的速度D.双盲法10.大脑两半球主管语言运动的脑区是（）A.威尔尼克区B.角回C.布洛尔区D.视觉区11.有相等单位，但没有绝对零点的量表称为（）A.命名量表B.等级量表C.等距量表D.比例量表12.测量过量中由不可控制的偶然因素引起的误差称为（）A.系统误差B.恒定误差C.测量误差D.随机误差13.有一学生的成绩低于平均成绩一个标准差，请问他在该班的百分位是（）A.16%B.36%C.50%D.84%14.总体方差已知的标准误计算公式为（）(σ/根号n) 15.实验设计中的不同效应模型影响方差分析的（）A.交互作用的均方B.误差项的均方C.F值计算的分母项D.F值计算的分子项二、名词解释（每题3分,共15分）1.知觉恒常性2.准实验设计3.心理测量4.显著性水平5.图式三、论述题（每题7分,共35分）1.请论述能力与知识、技能的关系。
2021评价系统产生背景及演变历程范文1
方面问题，则需要请律师。总的来说，判断系统应该是评价系统中最稳定的系统，也 是目前受到质疑最少的系统，当然，White（2012）对该系统精密度提出了一些问题。 鉴赏系统来自Rothery和Stenglin（2000）对教育语篇的研究。她们依据系统功能 语言学的三个元功能把鉴赏分为反应（reaction）、构成（composition）和价值 （valuation）。反应对应人际意义，指物体对我们情感的影响；构成对应语篇意义， 指物体作为一个整体是否协调或和谐；价值对应概念意义，指事物或事件的美学、社 会文化以及经济价值。 Martin和White（2005）认为，”反应“更强调外界物体对个人情感的刺激，然 而，如果把鉴赏系统界定为机构化的评价，那么，”反应“则应该归属于情感系统， 况且Halliday（1994）也认为反应即情感反应。 Martin等人把情感界定为”我们对行为、文本、现象的反应 “（Martin2000;White 2001a,b;Martin & White 2005），事实上已把反应的语义范 畴囊括其中。 评价系 统 的 子 系 统，即 介 入 系 统，由Fuller（1995）依据Bakhtin （1981）的对话（dialogue）和多声（heterglossia）概念，基于通俗科学语篇的研 究提出来的。介入系统涉及谈话者如何投射（project）自己，如何在话语中持有立场 （stance），它的提出标志着评价系统的研究从静态的语言态度转向动态的意义协 商。 Fuller认为介入资源在语篇中的作用不是体现作者对该话语的认同度，而是控制 语篇中的不同声音。 White结合Fairclough（1992）的”互文性“（intertextuality）概念继承并发 展了这一论述。他（White1998,2001a,b）认为介入系统最基本的特征是作者是否让其 他声音介入到当前的话语，由此他区分单声（monogloss）和多声 （heteroglossia）。单声指说话者完全忽略话语中的其他声音；多声是指说话者认识 到话语中的其他声音，选择增强或消除某一声音。多声的语义空间给予说话者更多自 由度，以引述他人的话语，或把他人话语吸收同化为自己的话语。前者构成借言 （extra-vocalisation），后者构成自言（intra-vocalisation）。借言由表征 （representation）、同化（assimilation）、插入（insertion）构成，这一区分的 主要依据是传统语法的直接引语、间接引语和自由 引 语 （Simpson 1993;Leech & Short 1981）。 White（1998）认为，就说话者对引语内容的认同度来讲，”同化“要比”插入 “程度更高，White在后来的论述中摒弃了说话者认同度这一概念，转向探讨说话者如 何对待话语中的其他声音来保持自己的立场。说话者通过自言（intravocalisation）可以拒绝、替代或挑战其他声音，或者通过为某一话语背书等方式达 到关闭对话空间的目的。 评价系统的另一个系统，即级差系统（amplifica-tion），是对态度、介入资源 的分级。 White（1998）确定了级差系统的基本框架，根据语言的人际功能和概念功能把它 分别分为语势（force）和聚焦（focus）。语势主要指有等级的词汇的级差，分为显 形（explicit）和隐性（implicit）；聚焦主要指非等级性词汇，分为锐化 （sharpen）和柔化（soften）.Korner（2000）认为White（1998）根据类型学 （typology）对级差的分类不能有效解释法律语篇中所有的级差现象，因此，运用拓 扑概念（topology）对级差进行更为精细的研究和分类。
2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析
2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47. He must either sell some of his property or 48extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.41. [A] other than [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than42. [A] only if [B] much as [C] long before [D] ever since43. [A] for [B] against [C] of [D] towards44. [A] replace [B] purchase [C] supplement [D] dispose45. [A] enhance [B] mix [C] feed [D] raise46. [A] vessels [B] routes [C] paths [D] channels47. [A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient [C] self-satisfied [D] self-restrained48. [A] search [B] save [C] offer [D] seek49. [A] proportion [B] percentage [C] rate [D] ratio50. [A] genuinely [B] obviously [C] presumably [D] frequentlySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South K orea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on fiveyears of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifestedin the fact that the American ________.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s canbe attributed to the ________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in educationText 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, andamong 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years -- even the pass 100 years -- our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates.[B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate.[D] A defective gene.56. What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ________.