CH08 - Foundations of Group Behavior
operating system《操作系统》ch08-main memory
Operating system maintains information about: a) allocated partitions b) free partitions (hole)
8.12
Dynamic Linking
Linking postponed until execution time Small piece of code, stub, used to locate the appropriate memory-resident library routine Stub replaces itself with the address of the routine, and executes the routine Operating system needed to check if routine is in processes’ memory address Dynamic linking is particularly useful for libraries System also known as shared libraries
8.16
Contiguous Allocation (Cont.)
Multiple-partition allocation
Hole – block of available memory; holes of various size are scattered throughout memory
8.6
Binding of Instructions and Data to Memory
Ch08
8.2.3 改变角度的旋转动画
改变角度的旋转动画即对象随着播放时间的推移，角度逐渐变化的动画。 改变角度的旋转动画即对象随着播放时间的推移，角度逐渐变化的动画。改变角度的旋转 动画创作过程中涉及的操作包括创建关键帧动画、添加关键帧、选取对象、移动对象、 动画创作过程中涉及的操作包括创建关键帧动画、添加关键帧、选取对象、移动对象、旋 转形状和使用【补间动画】选项。改变角度的旋转动画创作的操作步骤如下。 转形状和使用【补间动画】选项。改变角度的旋转动画创作的操作步骤如下。
教学目标
了解Flash 8中补间动画的原理，了解补间动画的类型和逐帧动画的制 中补间动画的原理， 了解 中补间动画的原理 作原理及过程，能够制作补间动画和补间形状动画。 作原理及过程，能够制作补间动画和补间形状动画。
8.1Flash动画简介 8.3制作“形状补间”动画 8.5上机指导
8.2制作“动画补间”动画 8.4一般补间动画实例
Flash动画简介 8.1 Flash动画简介
8-1-1动画补间类型 动画补间类型
动画补间类型是Flash两大动画类型之一，其制作特点是：在动画开始关键帧放置一个 两大动画类型之一，其制作特点是： 动画补间类型是 两大动画类型之一 对象，然后在结束关键帧种更改该对象属性，而就是Flash将根据两者前后的差异创建 对象，然后在结束关键帧种更改该对象属性，而就是 将根据两者前后的差异创建 动画补间动画，从而达到对象变化的效果。 动画补间动画，从而达到对象变化的效果。 动画补间动画可以实现两个对象之间的大小、位置、颜色（包括亮度、色调、透明度） 动画补间动画可以实现两个对象之间的大小、位置、颜色（包括亮度、色调、透明度） 变化。这种动画可以使用元件、文字、群组和位图作为动画补间的元素， 变化。这种动画可以使用元件、文字、群组和位图作为动画补间的元素，形状对象只有 组合”后才能应用到动画补间中。 “组合”后才能应用到动画补间中。 动画补间动画创建成功后， 时间轴】面板的背景颜色变成淡紫色， 动画补间动画创建成功后，【时间轴】面板的背景颜色变成淡紫色，在起始关键帧和结 束关键帧之间连接一个长箭头。如果创建失败， 束关键帧之间连接一个长箭头。如果创建失败，则起始关键帧和结束关键帧之间连接一 段虚线。 段虚线。
CH08-Inventory Management
Cycle time
95%
Input Wait for inspection Wait to be moved Move time Wait in queue for operator Setup time
5%
Run time Output
• Anticipation or seasonal inventory • Fluctuation Inventory or Safety stock: buffer demand fluctuations • Lot-size or cycle stock: take advantage of quantity discounts or purchasing efficiencies
• Provide for cost-efficient operations: Buffer stock for smooth production flow Maintain a level work force Allowing longer production runs & quantity discounts • Minimum inventory investments: Inventory turnover Weeks, days, or hours of supply
• Plot the cumulative annual dollar value in inventory versus the cumulative items in inventory • Divides inventory into three classes based on annual dollar volume Class A - high annual dollar volume Class B - medium annual dollar volume Class C - low annual dollar volume
Fundamentals of Machine Elements 3rd_Ch08
Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed. Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
© 2014 CRC Press
Typical Surface Roughness
Figure 8.2: Typical arithmetic average surface roughness (Ra) for various manufacturing processes and machine components. Source: Adapted from Kalpakjian and Schmid [2010] and Hamrock, et al. [2004].
© 2014 CRC Press
Viscosity
Viscosity:
Figure 8.11: Slider bearing illustrating absolute viscosity.
