The Fallacy of Western Economics西方经济学谬论

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西方经济学 英文

西方经济学 英文

西方经济学英文Introduction:Western Economics is among the most important branches of economics that have contributed to the growth and development of the global economy. It is the study of how societies use resources to produce goods and services for consumption. The primary focus of Western economics is on the behavior of individuals, businesses, governments, and other organizations and how they interact with each other to create and manage economic systems. In this document, we will explore the history and evolution of Western economics, its fundamental principles and theories, as well as its impact on modern society.History and evolution of western economics:The history of Western economics dates back to ancient Greece, where prominent philosophers like Aristotle studied economic principles related to trade, money, and political systems. However, it was not until the 18th century when Westerneconomics started to emerge as a distinct area of study with the publication of "Wealth of Nations," by Adam Smith. This seminal work focused on the concept of “invisible hand” which argued that, when individuals pursue their self-interest through trade, free markets could, in theory, be self-regulating and result in economic growth, increased productivity and wealth creation.Over time, Western economics continued to evolve, and significant contributions came from notable economists such as David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and John Stuart Mill. According to the labor theory of value developed by David Ricardo, prices of goods and services are determined by the amount of labor required to produce them. Malthus's theory of population argued that, while population growth will outstrip food production leading to hunger and poverty in the long run, Mill'sclassical theory of economics focused on the interplay of supply and demand.Modern Western economics and its principles and theories:In the late 19th century, Western economics started incorporating rigorous empirical methods of study and adopted mathematical tools for analyzing economic phenomena. Economists like Alfred Marshall took an interdisciplinary approach that incorporated psychology and other social sciences to better understand human behavior.Currently, Western economics covers a wide range of topics, including microeconomics and macroeconomics, international trade and finance, public finance, economic development, and game theory, among others. Theories such as the theory of comparative advantage, the Keynesian economics, the monetarist theory of inflation, and the concept of the Phillips curve have been essential in shaping decisions on economic policies around the world. Also, game theory, which was developed by John Nash and others, has been instrumental in providing insights into how people interact, providing a basis for strategic decision-making.Impact of Western economics on modern society:Western economics has had a profound impact on modern society, shaping the way people think about and approach economic issues. It has facilitated economic growth and helped in reducing poverty as well as promoting international cooperation and integration through trade. It has been critical to the formation of economic policies, shaping tax structures, labor relations, and contributing to the growth of different industries.Moreover, Western economics has had broader implications, such as providing a framework for analyzing the relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability. It has also contributed to the development of the welfare state, where governments intervene in the economy to provide social services such as healthcare, education, and welfare programs.Conclusion:Western economics has been integral in shaping our understanding of how markets work and how resources are allocated in society. Its contributions to economic thought have beensubstantial, and its influence continues to shape the modern world. By providing policymakers with critical insights on economic phenomena and offering practical solutions, Western economics remains an essential tool in shaping and driving economic development and progress.。

北大MBA西方经济学案例til

北大MBA西方经济学案例til
❖衡量消费者从消费中获得的好处 ❖消费者剩余 = 最高支付意愿 – 实际支付 ❖衡量生产者参与市场获得的好处 ❖生产者剩余 = 出售价格 – 生产成本 ❖总剩余 = 消费者剩余 + 生产者剩余 =(买者评价-买者支付)+(卖者所得–卖者付
出)
=买者评价 – 卖者付出
如何衡量市场效率?总剩余最大! 当一个经济的总剩余达到最大,就是有资源 配置效率的。 什么时候总剩余最大?
❖闲暇 ❖家庭生产 ❖地下经济(因偷税而未统计的部分以及非法经济活动)
GDP中的一些项目损害了福利,破坏环境 GDP中有些项目无益于社会福利,如军工产品 GDP没有反映收入分配 但是,总体而言,GDP是一个好指标。
GDP恒等式 GDP = 消费(C) +投资(I )+政府购买 支出(G) +进出口净额(X-M)
信贷
贷款利率8%,但 有一部分款收不 回?
大部分投资项目 利润率不高。
应不应该提高利 率?
信息不对称的后果
❖ 逆向选择——交易双方中拥有更多信息的一方利用 信息优势作出不利于对方的决策,这种决策足以消除 交易。
柠檬市场——二手车的例子 ❖ 道德危险——交易双方中拥有信息优势的一方利用
对方的不知情在达成交易后改变行为,例如采取不诚 实行为,损害对方利益。
纸厂与鱼塘的交易
排污 部分净化 彻底净化
纸厂的利润 100
40
10
鱼塘的利润 40
140
150
总利润 140
180
160
科斯定理的要点: ▪ 产权界定 ▪ 私人协商 ▪ 交易成本 牛与大象的例子 科斯定理的缺陷:私人解决方法并不总是有效
原因:交易成本可能比较大
针对外部性的公共政策
管制 征税与补贴

西方经济学习题集(双语版)

西方经济学习题集(双语版)
华东政法大学商学院 张辑 双语西方经济学基础
5 questions and answers
1-5 Why is entrepreneurial ability considered a category of economic resources, distinct from labor? What are the major functions of the entrepreneur? Entrepreneurial ability and labor are both human resources, but they perform different functions in the productive process. Entrepreneurial ability does not directly produce goods and services; it organizes the resources that do. Labor refers to the human inputs that directly engage in production. Entrepreneurs are risk-takers: They coordinate the activities of the other three inputs for profit—or loss, which is why they are called risk-takers. Entrepreneurs sometimes manage companies that they own, but a manager who is not an owner is not necessarily an entrepreneur but may be performing some of the entrepreneurial functions for the company. Entrepreneurs are also innovators, or perhaps inventors, and profits help to motivate such activities.

推荐下载-西方经济学宏观经济学论文中英对照 精品

推荐下载-西方经济学宏观经济学论文中英对照 精品

To Spend or to Save? Trick QuestionIt’s your fault. Part of it is, anyway. You, the American consumer,spent too much money. You bought too much house, took on too much debt and generally lived beyond your means. Yourfree-spending ways helped cause the worst financial crisis since theGreat Depression.And now you’re going to have to do your part to end the crisis. How? By spending. Enough already with the saving that many of you have suddenly begun doing. This very moment, Congress and President Obama are preparing to send you a tax rebate, to inspire you to stimulate the economy. So go out and stimulate. Spend as if the future of your country depended on it.John Maynard Keynes, the great 20th-century economist, would have appreciated the apparent absurdity in these mixed messages. He coined a phrase, “the paradox of thrift,” to point out that what was rational for an individual during hard times — saving money —could be ruinous for an entire economy. Eventually, many of the savers may end up out of work because everyone else is saving, too. It’s enough to make you wonder what exactly you’re supposed to do. At his news conference on Monday night, Mr. Obama was asked directly whether people should spend or save their rebate checks. He ducked the question.Fortunately, though, it has an answer. There are a few ways to helpboth your own finances and the country’s.The first involves figuring out how to spend money now to savemoney later — which can lift the economy today and helpindividual households cope with their battered finances in the long run. The second involves realizing that Keynes’s paradox isn’t ironclad. In a financial crisis, when banks may need capital as much as retailers or restaurants need business, many people can save without guilt.What follows is a guide to spending and saving, both sensibly andpatriotically.Besides developing the most famous prescription for curing downturns, Keynes can also be considered the godfather ofbehavioral economics, as the columnist David Ignatius recently wrote. While other economists obsessed over statistical models that treated people as hyperrational automatons, Keynes wrote about “animal spirits.” He helped explain how psychology shaped economics.Psychology-tinged economics — that is, behavioral economics —has taken off over the last two decades, and one of its central findings is that most people do not do a good job of planning for the future. They aren’t nearly as nice to their “future self,” as economists say, as to their “present self.”They eat just one more doughnut and put off exercising until tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow. They fail to set aside enough for retirement. Again and again, they choose a bird in the hand — be it dessert, convenience or a little extra cash — over three or four in the bush.These habits end up causing a lot of trouble. But they also present an opportunity in a time like this. Most people could save themselves a good bit of money by giving proper respect to their future self. They could spend a little now and save a lot later. McKinsey & pany recently analyzed household spending on energy, for example, and found enormous waste. People heat their homes when they are not there and, thanks to leaks in their walls and heating ducts, also heat the airspace above their roof.A programmable thermostat, which adjusts the temperature when people are out of the house or asleep, can cost as little as $50. For less than $1,000, people can buy the thermostat, as well as hire a contractor to fix leaks and replace their light bulbs with more efficient ones. In either case, the spending often pays for itself in just a year or two.“There is a difference between consuming and investing,” says Ken Ostrowski of McKinsey. “And energy efficiency falls more into the category of inves ting.”I asked behavioral economists for some other examples, and they helped me e up with a nice little list. Parents of young children can join Costco and make up their membership fee with just a few months of diaper purchases. Drivers can inflate their tires, change their air and fuel filters and start getting better mileage. Frequentbook buyers who don’t mind screen reading can buy the new Kindle. It costs $359, but most new books then cost less than $10. Families who shop at rent-to-own stores, which charge ridiculous interest rates, can temporarily pare back and then buy furniture or electronics outright.People who do a lot of laser printing can purchase a printer that uses only a cent or two of ink per page. (Many use far, far more.) Purified water drinkers can lay off the Aquafina and buy a water filter. Seltzer drinkers can buy a seltzer maker. My wife and I now have one, and it is a beautiful thing indeed.In these cases — and, no doubt, many others — the initial investment tends to pay off quickly, sometimes in mere months. That’s why such spending is perfectly suited to the moment. It will keep people employed or create new jobs when the economy needs the help. But it will also shore up households’ finances.The one big caveat is that some p eople will feel that they can’t afford to lay out an extra $50 or $100 right now. Millions of workers have already lost their jobs, and many others simply want to cut back. In December, households saved an average of 3.6 percent of their disposable ine, up from about 1 percent in recent years.In a normal recession, this new saving would have a lot more downside than upside, just as Keynes explained. But this recession is different. It has been caused by a financial crisis. If Americans don’t get their fina nces in better shape — if mortgage defaults keep rising and credit card delinquencies soar — banks will remain afraid to lend, and the recession will linger.Even more immediately, banks need to get their own finances in order. That’s the whole aim of the new bailout plan announced by the Treasury Department on Tuesday. Some additional personal savings can only help that effort.“The government is pouring hundreds of billion of dollars into banks,” said Richard Thaler, a University of Chicago economist. “What’s so bad about households pouring some money into banks?”The ideas here don’t apply only to individuals, either. They apply to the stimulus package as well. The federal government is set to spend $800 billion to stimulate the economy. Much of that money will necessarily go to tax rebates, unemployment benefits and other programs without much long-term benefit. But $800 billion is a lot of money. And the best forms of stimulus are the ones that take effect quickly and bring a long-term payoff. That can mean tax credits for home weatherization or money to pay for the installation of puterized medical records — two programs that are still in the stimulus bill.Whenever this recession finally ends, our future selves are going to be facing some very big bills. They can use all the help we can give them.花钱还是存钱?难解的问题。

《西方经济学》英文版课件PPT-2

《西方经济学》英文版课件PPT-2

2.1 WHAT, HOW, AND FOR WHOM?
How Do We Produce?
Factors of production
The productive resources used to produce goods and services.
Factors of production are grouped into four categories: • Land (土地) • Labor (勞動) • Capital (資本) • Entrepreneurship (企業家精神)
Goods and services that are bought by individuals and used to provide personal enjoyment and contribute to a person’s standard of living. For example, movies and Laundromat services.
Exports 9%
Government 17%
2.1 WHAT, HOW, AND FOR WHOM?
Figure 2.1(b) shows the largest five items of services produced.
And the largest five items of goods produced.
Investment goods
Goods that are bought by businesses to increase their productive resources. For example, cranes and trucks.
2.1 WHAT, HOW, AND FOR WHOM?