[A] life has been improved by technological advance[B] the number of female babies has been declining[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature[D] Human Evolution Going NowhereText 3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?59. This passage is mainly ________.[A] a survey of new approaches to art[B] a review of Futurist poetry[C] about merits of the Futurist movement[D] about laws and requirements of literature60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to ________.[A] determine its purposes[B] ignore its flaws[C] follow the new fashions[D] accept the principles61. Futurists claim that we must ________.[A] increase the production of literature[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress[C] develop new modes of expression[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is ________.[A] based on reasonable principles[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people[C] indicative of basic change in human nature[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literatureText 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores -- personality, ability, courage or humanity -- are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers.Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”But that may have more to do with Japanese life-sty les. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a q uestion of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.63. In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was ________.[A] under aimless development[B] a positive example[C] a rival to the West[D] on the decline64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral declineof Japanese society?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65. Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well ascreativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that ________.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before[D] the Japanese appreciate their present lifeText 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny-- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitali ty, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs -- the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________.[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is________.[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________.[A] they think of it as immoral[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should bemaintained ________.[A] secretly and vigorously[B] openly and enthusiastically[C] easily and momentarily[D] verbally and spirituallySection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technologicalmanpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Section V Writing76. Directions:[A] Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150words.[B] Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Describe the pictures.2. Deduce the purpose of the drawer in the pictures.3. Suggest counter-measures.。
英语语言研究参考书目
1. 英语语言研究参考书目语言学牛津语言学入门丛书上海外语教育出版社Linguistics H.G. WiddowsonSecond Language Acquisition Rod EllisLanguage and Culture Claire Kramsch Psychololinguistics Thomas ScovelSociolinguistics Bernard SpolskyPragmatics George Yule程雨民《语言系统及其运作》，上海外语教育出版社，1997。
程雨民《英语语体学》，上海外语教育出版社，1989。
桂诗春《应用语言学》，湖南教育出版社，1988。
桂诗春《心理语言学》，上海外语教育出版社，1985。
桂诗春、宁春岩主编《语言学方法论》，外语教学与研究出版社，1997。
何自然《语用学概论》，湖南教育出版社，1998.《语用学与英语学习》，何自然，上海外语教育出版社，1997《语篇分析概要》，黄国文，湖南教育出版社，1988《语言学入门》，刘润清等，人民教育出版社，1990刘辰诞《教学篇章语言学》，上海外语教育出版社，1999。
刘润清《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出版社，1995。