Viscosity depends on: • Pressure • Temperature • Shear strain rate
Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed. Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
Simplified Contact Equations
Define the ellipticity parameter as: The contact diameters are:
Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3rd ed. Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson
© 2014 CRC Press
Viscosity Conversion Factors
伯克毕生发展心理学 第四版 LS4_ch08_rev
By age 3-4, know strategies for adjusting emotional arousal Effortful control impoperament
Individual Differences in Empathy
Temperament Sociable, assertive, good at emotional regulation More likely to display sympathy and prosocial behavior
I-Self Self as knower & actor: Separate from surrounding world Same over time Private inner life Controls own thoughts and actions
Me-Self Self as object of knowledge Consists of all qualities that make self unique: Physical, material Psychological Social
Me-Self and I-Self
Self Concept
Based on: Observable characteristics Appearance Possessions Behavior Typical Emotions and Attitudes Asserting rights to objects (“Mine!”) helps define boundaries of self
Guilt Overly strict superego, or conscience, causing too much guilt Related to excessive Threats Criticism Punishment from adults
operating system操作系统-ch08-main memory-57 共58页
Modified versions of swapping are found on many systems (i.e., UNIX, Linux, and Windows)
Logical address – generated by the CPU; also referred to as virtual address
Physical address – address seen by the memory unit
Logical and physical addresses are the same in compiletime and load-time address-binding schemes;
8.3
8.1 Background
Program must be brought (from disk) into memory and placed within a process for it to be run
Main memory and registers are only storage CPU can access directly
8.4
Base and Limit Registers
A pair of base and limit registers define the logical address space
8.5
HW address protection with base and limit registers
AutoCAD2008实用教程-ch08
中文版AutoCAD 2008实用教程
8.1.3 从面域中提取数据
面域对象除了具有一般图形对象的属性外，还具面对象的属性，其中一 个重要的属性就是质量特性。
在AutoCAD 2008中，选择“工具”|“查询”|“面域/质量特性”命令 (MASSPROP)，并选择要提取数据的面域对象，然后按下Enter键，系统将自 动切换到“AutoCAD文本窗口”，并显示选择的面域对象的数据特性。
中文版AutoCAD 2008实用教程
第8章 创建面域与图案填充
面域指的是具有边界的平面区域，它是一个面对象，内部可以包含孔。 从外观来看，面域和一般的封闭线框没有区别，但实际上面域就像是一张没有 厚度的纸，除了包括边界外，还包括边界内的平面。
图案填充是一种使用指定线条图案、颜色来充满指定区域的操作，常常 用于表达剖切面和不同类型物体对象的外观纹理等，被广泛应用在绘制机械图、 建筑图及地质构造图等各类图形中。
中文版AutoCAD 2008实用教程
8.1.2 对面域进行布尔运算
布尔运算是数学上的一种逻辑运算，在AutoCAD绘图中对提高绘图效率 具有很大作用，尤其当绘制比较复杂的图形时。布尔运算的对象只包括实体和 共面的面域，对于普通的线条图形对象无法使用布尔运算。
原始面域
面域的并集运算
面域的差集运算 面域的交集运算
8.2.2 设置孤岛
单击“图案填充和渐变色”对话框右下角的按钮，将显示更多选项，如 设置孤岛和边界保留等信息。
中文版AutoCAD 2008实用教程
8.2.3 使用渐变色填充图形
使用“图案填充和渐变色”对话框的“渐变色”选项卡创建一种或两种 颜色形成的渐变色，并对图案进行填充。
中文版AutoCAD 2008实用教程
CH08-常用无源元件及电源06071
– ACMAG表示交流小信号源的幅度 – ACPHASE表示交流小信号源的相位
西安科技大学电控学院
2019年4月3日
29
1.6.2 线性受控源
• 1、线性电压控制电流源VCCS
– 关键字是G，函数关系是I=GV – 描述语句格式：
• • • • GXX N+ N- NC+ NC- VALUE N+ N-为受控源正负节点 NC+,NC-是受控电压支路的正负节点。 VALUE是跨导值，单位是S
西安科技大学电控学院 2019年4月3日 10
• 磁芯的模型语句格式：
– .MODEL MNAME CORE AREA=PVAL1 PATH=PVAL2 GAP=PVAL3 PACK=PVAL4 MS=PVAL5 …
西安科技大学电控学院
2019年4月3日
11
FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT VI 1 0 SIN(0 220 50HZ) R1 1 2 1 L1 2 0 1.5H L2 3 0 0.015H L3 0 5 0.015H K123 L1 L2 L3 0.999 R2 0 6 1K CL 0 6 CMOD 50U D1 3 6 D1N4009 D2 5 6 D1N4009 .MODEL CMOD CAP(C=1) .model D1N4009 D(Is=544.7E-21 N=1 Rs=.1 Ikf=0 Xti=3 Eg=1.11 Cjo=4p M=.3333 + Vj=.75 Fc=.5 Isr=30.77n Nr=2 Bv=25 Ibv=100u Tt=2.885n) .TRAN 0.1M 40M 0 0.1M .STEP CAP CMOD(C) LIST 0 1 .PROBE .OPTIONS ITL5=0 .END
ch08领导
31
8.3 领导理论
领导权变理论
菲德勒模型(the Fiedler Model）
菲德勒根据以上研究，得出的结论是： （1）不能简单地评价哪种领导方式好或不好。必须把领 导者和下属的状况、环境、工作类型等因素综合起来考虑， 不同情况适合不同的领导方式。
（2）要提高领导效率。一方面，通过改变领导者的个性 和领导方式；另一方面改变情境，这又可以从三个方面进 行，即改变领导者与下属的关系、改变工作结构程度的高 低和改变领导者的职位权力。
13
8.2 领导理论的基础——人性假设
Y理论
员工视工作如休息、娱乐一般自然； 如果员工对某项工作作出承诺，他们会进行自我
指导和自我控制，以完成任务； 一般而言，员工不仅能承担责任，而且会主动寻 求承担责任； 绝大多数人都具备作出正确决策的能力（而不仅 仅是管理者）。
14
8.2 领导理论的基础——人性假设
管理者关于人性的观点是建立在一些假设
基础上的，而管理者又根据这些假设来塑 造他们自己对下属的行为方式。
10
8.2 领导理论的基础——人性假设
X理论
员工天生不喜欢工作，只要可能，他们就会逃 避工作； 由于员工不喜欢工作，因此必须采取强制措施 或惩罚办法，迫使他们实现组织目标； 员工只要有可能就会逃避责任，安于现状； 大多数员工喜欢安逸，没有雄心壮志。
专家Expert Power 感召Referent Power
7
个人权力
8.1 领导与领导者
领导者素质
领导 艺术
基础 素质
领导者素质
职能 素质 科学决策能力 组织协调能力 知人善任的能力 激励能力 创新能力 危机管理能力
8
政治素质 思想素质 道德素质 知识素质 心理素质
最新版微观经济学精品习题英文版ch08
Chapter 8 Application: The Cost of Taxation1. Deadweight loss is the ( )a.reduction in total surplus that results from a tax.b.loss of profit to businesses when a tax is imposed.c.reduction in consumer surplus when a tax is placed on buyers.d.decline in government revenue when taxes are reduced in a market.2. Deadweight loss ( )a.means that there is a loss to some individuals without a corresponding gain toothers.b.is not really a loss to society because what one individual loses anotherindividual gains.c.can be eliminated by sales taxes.d.can occur even if output is at the efficient level.3. Deadweight loss measures ( )a.the amount people would pay to gain an additional unit of a good.b.the loss from economic inefficiency.c.the difference between two efficient situations.d.the amount required to compensate producers for lost surplus due to theimposition of a sales tax.4. A per-unit tax on a good creates deadweight loss because ( )a.it makes demand more inelastic.b.it makes supply more elastic.c.by increasing the price consumers pay, and reducing the price sellers receive,it prevents some mutually beneficial trades.d.the government wastes the tax revenues it receives.5. If the supply curve is perfectly elastic, a per-unit tax ( )a.does not create deadweight loss.b.does not reduce consumer surplus.c.does not reduce producer surplus.d.reduces consumer surplus but increases producer surplus.6. Suppose demand for electricity is perfectly inelastic. A tax on electricity will be ( )a.split between producers and consumers in equal shares.b.paid only by producers.c.paid only by consumers.d.split between producers and consumers in unequal shares.7. A per-unit tax on a good will ( )a.result in a decrease in total surplus.b.generally hurt only consumer surplus.c.generally hurt only producer surplus.d.result in an increase in total surplus.8. To fully understand how taxes affect economic well-being, we must ( )a.assume that economic well-being is not affected if all tax revenue is spent ongoods and services for the American public.b.know the dollar amount of all taxes raised in the country each year.pare the reduced welfare of buyers and sellers to the amount ofgovernment revenue raised.pare the expenditures of the 50 state governments with that of the federalgovernment.9. When a tax is imposed on a good we know that the losses to buyers and sellers ( )a.are equal to the revenue raised by the government.b.are less than the revenue raised by the government.c.exceed the revenue raised by the government.d.cannot be compared to the tax revenue raised by