Abstracts and Key Words of Major Articles
英语文学导论杨金才名词解释
英语文学导论杨金才名词解释1. Literature（文学）：A form of art that uses language to express ideas, emotions, and experiences. It can be categorized into different genres such as poetry, fiction, drama, etc.2. Poetry（诗歌）：A type of literature that uses language to create an emotional and sensory experience through the use of rhythm, imagery, and sound.3. Fiction（小说）：A type of literature that is based on imagined or invented events and characters.4. Drama（戏剧）：A type of literature that is written to be performed on stage and portrays characters in conflict through dialogue and action.5. Prose（散文）：A type of writing that is not poetry or drama, and usually follows a standard grammatical structure.6. Narrative（叙事）：A type of writing that tells a story, often through a series of events and characters.7. Genre（类型）：A category or type of literature, such as poetry, fiction, or drama.8. Symbolism（象征主义）：A literary movement that uses symbols to represent abstract ideas or concepts.9. Realism（现实主义）：A literary movement that attempts to represent life as it really is, without idealization or exaggeration.10. Romanticism（浪漫主义）：A literary movement that emphasizes imagination, emotion, and individualism, and often deals with nature, love, and the supernatural.11. Modernism（现代主义）：A literary movement that rejected traditional forms and conventions, and emphasized experimentation and individualism.12. Postmodernism（后现代主义）：A literary movement that challenges the assumptions of modernism, and often incorporates elements of popular culture and intertextuality.13. Canon（经典）：A body of literature that is considered to be of greatimportance or significance, and is often studied or taught in schools and universities.14. Allegory（寓言）：A literary device that uses symbolic characters and events to convey a deeper meaning or message.15. Irony（讽刺）：A literary device that uses language to convey the opposite of what is expected or intended.16. Satire（讽刺文学）：A type of writing that uses humor, irony, and exaggeration to criticize societal issues and institutions.17. Allusion（暗示）：A literary device that refers to another work of literature or cultural reference in order to add meaning or depth to a text.18. Metaphor（隐喻）：A literary device that uses a comparison between two things to create a deeper meaning or image.19. Simile（明喻）：A literary device that uses a comparison between two things using “like”or “as.”20. Imagery（意象）：A literary device that uses descriptive language tocreate sensory images in the reader’s mind.。
写长法对高中英语写作影响的实证研究
ContentsAbstract (i)摘要 (iii)List of Tables (iv)List of Abbreviations (v)Chapter One Introduction (1)1.1Background of the Study (1)1.2Purpose of the Study (2)1.3Significance of the Study (2)Chapter Two Literature Review (4)2.1The Overview of the Length Approach (4)2.1.1The Overview of the Length Approach Aboard (4)2.1.2The Overview of the Length Approach at Home (5)2.2The Overview of the Writing Teaching (7)2.2.1The Overview of the Writing Teaching Abroad (7)2.2.2The Overview of the Writing Teaching at Home (9)Chapter Three Theoretical Foundations (12)3.1Output Hypothesis (12)3.2Constructivism (16)3.3Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis (19)Chapter Four Research Methodology (24)4.1Research Questions (24)4.2Subjects (24)4.3Instruments (24)4.3.1Questionnaires (24)4.3.2Tests (25)4.3.3Scoring criteria (25)4.4Procedures of the Experiment (26)Step One:Preparing (26)Step Two:Training (27)Step Three:Evaluating (31)4.5Data Collection and Analysis (31)Chapter Five Results and Discussion (33)5.1Results and Discussions of the Writing Tests (33)5.1.1Results and Discussions of the Pre-test (33)5.1.2Results and Discussions of the Post-test (34)5.2Results and Discussions of the Questionnaires (37)Chapter Six Conclusion (42)6.1Major Findings and Implications (42)6.2Limitations (42)6.3Suggestions for Future study (43)References (vi)Appendix I Questionnaire about Learner Attitudes towards the Length Approach (ix)Appendix II Pre-test (xi)Appendix III Scoring criteria (xii)Appendix IV Post-test (xiii)Appendix V A student's writing compositions (xiv) (xv) (xxii)Acknowledgements (xxiii)AbstractEnglish writing,as one of productive skills and communication ways of students'language,is anessential aspect in English learning and teaching.However,writing teaching has always been considered asin foreign language teaching.For many years,researchers have devoted themselves to find out “bottleneck”effective ways to solve this problem and many approaches have been put forward,such as productapproach,process approach and genre approach etc.To some extent,these approaches have improvedE nglish writing students’w riting proficiency.However,the current situation of college students’performance in China is still far from satisfactory.A majority of students lack enthusiasm and are not interested in writing.Given problems existing in English writing,it is urgent to find out new effective ways so as to comprehensively improve students'writing ability.Recently,a new approach-LA,based on some important L2theories as well as the insightful analyses of the situation of writing teaching in China,was initiated by Professor Wang Chuming.The basic assumption of this new approach is that the teachercurrent level of foreign language. constantly adjusts the writing requirements on the basis of students’Through gradually increasing the number of words in composition,students are encouraged to writeincreasingly long compositions so as to strengthen their sense of achievement,enhance their confidence intheir ability to learn foreign language,stimulate further learning and eventually ensure progress in foreignlanguage learning.This new approach has attracted great attention both at home and abroad.The currentstudy,on the basis of the previous researches,aims to investigate the feasibility and validity of applying LAto high school English writing teaching,hoping to change the current situation in writing field and improvestudents'writing confidence and proficiency of their English.80students coming from two parallel classesof high school in Minghu school in Taian participated in this research.By employing instrumentscontaining two English writing tests,two questionnaires and SPSS(Statistical Program for Social Science17.0),this thesis adopted quantitative and qualitative analysis methods in order to answer the followingresearchquestions：1.Can the application of the length approach help senior high school students develop theirself-confidence in their English writing?2.Can the application the length approach in English writing help senior high school students improvetheir writing proficiency in their English writing?After fourteen weeks'experiment,the author comes to the conclusion as follows:i。