戚雨村《语言学引论》，上海外语教育出版社，1985。
戚雨村《现代语言学的特点和发展趋势》，上海外语教育出版社，1997。
秦秀白《文体学概论》，湖南教育出版社，1988.赵世开《美国语言学简史》上海外语教育出版社，1989。
王德春《语言学概论》，上海外语教育出版社，1997。
王钢《普通语言学基础》，湖南教育出版社，1988。
王宗炎《语言学和语言的运用》，上海外语教育出版社，1998。
王宗炎《语言问题探索》，上海外语教育出版社，1985。
伍谦光《语义学导论》，湖南教育出版社，1988。
杨自俭、李瑞华《英汉对比研究论文集》，上海外语教育出版社，1990。
祝畹瑾《社会语言学概论》，湖南教育出版社，1992。
中国地质大学题库及答案-统计学(高起专)
1. 指出下面的数据哪一个属于分类数据_____(4分)(A) 年龄(B) 工资(C) 汽车产量(D) 购买商品时的支付方式（现金、信用卡、支票）参考答案：D2. 指出下面的数据哪一个属于顺序数据_____。
(4分)(A) 年龄(B) 工资(C) 汽车产量(D) 员工对企业某项改革措施的态度（赞成、中立、反对）参考答案：D3. 指出下面的数据哪一个属于数值型数据_____(4分)(A) 5个人的年龄分别是25,22,34,41,33(B) 性别(C) 企业类型(D) 员工对企业某项改革措施的态度（赞成、中立、反对）参考答案：A4. 某研究部门准备在全市200万个家庭中抽取2000个家庭，并据此推断该城市所有职工家庭的年人均收入。
这项研究的总体是_____(4分)(A) 2000个家庭(B) 200万个家庭(C) 2000个家庭的人均收入(D) 200万个家庭的人均收入参考答案：B5. 某研究部门准备在全市200万个家庭中抽取2000个家庭，并据此推断该城市所有职工家庭的年人均收入。
这项研究的样本是_____(4分)(A) 2000个家庭(B) 200万个家庭(C) 2000个家庭的人均收入(D) 200万个家庭的人均收入参考答案：A6. 某研究部门准备在全市200万个家庭中抽取2000个家庭，并据此推断该城市所有职工家庭的年人均收入。
这项研究的参数是_____(4分)(A) 2000个家庭(B) 200万个家庭(C) 2000个家庭的人均收入(D) 200万个家庭的人均收入参考答案：D7. 某研究部门准备在全市200万个家庭中抽取2000个家庭，并据此推断该城市所有职工家庭的年人均收入。
这项研究的统计量是_____(4分)(A) 2000个家庭(B) 200万个家庭(C) 2000个家庭的人均收入(D) 200万个家庭的人均收入参考答案：C8. 一名统计学专业的学生为了完成其统计作业，在《统计年鉴》中找到了2006年城镇家庭的人均收入数据。
活力指标抽样调研试题
活力指标抽样调研试题1．我国于2000年进行的全国人口调查属于（）。
A．普查B．抽样调查C．典型调查D．个案调查2. 统计分析方法的内容可以根据变量的多少划分为（）。
A．单变量分析B．双变量分析C．三变量分析D．多变量分析3. “将被调查者工资单上的应发金额数加上每月奖金发放统计表上他所得的奖金数额就是他的收入状况”是（）。
A．测量客体B．测量内容C．测量法则D．数字和符号4. 从万名大学生中抽取1000名大学生，一次直接抽取出40个班级，而以这40个班级中的全部学生(假定正好1000名)作为调查对象，则班级就是（）。
A．抽样框B．抽样单位C．元素D．样本5. 最常见的集中量数有（）。
A．平均数B．众数C．中位数D．标准差6. 社会调查中所研究的对象称之为（）。
A．调查对象B．研究内容C．分析单位D．研究主题7. 现代社会调查主要采用( )两种方法收集资料。
A. 自填式问卷B. 结构式访问C. 个别发送法D. 电话访问法8. 属于定类测量层次。
A.性别B.年龄C.收入D.职业声望9. 社会调查研究的一般程序包括五个基本环节，即（1）确定研究课题（2）整理与分析资料（3）搜集资料（4）撰写调查研究报告（5）设计调查研究方案。
合适的程序应为（）A．（1）—（2）—（3）—（4）—（5）B．（1）—（5）—（3）—（2）—（4）C．（3）—（1）—（5）—（2）—（4）D．（1）—（3）—（5）—（2）—（4）10. 下列抽样方法中属于概率抽样的是：（）A. 随机抽样B. 偶遇抽样C. 系统抽样D. 整群抽样。
上海外国语大学2000年研究生入学考试微观经济学试题
上海外国语大学2000年研究生入学考试微观经济学试题一、选择题略（选择题历年所考的知识点比较多，且重复性很小，故略去）二、名词解释1．经济模型2．供给弹性系数3．边际替代率4．规模报酬5．行业长期均衡6．外差因素7．个人可支配收入数值8．政府支出乘数9．流动性陷阱10．膨胀性财政政策三、问答题1．填充下表，然后在同一图上画出边际成本与平均总成本曲线。
标出图上最低单位成本：出产率TC MC AFC A VC A TC（总成本）（边际成本）（平均固定成本）（平均可变成本）（平均总成本）0100111021303165422053002．已知垄断者成本函数为TC=6Q+0.05Q2，产品需求函数为Q=360—20P，求：（1）利润最大的销售价格，产量和利润。
（2）如果政府试图对该垄断企业采取规定产量措施使其达到完全竞争行业所能达到的产量水平。
求解这个产量水平和此时的价格，以及垄断者的利润。
（3）如果政府试图对使垄断企业采取限价措施使其只能获得生产经营的正常利润。
求解这个限价水平和此时的价格以及垄断者的利润。
3．什么是成本—收益分析？它可以应用在哪些决策上？举例说明。
4．假如中央银行将存款年利润降至0.5%，贷款利率降至1%。
虽然利率降至如此之低，但消费者可能仍不愿增加购买，厂商仍不愿增加投资，这可能是哪些原因造成？5．一个经济在对总需求进行调节时，常常需要把财政政策和货币政策混合使用，不同方式的搭配会引起不同的政策效果，试予以说明。
参考答案上海外国语大学2000年研究生入学考试微观经济学试题一、选择题略（选择题历年所考的知识点比较多，且重复性很小，故略去）二、名词解释1．经济模型：指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相互关系的理论结构。
是现代西方经济理论的一种主要分析方法，也称为经济数学模型，指用数学形式所表述的经济过程或经济理论结构。
其特点是：以所要研究的问题为中心，从错综复杂的经济现象中概括出一些变量，设立某些假设前提，并根据一定的经济理论把这些变量列成一定的方程式或方程式体系，以表示各经济变量之间的关系，反映经济过程的运行情况，模拟在不同的经济条件下经济主体的行为；同时据以分析过去和现在，并预测未来。
美国2000年大选的冷思考
作者： 张慈暑
作者机构： 河北师范大学历史系,河北石家庄050091
出版物刊名： 河北师范大学学报：哲学社会科学版
页码： 75-79页
主题词： 美国;2000年;大选;选举人制度;政治影响;总统选举;选举制度
摘要：美国2000年大选因计票混乱导致总统难产，两党候选人展开司法大战，招致全世界嘲笑，最终经由联邦法院裁决，小布什进入白宫，客观地反思这次大选，很难说法院干预选举体现了司法公正，美国人也未必会因这次大选出了乱子而废除选举人制度，但是，这次大选的政治影响不容小觑的。