the government since theamount of the tax will vary from good to good.10. When evaluating the size of the deadweight loss due to a tax we know that the ( )a.greater the elasticities of supply and demand, the greater the deadweight loss.b.smaller the elasticities of supply and demand, the greater the deadweight loss.c.smaller the decrease in both quantity demanded and quantity supplied, thegreater the deadweight loss.d.primary factor that determines the size of the deadweight loss in thepercentage the tax is of price.11. Assume that the demand for pretzels is relatively inelastic and that the demand for potato chips is relatively elastic. If the same percentage tax were placed on both goods, the tax on which product would create a larger deadweight loss? ( )a.the tax on pretzels.b.the tax on potato chips.c.The taxes would create the same amount of deadweight loss.d.This question is impossible to answer without knowing the price of bothpretzels and potato chips.12. The deadweight economic loss from taxes ( )a.does not depend on tax rates.b.is higher when tax rates are higher than when tax rates are lower.c.is lower when tax rates are higher than when tax rates are lower.d.does not depend on the slope of the demand curve.13. The greater the elasticities of demand and supply the ( )a.smaller the deadweight loss from a tax.b.less intrusive a tax will be on a market.c.greater the deadweight loss from a tax.d.more equitable the distribution of a tax between buyers and sellers.14. When the size of a tax is doubled, the deadweight loss from the tax ( )a.increases by the size of the tax.b.doubles.c.remains constant.d.increases by a factor of four.15. If the size of a tax increases, tax revenue will ( )a.increase.b.decrease.c.remain the same.d.increase, then decrease.。
曼昆微观经济学答案ch04
The Market Forces of Supply and DemandWHAT’S NEW IN THE THIRD EDITION:This chapter has been completely rearranged and rewritten.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:what a competitive market is.what determines the demand for a good in a competitive market.what determines the supply of a good in a competitive market.how supply and demand together set the price of a good and the quantity sold.the key role of prices in allocating scarce resources in market economies.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 4 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence that deals with supply and demand and how markets work. Chapter 4 shows how supply and demand for a good determines both the quantityproduced and the price at which the good sells. Chapter 5 will add precision to the discussion of supply and demand by addressing the concept of elasticity —the sensitivity of the quantity supplied and quantity demanded to changes in economic variables. Chapter 6 will address the impact of government policies on prices and quantities in markets.The purpose of Chapter 4 is to establish the model of supply and demand. The model of supply and demand is the foundation for the discussion for the remainder of this text. For this reason, time spent studying the concepts in this chapter will return benefits to your students throughout their study of economics. Many instructors would argue that this chapter is the most important chapter in the text.THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND52 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandKEY POINTS:1.Economists use the model of supply and demand to analyze competitive markets. In a competitivemarket, there are many buyers and sellers, each of whom has little or no influence on the market price.2.The demand curve shows how the quantity of a good demanded depends on the price. According tothe law of demand, as the price of a good falls, the quantity demanded rises. Therefore, the demand curve slopes downward.3.In addition to price, other determinants of how much consumers want to buy include income, theprices of substitutes and complements, tastes, expectations, and the number of buyers. If one of these factors changes, the demand curve shifts.4.The supply curve shows how the quantity of a good supplied depends on the price. According to thelaw of supply, as the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied rises. Therefore, the supply curve slopes upward.5.In addition to price, other determinants of how much producers want to sell include input prices,technology, expectations, and the number of sellers. If one of these factors changes, the supply curve shifts.6.The intersection of the supply and demand curves determines the market equilibrium. At theequilibrium price, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.7.The behavior of buyers and sellers naturally drives markets toward their equilibrium. When themarket price is above the equilibrium price, there is a surplus of the good, which causes the market price to fall. When the market price is below the equilibrium price, there is a shortage, which causes the market price to rise.8.To analyze how any event influences a market, we use the supply-and-demand diagram to examinehow the event affects equilibrium price and quantity. To do this we follow three steps. First, we decide whether the event shifts the supply curve or the demand curve (or both). Second, we decide which direction the curve shifts. Third, we compare the new equilibrium with the initial equilibrium.9.In market economies, prices are the signals that guide economic decisions and thereby allocatescarce resources. For every good in the economy, the price ensures that supply and demand are in balance. The equilibrium price then determines how much of the good buyers choose to purchase and how much sellers choose to produce.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Markets and CompetitionChapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 53A. Definition of market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good orservice.B. Definition of competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers andmany sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.C. Competition: Perfect and Otherwise1. Characteristics of a perfectly competitive market:a. The goods being offered for sale are all the same.b. The buyers and sellers are so numerous that none can influence themarket price.2. Because buyers and sellers must accept the market price as given, they are oftencalled "price takers."3. Not all goods are sold in a perfectly competitive market.a. A market with only one seller is called a monopoly market.b. A market with only a few sellers is called an oligopoly.c. A market with a large number of sellers, each selling a product that isslightly different from its competitors‘ products, is called monopolisticcompetition.D. We will start by studying perfect competition.II. DemandA. The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded1. Definition of quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers arewilling and able to purchase.2. One important determinant of quantity demanded is the price of the product.a. Quantity demanded is negatively related to price. This implies that thedemand curve is downward sloping.b. Definition of law of demand: the claim that, other things equal,the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of thegood rises.54 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand3. Definition of demand schedule: a table that shows the relationshipbetween the price of a good and the quantity demanded.4. Definition of demand curve: a graph of the relationship between theprice of a good and the quantity demanded. a. Price is generally drawn on the vertical axis.b.Quantity demanded is represented on the horizontal axis.