[考研类试卷]西方经济学(经济学基础知识)模拟试卷1.doc

[考研类试卷]西方经济学(经济学基础知识)模拟试卷1.doc

[考研类试卷]西方经济学(经济学基础知识)模拟试卷11 著名的芝加哥保守经济学家乔治.斯蒂格勒(George Stigler)写道:“没有哪个彻底平均主义的社会能够构造或维持一个有效而富有进取的经济体系。

应用奖励级别刺激劳工已经成为各国普遍的经验。

”(《价格理论》第3版,The Theory of Price,Macmillan,NewYork,1966,P.19.)这一论述是属于实证经济学,还是属于规范经济学?参考第1题中马歇尔的话。

讨论斯蒂格勒的这个观点,二者是否存在矛盾?2 伟大的英国经济学家阿尔弗雷德.马歇尔(Alfred Mar shall)(1842-1924)发明了许多现代经济学工具,但他最关心的是这些工具在社会问题上的应用。

马歇尔在他的就职演说中写道:“我最大的抱负就是帮助剑桥大学为世界各地培养更多冷静而热情的人才,他们愿意把自己最充沛的精力贡献给社会,设法解决身边的社会困苦;直到了解高雅而高尚的生活的全部实质内容,他们才会满足。

”试解释如何以冷静的头脑进行实证分析,进而将热情的心所进行的规范的价值判断付诸实施。

你同意马歇尔关于教师职能的观点吗?你愿意接受他的挑战吗?3 仔细给下列术语下定义。

并给出例子:投入、产出。

4 有些科学家认为。

我们正在加速耗尽我们的自然资源。

现假定,社会一直没有任何技术进步,只有两种投入(劳动和自然资源)。

生产两种物品(音乐会和汽油)。

随着自然资源日益枯竭。

该社会的生产可能性边界会发生何种变化?发明和技术进步将会怎样改变你的答案?进而。

请解释为什么说“经济增长是资源耗费与技术进步之间的一场竞赛”。

5 考虑关于清洁空气和汽车运输的生产可能性边界。

(1)解释为什么未被管制的汽车尾气污染会使国民经济处在生产可能性之内。

认真画出两种物品的生产可能性边界来说明你的讨论。

(2)接着解释如何为有害的汽车排放物定价以同时增加两种商品的数量,并将国民经济所处的位置移动到生产可能性曲线之上。

811西方经济学参考书目

811西方经济学参考书目

811西方经济学参考书目在西方经济学领域,有许多经典的参考书籍,涉及了各个方面的经济学理论和实践。

这些书籍为学习者提供了深入了解西方经济学的基础知识和思维框架的机会。

下面是一些811西方经济学参考书目,这些书籍涵盖了宏观经济学、微观经济学、发展经济学以及国际贸易等领域。

1.《宏观经济学原理》(Mankiw’s Principles of Macroeconomics)作者:N. Gregory Mankiw 这本书是宏观经济学领域的经典教材,被广泛采用于大学宏观经济学课程。

它以清晰简洁的方式介绍了宏观经济学的核心原理,包括经济增长、通货膨胀、货币政策和财政政策等。

2.《劳动经济学》(Labor Economics)作者:Pierre Cahuc, StéphaneCarcillo, and André Zylberberg 这本书提供了关于劳动经济学的系统性、全面性的介绍。

它涵盖了劳动力市场的理论和实践问题,包括工资决定、失业、劳动力市场政策和劳动力市场的不平等等。

3.《发展经济学》(Development Economics)作者:Debraj Ray 这本书介绍了发展经济学的基本概念、理论和实践。

它探讨了经济发展的驱动力、经济不平等以及发展政策等重要主题。

4.《国际经济学》(International Economics)作者:Paul Krugmanand Maurice Obstfeld 这本书是国际经济学领域的经典教材,旨在帮助读者理解国际经济关系的核心概念和原则。

它涵盖了国际贸易、国际金融和国际货币体系等方面的理论和实践问题。

5.《货币银行学》(Money, Banking, and Financial Markets)作者:Frederic S. Mishkin 这本书是一本经典的货币银行学教材,对货币和金融市场的运作以及中央银行的角色进行了深入的讨论。

它介绍了货币供需、利率、银行业务和金融市场等关键概念。

西方经济学英语演讲稿范文

西方经济学英语演讲稿范文

Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. It is a great honor to stand before you today to discuss the fascinating world of Western economics. Economics is the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among different individuals. Over the centuries, economic thought has evolved significantly, and Western economics, in particular, has played a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of modern economic phenomena. In this speech, I will explore the core principles of Western economics, highlighting the foundational theories that have guided economic policies and practices worldwide.Introduction: The Significance of Western EconomicsWestern economics is a comprehensive discipline that encompasses a wide range of theories, models, and concepts. It has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of market dynamics, economic growth, and policy-making. By examining the principles of Western economics, we can gain insights into how economies function, how individuals make decisions, and how governments can intervene to promote prosperity.The Pillars of Western Economics1. The Concept of ScarcityThe first and foremost principle of Western economics is the concept of scarcity. Scarcity refers to the limited availability of resources in relation to human wants. This fundamental economic problem necessitates the allocation of resources in the most efficient manner possible. As a result, economists emphasize the importance of making rational choices based on the opportunity cost of each alternative.2. The Role of Supply and DemandSupply and demand are the two primary forces that determine the price and quantity of goods and services in a market economy. The law of supply states that, ceteris paribus, as the price of a good increases, the quantity supplied by producers also increases. Conversely, the lawof demand suggests that, ceteris paribus, as the price of a good decreases, the quantity demanded by consumers also decreases. Understanding the interplay between supply and demand is crucial for predicting market outcomes and formulating effective economic policies.3. The Nature of MarketsWestern economics analyzes various types of markets, including perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Each market structure has unique characteristics that affect the behavior of firms and consumers. For instance, in a perfectly competitive market, there are many buyers and sellers, homogeneous products, and free entry and exit, leading to efficient allocation of resources. On the other hand, a monopoly market has a single seller with significant market power, potentially leading to inefficiencies and higher prices.4. The Concept of Opportunity CostOpportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a choice. It serves as a guiding principle for individuals, firms, and governments in making rational decisions. By considering the opportunity cost of their actions, economic agents can ensure that they are utilizing their resources in the most productive manner.5. The Role of Government in the EconomyWestern economics acknowledges that markets are not always perfect and that government intervention can be necessary to achieve social welfare. Governments can intervene through fiscal and monetary policies, regulation, and public investment to correct market failures, such as externalities, monopolies, and public goods.6. Key Economic IndicatorsEconomic indicators, such as GDP, unemployment rate, inflation, and interest rates, provide insights into the overall health of an economy. By analyzing these indicators, policymakers and economists can make informed decisions regarding economic stability and growth.Conclusion: The Legacy of Western EconomicsIn conclusion, Western economics has provided us with a robust framework for understanding and analyzing economic phenomena. The foundational theories and principles of Western economics have guided policymakers and businesses in shaping economic policies and practices worldwide. By emphasizing the importance of scarcity, supply and demand, market structures, opportunity cost, government intervention, and economic indicators, Western economics has become an indispensable tool for promoting prosperity and well-being.Ladies and gentlemen, as we continue to navigate the complexities of the global economy, it is crucial that we remain grounded in the principles of Western economics. By doing so, we can ensure that our decisions are informed, rational, and aimed at fostering a more prosperous and equitable society.Thank you for your attention, and I welcome any questions you may have.。

西方经济学名词解释 英文版

西方经济学名词解释 英文版

西方经济学名词解释英文版第一章Macroeconomics 宏观经济学The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. 研究国民收入的各方面。

Microeconomics 微观经济学The study of the operations of the components of a national economy, such as individual firms, households, and consumers.研究经济中单个因素行为的分析。

GDP 国内生产总值 (Gross Domestic Product)The total market value of all final goods and services producedwithin the borders of a nation during a specified period.一国国民在各行业中一年内生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。