2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately.③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. ④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. [139 words]1.[A] other than [B] as well as[C] instead of [D] more than2.[A] only if [B] much as[C] long before [D] ever since3.[A] for [B] against[C] of [D] towards4.[A] replace [B] purchase[C] supplement [D] dispose5.[A] enhance [B] mix[C] feed [D] raise6.[A] vessels [B] routes[C] paths [D] channels7.[A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient[C] self-satisfied [D]self-restrained8.[A] search [B] save[C] offer [D] seek9.[A] proportion [B] percentage[C] rate [D] ratio10.[A] genuinely [B] obviously[C] presumably [D] frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.)⑦(12)Foreign-machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry afteranother into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③(14)Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”[429 words]11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13. What can be inferred from the passage?[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperate[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.[A]turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in educationPassage 2①(15)Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving dependlight or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥(16)Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. ⑦poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤(17)We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20thdescendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.[406 words]15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates. [B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate. [D] A defective gene.16. What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.[A] life has been improved by technological advance[B] the number of female babies has been declining[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.[D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①(20)When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.③(21)This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①(22)This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?[334 words]19. This passage is mainly.[A] a survey of new approaches to art[B] a review of Futurist poetry[C] about merits of the Futurist movement[D] about laws and requirements of literature20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.[A] determine its purposes [B] ignore its flaws[C] follow the new fashions [D] accept the principles21. Futurists claim that we must.[A] increase the production of literature[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress[C] develop new modes of expression[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.[A] based on reasonable principles[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people[C] indicative of a basic change in human nature[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①(23)Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into themale-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. ②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States.③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②(25)“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are comple tely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” ④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①(26)But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whet her you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” ③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.[447 words]23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.[A] under aimless development [B] a positive example[C] a rival to the West [D] on the decline24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25. Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before[D] the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①(27)If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf.②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.③(28)In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two yearsago.③(29)What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. [431 words]27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.[A] they think of it as immoral[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.[A] secretly and vigorously [B] openly and enthusiastically[C] easily and momentarily [D] verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31)Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays bymodern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. [390 words]Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1)Describe the pictures.2)Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3)Suggest counter-measures.2000年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. B8.D9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 111. C 12. D 13.B 14. APassage 215.C 16.B 17.A 18.DPassage 319.B 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.B 24.D 25.C 26.APassage 527.A 28.C 29.D 30.BPart Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。
较大制累计
美国历史上的两次选举 （二）
谁会在1948选举中获胜 ? Thomas Dewey（杜威）还是Harry Truman(杜鲁门)? 盖洛普等民调机构都用了5000（1500）份问卷，都预测 杜威会赢。 最后的结果是杜鲁门赢了。他获得49.5%的普选票，305 张选举人票（2个选举人改变主意，实际得到303票）；杜威 获得45.1%的普选票，187张选举人票（2个选举人改变主意， 实际得到189票）；州权党候选人瑟蒙德获得2.4%的普选票和 39张选举人票；进步党候选人、前副总统华莱士获得2.4%的 普选票，没有赢得任何一张选举人票。
美国历史上的两次选举 （一）
谁会在1936年的选举中获胜 ？ Alf London（兰登）还是 F.D.R.（罗斯福）? Literary Digest （文学文摘）送出一千万份问卷后，预测兰 登会赢。而Gallop（盖洛普）只问了5000（1500）人，说罗斯福 会赢。 最后罗斯福和盖洛普都赢了，文摘倒闭了。
特点： 经济性，节省人力、物力和财力； 时效性强，可迅速、及时地获取信息； 适用面广，适用于对各个领域、各种问题的调查； 准确性高，产生的误差可以计算和控制。
2000年美国大选
在佛州的选票最后决出之前，全美国9000多万张普选选票中， 民主党候选人阿尔.戈尔获得50，140，140张选票，占49%，乔治. 布什获得49，782，288张，占48%。戈尔领先布什357，932张选 票；在全美国538张选举人票中，戈尔获得267张；布什获得246 张。
形式： “解剖麻雀”式
“划类选典” 式 优点：调查单位少、省时省力； 调查内容多，有助于开展深入研究。
统计报表（statistical report forms）
定义：按照国家有关法规的规定，自上而下地布置、自下 而上地逐级提供统计数据的一种调查方式。
_分类词_名词分类系统的类型_介绍
《当代语言学》第11卷2009年第3期272-274页,北京《分类词———名词分类系统的类型》介绍3A .Y.A i khenval d 著张赪《分类词———名词分类系统的类型》(C lassifiers:A Typology of N oun Categoriza tion D evices )2000年由英国牛津大学出版社出版。
作者是澳大利亚La Tr obe 大学语言类型学研究中心的A lexandra Y .A ikhenvald 教授。
全书共15章。
第1章“引言”,介绍了本书所讨论的“分类词”的范围和类型。
本书的“分类词”(classifiers )指所有语言中的名词分类系统①。
引言中还提出考察分类词时应从11个方面进行,11项中有7项是名词分类系统的基本特征。
这实际上是提出了类型学描写分类词的框架。
第2—9章根据7项基本特征分别描写了世界语言中存在的各类名词分类系统,以及各类名词分类系统的地域分布。
第10—14章分别讨论了另外4项特征在各类名词分类系统中的表现。
第15章是结论。
汉语的分类词就是紧邻数字的分类词,本文只介绍与此有关的内容。
第4章描写紧邻数字的分类词系统。
这类分类词只出现在数量表达中。
其中表示事物形状的分类词较丰富,一般会有一个通用分类词。
在一些语言中存在着大量的“反响型分类词”(repeaters,笔者按:如古汉语中的“人十人、牛十牛”这样的表示法),但没有一个语言只有反响型分类词存在。
多数语言里,紧邻数字的分类词是一个独立的词类。
有的语言中,不是所有的名词都使用分类词。
紧邻数字的分类词系统常见于孤立语,也见于粘着语、多式综合语、融合语等。
孤立语中这类分类词通常是独立的词汇形式且数量很多。
这类分类词系统语言集中分布在东亚、东南亚、大洋洲的岛屿和中美洲,在非洲和澳洲、北美洲西海岸零星分布着。
对数词、分类词和名词组成的结构有两点需要考察,一是这一结构的语序,一是构成成分间的关系。
离开威权主义后的演进路径
离开威权主义后的演进路径*■Axel Hadenius&Jan Teorell[内容提要]本文对威权政体进行了新的分类，以此研究政体类型对非民主政体的存续或消亡的影响，以及不同的威权主义政体对民主发展的影响。
本文研究结果显示，不同的威权主义政体所面对的民主发展倾向是不同的。
因此，威权主义的不同本质应当成为民主的关键前提之一。
有限的多党政体是迈向民主体制的主要方式。
事实上，这种政体类型已经成为威权主义迈向民主未来的最常见形式：一党体制或军事体制，都有可能先转化为有限的多党政体，再进一步迈向成熟的民主政体。
Abstract：This paper uses a new typology of authoritarian regimes to explore the extent to which regime type ex－plains the survival（and breakdown）of non-democratic regimes as well as the impact of different types of authori－tarian regimes on democratic development.Our results demonstrate that different types of authoritarian regime face different propensities to develop toward democracy.Hence the nature of the authoritarian regime in question deserves to be added to the list of democracy’s essential preconditions.One regime type-the limited multiparty system-stands out as the prime stepping stone to democracy.The fact that this regime type has become the most common form of authoritarianism can be seen as a promising sign for the future.什么样的环境有利于民主的生长？是否有些国家先天就被赋予了有益于民主化的特性而另外一些国家就注定陷入威权主义的循环？五十年来这些问题处于什么是民主的基本先决前提的争论的中心。
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2000年竞选类型学调查(Campaign 2000 Typology
Survey)
数据摘要：
The Campaign 2000 Typology Survey investigated Americans' opinions on a variety of topics, including the 2000 Presidential election and candidates, the major political parties, and various social groups. The survey also included a rich set of questions on religion and politics, covering topics such as whether churches and clergy should express political views and whether religious groups should receive government funding to provide social services. The data set features a 10-group Political Typology (variable 160) which sorts respondents into homogeneous groups based on their values, political beliefs, and party affiliation. For a full report on these data, visit the Pew website:
/reports/display.php3?PageID=175
中文关键词：
竞选,类型学调查,美国人的观点,总统选举,政党,社会团体,
英文关键词：
campaign,typology survey,American's opinion,presidential election,political party,social group,
数据格式：
TEXT
数据用途：
The data can be used for data mining.
数据详细介绍：
Campaign 2000 Typology Survey
The Campaign 2000 Typology Survey investigated Americans' opinions on a variety of topics, including the 2000 Presidential election and candidates, the major political parties, and various social groups. The survey also included a rich set of questions on religion and politics, covering topics such as whether churches and clergy should express political views and whether religious groups should receive government funding to provide social services. The data set features a 10-group Political Typology (variable 160) which sorts respondents into homogeneous groups based on their values, political beliefs, and party affiliation. For a full report on these data, visit the Pew website: /reports/display.php3?PageID=175
Data File
Cases: 2,799
Variables: 160
Weight Variable: WEIGHT
Data Collection
Date Collected: August 24 - September 10, 2000
Funded By
The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press
Collection Procedures
From the Pew Website: "Results for the Campaign 2000 Typology Survey are based on telephone interviews conducted under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates among a nationwide sample of 2,799 adults (1,999 registered voters), 18 years of age or
older, during the period August 24 September 10, 2000. For results based on the total sample, one can say with 95% confidence that the error attributable to sampling and other random effects is plus or minus
2 percentage points. For results based on registered voters, the
sampling error is plus or minus 2.5 percentage points. For results based on likely voters (N=1495), the sampling error is plus or minus 3 percentage points. For results based on either Form 1 (N=1025) or Form 2 (N=974) registered voters, the sampling error is plus or minus
3.5 percentage points.
"In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls."
Principal Investigators
The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press
Related Publications
The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press Survey Report: "Religion and Politics: The Ambivalent Majority" released September 20, 2000 (/reports/display.php3?PageID=175)
数据预览：
点此下载完整数据集。