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 55B. Market Demand Versus Individual Demand1.The market demand is the sum of all of the individual demands for a particular good or service.2.The demand curves are summed horizontally —meaning that the quantities demanded are added up for each level of price.3.The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies with the price of the good, holding constant all other factors that affect how much consumers want to buy.C.Shifts in the Demand Curve1. The demand curve shows how much consumers want to buy at any price,holding constant the many other factors that influence buying decisions.2. If any of these other factors change, the demand curve will shift.a. An increase in demand can be represented by a shift of the demandcurve to the right.b.A decrease in demand can be represented by a shift of the demand curve to the left.3.Income56 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demanda.The relationship between income and quantity demanded depends on what type of good the product is.b.Definition of normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.c.Definition of inferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.4. Prices of Related Goodsa.Definition of substitutes: two goods for which an increase in theprice of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.b.Definition of complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.5. Tastes6.Expectationsa. Future Incomeb.Future Prices7. Number of BuyersD.Case Study: Two Ways to Reduce the Quantity of Smoking Demanded1.Public service announcements, mandatory health warnings on cigarette packages, and the prohibition of cigarette advertising on television are policies designed to reduce the demand for cigarettes (and shift the demand curve to the left). 2.Raising the price of cigarettes (through tobacco taxes) lowers the quantity of cigarettes demanded.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 57a. The demand curve does not shift in this case, however.b. An increase in the price of cigarettes can be shown by a movementalong the original demand curve.3. Studies have shown that a 10% increase in the price of cigarettes causes a 4%reduction in the quantity of cigarettes demanded. For teens a 10% increase inprice leads to a 12% drop in quantity demanded.4. Studies have also shown that a decrease in the price of cigarettes is associatedwith greater use of marijuana. Thus, it appears that tobacco and marijuana arecomplements.III. SupplyA. The Supply Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Supplied1. Definition of quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers arewilling and able to sell.a. Quantity supplied is positively related to price.b. Definition of law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, thequantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the goodrises.2. Definition of supply schedule: a table that shows the relationshipbetween the price of a good and the quantity supplied.3. Definition of supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the priceof a good and the quantity supplied.58 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandB.Market Supply Versus Individual Supply1. The market supply curve can be found by summing individual supply curves.2. Individual supply curves are summed horizontally at every price.3.The market supply curve shows how the total quantity supplied varies as the price of the good varies.Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and Demand 59C. Shifts in the Supply Curve1. The supply curve shows how much producers offer for sale at any given price, holding constant all other factors that may influence producers‘ decisions about how much to sell.2. When any of these other factors change, the supply curve will shift.a. An increase in supply can be represented by a shift of the supply curve to the right.b.A decrease in supply can be represented by a shift of the supply curve to the left.3. Input Prices4.Technology5. Expectations6. Number of SellersIV. Supply and Demand Together A.Equilibrium 1. The point where the supply and demand curves intersect is called the market‘s equilibrium.2.Definition of equilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.60 Chapter 4/The Market Forces of Supply and DemandDefinition of equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.4.The equilibrium price is often called the "market-clearing" price because both buyers and sellers are satisfied at this price.5.Definition of equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.6. If the actual market price is higher than the equilibrium price, there will be asurplus of the good.a. Definition of surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied isgreater than quantity demanded.b.To eliminate the surplus, producers will lower the price until the marketreaches equilibrium.7. If the actual price is lower than the equilibrium price, there will be a shortage ofthe good.a. Definition of shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded isgreater than quantity supplied.b.Sellers will respond to the shortage by raising the price of the good untilthe market reaches equilibrium. Array8. Definition of the law of supply and demand: the claim that the price ofany good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good intobalance.B.Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium1. Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or perhaps both).2. Decide in which direction the curve shifts.3.Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the shift changes the equilibrium price and quantity.A.Example: A Change in Demand — the effect of hot weather on the market for ice cream.ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Go through these examples of events that would shift either the demand or supply of #2 lead pencils:▪ an increase in the income of consumers▪ an increase in the use of standardized exams (using opscan forms) ▪ a decrease in the price of graphite (used in the production of pencils) ▪ a decrease in the price of ink pens ▪ the start of a school year▪ new technology that lowers the cost of producing pencilsD.Shifts in Curves versus Movements Along Curves 1.A shift in the demand curve is called a "change in demand." A shift in the supply curve is called a "change in supply."2.A movement along a fixed demand curve is called a "change in quantity demanded." A movement along a fixed supply curve is called a "change in quantity supplied."E.Example: A Change in Supply — the effect of a hurricane that destroys part of the sugar-cane crop and drives up the price of sugar.F.In the News: Mother Nature Shifts the Supply Curve1.Newspaper articles about specific industries can give students practice understanding the things that affect supply and demand.2.This is an article from The New York Times that describes the effect of a freeze on the citrus market.G.Example: A Change in Both Supply and Demand —the effect of both hot weather and an earthquake which destroys several ice cream factories on the market for ice cream.H. Summary1. When an event shifts the supply or demand curve, we can examine the effectson the equilibrium price and quantity.2. Table 4 reports the end results of these shifts in supply and demand.V. Conclusion: How Prices Allocate Resources A. The model of supply and demand is a powerful tool for analyzing markets.B.Supply and demand together determine the price of the economy‘s goods and services. 1.These prices serve as signals that guide the allocation of scarce resources in the economy.2.Prices determine who produces each good and how much of each good is produced.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes 1. A market is a group of buyers (who determine demand) and a group of sellers (who determinesupply) of a particular good or service. A competitive market is one in which there are many buyers and many sellers of an identical product so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.2. Here‘s an example of a demand schedule for pizza:The demand curve is graphed in Figure 1.Figure 1Examples of things that would shift the demand curve include changes in income, prices ofrelated goods like soda or hot dogs, tastes, expectations about future income or prices, and the number of buyers.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this demand curve; it would only lead us to movefrom one point to another along the same demand curve.3. Here is an example of a supply schedule for pizza:The supply curve is graphed in Figure 2.Figure 2Examples of things that would shift the supply curve include changes in prices of inputs liketomato sauce and cheese, changes in technology like more efficient pizza ovens or automaticdough makers, changes in expectations about the future price of pizza, or a change in thenumber of sellers.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this supply curve; it would only move from onepoint to another along the same supply curve.4. If the price of tomatoes rises, the supply curve for pizza shifts to the left because of theincreased price of an input into pizza production, but there is no effect on demand. The shift to the left of the supply curve causes the equilibrium price to rise and the equilibrium quantity todecline, as Figure 3 shows.If the price of hamburgers falls, the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left because the lower price of hamburgers will lead consumers to buy more hamburgers and less pizza, but there is no effect on supply. The shift to the left of the demand curve causes the equilibrium price to falland the equilibrium quantity to decline, as Figure 4 shows.Figure 3Questions for Review1. A competitive market is a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers of an identicalproduct so that each has a negligible impact on the market price. Other types of markets includemonopoly, in which there is only one seller, oligopoly, in which there are a few sellers that do notalways compete aggressively, and monopolistically competitive markets, in which there are many sellers, each offering a slightly different product.2. The quantity of a good that buyers demand is determined by the price of the good, income, theprices of related goods, tastes, expectations, and the number of buyers.3. The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and thequantity demanded. The demand curve is the downward-sloping line relating price and quantity demanded. The demand schedule and demand curve are related because the demand curve is simply a graph showing the points in the demand schedule.The demand curve slopes downward because of the law of demand—other things equal, whenthe price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls. People buy less of a goodwhen its price rises, both because they cannot afford to buy as much and because they switch to purchasing other goods.4. A change in consumers' tastes leads to a shift of the demand curve. A change in price leads to amovement along the demand curve.5. Since Popeye buys more spinach when his income falls, spinach is an inferior good for him.Since he buys more spinach, but the price of spinach is unchanged, his demand curve for spinach shifts out as a result of the decrease in his income.6. The quantity of a good that sellers supply is determined by the price of the good, input prices,technology, expectations, and the number of sellers.7. A supply schedule is a table showing the relationship between the price of a good and thequantity a producer is willing and able to supply. The supply curve is the upward-sloping linerelating price and quantity supplied. The supply schedule and the supply curve are relatedbecause the supply curve is simply a graph showing the points in the supply schedule.The supply curve slopes upward because when the price is high, suppliers' profits increase, sothey supply more output to the market. The result is the law of supply—other things equal,when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good also rises.8. A change in producers' technology leads to a shift in the supply curve. A change in price leads toa movement along the supply curve.9. The equilibrium of a market is the point at which the quantity demanded is equal to quantitysupplied. If the price is above the equilibrium price, sellers want to sell more than buyers want to buy, so there is a surplus. Sellers try to increase their sales by cutting prices. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price. If the price is below the equilibrium price, buyers want to buy more than sellers want to sell, so there is a shortage. Sellers can raise their price withoutlosing customers. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price.10. When the price of beer rises, the demand for pizza declines, because beer and pizza arecomplements and people want to buy less beer. When we say the demand for pizza declines, we mean that the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left as in Figure 5. The supply curve for pizza is not affected. With a shift to the left in the demand curve, the equilibrium price and quantityboth decline, as the figure shows. Thus the quantity of pizza supplied and demanded both fall.In sum, supply is unchanged, demand is decreased, quantity supplied declines, quantitydemanded declines, and the price falls.Figure 511. Prices play a vital role in market economies because they bring markets into equilibrium. If theprice is different from its equilibrium level, quantity supplied and quantity demanded are notequal. The resulting surplus or shortage leads suppliers to adjust the price until equilibrium is restored. Prices thus serve as signals that guide economic decisions and allocate scarceresources.Problems and Applications1. a. Cold weather damages the orange crop, reducing the supply of oranges. This can beseen in Figure 6 as a shift to the left in the supply curve for oranges. The newequilibrium price is higher than the old equilibrium price.Figure 6b. People often travel to the Caribbean from New England to escape cold weather, sodemand for Caribbean hotel rooms is high in the winter. In the summer, fewer peopletravel to the Caribbean, since northern climes are more pleasant. The result, as shownin Figure 7, is a shift to the left in the demand curve. The equilibrium price of Caribbeanhotel rooms is thus lower in the summer than in the winter, as the figure shows.Figure 7c. When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affected. Since much oilproduction takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve forgasoline to the left, as shown in Figure 8. The result is a rise in the equilibrium price ofgasoline. With a higher price for gasoline, the cost of operating a gas-guzzlingautomobile, like a Cadillac, will increase. As a result, the demand for used Cadillacs willdecline, as people in the market for cars will not find Cadillacs as attractive. In addition,some people who already own Cadillacs will try to sell them. The result is that thedemand curve for used Cadillacs shifts to the left, while the supply curve shifts to theright, as shown in Figure 9. The result is a decline in the equilibrium price of usedCadillacs.Figure 8 Figure 92. The statement that "an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooksdemanded, but not the quantity supplied," in general, is false. As Figure 10 shows, the increase in demand for notebooks results in an increased quantity supplied. The only way the statement would be true is if the supply curve was a vertical line, as shown in Figure 11.Figure 10Figure 113. a. If people decide to have more children (a change in tastes), they will want larger vehiclesfor hauling their kids around, so the demand for minivans will increase. Supply won't beaffected. The result is a rise in both price and quantity, as Figure 12 shows.Figure 12b. If a strike by steelworkers raises steel prices, the cost of producing a minivan rises (a risein input prices), so the supply of minivans decreases. Demand won't be affected. Theresult is a rise in the price of minivans and a decline in the quantity, as Figure 13 shows.Figure 13c. The development of new automated machinery for the production of minivans is animprovement in technology. The reduction in firms' costs results in an increase in supply.Demand isn't affected. The result is a decline in the price of minivans and an increase inthe quantity, as Figure 14 shows.Figure 14d. The rise in the price of sport utility vehicles affects minivan demand because sport utilityvehicles are substitutes for minivans (that is, there is a rise in the price of a related good).The result is an increase in demand for minivans. Supply is not affected. In equilibrium,the price and quantity of minivans both rise, as Figure 12 shows.e. The reduction in peoples' wealth caused by a stock-market crash reduces their income,leading to a reduction in the demand for minivans, since minivans are likely a normalgood. Supply isn‘t affected. As a result, both price and quantity decline, as Figure 15shows.Figure 154. Technological advances that reduce the cost of producing computer chips represent a decline inan input price for producing a computer. The result is a shift to the right in the supply ofcomputers, as shown in Figure 16. The equilibrium price falls and the equilibrium quantity rises, as the figure shows.Figure 16Since computer software is a complement to computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers increases the demand for software. As Figure 17 shows, the result is a rise in both theequilibrium price and quantity of software.Figure 17Since typewriters are substitutes for computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers reduces the demand for typewriters. As Figure 18 shows, the result is a decline in both the equilibriumprice and quantity of typewriters.Figure 185. a. When a hurricane in South Carolina damages the cotton crop, it raises input prices forproducing sweatshirts. As a result, the supply of sweatshirts shifts to the left, as shownin Figure 19. The new equilibrium has a higher price and lower quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 19b. A decline in the price of leather jackets leads more people to buy leather jackets,reducing the demand for sweatshirts. The result, shown in Figure 20, is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 20c. The effects of colleges requiring students to engage in morning calisthenics inappropriate attire raises the demand for sweatshirts, as shown in Figure 21. The result is an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 21d. The invention of new knitting machines increases the supply of sweatshirts. As Figure 22shows, the result is a reduction in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibriumquantity of sweatshirts.Figure 226. A temporarily high birth rate in the year 2005 leads to opposite effects on the price of babysittingservices in the years 2010 and 2020. In the year 2010, there are more 5-year olds who needsitters, so the demand for babysitting services rises, as shown in Figure 23. The result is ahigher price for babysitting services in 2010. However, in the year 2020, the increased number of 15-year olds shifts the supply of babysitting services to the right, as shown in Figure 24. The result is a decline in the price of babysitting services.Figure 23 Figure 247. Since ketchup is a complement for hot dogs, when the price of hot dogs rises, the quantitydemanded of hot dogs falls, thus reducing the demand for ketchup, causing both price andquantity of ketchup