It isoften seen as an indicator of the standard of living ina country.Gross Domestic Product,consumption + investment goods + government purchases + net exportsEconomic Growth 经济增长steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income)Real Economic Growth Rate 实际经济增长率A measure of economic growth from one period to another expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed inreal as opposed to nominal terms). The real economic growth rate isa measure of the rate of change that a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) experiences from one year to another. Gross national product (GNP) can also be used if a nation's economy is heavily dependent on foreign earnings. The real economic growth rate builds onto the economic growth rate by taking into account the effect that inflation has on the economy. The real economic growth rate is a "constant dollar" and therefore a more accurate look at the rate of economic growth because the real rate is not distorted by the effects of extreme inflation or deflation.GDP deflator GDP指数In economics the GDP deflator (implicit price deflator for GDP) is a measure of the change in prices of all new, domestically produced, final goods and services in an economy. GDP stands for gross domestic product the total value of all goods and services produced within that economy during a specified period.Nominal GDP 名义GDPA gross domestic product (GDP) figure that has not been adjusted for inflation.Real GDP 实际GDPThis inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced in a given year, expressed in base-year prices. Often referred to as "constant-price", "inflation-corrected" GDP or "constant dollar GDP". Unlike nominal GDP, real GDP can accountfor changes in the price level, and provide a more accurate figure.Potential output 潜在产量/潜在GDPIn economics, potential output (also refered to as "natural real gross domestic product") refers to the highest level of real Gross Domestic Product output that can be sustained over the long term.GDP Gap GDP缺口The forfeited output of an country's economy resulting from the failure to create sufficient jobs for all those willing to work. A GDP gap denotes the amount of production that is irretrievably lost. The potential for higher production levels is wasted because therearen't enough jobs supplied.(与书异)Net Exports 净出口The value of a country's total exports minus the value of its total imports. It is used to calculate a country's aggregate expenditures, or GDP, in an open economy. In other words, net exports is the amount by which foreign spending on a home country's goods and services exceeds the home country's spending on foreign goods and services.Recession 经济衰退A significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth as measured by a country's GDP.Notes: Recession is a normal (albeit unpleasant) part of the business cycle. A recession generally lasts from six to eighteen months.Interest rates usually fall in recessionary times to stimulate the economy by offering cheap rates at which to borrow1money.Depression 经济萧条A severe and prolonged recession characterized by inefficient economic productivity, high unemployment, and falling price levels. In times of depression, consumer's confidence and investments decrease, causing the economy to shutdown. Value Added 附加值The enhancement a company gives its product or service beforeoffering the product to customers. This can either increase the products price or value.(与书异)Gross National Product – GNP 国民生产总值An economic statistic that includes GDP, plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments, minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents. GNP is a measure of a country's economic performance, or what its citizens produced (i.e. goods and services) and whether they produced these items within its borders.Disposable Income 可支配收入The amount of after-tax income that is available to divide between spending and personal savings. This also known as your take home pay.Unemployment Rate 失业率The percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work.Labor force 劳动力the group of people who have a potential for being employed.Frictional Unemployment 摩擦性事业Unemployment that is always present in the economy, resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers or from workers and employers having inconsistent or incomplete information.Structural Unemployment 结构性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the basic composition of the economy. These changes simultaneously open new positions for trained workers.Cyclical Unemployment 周期性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the business cycle.Natural Unemployment 自然失业率(与书异)The lowest rate of unemployment that an economy can sustain over the long run. Keynesians believe that a government can lower the rate of unemployment (i.e. employ more people) if it were willing to accept a higher level of inflation (the idea behindthe Phillips Curve). However, critics of this say that the effect is temporary and that unemployment would bounce back up but inflation would stay high. Thus, the natural, or equilibrium, rate is the lowest level of unemployment at which inflation remainsstable. Also known as the "non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment" (NAIRU).Notes: When the economy is said to be at full employment, it is atits natural rate of unemployment. Economists debate how the natural rate might change. For example, some economists think that increasing labor-market flexibility will reduce the natural rate. Other economists dispute the existence of a natural rate altogether!Frictional unemployment — This reflects the fact that it takes time for people to find and settle into new jobs. If 12 individuals each take one month before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as a single unemployed worker. Technological change often reduces frictional unemployment, for example: the internet made job searches cheaper and more comprehensive.Structural unemployment — This reflects a mismatch between theskills and other attributes of the labour force and those demanded by employers. If 4 workers each take six months off to re-train before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as two unemployed workers. Technological change often increases structural unemployment, for example: technological change might require workers to re-train.Natural rate of unemployment — This is the summation of frictional and structural unemployment. It is the lowest rate of unemployment that a stable economy can expect to achieve, seeing as some frictional and structural unemployment is inevitable. Economists do not agree on the natural rate, with estimates ranging from 1% to 5%, or on its meaning —some associate it with"non-accelerating inflation.The estimated rate varies from countryto country and from time to time. Demand deficient unemployment — In Keynesian economics, any level of unemployment beyond the natural rateis most likely2due to insufficient demand in the overall economy. During a recession, aggregate expenditure is deficient causing theunderutilization of inputs (including labour). Aggregate expenditure (AE) can be increased, according to Keynes, by increasing consumption spending (C), increasing investment spending (I), increasing government spending (G), or increasing the net of exports minus imports (X?M).{AE = C + I + G + (X?M)}Okun's Law 奥昆法则A relationship between an economy's GDP gap and the actual unemployment rate. The relationship is represented by a ratio of 1 to2.5. Thus, for every 1% excess of the natural unemployment rate, a 2.5% GDP gap is predicted.Inflation 通货膨胀The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling.Deflation 通货紧缩 steadily falling pricesA general decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in thesupply of money or credit. Deflation can be caused also by a decrease in government, personal or investment spending. The opposite of inflation,deflation has the side effect of increased unemployment since there is a lower level of demand in the economy, which can lead to an economic depression. Hyperinflation 超级通货膨胀Extremely rapid or out of control inflation.Inflation rate 通货膨胀率In economics, the inflation rate is the rate of increase of the average price level (a measure of inflation). If one likes analogies, the size of a balloon is like the price level, while the inflation rate is how quickly it grows in size. Alternatively, the inflation rate is the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money.Consumer Price Index (CPI) 消费价格指数The CPI, as it is called, measures the prices of consumer goods and services and is a measure of the pace of US inflation. The US Department of Labor publishes the CPI every month.Demand,pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀inflation due to high demand for GDP and low unemployment, also known as Phillips Curve inflation. Cost,push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀nowadays termed "supply shock inflation", due to an event such as a sudden increase in the price of oil. Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers tryingto keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle".Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as"inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation".Indexing 指数化The adjustment of the weights of assets in an investment portfolio so that its performance matches that of an index. Linking movements of rates to the performance of an index.Notes:1. Indexing is a passive investment strategy. An investor can achieve the same risk and return of an index also by investing in an index fund.2. Types of rates that could be linked to the performance of an index are wage or tax rates.Phillips Curve 菲利普斯曲线An economic concept developed by A. W. Phillips stating thatinflation and unemployment have a stable and inverse relationship. The theory states that with economic growth comes inflation, which in turn should lead to more jobs and less unemployment. The concept has been proven empirically and some government policies are directly influenced by it.第二章Aggregate Demand 总需求The total amount of goods and services demanded in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally there is a negative relationship between aggregate demand and the price level. Also3known as "total spending".Notes:Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, and is represented by this formula: Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G (X-M)C = Consumers' expenditures on goods and services.I = Investment spending by companies on capital goods.G = Government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services.X = Exports of goods and services.M = Imports of goods and services.Aggregate Supply 总供给The total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-supply curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output thatfirms are willing to provide. Normally, there is a positive relationship between aggregate supply and the price level. Rising pricesare usually signals for businesses to expand production to meet a higher level of aggregate demand. Also known as "totaloutput".Notes:A shift in aggregate supply can be attributed to a number of variables. These include changes in the size and quality of labor, technological innovations, increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in producer taxes and subsidies, and changes in inflation. In the short run, aggregate supply responds to higher demand (and prices) by bringing more inputs into the production process and increasing utilization of current inputs. In the long run, however, aggregate supply is not affected by theprice level and is driven only by improvements in productivity and efficiency.Exogenous Variable 外生变量A variable whose value is determined outside the model in which itis used.An economic variable that is related to other economic variables and determines their equilibrium levels. For example, rainfall is exogenous to the causal system constituting the process offarming and crop output. An exogenous variable by definition is one whose value is wholly causally independent from other variables in the system.Endogenous Variable 内生变量A value determined within the context of a model.An economic variable which is independent of the relationships determining the equilibrium levels, but nonetheless affects the equilibrium.Consumption 消费in economics, direct utilization of goods and services by consumers, not including the use of means of production, such as machinery and factories (see capital). Consumption can be divided into public and private sectors.Investment 投资An asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income or appreciate in the future. In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or appreciate and be soldat a higher price. In the financial sense investments include the purchase of bonds, stocks or real estate property. Government Purchases 政府购买Expenditures made in the private sector by all levels of government, such as when a government entity contracts a construction company to build office space or pave highways. A component of Keynesian expenditures, government purchases can be used as a tool for agovernment to influence the business cycle and provide economic stimulation when it is deemed necessary. Keynesian Economics 凯恩斯经济An economic theory stating that active government intervention inthe marketplace and monetary policy is the best method of ensuring economic growth and stability. A supporter of Keynesian economics believes it is the government's job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Intervention would come in the form of government spending and tax breaks in order to stimulate the economy, and government spending cuts and tax hikes in good times, in order to curb inflation.Classical Economics 古典经济学4Classical Economics refers to work done by a group of economists in the 18th and 19th centuries. They developed theories about the way markets and market economies work. The study was primarily concerned with the dynamics of economic growth. It stressed economic freedom and promoted ideas such as laissez-faire and free competition. Famous economists of this thinking include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and John Stuart Mill.Equilibrium of AD and AS 总供给和总需求的均衡supply and demand result in an equilibrium price (the interest rate) Stagflation 滞胀A condition of slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment - a time of stagnation - accompanied by a rise in prices, or inflation.第三章Fiscal Policy 财政政策Government spending policies that influence macroeconomic conditions. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates, and government spending, in an effort to control the economy.Government spending 政府支出consists of government purchases, including transfer payments, which can be financed by seigniorage (the creation of money for government funding), taxes, or government borrowing It is considered to be one of the major components of gross domestic product.Multiplier Effect 乘数效应The expansion of a country's money supply that results from banks being able to lend. The size of the multiplier effect depends on the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold on reserves. In other words, it is money used to create more money and calculated by dividing total bank deposits by the reserve requirement.The multiplier effect depends on the set reserve requirement. The higher the reserve requirement, the tighter the money supply, which results in a lower multiplier effect for every dollar deposited. The lower the reserve requirement, the larger the money supply, which means more money is being created for every dollar deposited.Crowding Out Effect 挤出效应An economic theory explaining an increase in interest rates due to rising government borrowing in the money market. Notes: Governments often borrow money (by issuing bonds) to fund additional spending. The problem occurs when government debt 'crowds out' private companies and individuals from the lending market. Increased government borrowing tends to increase market interest rates. The problem is that the government can always pay the market interest rate, but there comes a point when corporations and individuals can no longer afford to borrow.Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) 边际消费倾向refers to the increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) that occurs with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers). For example, if a household earns one extra dollar of disposable income, and the marginal propensityto consume is 0.65, then of that dollar, the family will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents.Mathematically, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) function is expressed as the derivative of the consumption (C) function with respect to disposable income (Y).In other words, the marginal propensity to consume is measured asthe ratio of the change in consumption to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. One minus the MPC equals the marginal propensity to save. Marginal propensity to save (MPS) 边际储蓄倾向refers to the increase in saving (non-purchase of current goods and services) that results from an increase in income. For example, if a family earns one extra dollar, and the marginal propensity to save is 0.35, then of that dollar, the family will spend65 cents and save 35 cents. It can also go the other way, referring to the decrease in saving that results from a decrease in income. It is crucial to Keynesian economics and is the key variable determining the value of the multiplier. Mathematically, the marginal propensity to save (MPS) function is expressed as the derivative of the savings (S)function with respect to disposable income (Y).5In other words, the marginal propensity to save is measured as the ratio of the change in saving to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. It is the opposite of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). In the example above, the marginal propensity to consume would be 0.65. In general MPS = 1 - MPC.Money Supply 货币供给 (与书异)The entire quantity of bills, coins, loans, credit, and other liquid instruments in a country's economy. Money supply is divided into three categories--M1, M2, and M3--according to the type andsize of account in which the instrument is kept. The money supply is important to economists trying to understand how policies will affect interest rates and growth. M1The category of the money supply that includes all physical moneylike coins and currency. It also includes demand deposits, which are checking accounts and NOW accounts. M1 is the narrowest idea of "money." This is used as a measurement for economists trying to quantify the amount of money in circulation.M2A category within the money supply that includes M1 in addition toall time-related deposits, savings deposits, and non-institutionalmoney-market funds. M2 is a broader classification of money than M1. Economists use M2 when looking to quantify the amount of money in circulation and trying to explain different economic monetary conditions. M3The category of the money supply that includes M2 as well as alllarge time deposits, institutional money-market funds, short-term repurchase agreements, along with other larger liquid assets. This isthe broadest measure of money it is used by economists to estimate the entire supply of money within an economy. (书没有)Fiat Money 【美】(根据政府法令发行的)不兑现纸币Money that a government has declared to be legal tender, despite the fact that it has no intrinsic value and is not backed by reserves. Most of the world's paper money is fiat money.Legal tender 合法货币;偿付债务时债主必须接受的货币is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt by virtueof law.Transactions demand 交易性需求is the demand or foreign currency. It is used for purposes of business transactions and personal consumption. transactions demand is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Speculative demand 投机性需求is the demand for financial assets, such as securities, money or foreign currency, or financing. It is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Liquidity Preference Theory 流动性偏好理论The hypothesis that forward rates offer a premium over expectedfuture spot rates. Proponents of this theory believe that, according to the term structure of interest rates, investors are risk-averse and will demand a premium for securities with longermaturities. A premium is offered by way of greater forward rates in order to attract investors to longer-term securities. The premium received normally increases at a decreasing rate due to downward pressure from the decreasing volatility of interest rates as the term to maturity increases. Also known as "liquidity preference hypothesis."Interest Rate 利率The monthly effective rate paid (or received if you are a creditor) on borrowed money. Expressed as a percentage of the sum borrowed.Nominal Interest Rate/the money interest rate名义利率The interest rate unadjusted for inflation. Not taking into account inflation gives a less realistic number. Real Interest Rate 实际利率6The amount by which the nominal interest rate is higher than the inflation rate. The real rate of interest is approximated by taking the nominal interest rate and subtracting inflation. The real interest rate is the growth rate of purchasing power derivedfrom an investment.Intermediate targets 中间目标An intermediate target is a variable (such as the money supply) that is not directly under the control of the central bank, but that does respond fairly quickly to policy actions, is observable frequently and bears a predictable relationship to the ultimate goals of policy.Open Market Operations 公开市场业务The buying and selling of government securities in the open marketin order to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. Purchases inject money into the banking system and stimulate growthwhile sales of securities do the opposite.Notes: Open market operations are the principal tools of monetary policy. (The discount rate and reserve requirements are also used.) The U.S. Federal Reserve's goal in using this technique is to adjust the federal funds rate--the rate at which banks borrowreserves from each other.Discount Rate 贴现率The interest rate that an eligible depository institution is charged to borrow short-term funds directly from a Federal Reserve Bank. This type of borrowing from the Fed is fairly limited. Institutions will often seek other means of meeting short-term liquidity needs. The Federal funds discount rate is one of two interest rates the Fed sets, the other being the overnight lendingrate, or the Fed funds rate.Lender of Last Resort 最后的贷款者/偿付者An institution, usually a country's central bank, that offers loansto banks or other eligible institutions that are experiencing financial difficulty or are considered highly risky or near collapse. In the U.S. the Federal Reserve acts as the lender of last resort to institutions that do not have any other means of borrowing and whose failure to obtain credit would dramatically affect the economy.Notes: The lender of last resort functions both to protectindividuals who have deposited funds, and to prevent panic withdrawing from banks who have temporary limited liquidity. Commercial banksusually try not to borrow from the lender of last resort because such action indicates that the bank is experiencing financial crisis. Critics of the lender-of-last-resort methodology suspect that the safety it provides inadvertently tempts qualifying institutions to acquire morerisk than necessary -since they are more likely to perceive the potential consequences of risky actions to be less severe.Reserve Requirements 法定准备金Requirements regarding the amount of funds that banks must hold in reserve against deposits made by their customers. This money must be in the bank's vaults or at the closest Federal Reserve Bank.Notes: Set by the Fed's Board of Governors, reserve requirements are one of the three main tools of monetary policy. The other two tools are open market operations and the discount rate. Also known as required reserves.第四章Supply-side economics 供给经济学A theory of economics that reductions in tax rates will stimulate investment and in turn will benefit the entire society.Laffer Curve 拉弗尔曲线Invented by Arthur Laffer, this curve shows the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue collected by governments. The chart below shows the Laffer Curve:7The curve suggests that, as taxes increase from low levels, tax revenue collected by the government also increases. It also shows that tax rates increasing after a certain point (T*) would cause people not to work as hard or not at all, thereby reducing tax revenue. Eventually, if tax rates reached 100% (the far right of the curve), then all people would choose not to work because everything they earned would go to the government.Notes: Governments would like to be at point T*, because it is the point at which the government collects maximum amount of tax revenue while people continue to work hard.Tax revenue税收is the income that is gained by governments because of taxation of the peopleBudget deficit 联邦预算赤字The amount by which government spending exceeds government revenues.Unemployment benefits 失业救济are sums of money given to the unemployed by the government or a compulsory para-governmental insurance system. Depending on the。

导论(《西方经济学(精要本.第二版)——“马工程教材”》)

导论(《西方经济学(精要本.第二版)——“马工程教材”》)
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二、西方经济学及其研究对象
微观经济学研究三种个体行为:
消费者(居民户) 需求 效用(满足) 追求效用最大化 价格越低越好
生产者(厂商) 供给
利润(收益- 成本) 追求利润最大化 价格越高越好
市场价格均衡
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二、西方经济学及其研究对象
微观经济学的鸟瞰
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二、西方经济学及其研究对象
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二、西方经济学及其研究对象
为谁生产?
“为谁生产”则在相当程度上是一个收入 分配问题,这既是一个经济问题,又是一 个社会问题。
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二、西方经济学及其研究对象
经济学的定义
经济学是一门对产品和服务的生产、分配以及消费
进行研究的社会科学(维基百科)。
经济学就是研究如何将稀缺的资源分配于不同用
途,以满足经济主体多样化需求的科学。
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二、西方经济学及其研究对象
宏观经济学的鸟瞰
产品市场
总需求曲线 货币市场
短期决定及对策
国际市场
总供给曲线——劳动市场
国民收入
(和总量生产函数) 长期决定和对策——经济增长论和经济周期理论
有关国民收入的短期决定的不同意见和对策
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二、西方经济学及其研究对象
宏观经济的三个基本问题
就业与失业问题 物价与通货膨胀问题 经济增长与经济周期问题
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二、西方经济学及其研究对象
清人胡澹庵编辑的《解人颐》一书中收录了一 首《不知足》诗:
终日奔波只为饥 方才一饱便思衣 衣食两般皆俱足 又想娇容美貌妻 取得美妻生下子 恨无田地少根基 买到田园多广阔 出入无船少马骑 槽头扣了骡和马 叹无官职被人欺 县丞主薄还嫌小 又要朝中挂紫衣 作了皇帝还嫌小 更想登天跨鶴飞 若要世人心里足 除是南柯一梦西

西方经济学与东方的道德价值观英语作文

西方经济学与东方的道德价值观英语作文

西方经济学与东方的道德价值观英语作文Western economics and Eastern moral values are two distinct philosophies that have shaped the world in different ways. Western economics, with its focus on individualism, competition, and profit maximization, has dominated the global economy for centuries. On the other hand, Eastern moral values, with their emphasis on harmony, community, and balance, have been the foundation of cultural and social norms in countries such as China, Japan, and India.Western economics, as espoused by thinkers like Adam Smith and Milton Friedman, is based on the idea of free markets and laissez-faire capitalism. The invisible hand of the market, according to Smith, guides individuals to act in their ownself-interest, leading to the greater good for society as a whole. Profit maximization is the primary goal of businesses, and competition is seen as a driving force for innovation and efficiency. This perspective has led to unprecedented economic growth and prosperity in the West, but it has also resulted in income inequality, environmental degradation, and social unrest.In contrast, Eastern moral values, as reflected in philosophies like Confucianism and Buddhism, prioritize the well-being of the community over individual desires. Harmony and balance are keyprinciples that guide behavior, and filial piety, respect for elders, and loyalty to one's family are highly valued. These values have fostered stable and cohesive societies in the East, but they have also been criticized for stifling innovation, limiting individual freedom, and perpetuating traditional gender roles.The clash between Western economics and Eastern moral values is evident in many aspects of modern society. In the global economy, Western corporations often exploit cheap labor in Eastern countries to maximize profits, leading to poor working conditions and environmental degradation. In politics, Western-style democracies are criticized for promoting individual rights at the expense of social harmony, while Eastern authoritarian regimes are criticized for suppressing dissent and limiting freedom of expression.Despite these differences, there are also opportunities for synergy between Western economics and Eastern moral values. By incorporating principles of sustainability, social responsibility, and ethical governance into economic decision-making, businesses can create value for both shareholders and society. Similarly, by embracing innovation, entrepreneurship, and individual freedom, Eastern societies can adapt to the challenges of globalization and technological advancement.In conclusion, the interaction between Western economics and Eastern moral values is a complex and dynamic process that continues to shape the world in profound ways. By understanding and respecting the strengths and weaknesses of both perspectives, we can create a more inclusive and sustainable global economy that benefits everyone. Only through dialogue, collaboration, and mutual respect can we bridge the gap between these two vital aspects of human civilization.。

西方经济学可写的论文题目

西方经济学可写的论文题目

西方经济学可写的论文题目1. The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development2. The Impact of Government Intervention on Market Efficiency3. The Economics of Climate Change: Costs and Solutions4. Behavioral Economics and the Influence of Individual Decision-Making5. Trade Liberalization and its Effects on Global Economic Growth6. The Economics of Income Inequality and its Implications for Society7. The Role of Technology in Shaping Modern Economic Structures8. The Economics of Healthcare: Addressing the Trade-offs between Costs and Quality9. The Influence of Monetary Policy on Inflation and Unemployment10. The Economics of Education: Investing in Human Capital for Long-term GrowthEntrepreneurship is often seen as a driving force behind economic development. This paper seeks to explore the various ways in which entrepreneurship can contribute to the growth of an economy. It will examine the role of innovation, risk-taking, and resource allocation in the entrepreneurial process, and how these factors can lead to job creation, increased productivity, and the development of new industries.Government intervention in the economy is a topic of great debate in the field of economics. This paper will analyze the impact of government policies and regulations on market efficiency, looking at both the positive and negative effects of intervention. It will also explore the implications of government intervention for competition, consumer welfare, and overall economic performance.Climate change is a pressing issue that has significant economic implications. This paper will examine the costs of climate change, including the potential costs of mitigation and adaptation efforts, as well as the economic impact of environmental degradation. It will also explore potential solutions to address climate change, such as carbon pricing, renewable energy investment, and international cooperation.Behavioral economics investigates how individual psychology and decision-making processes impact economic outcomes. This paper will examine the influence of cognitive biases, social norms, and emotional factors on economic behavior, and how these insights can be used to improve public policy and promote better decision-making.Trade liberalization has been a key driver of global economic growth in recent decades. This paper will analyze the benefits and challenges of trade liberalization, including its impact on international trade flows, economic growth, and income distribution. It will also consider the implications of trade liberalization for developing countries and the potential for inclusive growth.Income inequality is a topic of growing concern in many economies. This paper will explore the economic causes and consequences of income inequality, including its impact on social mobility, political stability, and overall economic growth. It will also consider potential policy responses to address income inequality, such as progressive taxation, education reform, andsocial safety nets.These are just a few of the many important topics in the field of economics. Each of these areas offers rich opportunities for research and analysis, and can provide valuable insights into how economies function and how they can be improved.。

高鸿业版《西方经济学》名词中英对照

高鸿业版《西方经济学》名词中英对照

Absolute advantage 绝对优势Absolute income hypothesis of consumption 绝对收入消费理论Acceleration principle 加速原理Action lag 政策时滞Active deposit 活期存款Adaptive expectation 适应性预期Adverse selection 逆向选择Aggregate analysis 总量分析Aggregate demand 总需求Aggregate demand curve 总需求曲线Aggregate supply 总供给Aggregate supply curve 总供给曲线Allocation of resources 资源配置Antitrust law 反托拉斯法Arc elasticity 弧弹性Asset 资产Asymmetric information 信息不对称性Auctioneer 拍卖人Automatic stabilizer 自动稳定器Autonomous planned investment 自主投资Average cost 平均成本Average fixed cost 平均固定成本Average product 平均产量Average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向Average propensity to saving 平均储蓄倾向Average revenue 平均收益Average total cost 平均总成本Average variable cost 平均可变成本Balance of international payment 国际收支平衡Balanced of budget 平衡预算Balanced budget multiplier 平衡预算乘数Balanced-output 均衡产出Bank reserves 银行准备金Barter 物物交换Base year 基年Black market 黑市Bonds 债券Breakeven point 收支相抵点Budget deficit 预算赤字Budget surplus 预算盈余Budget line 预算线Built-in stabilizers 内在稳定器Business cycle 经济周期Business fluctuation 经济波动Capital 资本Capital deeping 资本深化Capital market 资本市场Capital widening 资本广化Capital-output ration 资本产出比Cardinal utility theory 基数效用论Cartel 卡特尔Central bank 中央银行Checking account 支票账户Classical economics 古典经济学Clearing market 市场出清Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobweb model 蛛网模型Collusion 串谋Commercial bank 商业银行Common resource 公共资源Common stock 普通股票Comparative cost theory 比较成本说Comparative static analysis 比较静态分析Compensated budget line 补偿预算线Competition 竞争Competitive market 竞争性市场Complement goods 互补品Complete information 完全信息Condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件Condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件Constant cost industry 成本不变行业Constant returns to scale 规模收益不变Consumer price index 消费价格指数Consumer sovereignty 消费者统治Consumer surplus 消费者剩余Consumer preference 消费者偏好Consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡Consumption demand 消费需求Consumption function 消费函数Contract curve 契约曲线Corporate income tax 公司所得税Corporation 公司Cost function 成本函数Cost-benefit analysis 成本收益分析Cost-push inflation 成本推动的通货膨胀Cournot model 古诺模型Credit 信贷Cross price elasticity of demand 需求的交叉价格弹性Crowding out 挤出效应Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业Decreasing cost industry 成本递减行业Decreasing returns to scale 规模收益递减Deflation 通货收缩Demand 需求Demand curve 需求曲线Demand for money 货币需求Demand function 需求函数Demand price 需求价格Demand schedule 需求表Demand-pull inflation需求拉动的通货膨胀Depreciation 折旧Depression 萧条Derived demand 引致需求Devaluation 贬值Differentiated oligopoly industry 差别寡头行业Diminishing returns 边际报酬递减Discount rate 贴现率Discounting 贴现Discretionary 相机抉择Discretionary fiscal policy 斟酌使用的财政政策Disequilibrium 非均衡Disinvestment 负投资Disposable personal income 可支配收入Distribution 分配Distribution theory of marginal production 边际生产率分配论需求向下倾斜规律Durable goods 双头垄断Dynamic analysis 动态分析Dynamic models 动态模型Easy money policy 扩张性货币政策Economic development 经济发展Economic efficiency 经济效率Economic growth 经济增长Economic man 经济人Economic model 经济模型Economic profit 经济利润Economic rent 经济租金Economic stabilization 经济稳定政策Economics of information 信息经济学Economies of scale规模经济Edgeworth box 埃奇沃斯盒Effective demand 有效需求Effects of fiscal policy 财政政策效果Effects of monetary policy 货币政策效果Efficiency 效率Elastic demand 有弹性的需求Elasticity 弹性Elasticity if demand 弹性需求Endogenous growth 内生增长Endogenous variable 内生变量Engel’s curve 恩格尔曲线Engel’s law 恩格尔定律Entrepreneur 企业家Entrepreneurship 企业家才能Envelope curve 包络曲线Equation of cost 成本方程Equation of exchange 交易方程Equilibrium 均衡Equilibrium growth 均衡增长Equilibrium of capital market 资本市场的均衡Equilibrium output 均衡产出Equilibrium price 均衡价格Equilibrium quantity 均衡数量Euler theorem 欧拉定理Excess reserve 超额准备金Excess reserves ratio 超额准备金率Exchange 交换Exchange contract curve 交换的契约曲线Exchange rate 汇率Exclusion principle 排他性原则Existence of general equilibrium 一般均衡的存在性Exogenous variable 外生变量Expansion path 扩展线Expectation 预期Expected utility 期望效用Expenditure method 支出法Explicit cost 显性成本Export 出口External diseconomies 外部不经济External economies 外部经济External effects or externalities 外部影响(外在性)Factor demand 要素需求Factor demand curve 要素需求曲线Factor demand curve of firm 厂商对要素的需求曲线Factor demand curve of market 市场对要素的需求曲线Factor market 要素市场Factor supply 要素供给Factors of production 生产要素Federal reserve system 联邦储蓄体系Final goods 最终产品Financial derivatives 金融衍生品Financial market 金融市场Firm 厂商Fiscal budget 财政预算Fiscal policy 财政政策Fiscal restrain 财政紧缩Fixed cost 固定成本Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率Fixed input 不变投入Flexible exchange rate 浮动汇率Flow 流量Foreign exchange外汇Foreign trade 对外贸易Foreign trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数Free rider 搭便车者Free trade 自由贸易Frictional unemployment 摩擦性失业Full employment 充分就业Full employment budget surplus 充分就业预算盈余Functional finance 功能财政Future 期货Galloping inflation 奔腾的通货膨胀Game theory 博弈论GDP deflator 国内生产总值平减指数General equilibrium 一般均衡General equilibrium position 一般均衡状态Giffen goods 吉芬商品Gini coefficient 基尼系数Golden rules of economic growth 经济增长的黄金率水平Government expenditure multiplier 政府支出乘数Government purchase 政府购买Government regulation 政府管制Gross domestic product 国内生产总值Gross investment 总投资Gross national product 国民生产总值High-powered money 高能货币Hyperinflation 超级通货膨胀h-o model h-o模型ideal output 理想的产量identity between saving and investment 储蓄-投资恒等式imperfect competition 不完全竞争implicit cost 隐性成本imports 进口impossibility theorem 不可能定理income 收入income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性income method 收入法income theory 收入理论income velocity of money 货币的收入流通速度increasing cost industry 成本递增行业increasing returns to scale 规模收益递增index number 指数indifference curve 无差异曲线indirect taxes 间接税individual analysis 个量分析induced investment 引致投资industry 行业inefficiency of monopoly 垄断的低效率inelasticity 缺乏弹性inferior good 抵档品inferior goods 劣等品inflation 通货膨胀innovation 创新input 投入input-output 投入-产出input-output analysis 投产出分析inside lag 内在时滞instrument of fiscal control 财政政策工具instrument of monetary control 货币政策工具monetary policy tool 货币政策工具insurance 保险interest 利息interest rate 利率interest rate elasticity elasticity 利率弹性intermediate cycle 中周期intermediate goods 中间产品international division of labor 国际分工inventory investment 存活投资investment 投资investment demand 投资需求investment function 投资函数investment multiplier 投资乘数investment taxes credit 投资税抵免invisible hand theorem 看不见手定理involuntary unemployment 非资源失业is curve is曲线is-lm analysis is-lm分析isocost line 等成本线isoquant line 等产量线Keynesian economics 凯恩斯经济学Keynesian revolution 凯恩斯革命Keynesian trop凯恩斯陷阱Keynesianism 凯恩斯主义Keynes’s law 凯恩斯定律Kinded demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Laspeyre’s formula 拉斯拜尔公式Labor 劳动Labor theory of value 劳动价值论Laissez faire 自由放任Land 土地Land price 土地价格Law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律Least-cost production 最低成本生产Liabilities 负债Life cycle hypothesis 生命周期假说Life cycle hypothesis of consumption 消费的生命周期假说Liquidity preference 流动性偏好Liquidity trap 流动性偏好陷阱Lm curve lm曲线Long cycle 长周期Long run 长期Long run consumption decision 长期消费决策Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线Lottery ticket 彩票Low inflation 温和的通货膨胀Luxury 奢侈品Macroeconomics 宏观经济学Marginal cost 边际成本Marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本Marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率Marginal efficiency of investment投资的边际效率Marginal product 边际产量Marginal productivity 边际生产率Marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向Marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向Marginal rate of substitution of commodities 边际商品替代率Marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率Marginal revenue 边际收益Marginal revenue product 边际收益产品Marginal tax rate 边际税率Marginal utility 边际效用Market 市场Market failure 市场失灵Market structure 市场结构Menu cost菜单成本Mercantilism 重商主义Microeconomics 微观经济学Misery index 痛苦指数Mixed economy 混合经济Model 模型Monetarism 货币主义Monetary base 基础货币Monetary illusion 货币幻觉Monetary policy 货币政策Monetary-fiscal policy mix 政策的混合使用Money 货币Money markets 货币市场Money multiplier 货币乘数Money supply 货币供给Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争Monopoly 垄断Monopoly 卖方垄断Monopsony 买方垄断Moral hazard 道德风险Moral suasion 道义上的劝告Mortgage credit 抵押贷款Multiplier 乘数Multiplier effect 乘数效应Multiplier theory 乘数利率Multiplier-acceleration interaction 乘数加速数相互作用Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡National income 国民收入Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural rate of unemployment 自然失业率Natural supply 自然供给Necessity 必需品Net domestic product 国内净生产值Net exports 进出口Net investment 净投资New-classic school 新古典学派New-classical growth model 新古典增长模型Nominal GDP 名义GDPNormal goods 正常物品Normal profit 正常利润Normative economics 规范经济学Okun’S law 奥肯定律Oligopoly 寡头垄断Oligopoly market 寡头市场Open market operation 公开市场操作Opportunity cost 机会成本Optimality of general equilibrium 一般均衡最优性Optimum plant size 最优生产规模Option 期权Ordinal utility theory 序数效应论Outside lag 外在时滞Paassche’s formula 帕煦公式Parameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托最优Partial equilibrium 局部均衡Payment or expenditure 支出Perfect competition market 完全竞争市场Perfect elasticity 完全弹性Perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性Permanent income hypothesis 永久收入假说Permanent income hypothesis of income 永久收入消费假说Personal disposable income 个人可支配收入Personal income 个人收入Personal income tax 个人所得税Philips curve 菲利普斯曲线Point elasticity 点弹性Positive economics 实证经济学Potential GDP 潜在GDPPrecautionary demand 预防需求Preference 偏好Present value 现值Price discrimination 价格歧视Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性Price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性Price expansion path 价格扩展线Price index 价格指数Price rigidity 价格刚性Price stabilization 价格稳定Price theory 价格理论Price-consumption curve 价格消费曲线Principal-agent 委托-代理Prisoner’s dilemma 囚徒困境Private cost 私人成本Private goods 私人物品Producer 生产者Producer surplus 生产者剩余Product differentiation 生产差别Product function 生产函数Product markets 产品市场Production market 产品契约曲线Production group 生产集团Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线Productivity 生产率Profit 利润Progressive tax 累进税Proportional tax 比例税Prosperity 繁荣Public choice 公共选择Public debt 公债Public goods 公共物品Purchasing power parity 购买力平价Pure oligopoly industry 纯粹寡头行业Quantity equation of exchange 货币数量交易方程Quantity theory of money 货币数量论Quasi-rent 准租金Quotas 配额Rate of rediscount policy 再贴现率政策Rational expectation 理性预期Rational man 理性人Real business cycle 实际经济周期Real GDP 实际GDPReal interest rate 实际利率Real wages 实际工资Recession衰退Regressive tax 累退税Relative income hypothesis 相对收入假说Relative income hypothesis of consumption 相对收入消费理论Rent 租金Rent-seeking 寻租Replacement investment 重置投资Reputation 信誉Required reserves or legal reserve 法定准备金Reserve 准备金Reserve rate 准备率Revenue 收益Rigid price 刚性价格Risk 风险Risk averter 风险回避者Risk lover 风险爱好者Risk neutral 风险中立者Saving 储蓄Say’S law 萨伊定律Scarcity 稀缺Second best 次优Security market 证券市场Service 劳务Short cycle 短周期Short run 短期Single rule 单一规则Social cost 社会成本Social walfare function 社会福利函数Speculative demand 投机需求Supply-side economics 供给学派Stability of general equilibrium 一般均衡的稳定性Stagflation 滞胀Staggered contracts 交错合同Static analysis 静态分析Static model 静态模型Sticky price 黏性价格Sticky wages 黏性工资Stock 股票Structural inflation 结构性通货膨胀Structural unemployment 结构性失业Subprime lending crisis 次贷危机Subsidy 津贴Substitutes 替代品Substitution effect 替代效应Supply 供给Supply curve 供给曲线Supply curve of capital 资本供给曲线Supply curve of factor 要素供给曲线Supply curve of labor 劳动供给曲线Supply curve of land 土地供给曲线Supply economics 供给经济学Supply function 供给函数Supply schedule 供给表System of material product balances 物质产品平衡体系System of national accounts 国民经济核算体系Tariff 关税Tatonnement process 试探过程Tax multiplier 税收乘数Taylor rule 泰勒规则Technological advance 技术进步The financial crisis 金融危机The precautionary motive 预防性动机The rate of unemployment 失业率The speculative motive 投机动机The transactional motive 交易动机Theory of economics of scale 规模经济理论Tight-money policy 紧缩性货币政策Time deposit 定期存款Time inconsistency 时间不一致性Tobin’s q theory 托宾的q 说Total cost 总成本理论Total fixed cost 总固定成本Total product 总成本Total revenue 总收益Total utility 总效用Total variable cost 总变动成本Transaction demand 交易需求Transactions cost 交易成本Transfer payment 转移支付Transfer payment multiplier 转移支付乘数Treasury bills 国库券Uncertainty 不确定性Undiftributed profit 未分配理论Unemployment 失业Unintended investment 非意愿投资Uniqueness of general equilibrium 一般均衡的唯一性Unitary elasticity 单一弹性Utility 效用Utility function 效用函数Utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线Value of marginal product 边际产品价值Value-added tax 增值税Variable cost 可变成本Variable input 可变投入Velocity of money 货币流通速度Voluntary of unemployment 自愿失业Vulgar economics 庸俗经济学Wage 工资Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯一般均衡Wealth 财富Welfare 福利Welfare economics 福利经济学Wholesale price index 批发价格指数。

西方经济学WesternEconomics

西方经济学WesternEconomics
分三层表述 市场因素的变化影响需求还是供给; 引起需求或供给如何变化; 变化的结果怎么样。
第四节 价格对经济的调节
一、市场经济与价格机制
市场经济就是一种用价格机制来决定资源配置的经济体制。
二、价格在经济中的作用
价格机制(又称市场机制),是指价格调节社会经济生活的方式与规律。 •作为指示器反映市场的供求状况。 •价格的变动可以调节需求。 •价格的变动可以调节供给。 •价格可以使资源配置达到最优状态。
1.价格;包括:商品本身的价格和相关商品的价格(两种互补品之间价格与
需求呈反方向变动;两种替代品之间价格与需求呈同方向变动)。
2.收入;
3.消费者嗜好;
4.预期。
需求函数:表示影响需求的因素与需求的关系的函数。 D=f (P )
三、需求定理(需求规律)
基本内容是:在其他条件不变的情况下,某商品的需求量与价格之间成 反方向变动。
第二章 需求、供给、价格
重点掌握:
✓ 需求的定义 ✓ 需求曲线与需求定理 ✓ 需求量变动与需求变动的区别 ✓ 均衡价格的决定与变动
专题:供求决定价格
第一节 需求理论
一、需求、需求表、需求曲线
1.需求(demand)的含义
需求是指消费者在某一特定时期内,在每一价格水平时愿意而且能够买的商品量。
需有两个条件:一是购买欲望(即消费者愿意买); 二是购买能力(消费者有支付能力)。
第一章 导言
重点掌握:
➢ 稀缺性的含义 ➢ 选择的含义 ➢ 机会成本的含义 ➢ 微观经济学的定义 ➢ 宏观经济学的定义 ➢ 实证方法与规范方法的区别
第一节 经济学的研究对象
一、稀缺性规律 相对于人类的无穷欲望而言,经济物品,或者说生产这些物品所需要的资

西方经济学英语

西方经济学英语

西方经济学英语Western Economics in EnglishEconomics, as a social science, has its roots deeply embedded in the Western world, particularly with the works of Adam Smith, the father of modern economics, who authored "The Wealth of Nations" in 1776. Since then, Western economics has evolved through various schools of thought, each contributing to the understanding of how economies function and how they can be managed for the betterment of society.Classical Economics:The classical period, which spanned from the late 18th century to the early 19th century, was characterized by a belief in free markets and minimal government intervention. Adam Smith's concept of the "invisible hand" was a key principle, suggesting that individuals pursuing their own interests in a free market could unintentionally promote the public interest.Neoclassical Economics:Following the classical era, neoclassical economics emerged in the 1870s, with economists like William Stanley Jevons and Carl Menger. This school emphasized the theory of marginal utility, which posits that the value of a good is determined by its last unit's utility to the consumer.Keynesian Economics:During the Great Depression, John Maynard Keynes challenged the laissez-faire approach with his revolutionary ideas, advocating for government intervention to stabilize economies. Keynesian economics suggests that aggregate demand plays a significant role in economic performance, and that government spending can be a tool to manage economic cycles.Monetarism:In the 20th century, Milton Friedman led the monetarist movement, which argued against Keynesian fiscal policies and instead emphasized the role of monetary policy in managing inflation and economic growth.Supply-Side Economics:This theory, which gained prominence in the 1980s, focuses on stimulating production and investment by reducing taxes and regulation. It is often associated with the Reagan administration in the United States.Behavioral Economics:A more recent development, behavioral economicsintegrates insights from psychology to understand how cognitive biases affect economic decisions, offering a more nuanced view of human behavior in the marketplace.Contemporary Western Economics:Today, Western economics is a diverse field that encompasses a wide range of theories and practices. It continues to adapt to new challenges, such as globalization, environmental concerns, and technological advancements.Global Influence:The principles and practices of Western economics have had a profound impact globally. International institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank apply many of these theories in their efforts to foster economic stability and development worldwide.Conclusion:Western economics is a dynamic and ever-evolving discipline that has shaped the modern economic landscape. Its theories and practices remain central to understanding and addressing the economic challenges of the 21st century.This composition provides a brief overview of the evolution and principles of Western economics, highlighting its historical development and global influence. It iswritten in a clear and structured manner, avoiding unnecessary repetition and adhering to the requirements of a well-organized and informative piece.。

西方经济学与东方的道德价值观英语作文

西方经济学与东方的道德价值观英语作文

西方经济学与东方的道德价值观英语作文全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1Western Economics and Eastern Moral ValuesHi everyone! Today, I want to talk about Western economics and Eastern moral values. It's really interesting to learn how different parts of the world view money, business, and what is considered right or wrong.In the Western countries, such as the United States and Europe, they follow a system called Western economics. This system focuses on individualism and the idea that people should have the freedom to pursue their own economic interests. Western economics emphasizes competition and the idea that businesses should aim to make a profit. It values efficiency and innovation, which means finding new ways to do things better and faster. Western economics encourages people to work hard and take risks in order to succeed.On the other hand, in many Eastern countries like China and Japan, they follow a different approach called Eastern moral values. Eastern moral values are deeply rooted in traditions,harmony, and respect for authority. They emphasize the importance of social connections and the collective well-being of the community. In Eastern cultures, making money is not the sole focus. Instead, they consider how their actions will impact others and society as a whole.One important aspect of Eastern moral values is the concept of filial piety. Filial piety means showing respect and obedience to one's parents and elders. In Eastern cultures, it is believed that taking care of our parents and family is a moral duty. This value is deeply ingrained in their economic decisions, as they prioritize the well-being of the family and community over individual success.While Western economics and Eastern moral values may seem different, they also have some similarities. Both systems value hard work and the pursuit of success. However, their definitions of success may vary. In the Western world, success is often measured by wealth and material possessions. In contrast, Eastern cultures may define success more in terms of personal relationships and the overall harmony of society.In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in bridging the gap between Western economics and Eastern moral values. Some argue that a combination of both systems can leadto a more balanced and sustainable approach to economics. They believe that by incorporating Eastern moral values, such as respect for the environment and social responsibility, we can create a better world for everyone.In conclusion, Western economics and Eastern moral values have their own unique perspectives on money, business, and what is considered right or wrong. While Western economics focuses on individualism and profit-making, Eastern moral values prioritize traditions, harmony, and social well-being. Both systems have their merits, and it is important to understand and respect different cultural perspectives. By learning from each other, we can build a more inclusive and balanced global economy.I hope you found this article helpful and interesting! Remember, it's always important to keep an open mind and learn about different cultures and their values.篇2Title: The Connection between Western Economics and Eastern Moral ValuesIntroduction:Hi everyone! Today, I want to talk about something interesting – Western economics and Eastern moral values. You might think they are very different, but let's explore how they are connected!Body:What is Western economics?Western economics is a way of understanding how money, goods, and services are produced, consumed, and distributed in Western countries. It focuses on concepts like supply and demand, profit, and competition.What are Eastern moral values?Eastern moral values are the principles and beliefs that guide people's behavior in Eastern cultures. They emphasize harmony, respect, and the well-being of the community. These values are often influenced by religious and philosophical teachings.The connection between Western economics and Eastern moral values:At first glance, Western economics and Eastern moral values may seem different, but they are not completely separate. In fact, there are some ways in which they connect:a. Fairness and justice:Both Western economics and Eastern moral values value fairness and justice. In Western economics, the concept of fairness is related to equal opportunities and fair competition. In Eastern moral values, fairness is connected to treating others with respect and equality.b. Sustainability:Western economics is increasingly recognizing the importance of sustainability, which is also an essential aspect of Eastern moral values. Both emphasize the need to preserve resources and protect the environment for future generations.c. Social responsibility:While Western economics often focuses on individual success, Eastern moral values place importance on social responsibility. Both recognize the need to contribute positively to society and help those in need.Examples of the connection:Let's look at some examples of how Western economics and Eastern moral values come together:a. Corporate social responsibility:Many Western companies are adopting Eastern moral values by practicing corporate social responsibility. They donate to charities, support environmental causes, and work towards improving society.b. Ethical consumption:Eastern moral values encourage mindful consumption, which aligns with the growing trend in Western economics towards ethical consumption. People are choosing products that are produced sustainably and ethically.Conclusion:In conclusion, Western economics and Eastern moral values are not as different as they may seem. Both emphasize fairness, justice, sustainability, and social responsibility. By recognizing the connection between these two, we can create a better world where economic growth is balanced with moral values.Remember, no matter where we come from, we can learn from different cultures and ideas to make our world a better place!Word count: 294 words篇3Economics and Morals: Bridging the GapHi there! I'm just a kid, but I've been thinking a lot about economics and how it relates to the moral values we learn from ancient Eastern philosophies. It's kind of a big topic, but I'll do my best to share my thoughts!In the West, economics is often focused on things like profit, growth, and efficiency. Ideas from economists like Adam Smith about the "invisible hand" of the free market have really shaped how we think about trade, business, and making money. The basic idea is that if everyone acts in their own self-interest and follows their own goals, it will somehow add up to the greatest good for society as a whole.But over in the East, philosophies like Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism have very different ideas about how we should live our lives. Instead of just chasing after wealth or status, they emphasize virtues like compassion, moderation, and harmony with nature. The goal isn't to accumulate more stuff, but to find peace and fulfill our roles within the community.So you can see there's kind of a clash between the ideas! Western economics seems to say "Make as much money as you can!" while Eastern philosophies remind us to live simply, avoidgreed, and think about others. As a kid, it's confusing to get such mixed messages.That said, I don't think it has to be an either/or situation. While they seem pretty different on the surface, I believe there are ways we can combine the practical aspects of economics with the wisdom from Eastern moral teachings. We just have to be creative in finding the balance!For example, capitalism and free markets have helped lift millions of people out of poverty, which is ultimately a good thing. But we have to be mindful that the pursuit of profits doesn't come at the expense of the environment or lead to the exploitation of workers. Using economic incentives in smart ways while respecting principles like social responsibility could be a win-win.Likewise, while Eastern traditions rightly caution against excessive materialism, we also can't ignore our basic needs for food, shelter, and healthcare. A degree of economic activity and growth is necessary to provide those things and steadily improve living standards over time. Rejecting all material pursuits isn't practical or desirable.My view is that we need to blend the strengths of both perspectives. We can have dynamic economies and businessinnovation, but also embrace ideals like moderation, compassion, and respect for nature's limits. Economists should look to moral philosophies for guidance on living good, ethical lives. And spiritual leaders should recognize how economic freedom can be liberating when guided by wisdom and virtue.At the end of the day, we're all human beings trying to live well and be happy. Economies and markets are tools to serve those greater goals – they aren't goals in themselves. Ancient sages understood that true fulfillment doesn't come from just chasing wealth and status symbols, but from cultivating inner peace, strong relationships, and service to others.So as I see it, the way forward is to be open-minded and keep learning from different traditions! We can be resourceful and prosperous through smart economics, while also holding true to timeless values around our fundamental human dignity and purpose. It's all about striking the right balance as societies and individuals.Those are just my thoughts for now. Like I said, I'm still just a kid figuring things out. But I believe economics and moral philosophy have so much to offer each other. By combining the best of Eastern and Western wisdom, we can create systems that are prosperous and compassionate at the same time. It's anexciting challenge, and one I'm really looking forward to helping with as I grow up!篇4Title: Western Economics and Eastern Moral ValuesIntroduction:Hi everyone! Today, I want to talk to you about something really interesting. It's about Western economics and Eastern moral values. You might be wondering what these terms mean. Well, Western economics is a way of studying how money and resources are used in countries like the United States and Europe. On the other hand, Eastern moral values refer to the principles and beliefs that guide people's actions in countries like China and Japan. Let's dive in and explore the differences between the two!Body:Western Economics:In Western countries, economics is all about making money and achieving financial success. People focus on competition and individual achievement. They believe that if you work hard and have the right skills, you can become rich and successful.Western economies are driven by free markets, where businesses and individuals make their own decisions about what to produce and buy. They believe in the power of supply and demand to determine prices.Eastern Moral Values:In Eastern countries, moral values play a significant role in economic decisions. People believe in the importance of harmony, cooperation, and collective well-being. They value relationships and community. In Eastern cultures, there is an emphasis on the family, respect for elders, and helping others. People believe that success is not just about personal wealth, but also about contributing to society and maintaining social stability.Differences in Consumption Patterns:One big difference between Western economics and Eastern moral values is how people spend their money. In the West, there is a culture of consumerism, where people buy a lot of things, even if they don't really need them. Advertising plays a big role in convincing people to buy more. On the other hand, in many Eastern countries, people tend to be more frugal and focus on saving money for the future. They prioritize spending on essential needs rather than luxury items.Approach to Business:Western economics encourages entrepreneurship and innovation. It promotes risk-taking and rewards those who succeed. It values competition and individual achievement. In contrast, Eastern moral values emphasize stability and long-term planning. They value loyalty and cooperation within businesses. In Eastern cultures, it is common for businesses to befamily-owned and operated, with a focus on maintaining the reputation and harmony within the community.Conclusion:In conclusion, Western economics and Eastern moral values have distinct differences. While Western economics focuses on individual success and competition, Eastern moral values emphasize harmony, cooperation, and collective well-being. Understanding these differences can help us appreciate and learn from each other's perspectives. Both approaches have their strengths and weaknesses, and by combining elements from both, we can create a better world that values both economic prosperity and moral values.篇5Western Economics and Eastern ValuesMy name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. My teacher asked us to write about how Western economic ideas are different from Eastern moral values. At first I didn't know much about economics or values from the East. But then I asked my parents and did some research online. Here's what I learned!In the West, a lot of economic thinking comes from philosophers and thinkers like Adam Smith. He wrote a famous book called "The Wealth of Nations" way back in 1776. Smith believed that if everyone acted in their own self-interest and pursued profit, then the "invisible hand" of the free market would make sure goods and services got produced efficiently.The idea is that bakers don't bake bread to be nice, they do it to earn money for themselves. But by following their self-interest, they end up providing a needed service to society. Smith thought governments shouldn't interfere too much in the economy as free markets would self-regulate through supply and demand.Another influential Western economist was Milton Friedman. He argued that the only social responsibility of a business is to increase profits for its shareholders, as long as it operates legally and ethically. Friedman didn't think companies should spend money on charity or other non-profit goals.So in a nutshell, a lot of Western economic theory focuses on the individual pursuing their rational self-interest through free markets and profit-seeking. The government should have a limited role.Eastern philosophy and values tend to look at things differently. A key concept is "ren" which means humaneness, benevolence and virtue. Confucius taught that ren is the basis of human relationships and society. Unlike Western individualism, Eastern values emphasize ridongs and moral obligations between people.Another principle is "li" which refers to proper ritual, custom and norms. Confucius believed that cultivating virtue through rituals and traditions was crucial for social harmony. In the East, there is more emphasis on customs, hierarchy and avoiding selfishness than on pure self-interest.My parents told me that the Hindu idea of "dharma" is another core Eastern value. It means doing one's duty and upholding the moral order of the universe. Everyone has different dharmas based on their role, occupation and stage of life. So an Eastern business person might run their company not just for profit, but out of a sense of dharma and responsibility.The Buddhist concept of "karuna" or compassion is another key Eastern virtue. The Dalai Lama teaches that karuna should motivate us to reduce the suffering of all beings with empathy and kindness. This seems very different from the profit motive in Western economics!I also learned about Daoism and the idea of "wu wei" or going with the natural flow of things rather than acting too forcefully. A Daoist economist might be more skeptical of humans trying to control markets and economies which are complex natural systems. Perhaps some Western economists interfere too arrogantly?After studying both perspectives, I can see some tensions between Western economic self-interest and Eastern moral teachings of benevolence, duty and harmony. It seems to me that a good economic system needs some balance and wisdom from both sides.From the West, we can value individual incentives, free markets and efficiency. But from the East, we should also have concern for ethics, social roles and not just pursuing nakedself-interest all the time. An ideal economics would motivate people with profit yes, but also encourage them to act with integrity, compassion and a sense of duty to society.In my opinion, economies and businesses can't just be exploitative and selfish or they will lose the trust and cohesion that societies need to function well over time. But if you just imposed too many restraints and regulations, then private initiative and entrepreneurship might get stifled.So I think the best path Forward is to uphold Western economic freedoms but also cultivate Eastern moral and social values of reciprocity, moderation and care for human relationships. That way we can have both material prosperity and spiritual/ethical prosperity too. A good life needs to balance self-interest with obligations to others.Those are my thoughts after studying Western economics and Eastern philosophy! I'm just a 10-year-old though, so I could be totally off-base. But I tried my best to understand these important ideas that shape our world. I'd love to hear what you think too. Thanks for reading my essay!篇6Title: Western Economics and Eastern Moral Values: A Tale of Two PerspectivesIntroduction (100 words):Hello, everyone! Today, I want to talk about something interesting - Western economics and Eastern moral values. Have you ever wondered why people in the West and the East have different ways of thinking about money and values? Let's explore this fascinating topic together!Body (1,800 words):What is Western economics? (200 words)In the Western world, economics is a way of understanding how money, resources, and goods are produced and distributed. Western economists believe in the importance of individual freedom and self-interest. They think that people should be free to make their own choices and pursue their own economic goals. They also believe that competition and the pursuit of profit drive innovation and economic growth.What are Eastern moral values? (200 words)In the East, moral values play a significant role in economic thinking. Eastern cultures, such as those found in China, Japan, and India, emphasize harmony, collectivism, and the well-being of the community. Eastern moral values prioritize social responsibility and the needs of the group over individual desires.Cooperation, balance, and maintaining social order are considered important for a prosperous society.Differences in wealth distribution (200 words)Western economics tends to focus on efficiency and productivity, which can lead to unequal wealth distribution. In Western societies, the gap between the rich and the poor may be wider. On the other hand, Eastern moral values promote a more equal distribution of wealth, aiming to reduce poverty and maintain social stability. They believe that everyone should have access to basic necessities and that the government should play a role in ensuring fairness.Perspectives on materialism and happiness (200 words)Western economics often emphasizes material wealth and consumption as indicators of success and happiness. Achieving financial prosperity is seen as a primary goal. In contrast, Eastern moral values emphasize the pursuit of inner peace, spiritual growth, and the well-being of oneself and others as the true sources of happiness. Material possessions are not the sole measure of a fulfilling life.Environmental sustainability (200 words)Western economics has often been criticized for its impact on the environment. The focus on growth and profit has led to environmental degradation and resource depletion. Eastern moral values, however, emphasize the importance of living in harmony with nature. They promote sustainable practices and respect for the environment, recognizing that our actions today impact future generations.Finding a balance (200 words)Both Western economics and Eastern moral values offer valuable insights. Western economics has contributed to technological advancements, innovation, and economic growth. Meanwhile, Eastern moral values have provided a strong foundation for social cohesion, ethical behavior, and thewell-being of communities. Finding a balance between these perspectives can lead to a more holistic approach to economic development.Conclusion (100 words):In conclusion, Western economics and Eastern moral values have different perspectives on money, wealth distribution, happiness, and environmental sustainability. While Western economics emphasizes individual freedom and material wealth, Eastern moral values prioritize social harmony, collectivewell-being, and sustainable practices. By understanding and appreciating both perspectives, we can work towards a more balanced and inclusive economic system that benefits individuals, communities, and the planet.希望这篇文章对你有帮助!如果你还有其他问题或需要进一步的信息,请随时向我提问。

西方经济 英语版

西方经济 英语版
Efficient Markets—No Free Lunch
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
PART I Introduction to Economics
A market in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instaon Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
PART I Introduction to Economics
The Scope of Economics
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
The study of economics is an essential part of the study of society.
9 of 37
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
PART I Introduction to Economics
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
PART I Introduction to Economics
10 of 37
ECONOMIC S IN PRACTI CE
iPod and the World
A sticker that says ―Made in China‖ can often be misleading. Indeed, for the iPod, which is composed of many small parts, it is almost impossible to accurately tell exactly where each piece was produced without pulling it apart. From an economics point of view one often has to dig a little deeper to see what is really going on.
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The Fallacy of Western Economics; Slavery in Disguise by Ghassan Kadi for The Saker Blog Economics is not a science. Economics cannot be expressed in mere reproducible and predictable mathematical terms as in the case of physics.Physics and mathematics are subjects and manifestations of the Universal Law (Logos in Greek), whilst economics is a human-made system that is based on greed and fear. The father of economics Adam Smith in his famous book “The Wealth of Nations”, tried to establish economic “laws”. These “laws” are still acceptable 250 years later, but those “laws” are not more than indications that point to probabilities rather than the accurate predictability that physical laws provide.Economics is made to look like a very complex field of knowledge that only savvy and seasoned economists can dare try to understand. What makes it look dauntingly difficult, especially by those who never studied it, is that not only its so-called “laws” are elastic and unpredictable, but also because of the vagueness and mystique that surround it. Where both vagueness and money converge, enter individuals and nations that are greedy enough and powerful enough to capitalize on the shades ofgrey in their favour. Thus far, they have been able to commit the worst kind of theft that exceeds by far any corporate theft ever exposed, let alone possible.Simply put, the world economy is based on keeping rich nations rich and poor nations poor. This is a fact, but there is no law of economics that explains this and/or admit it, because the so-called “laws” of economics have been set in stone by the rich nations. And even if economics acknowledges such inequities, given that its “laws” have a total lack of morality, such profiteering would be regarded as smart business and successful marketing.We are told that the value of any country’s currency is a reflection of its wealth. Wealth is, or at least used to be, described in terms of the country’s resources, manufacturing base and exports. When historically powerful nations had little resources to generate more wealth, they developed their manufacturing industries and ventured overseas, captured colonies, robbed their resources and turned them into raw material that their industries could use to generate export and wealth.Yet now, many of those same former colonizers have little or no resources left, little or no manufacturing base left, little exports, but theycontinue to be considered wealthy and their currencies still rank high. They have high “Gross Domestic Products” (GDP) and high “Per Capita Incomes”. This is in total contradiction to the “laws” of economy that define what makes rich nations rich.On the other hand, there are many nations that are resource-rich and have very a strong manufacturing base and high exports, but yet they are considered to be poor. This is also in total contradiction to the “laws” of economics that define what makes poor nations poor.It is not a secret that industrial giants like say, Nike, pays its Vietnamese manufacturer $2-3 for a pair of shoes and then sells it for $100. The virtual slave labour context is well known. What is rarely ever spoken about however, is the decision of Western nations to keep the currencies of poor nations low in a deliberate attempt to keep them poor and to make sure that they can be used as cheap manufacturers in order to feed their own greed and remain looking wealthy.Globalization comes into the scene to give this inequality longevity and sustainability, and of course favouring the wealthy nations and maintaining their status quo. One US Dollar could be worth 20,000 Vietnamese Dongs and what buys a standard service, say a hair-cut, inVietnam would not be enough to buy a hair-cut in the USA as the currency values are so different, but globalization does not allow poorer nations to base their economies on their own income standards.A worker in Vietnam or Indonesia is paid the hourly rate dictated by the economy of his country, but the purchase power of his Dong and/or Rupiah is dictated by the token value that wealthy nations decide to give those currencies. This is “justified” by giving many guises and names that fraudulently reflect honesty and transparency; names that also underpin a system of rewarding achievers. They use terms such as “free economy”, “free trade” “open market”, “competitiveness” and “laws” such as “supply and demand”, all in a manner to sugar-coat such inhumane discrepancies with a veil of lawfulness and justice.Whilst the relatively new economic term “Purchasing Power Parity” (PPP) accounts for discrepancies in local cost and productivities based on local and domestic parameters rather than international ones, in real terms, it does not put food on the tables of poor nations and does not feed empty bellies. In real terms, it is nothin g short of a “feel-good” potion and does not get reflected on poor nations’ standard of living and international economic status and clout.But when the worker of a nation with a low exchange rate goes to buy basic commodities including food, globalization implies that he/she would have to pay the international price for rice, wheat, sugar, fuel, and medications. Even if some of those commodities are produced locally, international prices apply, unless they are subsidized by one’s governmentOn one hand the income ceiling of the worker is lowered by the perceived international value of their national currency, and then on the other hand the purchase power of his/her income is dictated by global terms.The system of world economics pays in Dongs and Rupiah and charges in US Dollars.GDP’s and “Per Capita Incomes” of nations are no longer based on the real wealth and productivities of nations, but rather on arbitrary figures that powerful nations deliberately implement in which they overvalue their own productivity and undervalue productivities of poorer nations.And in an atmosphere of diminishing Western industrial output, how do wealthy nations manage to generate high GDP’s, one may ask? Well, theyresort to many tricks, including “recycling” cheap impor ts. For example, a Belgian businessman can import T-shirts from China at $1 each, and then resell them for $20 each. The proceeds of his sales turnover are accounted for in Belgium’s GDP, when in fact the actual productivity was imported.Once again, weal thy nations hide behind the façade of economics to justify such discrepancies. They also use terms such as “developed economy” to hide the crime of allowing themselves terms of reference that have “explanations” in the “science” of economy. They thus give themselves higher economic standards over nations that are doomed to have “developing” or “under-developed” tags. If those terms are stripped down to the core, all they imply is a new form of colonialism, slavery and inequity that values products and services not on their true value, but on who provides them to whom. Such terminology furthermore makes it look like it is due to their own fault and poor economic management that “under-developed” and “developing countries” are in the predicament they are, and that the onus is on them to develop their economies.But this is not all. International prices of commodities such as sugar and rice are indeed subject to international competition, but the price of fuel is not.Fuel that drives all engines of productivity has a price that is by-and-large fixed and dictated by oil-producing countries and greedy cartels like OPEC. For decades, OPEC had a virtual monopoly and a licence to price-fix the world’s most vital commodity, until non-OPEC producers came into the scene. But to say that current fuel prices are just and equitable would be a far cry.The wealthy nations of the West run on the principles of “free economy”, “open market”, “free trade” and “competition”, but yet the very same West that does not allow monopoly and price-fixing is one that endorses and feeds from price-fixing of petroleum products. Domestically, high fuel prices incur high taxes and high revenues for Western governments, which of course hurt the poor sector of the Western communities the most. And internationally, high fuel prices mean that poor nations remain poor.If the whole world had a unified and equitable economic system and the term “global economy” were a positive and constructive reality, a visit to the dentist or barber should cost the same worldwide. Reality dictates otherwise. What reality dictates is that when a barber who charges 50c for a haircut in Mumbai goes to the petrol station or the pharmacy forexample, without government subsidy, he’s likely to pay what a New Yorker pays in US Dollars.And if there were a face for the global economic thuggery that the world is reeling under, it has to be the US Dollar. Some may argue that it is the banks, the Rothschilds, and whilst this is true, the vehicle of extortion and theft is the US Dollar. When a taxi driver in India goes to fill his tank, he is inadvertently having a transaction in US Dollars, and not one directly with the Rothschilds.It is quite ironic that the US Dollar continues to have clout at a time when America has huge economic problems. Yet, with all the crippling debt, declared and undeclared, a debt that some pundits estimate to exceed 150 trillion dollars, for as long as the “Green Back” is the preferred world reserve currency, America will continue to be able to “weaponize” its currency. In doing this however, and in imposing sanctions on other nations, America is inadvertently speeding up the process of its own economic demise. With trade and other organizations such as BRICS, the SCO, the “Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership” (RCEP), many nations are looking for ways to liberate themselves from dependency on the US Dollar. Even the EU is feeling the brunt of the heat and searching for alternatives.In the absence of a globally-accepted alternative, China, Russia and India are literally digging for gold and stacking it up in tons, hundreds of tons, thousands of tons. No one really knows how much physical gold they have acquired. What is clear is that all three nations, are trying to find ways to protect th eir economies. And given China’s economic stature that currently supersedes that of America on PPP basis, the Renminbi (Yuan) is not far from replacing the Green Back as the world’s preferred reserve currency in its own right, but the Chinese are not taking any chances, and are accumulating gold.In doing so, China, Russia, India and many other nations are selling off their US-Treasury Bonds and replacing them with gold, physical gold. All the while, the USA is propping up its failing economy by printing money.The current system of world economics is bound to implode and collapse. Recent financial crises are a clear indication. Whatever is built on unjust laws is bound to lead to its own destruction. Notwithstanding the achievements of European Civilization and the industrialization that came with it, greed is taking its toll and giant corporations are now undermining the same foundations of economics upon which they have built their empires of former colonial wealth. The current façade ofsurrogate wealth cannot last.Many analysts foresee that the economic demise of America is a question of time, and predict that it will happen gradually. I do not profess to be an economist, but it doesn’t take an act of genius to believe that it is possible, just possible, for the house of cards that is terminally infested with termites, to just tumble and crash when its foundations can no longer carry it.In more ways than one, this situation reminds me of a rather different, but yet similar, scenario. The former presence of Israeli forces in Lebanon was unsustainable. Something had to give. Then one morning, on the 25th of May 2000 to be exact, Lebanese people in Israeli-occupied territories woke up to realise that all Israeli forces had withdrawn overnight. I foresee a repetition of this scenario when it comes to the American economy. A time will come when America will no longer be able to print more money. A time will come when other nations of the world will dump the US Dollar. And when such events happen, just like puberty, they don’t happen gradually.The world has been conditioned to see todays’ version of economics as a science, as a fixed mark that explains and predicts financial transactionsand their destiny. Moreover, the world has been conditioned to believe that the “laws” of economics are reality checks, both pragmatic and fair, and losers have to only blame themselves and try harder, because if they do, they can be up there with the winners.This is a fool’s promise, one that is akin to blaming victi ms of crime for their misfortune.The future of what we now perceive as economics is destined to follow the path of systems that preceded it, and perhaps, hopefully, in time, humanity will look back with amazement and disbelief that such a draconian system was adopted by humanity and accepted as a guiding light that gauges their productivity performance.。

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