(NEW)胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)配套题库【考研真题精选+章节题库】
7. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is _____ and performance. （人大2006研） 【答案】competence 【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言 应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。
因为大多数动物的“语言”需要“即时刺激控制”。
18. The most serious defect concerns the use of semantic markers like (Human) and (Male), which, more usually called semantic components are elements of an artificial _____.（北京邮电大学2014研） 【答案】metalanguage 【解析】本题考查成分分析的弊端。通过语义特征来进行成分分析的一 大弊端是这些意义特征使用的是人工化的元语言，元语言本身的含义也 需进一步解释。
福柯的言与写的英文版
福柯的言与写的英文版Michel Foucault's work has had a significant impact on the fields of philosophy, sociology, and critical theory. His ideas on power, knowledge, and discourse have influenced scholars across various disciplines. 福柯的作品对哲学、社会学和批判理论领域产生了重要影响。
他关于权力、知识和话语的观念影响了各个学科的学者。
One of Foucault's key contributions is his analysis of power dynamics in society. He argued that power is not just a negative force that represses individuals, but is also productive and generative. By examining the ways in which power operates in institutions, discourses, and social practices, Foucault challenged traditional understandings of power. 福柯的重要贡献之一是他对社会权力动态的分析。
他认为权力不仅仅是一种消极的抑制个体的力量，而且是一种生产性和生成性的力量。
通过审视权力在机构、话语和社会实践中的运作方式，福柯挑战了传统对权力的理解。
Furthermore, Foucault's concept of "governmentality" has been influential in shaping discussions around the relationship between state power and individual autonomy. He argued that modern formsof governance rely on techniques of control and surveillance that extend into all aspects of life. This idea has implications for understanding the ways in which individuals are regulated and disciplined within contemporary societies. 此外，福柯关于“治理性”的概念对塑造关于国家权力与个体自治之间关系的讨论起到了重要作用。
关于科学与艺术的讨论(英文)
2. At present, science has been developing at a high speed, but people still have a high opinion of artists. What can the arts tell us of the life that science cannot?Science and ArtThe limitations of science are the most evident in attempts to use scientific methods to unveil the secrets of art. Science 'knows everything' about the grand piano: the number, quality and length of its strings; the species of wood used; the composition of the glue, and the finest details of its design. Nevertheless, it is unable to explain what happens to this polished box when a virtuoso sits down to play. Perhaps this is even unnecessary. A person crying over a book does not usually concern himself with the means the author used to achieve this effect. He can, of course, at a later date read a critical work, twice as thick, on the book that has impressed him so. This all, however, will resemble an autopsy, a thing necessary for specialists but extremely unpleasant for most people. Marcus Aurelius wrote that 'to despise songs and dances, it is sufficient to decompose them into their component elements'. But Art is wise - through all the ages it has guarded the intangible truth of sensual perceptions from the persistent intrusions of probing science. Art has always been valued precisely for its capacity to 'remind us of harmonies inaccessible to systematic analysis'. Anyone can understand the construction of a nuclear reactor even if he has never seen one. But it is absolutely impossible to explain to a person what charm is if he has never been enchanted.'The might of science lies in its universality. Its laws are free of the arbitrariness of people, it only represents their collective experience, independent of age, nationality, or frame of mind.'The secret of art is its inimitability. The power of its influence depends on the whole body of the previous experience of a person, on the wealth of his associations, on elusive changes in his mood, on a chance glance, word, or touch - on all that constitutes the individuality, the beauty of the transient and the power of the inimitable.The highest achievement for a scientists is to have his findings confirmed, i.e. repeated by another scientist. On the other hand, sameness kills art, and so a great tragic actor 'dies' on the stage in a new way each night.Cases are known of symphonies composed by persons without even the rudiments of a formal musical education. These works may have been unusual but were eligible as such if at leas a small section of the public liked them. In science such a situation is inconceivable. It has a criterion of truth and itslanguage does not contain the words 'like' and 'dislike'.In Science truths are proved and phenomena are explained. In art they are interpreted. Logical reasoning is alien to art which substitutes the spontaneous cogency of images for rigorous proofs.As a rule, science can explain why this formula is good and why that theory is bad. Art can only show the fascination of music and the brilliance of a sonnet, never explaining anything completely.Science is thorough and unhurried; it keeps on solving its problems for years on end, and many of them are often passed over from generation to generation. It can