to fall. Since the quantity of ketchup falls, the demand for tomatoes byketchup producers falls, so both price and quantity of tomatoes fall. When the price of tomatoes falls, producers of tomato juice face lower input prices, so the supply curve for tomato juice shifts out, causing the price of tomato juice to fall and the quantity of tomato juice to rise. The fall in the price of tomato juice causes people to substitute tomato juice for orange juice, so thedemand for orange juice declines, causing the price and quantity of orange juice to fall. Now you can see clearly why a rise in the price of hot dogs leads to a fall in price of orange juice!Figure 258. a. Cigars and chewing tobacco are substitutes for cigarettes, since a higher price forcigarettes would increase the demand for cigars and chewing tobacco.b. An increase in the tax on cigarettes leads to increased demand for cigars and chewingtobacco. The result, as shown in Figure 25 for cigars, is a rise in both the equilibriumprice and quantity of cigars and chewing tobacco.c. The results in part (b) showed that a tax on cigarettes leads people to substitute cigarsand chewing tobacco for cigarettes when the tax on cigarettes rises. To reduce totaltobacco usage, policymakers might also want to increase the tax on cigars and chewingtobacco, or pursue some type of public education program.9. Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $6 and quantity of 81 pizzas (Figure26). If price were greater than $6, quantity supplied would exceed quantity demanded, sosuppliers would reduce their price to gain sales. If price were less than $6, quantity demandedwould exceed quantity supplied, so suppliers could raise their price without losing sales. In both cases, the price would continue to adjust until it reached $6, the only price at which there isneither a surplus nor a shortage.。
公司理财(精要版·原书第12版)PPT中文Ch08 股票估价
学习目标
• 解释如何根据未来的股利及其增长率计算股票价 格
• 展示如何通过相对倍数来对股票进行估值 • 展示公司总监通常选择使用的不同估值方法 • 解释股票市场的运作机制
8-2
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
预测股利：特殊情况
• 股息零增长 ▪ 公司将永远支付固定股息 ▪ 像优先股一样 ▪ 价格是用永续公式计算的
• 股息固定增长 ▪ 公司将每段时期以固定的百分比增加股息 ▪ 价格是使用增长永续模型计算的
• 股息超常增长 ▪ 股利增长最初并不稳定，但最终会趋于稳定增长 ▪ 价格是用多级模型计算的
8-9
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
你预期它会在一年后支付2美元的股利并且你相信你可以在支付股利之后马上以14美元的价格出售如果你针对股票的风险所要求的回报率为20你愿意为一股股票支付的最高价格是多少
第8章
股票估价
Copyright © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
ch08-Java Web程序设计(第3版)-微课视频版-郭克华-清华大学出版社
application 对象
问题：购物车能用 application 实现吗？
很明显，购物车是不能用 application 实现的。因 为不同客户在服务器端访问的是同一个对象，如果 使用 application 实现购物车，客户 1 向购物车中 放了一种物品，客户 2 也可以看到，那样是不允 许的
application 对象
application 对象的 API 主要有以下几个：
✓ 将内容放入 application
void application.setAttribute(String name,Object obj);
利用 session 保存登录信息
例子
假如用户登录学生管理系统，登录后用户可能要 做很多操作，访问很多页面，在访问这些页面的过 程中，各个页面如何知道用户的账号呢？
答案很简单，在登录成功后，用户的账号可以 保存在 session 中。后面的各个页面都可以访问 session 内的内容
application 对象
实际项目中，可以使session中的内容多种多 样。为了将session里面的内容很好地分门别 类，可以将这几种物品先放在一个集合中， 然后将集合放入session中，操作更加方便。
session 其他 API -session sion 有一个函数： void session.removeAttribute(String name);
如何用 session 开发购物车
一些 session 常用的 API
✓ 读取购物车中的内容
Object session.getAttribute(String name);
✓ 在该函数里面，name就是被取出的内容所对应的 标记；返回值，就是内容本身。
ch08-1-城市声环境基础知识
声级
•线性声级（L声级） 将各个频带的声音级叠加，得到 线性声级。
20 31.5 63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K 16K 20K L声级
• 人耳判断声源的方位主要靠双耳定位，对时 间差和强度差进行判断。
• 人耳的水平方向感要强于竖直方向感。 • 通常，频率高于1400Hz强度差起主要作用；
低于1400Hz时，时间差起主要作用。这就 是人为什么对蚊子的定位比较准而对电话铃 声的定位比较差的原因。
4.3、 哈斯(Hass)效应
• 人耳有声觉暂留现象，人对声音的感觉在声 音消失后会暂留一小段时间。
汽车噪声主要来自汽车排气噪声。若不加消声器，噪声可达100分贝以上。 其次为引擎噪声和轮胎噪声，引擎噪声在汽车正常运转时，可达90分贝 以上，而轮胎噪声在车速为90公里/时以上时，可达95分贝左右。因此， 在排气系统中加上消声器，可使汽车排气噪声降低20-30分贝。在引擎方 面，以汽油引擎代替柴油引擎，可以降低引擎噪声6-8分贝。
• 如果到达人耳的两个声音的时间间隔小于 50ms，那么就不会觉得声音是断续的。
• 直达声到达后50ms以内到达的反射声会加强 直达声。直达声到达后50ms后到达的“强” 反射声会产生“回声”——哈斯效应。
• 根据哈斯效应，人耳在多声源发声内容相同 的情况下，判断声源位置主要是根据“第一 次到达”的声音。因此，剧场演出时，多扬 声器的情况下要考虑“声象定位”的问题。
4.4、 掩蔽效应
• 人耳对一个声音的听觉灵敏度因另外一个声音 的存在而降低的现象叫掩蔽效应。
ch08 Cost of capital 课后习题答案
94
CHAPTER 8/THE COST OF CAPITAL 95
6. Depreciation-generated funds have an opportunity cost equal to the firm's weighted marginal cost of capital, because the firm always has the option to either reinvest these funds or to return them to the shareholders as dividends and/or to retire outstanding debt. 7. The breakpoints in the marginal cost of capital schedule are determined by dividing the amounts of various increments of debt, common equity, and preferred share by the debt, common equity, and preferred share fractions in the capital structure. The first break point will be smallest number obtained from these calculations. This process is repeated until all funds that can be included in the optimal capital structure are used. 8. The best estimates of the future earnings and dividends growth rates for a company generally are those which are available from security analysts. Research has supported the forecasting accuracy of Value Line forecasts of earnings and dividends and the accuracy of consensus forecasts such as those available from IBES . For smaller firms, these sources of data may not be available, thus necessitating the use of implied growth rates and extrapolative forecasts. 9. a. When the risk-free rate is the 90-day Treasury bill rate, the market risk premium that should be used when applying the CAPM is measured relative to the 90-day Treasury bill rate. Historically, over the period 1926 to 2001 this premium has averaged about 9.1 percent. b. When the risk-free rate is the 20-year Treasury bond rate, the market risk premium that should be used when applying the CAPM is measured relative to the long-term Treasury bond rate (income returns only). Historically, this premium has averaged about 7.3 percent. 10. The factors that determine the required rate of return for a security include the risk-free rate of return (composed of a real rate of return and an inflation premium), a financial risk premium, a business risk premium, a maturity risk premium, and a marketability risk premium. Government security return requirements only reflect the risk-free rate and the maturity risk premium. 11. Both preferred share and debt are normally fixed cost sources of financing. Payments of interest and preferred share dividends must both be made before any common share dividends are paid. Interest payments are tax deductible expenses for a firm, while preferred share dividend payments are made out of after-tax earnings. The failure to pay interest can force a firm into bankruptcy, while the failure to pay preferred share dividends does not pose that threat. 12. The marginal cost of capital reflects the current opportunity cost of the funds available to a firm. The historical cost of capital does not reflect the current market value of these funds. Because outlays for capital projects must be made with today’s dollars, these outlays should reflect current capital costs.