afford this luxury because of an unambiguous method that has been devised for recording and storing the facts established by science. In art the intuitively precise world of images is fluid. (Great actors are sometimes called 'heroes of the fleeting moment'.) One keen but split-second perception, however, may awake in the heart of a person a response that will stay with him for years and that may even alter the whole course of his life.Then would I hail the fleeting momentO stay - you are so fair!was Faust's passionate longing that could only be fulfilled by the magic of art. It is this magic that after a lapse of many years can bring back with a frightening clarity the nuances of remote thoughts and moods that defy any words.'Notwithstanding the seeming fragility of ambiguity of artistic images, art is more durable and ancient than science. The Gilgamesh Epic and Homer's poems do stir us even now because they tell us something that is vital in man and that has remained unchanged for thousands of years. As for science, it has hardly had time to consolidate the new possibilities of research.'It is almost impossible today to read books on physics written in the last century, so obsolete they have become and so much has the whole style of scientific thought changed since then. The importance of scientific works is, therefore, determined by their productivity, not their longevity. They have already done their bit, if they helped to promote science in their time.We could go on searching for and finding endless shades of distinction between art and science. The benefit of such an exercise is doubtful, for the two human endeavours only differ in their ways of gaining knowledge of the surrounding world and human nature. Ancient Greeks did not distinguish between the two notions and called them by a single word Greek(techne),meaning 'skill', 'art', 'craft', and 'refinement' (hence 'technology'). And the first laws of physics established by Pythagoras were laws of harmony.Poets have long been searching for a 'poesy of thought' and not simply poetry. Scientists, on their part, speak about 'poetry in science'. Both clans, it seems, are now eager to break down the age-old barriers between them and to forget their ancient feuds. There is no sense in arguing about which hand, right or left, is the more important, even thought they develop and function differently.Any actor understands that he cannot reach the acme of his art without first mastering the sciences of diction, mimicry, and gesture. And only then (provided he is talented, of course!) can he create something unique and wondrous quite unconsciously.'In exactly the same manner, a scientist, even thought he has mastered the trade of a physicist, will make no real physicist if he only trusts to formulas and logic. All profound truths of science are paradoxes at birth and cannot be attained by only leaning on logic and experiment.'To cut the long story short, real art is impossible without the most rigorous science. Likewise, deep scientific revelations only in part belong to science, the other part lying in the domain of art. But there are always boundaries to the scientific analysis of art, and there is always a limit to grasping science by an impulse of inspiration.There are apparent complementarities in the methods utilized by art and science to know the world. Science relies routinely on the analysis of facts and search for cause-effect relations; it strives to ' ... find an eternal law in the marvelous transmutations of chance', endeavours to ' ...find a fixed pole in the endless train of phenomena'. Art, on the other hand, is largely unconscious synthesis, which finds among the same 'transmutations of chance' the only and the inimitable ones and among the same 'endless train of phenomena' infallibly selects only those that enable one to sense the harmony of the whole. The world of human perceptions is infinitely diverse, although chaotic and colored with personal emotions. Man has a way of putting his impressions in order and comparing them with those of others. To this end, he has invented science and created arts. Art and science have thus had common beginnings. They are united by the feeling of wonder they evoke - how did this formula, this poem, this theory or this music came into existence? (The ancients said, 'the beginning of knowledge is wonder.’)'The creative aspect of all arts and sciences is the same. It is determined by one's intuitive capacity to group facts and impressions of the surrounding world so as to satisfy our emotional need for harmony, a feeling one experiences when out of chaos of external impressions one has worked up something simple and consummate, e.g., a statue out of a block of marble, a poem out of a collection of words, or a formula out of numbers. This emotional satisfaction is also the first criterion of the truth of the product, which of course is to be tested later on - by experiments in science and by time in art.''Scientist studies nature not because it is useful; rather he studies it because it is a source of pleasure for him, because nature is beautiful. If nature were not beautiful, it would not be worthy of the effort that goes into knowing it, and life would be not worthy of the effort it takes to live it.'There is no doubt that the quality of our lives in the 21st century has been greatly improved by various scientific and technological advances. Despite this, the arts and humanities too still have much to teach us about ourselves and life in general.One area in which we can learn from the arts is that concepts such as beauty matter in and of themselves. In the world of science and technology, the only true measure is whether something works or not. This is a limited view of the world and the arts differ in that they offer us an alternative and more spiritual outlook. For example, if we listen to Mozart we can learn about harmony and joy through the medium of music or if even we read an author like PG Wodehouse we learn about the value of humor. These essential aspects of life are absent from the clinical world of science and technology.The other way in which artists can teach us about more about life is that enjoying art encourages the habit of self-reflection. If you walk into an art gallery, attend a concert or even just stay in to read a book, you will almost certainly begin to think about your inner values. For me, this is a invaluable lesson in life as if we begin to reflect about ourselves, we begin not just to become more human, but also consider the lives of others too.So while science and technology may have made our physical lives more comfortable in the 21st century. It remains true that the arts and humanities are still absolutely necessary for ordinary people as they promote a more spiritual and reflective view of life that is essential to our humanity.。
高二英语文学流派练习题40题
高二英语文学流派练习题40题1<背景文章>Romanticism is an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century. It is characterized by a strong emphasis on emotion, individualism, imagination, and nature.Romantic writers often explored deep emotions such as love, passion, and longing. They believed in the power of the individual to experience and express these emotions freely. Imagination was highly valued, and writers used it to create vivid and fantastical worlds.Nature also played a significant role in romantic literature. The beauty and power of nature were seen as sources of inspiration and solace. Romantic poets and novelists often described nature in great detail, using it to symbolize human emotions and experiences.One of the most famous romantic writers is William Wordsworth. His works, such as "Lyrical Ballads," celebrate the beauty of nature and the simplicity of rural life. Another prominent figure is Percy Bysshe Shelley. His poems, like "Ode to the West Wind," express his passion for freedom and social change.Romantic literature had a profound impact on the development of modern literature. It inspired future generations of writers to explore thedepths of human emotion and imagination.1. Romanticism emphasized all of the following except ___.A. emotionB. rationalityC. individualismD. imagination答案：B。
Abstracts and Key Words
Abstracts and Key Words●H umans, Animals and History: The Anthropological Disillusionment in the 19th CenturyAndreas Urs Sommer Abstract： In the European thought of the 19th Century, man loses its central and crucial position. Humans are considered as animals among other animals. This occurs not only within the framework of Darwinism. This paper reconstructs and analyzes this loss of centrality brought about by Friedrich Nietzsche, who opposes Darwin and asks questions such as “what does it mean to see humans as animals” and “does exist a perspective for supra-human and supra-animal existence”.Key words： Nietzsche; Darwinism; naturalization of history; historization of nature●N aturalism, Freedom and Cultural Transcendence in Nietzsche Helmut HeitAbstract：Based on an interpretation of passages from Thus spoke Zarathustra and Beyond Good and Evil as well as unpublished notes in the same period, this paper shows how Nietzsche overcomes the exclusive attitude towards naturalism and freedom. The first section explains Zarathustra’s talk of the Over-Human not as a doctrine or a commandment, but as persuasion and invitation to attempt a higher development of humanity. The second section shows how Nietzsche uses his readings of contemporary physiology to develop a conception of human as a dynamic body-organization. In this conception he combines naturalistic motivations with practices of transcendence. In the third section, it is argued that the natural cultural and historical development of the human species has created a possibility for further conscious transformation. The design is neither naturally determined nor morally required, but results from, as I call it, “a normative force of the possible” , which can be realized through cultural exercises. Nietzsche thus proves to be the proponent of the political anthropology of freedom.Key words： Nietzsche; Over-Human; naturalism; freedom; cultural transcendence●T he “Anti-Christ” and the Nihilism out of “Anti-nature”HAN WangweiAbstract： By criticizing the theology of the Jewish-Christian tradition and the metaphysics of the Platonic tradition, Nietzsche suggested that the cause of decadence and nihility is the separation of the “real world” from the “apparent world” , i.e. “anti-nature” . Nietzsche called himself “free spirit” and “positive nihilist” . The purpose of “free spirit” is the trans-valuation of values; the purpose of “positive nihilist” is the “self-overcoming of nihilism”. By advocating the trans-valuation of values and the positive nihilism, Nietzsche laid the foundation for the future philosophy.Key words： Nietzsche; anti-Christ; anti-nature; nihilism; decadence●A New Discussion of the Historical Formation of the Theory “Being Heartless but Owning Nature” and the Theory “Being Heartless but Owning Dao Nature”YANG Weizhong Abstract： The theory of “Being heartless but owning nature” was firstly put forward by Jizang in Sui Dynasty. After a phase of exploration and sway, the Taoism finally confirmed their theory which was “Being heartless but owning Dao nature” . For the theory of “Dao’s Universality” , in fact, Mugitani Kunio’s emphasis confused the “Dao nature” in the “Nature of Dao” sense with the “Dao nature” in the “Pure mind of Dao nature”sense. With careful inspect, although the theory of “All the heartless beings are owning Buddha nature” and the theory of “All the heartless beings are owning Dao nature” look similar, the core concepts “Buddha nature”and “Dao Nature” are not in the same level in many occasions. Therefore, we roughly admit that Pan Shizheng’s proposition “All tangible beings own Dao nature” was the origin of Taoism’s theory “Being heartless but owning nature”, but at the same time, we should point out that this theory’s logical foundation is “the nature of Dao” , instead of “Dao Mind”. Meng Anpai expertly used the method of Buddhist Madhyamika and took Jizang’s theory of “Vegetation owns Buddha nature” for reference, and then put forward his theory that “Dao Mind” was “Being not material or mind” and “Being material and mind” . This conclusion is the most important foundation of the theory “being heartless but owning Dao nature”.Key words： being heartless but owning nature, being heartless but owning Dao nature, Jizang, Meng Anpai ●F rom “Measure” to “Happiness”: A Study of the Principle of Right Measure in Plato’s Later Ethical Thought ZHANG Bobo Abstract： Reason is not enough to represent philosophy. In fact, philosophy, like poetry, fiction, and drama, is a kind of artificial art. Philosophers who are in certain era and environment are just like ordinary people. Their minds and thoughts are inevitably influenced by their own experience and personal feelings. People used to imagine that philosophers’ conceptions of happiness are strange and too high to reach, and thus ignored that their philosophy also reflected the aspirations, appeals and interests of ordinary people. Take Plato as an example. This paper attempts to reveal his principles about right measure and his compromise on “happiness” in his later works so as to correct some prejudices and misunderstandings about Plato’s ethical thoughts.Key words：measure; eudaimonia; Plato; right measure; Philebus●T wo Approaches to the “Foundation on Liberty”: The Similarities and Differences on Yan Fu and Liang Qichao’s Idea of Freedom ZHENG Donghua Abstract： Yan Fu and Liang Qichao were both pioneers in introducing liberalism into China in modern period. They proclaimed individualism to some extent, admitting the justification of individual rights and free will. Due to the intension between the willing to empowering China and the liberal values, their view about individuals was reduced primarily to the development of individual capability. Compared with western liberalism, they had never taken individualism as guiding value, but instead they emphasized on the equivalent and balance between the group and the individual. Specifically, they discussed the connection between individual freedom and group flourishing, and raise the requirement of self-rule to the individual. However, they held distinctive philosophical views of positivism and voluntarism, and had different orientations on liberty, namely negative freedom and positive freedom, which reflected their two imaginations about the individual freedom and the individual-group relationship, and their different views on what freedom is.Key words：freedom; liberalism; individualism; right; self-rule●A Study on Liu Jishan’s Theory of “Supreme Goodness is without Goodness”WU WenchaoAbstract：Defects of Yangming’s theory of xinti were identified in the end period of Ming dynasty, which made the practice of conscience difficult to be implemented. In order to overcome the drawbacks of the theory, Jishan rigorously criticized “four-sentence doctrine” of Yangming and Longxi’s thought “supreme goodness iswithout goodness”. However, the thought of xinti without goodness or evil had been put forward and elaborated clearly in Jishan’s philosophy as the basis of his ideological theory. This article makes a thorough analysis of Liu Jishan’s thought “supreme goodness is without goodness” from two aspects, ontology and practice level. Jishan’s xinti theory had made a significant contribution to the development in the history of Confucianism.Key words： Liu Jishan; without goodness; supreme goodness; ontology; practice●O n Substantial Rationality WU WeiAbastract： The contemporary argument for substantial rationality relates to epistemological justification for rationality, exploration of critical thinking, and justification for anti-relativism. Substantial rationality can be defined as neutrally judged and evaluated “good reasons” , which is leaded by critical thinking. It is a kind of rationality that can be constructed by the individual through conforming to the epistemic and moral norms.Key words： substantial rationality; critical thinking; propositional justification; doxastic justification; epistemological relativism; reasonableness●T he Ethic about Males and Females in The Book of Changes ZHOU ShanAbstract： In The Book of Changes, eighteen gua stands for eighteen relationships between males and females. Four of them, xian, heng, gu, daguo refers directly to male-female relationship. They explain ethical ideas about males and females at different ages. Therefore, one can see that The Book of Changes exerted normative influence upon ethical ideas concerning male and females, which also justifies The Book of Changes as one origin of traditional Chinese culture.Key words： The Book of Changes; Ethic●B ig Data, Thick Mediation, and Representational Opacity Rafael Alvarado, Paul HumphreysAbstract： There are two broad meanings associated with the phrase “big data”, which we designate by big data and Big Data. In lowercase, the phrase refers to the activities and methods associated with data science when applied to data sets that are too large to yield to the traditional methods of a given field. In its uppercase form, “Big Data” refers to these methods and activities as they have been embedded and developed in society, both economically and culturally. So, Big Data refers to an economic and cultural shift in the nature of big data, it also indexes a historical transformation in the social organization of knowledge. In this article, we develop three central concepts: the datasphere, thick mediation, and representational opacity. These concepts provide a theoretical framework for making sense of how the economic and cultural dimensions（the one local and generative, the other global and emergent）interact to produce a set of effects, problems, and opportunities. Both the research approach and the epistemology of thick mediation would provide useful ideas and theoretical basis for us to understand and explore the epistemological problems of machine learning and artificial intelligence.Key words：datasphere; thick mediation; representational opacity; epistemology●H ow Phenomenal Conservatism Escape from The Subject’s Perspective Objection JIAN LeiAbstract：Phenomenal Conservatism is the theory of weak awareness internalism. Seemings are used to explain experience justification. Michael Bergmann claims that the justification of weak awareness is accidental, because it can’t escape from the subject’s perspective objection. In order to avoid the problem above, we need strong awareness, but it leads to infinite regress, which puts internalism into a dilemma. Phenomenal conservatismalso can’t escape from this dilemma. In fact, weak awareness internalism is confronted with Bergmann’s problem, because Bergmann misunderstands weak awareness. The weak awareness understood by weak awareness internalists is justificatory weak awareness, and it is defined by the symptom of truth which is interpreted by Brandon’s pragmatic truth theory, so the justification of justificatory weak awareness is not accidental and we don’t need strong awareness. If seeming is explained in pragmatic way, it will be recognized as justificatory weak awareness, phenomenal conservatism can also escape from the subject’s perspective objection.Key words：phenomenal conservatism; pragmatism; subject’s perspective objection; justificatory weak awareness; Brandom● O n the Theoretical Justification of Defeasible Reasoning GAO WeiweiAbstract： Reasoning in daily life is defeasible. John Pollock proposed a defeasible reasoning view in response to the skepticism’s challenge to the possibility of knowledge acquisition. He also believes that knowledge is a collection of beliefs. It relies on defenses with time dimensions, balancing between reasons, and defeaters. Such defenses cannot be achieved by means of deductive inference models. Moral conflicts occur in the process of duties choices. The perception of moral obligations, especially the prima facie obligations manifests the defeasible nature. The traditional deductive mode of moral reasoning cannot explain the exceptional moral dilemma in moral conflict. Practices that rely on reasons for action are defeasible. Artificial intelligence that stems from the need for common-sense processing is the promoter of defeasible reasoning. The logical tools that characterize defeasible reasoning are not the traditional monotonous logic, but rather the non-monotonic logic.Key words： defeasibility reasoning; epistemology; moral conflict; prima facie; monotonous。
探讨艺术的英语短文：50字内深度解析
探讨艺术的英语短文：50字内深度解析In the realm of human expression, art transcends borders and languages, serving as a universal language that speaks to the soul. At its core, art is a fusion of creativity, emotion, and technique, allowing artists to communicate ideas and experiences beyond words. It captures the essence of time and culture, reflecting societal norms, values, and aspirations. The visual arts, be it painting, sculpture, or photography, convey narratives through form and color, evoking empathy and interpretation in viewers. Literature, on the other hand, weaves tapestries of words, immersing readers in characters and worlds that challenge our perceptions. In essence, art is a dialogue between the artist and the audience, a bridge that fosters understanding and appreciation across diverse backgrounds.中文翻译：在人类表达的领域中，艺术超越了国界和语言，作为一种普世语言，触动心灵深处。
抽象派艺术简介英语美文
抽象派艺术简介英语美文abstract art:抽象派艺术●A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes formal values over the representation of subject matter.强调形式至上，无视内容的一种非写实主义绘画风格。
Kandinsky produced abstract art characterized by imagery that had a musicical quality.康定斯基创作的抽象派作品有一种音乐美。
abstract expressionism:抽象表现派，抽象表现主义●A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes emotion,strong color,and giving primacy to the art of painting.把绘画本身作为目的，以表达情感和浓抹重涂为特点的非写实主义风格。
Abstract expressionism was at its peak in the 1940s and 1950s.20世纪四五十年代是抽象表现主义艺术开展的顶峰时期。
action painting:动作画派●A term used to describe aggressive methods of applying paint.指使画布产生强烈动作效果的绘画风格。
Action painting often looks childish to the non-artist because of the techniques used to be apply paint,such as throwing it on the canvas.在外行看来，动作画派的作品通常是幼稚的，这主要是因为画家采用的作画方法，比方将颜料泼洒在画布上。
acrylic:丙烯酸树脂漆●A fast-drying sysnthetic pigment. 一种易干的合成颜料。
有关说辨艺术的作文名
有关说辨艺术的作文名English:The art of debate is a captivating form of artistic expression that requires a keen understanding of language, logic, and rhetoric. Similar to other art forms, such as painting and music, debate embodies the creativity and passion of the individuals involved. Successful debaters must possess the ability to construct persuasive arguments, effectively communicate their points, and critically analyze the opposing viewpoints. Just like a skilled painter uses a variety of colors and brushstrokes to convey a message, debaters utilize their words and gestures to captivate their audience and convey their ideas. Furthermore, the art of debate allows individuals to delve into complex issues and explore different perspectives, much like how a musician may interpret a piece of music in various ways. Debaters showcase their creativity and artistry when crafting their arguments and delivering speeches, drawing upon their knowledge and intuition to form compelling narratives. The art of debate is not only a platform for intellectual discourse but also a means for individuals to express themselves artistically through the power of persuasion and rhetoric.中文翻译:辩论艺术是一种迷人的艺术表现形式，需要对语言、逻辑和修辞有着敏锐的理解。
艺术作文文体框架设计
艺术作文文体框架设计英文回答：Artistic writing is a form of expression that allows individuals to convey their thoughts, emotions, and ideas through various creative mediums. It is a powerful means of communication that goes beyond words, enabling artists to communicate with their audience on a deeper level. In my opinion, the framework for an art essay should consist of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.The introduction serves as a brief overview of thetopic and sets the tone for the rest of the essay. It should capture the reader's attention and provide some background information on the artwork or artist being discussed. This can be done by providing a brief biography of the artist, explaining the historical context in which the artwork was created, or highlighting the significance of the artwork in the art world.The body paragraphs are where the main ideas and arguments are presented. Each paragraph should focus on a specific aspect of the artwork, such as its technique, symbolism, or message. It is important to provide evidence and examples to support these ideas. For example, if discussing a painting, one could analyze the brush strokes, use of color, and composition to convey the artist's intended meaning. Additionally, it is crucial to incorporate the artist's own words or interviews to provide insight into their creative process and intentions.In the conclusion, the main points discussed in the body paragraphs should be summarized and tied together. This is an opportunity to reiterate the significance of the artwork and its impact on the art world or society as a whole. It is also important to leave the reader with afinal thought or reflection on the artwork, encouraging them to further explore and appreciate the artist's work.中文回答：艺术作文是一种表达形式，允许个体通过各种创造性的媒介传达他们的思想、情感和观点。
艺术品作文英语
艺术品作文英语Art has always held a unique place in the annals of human history, serving as a powerful medium of expression and communication. Its influence extends far beyond the bounds of visual aesthetics, encompassing emotions, culture, and society. In the realm of English composition, the integration of artistic elements can enhance the creative flow of ideas and evoke deeper emotional responses from readers.In writing an English composition, the use of artistic language and imagery can greatly enrich the textual experience. Consider, for instance, the power ofdescriptive language in painting a vivid picture for the reader. Through the use of vivid adjectives, evocative nouns, and dynamic verbs, writers can transform plain words into a visual feast, evoking images that are as real asthey are imaginative. This technique not only captivatesthe reader's attention but also helps to convey thewriter's intended message more effectively.Moreover, the integration of artistic themes and motifs can provide a deeper layer of meaning to an Englishcomposition. Whether it's the exploration of abstract concepts through metaphor and symbolism or the narrative of a story through the use of artistic devices like irony and contrast, art has the ability to communicate ideas and emotions that words alone cannot convey. By incorporating such artistic elements, writers can create compositionsthat are not just intellectually stimulating but also emotionally engaging.Additionally, the use of artistic references and allusions can add a layer of cultural resonance to an English composition. By referencing well-known artworks, literary works, or historical events, writers can create a shared understanding and appreciation among readers, strengthening the bond between writer and reader. This cultural connectivity not only enhances the reader's understanding of the composition but also broadens their cultural horizons.In conclusion, the integration of artistic elements in English composition is not just a matter of aesthetic pleasure; it is a powerful tool for enhancing the effectiveness and impact of written communication. Byharnessing the power of art, writers can create compositions that are not just visually appealing but also intellectually stimulating and emotionally engaging. Inthis way, art and literature can coexist harmoniously, complementing each other and enriching the human experience through the shared language of words and images.**艺术品在英语作文中的力量**艺术品在人类历史的长河中一直占据着独特的位置，它是表达和沟通的强大媒介。
Main Contents Abstracts and Key Words
Main Contents Abstracts and Key Words 出版物刊名： 艺术探索页码： M0003-M0004页年卷期： 2012年 第5期主题词： 艺术;艺术理论;艺术美学;民族化;大众化摘要：006 OntheDateofDeathofShiTao CHENGuoping [Abstract] Li Lin＇s Crying for On OiZishowed that the date of death of Shi Tad was before and after October in Kangxi 46 （1709s）, while Shi Tao＇s Paintings demonstrated that he was not passed away before 15th October, Kangqi 49 （1710s）. Shi Tao＇s Painting of Qing Lian Cad Pavilion （sector）, Qin Qian＇s Landscape painting of Qing Xiang taoistin the album of Recorded paintings, Shi Tao＇s Painting OfShuang Qing Pavilion painted for Wu Liaoding, Wang Yunyanshan＇s album Journalof Qing Xiang aged man, Shi Tad composed an eight-line poem with five characters to a line called Cud Pin for his old friend, Hong Zhengzhi, apprentice of Shi Tad painted Lanscape painting ofQing Xiang Taoistin 1720s, Min Hua composed 2 poems in the style of four-line poem with seven characters to a line called Passing by the former residence of Shi Tad, all above are verified that the date of death of Shi Tad must be earlier than March 1720, therefore, he died in the year of Kangxi 57 （＇1718s）, at the age of 78. [Key words] Shi tad; date of death; 1718s。
艺术品作文
艺术品作文英文回答：Artwork Analysis: Masterpiece Examination。
Every artwork is a unique expression of creativity, imagination, and technical skill. Art can tell stories, evoke emotions, and inspire contemplation. When examining a masterpiece, there are several key aspects that one should consider in order to fully appreciate its value and significance.1. Context: Understanding the historical, cultural, and personal context in which an artwork was created is essential for comprehending its meaning. This includes examining the artist's life, the time period in which it was made, and the prevailing artistic trends.2. Form and Composition: The physical qualities of an artwork, such as its size, shape, texture, and color, allcontribute to its overall effect. Composition refers to the arrangement of elements within the artwork, which can create a sense of balance, rhythm, or tension.3. Technique and Medium: The materials and methods used by the artist play a significant role in shaping the character of the artwork. Different techniques can create different visual effects, while the choice of medium can influence the durability and overall appearance of the piece.4. Symbolism and Imagery: Many artworks contain symbolic elements that convey hidden meanings or evoke certain associations. Identifying and interpreting these symbols can provide valuable insights into the artist's intentions and the cultural context of the work.5. Artistic Intent and Interpretation: Every artist hasa unique perspective and purpose behind their work. Understanding the artist's intent can help us appreciate the motivations and ideas that shaped the artwork. Additionally, viewers can bring their own subjectiveinterpretations to an artwork, creating a personal and meaningful connection with it.6. Impact and Significance: Masterpieces often have a profound impact on the art world and beyond. They can challenge conventions, inspire new artistic movements, and provoke social or political discussions. Examining the impact and significance of an artwork can help us understand its enduring relevance and value.By considering all of these aspects, we can develop a deeper understanding and appreciation for the complexities and beauty of an artwork. Masterpieces are not simply objects to be admired; they are gateways to understanding the human experience, the creative process, and the power of art.中文回答：艺术品分析，杰作鉴赏。
英语专业毕业论文摘要部分
On the Title of EST and Aesthetic Effect in Its TranslationAbstractWith the development of science and technology, translation of English of Science and Technology has become more and more important. A good title can help readers understand the main ideas about some articles of science and technology at the first step. And a good translation can also shows the artistic effect and the content of the translator. The author wants to offer all the translation learners some ways to attract more readers by researching the titles of EST and artistic effects of them in this essay.Key words: EST; title; translation; artistic effects论科技英语文章标题及其翻译的美学效果摘要随着科学技术的发展，科技英语日益红火，科技英语的翻译也随之成为热门话题。
在科技英语的翻译中，一个好的题目，往往可以使读者在浏览文章之初，就被其所渗透的魅力所感染，并能够了解文章的中心旨意。
另外，一个好的标题翻译，往往能够体现一定的美学效果和译者的学识以及文化修为。
作者希望通过这篇论文与大家讨论科技英语文章标题及其翻译的美学效果，并提供给大家一些使翻译作品瞬间魅力四射的方法。
背短文记高考英语单词：抽象艺术
背短文记高考英语单词：抽象艺术Abstract Art抽象艺术Abstract art used to be one hand,the artists stopped painting delicate figures but attempted to adopt special techniques to give people different visual the other hand,their works,including sculptures carved out of marble or fragile clay,were all with a specific aim of showing conventional scholars who were allergic to abstract art said it was evidently ridiculous and neither art nor Traditional Art Committee predicted its soon disappearing.But nowadays,abstract art has become part of the permanent possessions of contemporary along the Madison Avenue give scores of superb exhibitions on typical abstract works,appealing to many who have a preference for abstract Shadow of Egypt,a café in this district,has become the home to those aggressive abstract ,it is not a coincidence for you to meet one of these artists of great reputation in the are asked for signatures and given bunches of fragrant flowers plus they are given a great deal of praise by their faithful fans.抽象艺术曾经颇受争议，一方面，抽象艺术家们不再画精致的画像，而是试图采用特别的技巧给人们以不同的视觉冲击；另一方面，他们的作品，包括用大理石和易碎的粘土雕刻出来的雕像，都以表达感情为其明确的目的。
现在分词作定语
现在分词作状语 现在分词在句中作状语，修饰谓语动词或 整个句子，表示动作发生的原因、时间、 方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。现在分 词一般不用作表目的地状语（通常用不定 式表目的地状语）。
1）表时间状语
Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine. (=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.) While waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily.
现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须是 句子的主语，分词必须和句中的主语含有逻辑上 的主谓关系，否则不能用现在分词作状语。 但要注意它地各种形式变化： 主动形式 一般式 V-ing 被动形式 being V-ed having been V-ed
完成式
having V-ed
Eg. Hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom. 听见铃声，学生们开 始走进教室。（听见和进入两个动作同时 发生）
6. There is a saying that _______ speak louder than actions words. 7. Blind people have to understand people’s feelings throughspoken language. ______ likely to 8. Although blind people are not __________ understand your body language, they can still use body language toexpress their own ideas. _______
浅论学生商务英语写作存在的问题
浅论学生商务英语写作存在的问题摘要:本文根据巴黎高等翻译学院院长达尼卡.塞莱丝柯维奇教授创立的释意派理论提出的在口译理解和口译表达之间需增加脱离源语外壳这一意义产生的阶段的理论，结合目前中国高校口译训练现状，特别是针对非师范国际交流专业学生的口译技能训练的实际情况，认为商务英语口译的技能训练必须脱离传统的“口头表述的笔译”，大胆地实行以记忆操练、知识扩大训练为主线的模式，以期改变传统的口译课堂。
1.脱离源语外壳原巴黎高等翻译学院院长，著名的翻译理论研究家、教育家、实践家达尼卡·塞莱丝柯维奇(Danica Seleskovitch)教授于20世纪60年代后期创立的释意派理论，首先是一种口译理论，该理论的出发点和角度与传统的语言学派翻译理论完全不同“，其基本要点是严格区分语言与话语的相对独立作用和相互关系，区分翻译过程中的已知内容和未知内容之间的关系”(方梦之，2004:39)。
“其研究对象不再停留在语言层次，而是解剖口译的意义传递现象”(刘和平，2001)。
释意派理论认为翻译是解释性的，它强调释意的准确性，而不苛求两种语言符号的对等。
塞莱丝柯维奇教授认为“The approach also focuses on the mental and cognitive processes involved in interpreting，which is seen as comprising the threestages of interpretation(理解)，de-verbalization(脱离源语外壳)and reformulation(重新表达)”(Seleskovitch，1977)。
释意派从心理学和认知学的角度，阐释了翻译，特别是口译的要旨，脱离源语外壳更是其理论的核心。
翻译时人的思维和意义的产生必须要经历脱离源语外壳这一过程“，One of the theory’sprinciple tenets has been that interpreting should be basedona deverbalized，intended meaning(the sense or sens)derived from the overall context，rather than on the words of ST as such”(Shut2tleworth，1997:85)。