ch08 Safety Inventory
Role of Safety Inventory
There
is a fundamental tradeoff: – Raising the level of safety inventory provides higher levels of product availability and customer service – Raising the level of safety inventory also raises the level of average inventory and therefore increases holding costs (obsolescence)
SCM
Supply / Demand Variability Safety Inventory
Figure Error! No text of
Seasonal Variability Seasonal Inventory
8-2
Outline
The
role of safety inventory in a supply chain Determining the appropriate level of safety inventory Impact of supply uncertainty on safety inventory Impact of aggregation on safety inventory
SCM 8-7
Role of Safety Inventory
Average
inventory is therefore cycle inventory plus safety inventory
FIGURE
嗜冷黄杆菌培养基优化研究
次性接种棉签蘸取单菌落，放入接种液中搅拌，使
菌落均匀分散，制成浊度为90%~98% T的悬浊液, 加入Biolog Gen III 96孔板中,每孔100皿 每隔 24 h使用酶标仪读取每个孔在590 nm和750 nm 波长下的吸光度值，连续读取7 d。以Gen III微平板 的A10孔为对照，其他孔的吸光度值小于A10孔的 一半，定为“阴性”反应；其他孔的吸光度值大于
第34卷第3期 2021年6月
水产学杂志
CHINESE JOURNAL OF FISHERIES
文章编号：1005-3832( 2021 )03-0042-07
Vol.34,No.3 Jun. 2021
嗜冷黄杆菌培养基优化研究
柴静茹如,卢彤岩",王荻巴陈福广",李绍戊1,2
(1.中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所，黑龙江哈尔滨150070； 2.黑龙江省水生动物病害与免疫重点实验室,黑龙江哈尔滨150070；
李糖和脱脂牛奶，在改良培养基上得到的菌落尺寸
比单用Cytophaga培养基大一倍，嗜冷黄杆菌的生 长速度更快，产菌量更高,但也只达到106 CFU/mLo
目前科研领域使用最广泛的是胰蛋白酵母提取物
培养基(tryptone yeast extract salts, TYES)的配方是： 0.4%胰蛋白腺、0.04%酵母提取物,0.05%七水硫酸 镁、0.05%无水氯化钙(pH 7.2)问。然而使用TYES 培养基培养时间较长，一般需要至少4 d。本实验以 TYES培养基为基础,尝试筛选_种培养时间短、产
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Formal
Defined by the organization’s structure
Informal
Neither formally structured nor organizationally determined
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-3
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-9
Group Property 2: Norms
Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members
Group Conflict:
Some groups need conflict, most productive in Stage II
Blurred Stages:
Stages not always sequential Multiple stages may be taken simultaneously May regress a stage
Powerful means of influencing behavior Performance Norms
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
8-10
Lessons from the Hawthorne Studies
Four Types of Groups
Formal Groups Command – determined by the organization chart Task – working together to complete a job task Informal Groups Interest – affiliate to attain a specific objective of shared interest Friendship – members have one or more common characteristics
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
8-14
Impact of Status
High-status members:
Often have more freedom to deviate from norms Are better able to resist conformity pressures
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Conformity
Reference Groups:
Groups in which a person is aware of other members, defines self as a member, believes group members to be significant Individuals try to conform to norms of these groups
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-7
Group Prus Size Cohesiveness
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Interaction among members of groups is influenced by status
High status people are more assertive Low status members may not participate Group creativity may suffer
8-2
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Groups
Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who come together to achieve particular objectives
8-8
Group Property 1: Roles
The set of expected behavior patterns that are attributed to occupying a given position in a social unit
Role Identity – role’s associated attitudes and behaviors Role Perception – our view of how we’re supposed to act in a given situation Role Expectations – how others believe you should act in a given situation Role Conflict – conflict experienced when multiple roles are incompatible
2
3 4
5
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
8-6
Key Points & Critique of Five-Stage Model
Group Effectiveness:
Generally groups are more effective as they progress Reasons for this are complex
A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others
Determined by:
The power a person wields over others A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals An individual’s personal characteristics
Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 10/e
Stephen P. Robbins & Timothy A. Judge
Chapter 8
Foundations of Group Behavior
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-1
Asch Studies
Members desire to avoid being visibly different Members with differing opinions feel extensive pressure to align with others Level of conformity has declined since 1950s
Productivity increased because groups were paid attention to by the observers – not because of changes in environment Workers in groups do not maximize individual economic rewards Group standards are set and enforced by the group itself
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
8-4
Why Do People Join Groups?
Security Status Self-esteem Affiliation Power Goal achievement
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8-5
The Five-Stage Model of Group Development
1
Forming: Uncertainty about purpose, structure, and leadership Storming: Intragroup conflict as members resist constraints Norming: Group is cohesive with strong group identity Performing: Group fully functional and working toward goals Adjourning: For temporary groups: breaking up
8-15
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Group Property 4: Size
After studying this chapter, you should be able to: