同济大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
同济大学博士生英语结课考试口语对话题库
A: This picture illustrates a child and an old man enjoy their lives. But a young man has to bear with many burden, such as hard work, little exercise and intaking too much energy. I think it means that the young men have to do too much work for home. What do you think of the reasons for it?B: I think the most important cause of it is aging(老龄化). In another words, a young man need to maintain too many old men. You know, in nowadays, a young man’s parents and grandparents are all lived commonly. That means he has six old man to feed. A: I think more combative situation for children is another reason. Many parents have to send their children to education institutes which will take them much money. Do you have any solutions for it?B: In social part, the most important solution is increasing the economy. Only the development of economy can rise the level of lives. Providing security for old men is another effective measure. It can decrease young men’s pressure.A: That is government’s work. What can ourselves do?B: The only thing we can do is working hard. There is no shortcut to good life. I have an uncle was poor before. He also has many old men to feed. But he worked very hard and his income increased every year. Now he has a comfortable life.A: Yes, ourselves’ effort is key to solve the problem.1、一个男人在深夜还在工作，他看上去非常累2、是呀，他几乎要睡着了，但似乎手头上的工作还没有做完3、这种现象不仅发生在工作党，在我们学生党中更是常见，你说呢？4、是呀，自从来到了同济，我经常熬夜加班，忙学习忙科研，睡眠时间根本不够。
同济大学研究生入学考试参考书目
《城市工程系统规划》,戴慎志,中国建筑工业出版社,1999 《城市给水排水工程规划》,戴慎志,安徽科技出版社,1999 《城市基础设施规划手册》,戴慎志,中国建筑工业出版社,1982 《城市对外交通》,同济大学编,建工出版社,1982 《道路工程》,徐家钰,程家驹,同济大学出版社,1995 《城市道路交通规划设计规范》和讲解材料（GB50220-95）,国家技术监督局,建设部 《城市道路与交通规划》（上）,徐循初,汤宇卿,建工出版社,2005 《城市规划》、《城市规划学刊》,1995 年后有关论文
《中国文学史》,章培恒、骆玉明主编,复旦大学出版社； 《中国历代文学作品选》（六卷本）,朱东润主编,上海古籍出版社
无
622 法学综合一
623 政治学原理
624 社会学理论
625 马克思主义基本原理概论
701 卫生综合
《法理学》（第二版）,张文显主编,法侓出版社,2007； 《宪法》（第二版）,周叶中主编,高等教育出版社,2005
《普通化学》（第 1 版）,同济大学普通化学及无机化学教研室编,高等教育出版社,2004
《中国建筑史》 《外国建筑史》陈志华 《外国近现代建筑史》，罗小未 全国统编教材及相关参考书
《口腔生物学》第 3 版, 人民卫生出版社; 《口腔颌面外科学》第 6 版,人民卫生出版社; 《口腔修复学》第 6 版, 人民卫生出版社; 《牙体牙髓病学》第 3 版, 人民卫生出版社; 《牙周病学》第 3 版, 人民卫生出版社; 以上均是卫生部"十一五"规划教材
大学本科相关教材和主要参考书
参考书目
（1）《地理信息系统概论》（第二版,修订版）,黄杏元、马劲松、汤勤编著,高等教育出版社,2002； （2）《地理信息系统教程》（第一版）,胡鹏、黄杏元、华一新编著,武汉大学出版社,2002 1《材料力学》, 宋子康、蔡文安编,同济大学出版社,2001 2《结构力学》（上、下册）,朱慈勉主编,高等教育出版社,2004 3《结构力学教程》（Ⅰ、Ⅱ部分）,龙驭球、包世华主编,高等教育出版社,2000
同济大学城市规划博士入学考试题目
博士考试由3门课程，英语、规划原理和规划分析。
1、英语一定要去上补习班，要不就复印听课资料,考试会送20-30分的题目。
2、原理考试，多看最近三年的规划杂志。
要作到言之有物，辩之有据。
3、规划分析由多个老师轮换着出题，我那年的考试方向大变，基本上是道路交通和GIS内容的。
所以大家要多看书。
2004年的考题，博士3课中，英语、规划原理都满50就行了, 规划分析要60分。
2008年11月规划博士考题城市规划原理1．从你所在学科（可以是城市规划或其它相关学科）的视角，论述中国城市化进程的基本特征和主要挑战。
2．结合你的硕士学位论文或一个研究项目，论述研究方法论的应用。
（以下为四选二）3．从资源节约和环境友好的视角，论述中国城市可持续发展的主要策略。
4．从城市规划作为公共政策的视角，论述中国城市规划变革面临的主要议题。
5．论述经济全球化对于城市和区域发展的影响。
6．论述你所在学科（可以是城市规划或其它相关学科）中与城市相关的主要研究议题及其最新发展趋势。
城市规划设计与分析现在控规的制定中常常附带总平面设计，但往往缺乏整体设计观点、和对于整体空间把握的深度。
请结合案例分析。
江南某省会城市临近铁路站场的居住区，面积150公顷，被主干道分割，地铁从地块右侧经过并设站，铁路位于地块西南侧。
城市公园位于地块东北角，两条河流从基地内穿过。
现给出该地块的控规和总平面意向方案，请分析其特点并给出优化调整意见，要求图文结合。
文字不超过1500字。
主要可以从以下三个方面入手：1．对原方案的解读，要求文图结合（文20分，图15分）2．对原方案进行评价（20分）3．提出优化调整方案，要求图文结合（图25分，文20分）2007年11月规划博士考题城市规划原理回忆版本1．从你所在的学科（可以是城市规划或其它学科）谈中国城市可持续发展的主要议题及其相关对策。
2．就你所做的一项研究，谈谈研究中方法论的应用。
（以下为四选二）3．论述城市中效率与公平的看法。
同济大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(有答案)
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同济大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
同济大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Technically,any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi psychologists. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette for the nerves.When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?First of all,most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect,and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs(substances)that affect the central nervous system and alter perception,mood,and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants,depressants,or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception,distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations.These are the substances often called psychedelic(from the Greek word meaning mind-manifestation) because they seemed to radically alter one‘s state of consciousness.59.Substances abuse(line5,paragraph1)is preferable to drug abuse in that________.(A)substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used(B)drug abuse is only related to a limited number of drugtakers(C)alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine(D)many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60.The word pervasive(line1,paragraph2)might mean________.(A)widespread(B)overwhelming(C)piercing(D) fashionable61.Physical dependence on certain substances results from________.(A)uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time(B)exclusive use of them for social purposes(C)quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases(D)careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62.From the last paragraph we can infer that________.(A)stimulants function positively on the mind(B)hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health(C)depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances(D)the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups答案及试题解析59.（D）意为：除海洛因或可卡因外，许多其他物质也是有害的。
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题I V ocabulary （10%）For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence.1. The directions were so ____ that it was impossible to complete the assignment.A) ingenious B) ambitious C) notorious D) ambiguous2. Our ________ host always enjoys having friends to share his Lucullan suppers.A) cursive B)martial C) fractious D) convivial3. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ____a violent act previously seen on television.A) modifying B) stimulating C) accelerating D) duplicating4. This kind of material can _____heat and moisture.A) delete B) compel C) repel D) constrain5. The damage to his car was ____; therefore, he could repair it himself.A) considerable B) appreciable C) negligible D) invisible6. The ____of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A) implementation B) expedition C) demonstration D) manifestation7. One of the responsibilities of the Coast guard is to make sure that all ships _______ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.A) cautiously B) dutifully C) faithfully D) skillfully8. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be _______ the welfare of his animals.A) critical about B) indignant at C) indifferent to D) subject to9. The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.A) compelled B) posed C) pressed D) tempted10. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _______ and lack of unity in style.A) conflict B) confrontation C) disturbance D) disharmony11. Corrupt politicians who condone the activities of the gamblers are equally _______.A) cryptic B)esoteric C)culpable D)occult12. I don’t know the details for I just gave your manuscript only a(n) _______ gl ance.A) cursory B)cumbrous C)onerous D)obscure13.the Red Cross society helped _________ families to survive the war in the Persian Gulf.A) demure B)destitute C)assiduous D)sedate14. the man felt ________ when the girl turned down his proposal of marriage.A) despondent B) fabulous C)dilapidated D)fortuitous15. the boy gave a ______ look at his classmate’s test paper when the teacher turned.A) frivolous B)furtive C)frenetic D)frigid16. Rubber boots are ___________ to water.A) imperious B)impetuous C)impervious D)impeccable17. Missiles were mounted at various points to _______ the enemy aircrafts.A) integrate B)jeopardize C)intercept D)interrogate18. Being careless, she had her arm _____ by the barbed wire.A) lacerated B)lamented C)juggled D)bemoaned19. The wrestler’s _______ maneuvers made it difficult for his opponent to obtain a hold.A) hermetic B)protean C)titanic D)procrustean20. Psychoanalysis can help a patient recall long-forgotten experiences lost in the ______ recess of his mind.A) labyrinthine B)chimerical C)iridescent D)mercurialII Reading Comprehension (50%)Passage 1There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual invent-ors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopterminsulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources. Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation--a risky and expensive budget item--might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from in-vestment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industrycompetition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.16. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century ________.A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development.B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries.C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams.D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates.17. It is the author"s belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that________.A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation.B. governmental protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change.D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.18. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost cutting rather than innovation if _______.A. their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants.B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry.C. they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development.D. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century.19. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage?A. Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams.B. The federal government"s research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research.C. The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.D. Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.20. The author"s purpose in this passage is to____.A. advocate an increase in governmental support of organized industrial research.B. point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry.C. describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation.D. show that America"s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness.III Translation from English into Chinese (20%)Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward reward the heavens（这句话似乎不完整）. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a haled burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and I would gladly live it again if the chance were offered to me.有三种简单却强烈的情感支配着我的生活，它们分别是：对爱的渴望，对知识的探求，以及对人类的苦难不可抑制的怜悯。
同济大学博士生英语期末考试30篇阅读理解
人们不接受道歉了。他们只是享受敌对甜字符串。如果你想散播一些幸福， 尝试欢呼下休班出租车司机，是否想要他。这哥萨克刷过他海浪你并不预示 道歉或表示遗憾。它是纯粹的快感。
人们都渴望胜利，如果他们无法通过个人的胜利，那么他们将可以通过个人
恶毒了。大多数人从来不知道比望着一个特快列车窗口的任何胜利更高，因 为它过去拉链地方。
distinct 【音标】：[di'stiŋkt] 【词典解释】：形容词 a. 1. 与其他不同的,有 区别的[(+from)] 2. 明显的,清楚的;确定无误的 3. 难得的;
cheeseburger 【音标】：['tʃi:z,bə:gə] 【词典解释】：名词 n. 1. 夹干酪和碎 牛肉的三明治; mustard 【音标】：['mʌstəd] 【词典解释】：名词 n. 1. 芥末;芥子 2. 芥菜 3. 芥末色,深黄色 4. 【俚】(酒等的)热辣劲;热情; 【例... mumble 【音标】：['mʌmbl] 【词典解释】：及物动词 vt. 1. 含糊地说,咕 哝着说 2. 抿着嘴嚼 不及物动词 vi. 1. 含糊地说话,咕哝 名词 delivery 【音标】：[di'livəri] 【词典解释】：名词 n. 1. 投递,传送 2. 交付, 交货 3. 一次投递(或交付)的邮件(或货物) 4. 转让;引渡 5.... damn 【音标】：[dæm] 【词典解释】：及物动词 vt. 1. 罚...入地狱 2. 骂... 该死,咒骂 3. 指责,骂...一文不值 4. 使失败,毁掉 名词 n. 1 precisely 【音标】：[pri'saisli] 【词典解释】：副词 ad. 1. 精确地,准确地 2. 清晰地,明确地 3. 严格地,一丝不苟地 4. 刻板地,过分拘泥细节...
2006年同济大学博士研究生英语试题
同济大学2006年博士研究生入学考试试题I Vocabulary 10%Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the ONE answer that bestcompletes the sentence. Then put a v in the corresponding place on theAnswer Sheet..1. How can personal income tax be levied to _____ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suf f er too much?A. interestB. benefitC. profitD. concern2. To fund the ____ event and also promote the marketing value of the NationalGames, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).A. beneficentB. expensiveC. costlyD. luxurious3. Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week, but they are ______ by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours atthe grindstone.A. outdoneB. outweighedC. outrunD. outrivaled4. This is an alarming realization as natural resources and the environment are being degraded and ____ at a record pace.A. wastedB. reconstructedC. destructedD. reversed5. The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the _____ of the Russian winter.A. severityB. consequenceC. influenceD. threat6. The company, EDS, is smart enough to _____its 90,000-person workforce into independent microteams that work directly with individual clients on creativebusiness solutions.A. break outB. break offC. break fromD. break down17. Most environmental ____— from climate changes to freshwater and forest habitat loss —have become markedly worse.A. symptomsB. highlightsC. indicatorsD. symbols8. What we call nature is, _____, the sum of the changes made by all the various creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and influences upon each otherand upon their places.A. in common senseB. from a senseC. by the senseD. in a sense9. Although the "on line" life style has dominated the majority of city youth, mostpeople in the remote countryside still think Internet or something is ____ to theirlife.A. unconcernedB. irrelevantC. inseparableD. inaccessible10. ____ near-perfect English language skills, the students were keen to exploreevery aspect of Australian culture, from Aussie eating customs to family and studentlife, popular culture, the natural landscape and the ever-popular Australian native animals.A. PossessingB. AcquiringC. ApprehendingD. Interpreting11. Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, ____ the postal service is less efficient.A. whereB. sinceC. thatD. whereas12. The board of directors have already discussed the subject ____ in the previous meetings and they will handle it in all its aspects.A. in placeB. at lengthC. on endD. of f and on13. Reflecting on our exploration , we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the information Marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, ____ they may be. A. whatsoever B. whatever C. whichever D. which14. The World Bank is taking steps to ____ its lending to reducing poverty in theThird World Countries.A. orientB. tailorC. adaptD. adjust15. Total investments for this year reached $56 million, and to put this into ____2investments this year will double those made in 1997.A. sightB. visionC. perspectiveD. horizon16. The year of 776 B.C. is considered to be the founding dateof the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The Games lastedmore than 11 centuries ____ they werebanned in 393 A.D.A. whenB. afterC. asD. until17. As did his ____Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and Henry Ford, Thomas Edison profoundly transformed the Western World.A. contemporariesB. part-ownersC. companionsD. accomplices18. In a world where information is a flood —____ to everyone, and where nothing is secret or proprietary — the only organizations and managers who will thrive are thosewho can quickly wade into the water, harness what they need, and then add value to it through speedy, innovative business decisions.A. acceptableB. availableC. accessibleD. attainable19. The car pollutes, but advances in fuel quality and ef fi ciency, and inmicroprocessed engine technology, have radically cut ____.A. releasesB. emissionsC. poisonsD. contamination20. If humans use up too much soil - which they have often done and aredoing - then they will starve down to the carrying capacity of their habitat.This is nature's "indifferent" ____.A. flexibilityB. justiceC. plasticityD. sensibilityII. Reading Comprehension 50%Directions: Read the follo w ing passages and choose from the choices marked A, B,C and D that best complete or answer the questions after each passage.Then put a ^in the correspondin g p l ace on the Answer Sheet..Passage OneThroughout the history of life, species of living creatures have made use of chemical energy by the slow combination of certain chemicals with oxygen within their cells. The process is analogous to combustion, but is slower and much more delicately controlled. Sometimes use is made of energy available in the bodies of stronger species as when a remora hitches a ride on a shark or a human being hitchesan ox to a plough.Inanimate sources of energy are sometimes used when species allow themselves to becarried or moved by wind or by water currents. In those cases, though, the inanimate source of energy must be accepted at the place and time that it happens to be and in the amount that happens to exist.The human use of fire involved an inanimate source of energy that was portable and could be used wherever desired. It could be ignited or extinguished at will and could be used when desired. It could be kept small or fed till it was large, and could be used in the quantities desired.The use of fire made it possible for human beings, evolutionarily equipped for mild weather only, to penetrate the temperate zones. It made it possible for them to survive cold nights and long winters, to achieve security against fire-avoiding predators, and to roast meat and grain, thus broadening their diet and limiting the danger of bacterial and parasitic infestation.Human beings multiplied in number and that meant there were more brains to plan future advances. With fire, life was not quite so hand-to-mouth; and there was more time to put those brains to work on something other than immediate emergencies.In short, the use of fire put into motion an accelerating series of technological advances.About 10 000 years ago, in the Middle East, a series of crucial advances were made. These included the development of agriculture, herding, cities, pottery, metallurgy, and writing. The final step, that of writing, took place in the Middle East about 5 000 yea years ago.This complex of changes stretching over a period of 5 000 years introduced what we call civilization, the name we give to a settled life, to a complex society in which human beings are specialized for various tasks.To be sure other animals can build complex societies and can be composed of different types of individuals specialized for different tasks. This is most m arked in such social insects as bees, ants, and termites, where individuals are in some cases physiologically specialized to the point where they cannot eat, but must be fed by others. Some species of ants practice agriculture and grow small mushroom gardens, while others herd aphids; still others war on and enslave smaller species of ants. And, of course, the beehive and the ant or termite colony have many points of analogy with the human city.The most complex nonhuman societies those of the insects, are, however, the result of instinctive behaviour, the guidelines of which are built into the genes and nervous systems of the individuals at birth. Nor does as any nonhuman society make use of fire. With insignificant exceptions, insect societies are run by the energy produced by the insect body.It is fair, then, to consider human societies as basically different from other societies and to attribute what we call civilization to human societies only.21.Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?4A. The process of species' making chemical energy is similar to the process ofcombustion.B. The process of species' making chemical energy is less complicated than theprocess of combustion.C. Fire is a portable, inanimate source of energy.D. Man sometimes makes use of energy available in the bodies of stronger species.22. From the passage we know ___.A. fire made human beings free from bacterial and parasitic infestationB. fire enabled human beings to deal with immediate emergencies more efficientlyC. fire made some animals frightenedD. fire helped human beings change their eating habits completely23. Judging from the context, the phrase "hand-to-mouth" (Para 5) most probablymeans____.A. adventurousB. unhappyC. wanderingD. unstable24. Th e point of similarity between a complex, human society and a complex beesociety is ___.A. the division of laborB. the use of fireC. the development of industryD. the development of a written language25 .According to the passage, insect societies ___.A. are governed by the instincts of insectsB. are not fundamentally different from human societiesC. are composed of individuals of the same typeD. are as not warlike as human beingsPassage TwoModem technology may not have improved the world all that much, but it certainly has made life noisier. Unmuffled motorcycles, blaring car alarms, and roving boom boxes come first, second, and third on my list of most obnoxious noise offenders, but everyone could come up with his own version of aural hell—if he could just find a quiet spot to ponder the matter. Yet what technology has done, other technology is now starting to undo, using computer power, to zap those ear-splitting noises into silence. Previously silence-seekers had little recourse except to stay inside, close the windows, and plug their ears. Remedies like these are quaintly termed " passive" systems, because they place physical barriers against the unwanted sound. Now computer technology is producing a far more effective "active" system, which doesn't just contain, deflect, or mask the noise but annihilates it electronically.The system works by countering the offending noise with -"anti-noise", a somewhat sinister-sounding term that calls to mind antimatter, black holes, and other Popular Science mindbenders but, that actually refers to something quite simple. Just as a wave on a pond is flattened when it merges with a trough that is its exact opposite (or mirror image), so can a sound wave be negated by meeting its opposite.This general theory of sound cancellation has been around since the 1930s. In the fifties and sixties it made for a kind of magic trick among laboratory acousticians5playing around with the first clunky mainframe computers. The advent of low-cost,high-power microprocessors has made active noise-cancellation systems a commercial possibility, and a handful of small electronics firms in the United States and abroad are bringing the first ones onto the silence market.Silence buffs might be hoping that the noise-canceling apparatus will take the shape of the 44 Magnum wielded by Dirty Harry, but in fact active sound control is not quite that active. The system might more properly be described as reactive, in that it responds to sound waves already headed toward human ears. In the configuration that is usual for such systems microphones detect the noise signal and send it to the system's microprocessor, which almostinstantly models it and creates its inverse for loudspeakers to fire at the original. Because the two sounds occupy the same range of frequencies and tones, the inverse sounds exactly like the noise it is meant to eliminate: the anti-noise canceling Beethoven's Fifth Symphony is heard as Beethoven's Fifth. The only difference is that every positive pressure produced on the air by the orchestra is matched by a negative pressure produced by the computer, and every negative pressure is matched by a positive, thereby silencing the sound. The system is most effective as a kind of muffler, in which microphones, microprocessor, and loudspeaker are all in a unit encasing the device that produces the sound, stifling it at its source. But it can work as a headset, too, negating the sound at the last moment before it disturbs one's peace of mind.26.The writer holds that ___.A. modem technology has disturbed the quiet life of the peopleB. modemtechnology has made people indifferent to noise pollution C. modem technologyhas made the present world quieter than before D. modem technology has failed tosolve the problem of noise pollution27. Accor d ing to the passage, an active noise-cancellation system ___. A. contains noiserather than negates it B. eliminates noise rather than muffles it C. deflects noise rather than baffles it D. holds noise back rather than stifles it28. In Paragraph 5 the word " buffs" means A. settlers B. enthusiasts C. buyersD. manufacturers29. Which of the following statements is Not true according to the passage? A. In the past,people sometimes plugged their ears to fight against the offendingnoise. B. An active noise-cancellation system follows the principle of a wave beingflattened by meeting its exact opposite. C. The first active noise-cancellation system was made in the 1930s, D. Active noise-cancellation systems are no w- available onthe market.30. Active noise-cancellation systems require ___. A. microphonesB. microprocessorsC. loudspeakersD. all of the above6Passage ThreeIn the early years of the twentieth century, astrophysicists turned their attention to a special category of stars, known as cepheid(辐射点在仙王(星)座中的流星) variables. A variable star is one whose apparent brightness changes from time to time. Among some variables, the change in brightness occurs so slowly as to be almost imperceptible; among others, it occurs in sudden, brief, violent bursts of energy. Cepheid variables have special characteristics that make them a useful astronomical tool.It was Henrietta Leavitt, an astronomer at the Harvard Observatory, who first examined the cepheid variables in detail. She found that these stars vary regularly in apparent brightness over a relatively short period of time - from one to three days to a month or more. This variation in brightness could be recorded and precisely measured with the help of the camera, then still a new tool in astronomy.Leavitt also noticed that the periodicity of each cepheid variable - that is, the period of time it took for the star to vary from its brightest point to its dimmest, and back to its brightestagain—corresponded to the intrinsic or absolute brightness of the star. That is, the greater the star's absolute brightness, the slower its cycle of variation.Why is this so? The variation in brightness is caused by the interaction between the star's gravity and the outward pressure exerted by the flow of light energy from the star. Gravity pulls the outer portions of the star inward, while light pressure pushes them outward. The result is a pulsating, in-and-out movement that produces increasing and decreasing brightness. The stronger the light pressure, the slower this pulsation. Therefore, the periodicity of the cepheid variable is a good indication of its absolute brightness.Furthermore, it is obvious that the more apparent brightness of any source of light decrease the further we are from the light. Physicists had long known that this relationship could be described by a simple mathematical formula. If we know the absolute brightness of any object - say, a star - as well as our distanc e from that object, it is possible to use the inverse square law to determine exactly how bright that object will appear to be.This laid the background for Leavitt's most crucial insight. As she had discovered, the absolute brightness of a cepheid variable could be determined by measuring its periodicity. And, of course, the apparent brightness of the star when observed from the earth could be determined by simple measurement. Leavitt saw that with these two facts and the help of the inverse square law, it would be possible to determine the distance from earth of any cepheid variable. If we know the absolute brightness of the star and how bright it appears from the earth, we can tell how far it must be.Thus, if a cepheid variable can be found in any galaxy, it is possible to measure the distance of that galaxy from earth. Thanks to Leavitt's discovery, astronomical distances that could not previously be measured became measurable for the first time.31 .The primary purpose of the passage is to explainA. the background and career of the astronomer Henrietta LeavittB. how and why various categories of stars vary in brightness7C. important uses of the camera as an astronomical toolD. how a particular method of measuring astronomical distances was created32. According to the passage, the absolute brightness of a cepheid variable ____.A. depends upon its measurable distance from an observer on earthB. may be determined from the length of its cycle of variationC. changes from time to time according to a regular and predictable patternD. indicates the strength of the gravitation force exerted by the star33. Which of the following did Leavitt's work provide astronomers with the means of determining?A. The absolute brightness of any observable cepheid variable.B. The apparent brightness of any object at a given distance from an observer.C. The distance from earth of any galaxy containing an observable cepheid variable.D. Both A and C.34. Cepheid variable of great absolute brightness would probably exhibit ____.A. a relatively rapid variation in brightnessB. a correspondingly weak gravitational forceC. slow and almost invisible changes in brightnessD. a strong outward flow of light pressure35. The passage implies that Leavitt's work on cepheid variables would not have beenpossible without the availability of____.A. the camera as a scientific toolB. techniques for determining the distances between starsC. a method of measuring a star's gravitational forceD. an understanding of the chemical properties of starsPassage fourThe American economy, whether in government or private industry, has found retirement a convenient practice for managing the labor force. On the positive side, widespread retirement has meant an expansion of leisure and opportunities for self-fulfillment in later life. On the negative side, the practice of retirement entails large costs, both in funding required for pension systems and in the loss of the accumulated skills and talents of older people.Critics of retirement as it exists today have pointed to the rigidity of retirement practices: for example, the fact that retirement is typically an all-or-nothing proposition. Would it not be better to have some form of flexible or phased retirement, in which employees gradually reduce their work hours or take longer vacations? Such an approach might enable older workers to adjust better to retirement, while permitting employers to make gradual changes instead of coping with the abrupt departure of an employee. Retirement could be radically redefined in the future.Earlier criticism of mandatory retirement at a fixed age led to legal abolition of the practice, for the most part, in 1986, The same kind of criticism has been leveled at the practice of age discrimination in employment. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act forbids older workers from being limited or treated in any way that would harm their employment possibilities. Still, most observers admit that age8discrimination in the workplace remains widespread. The negative stereotypes of older workers have caused employers to be reluctant to hire or train older people. Sometimes such discrimination against older workers is based on mistaken ideas, such as the false belief that older workers are less productive. In fact, empirical studies have not shown older workers to be less dependable in their job performance, nor are their absenteeism rate higher.Interest in the potential productivity of older workers has stimulated the growth of industrial gerontology, a field concerned with recruitment, performance appraisal, retraining, and redesign of jobs to permit older workers to be more productive. Managing an older workforce will clearly be a challenge for the future. There is also much support for the idea of work life extension; that is, adaptations of retirement rules or employment practices to enable older people to become more productive. In favor of this idea is the fact that three-quarters of employed people over 65 are in white-collar occupations in service industries, which are less physically demanding than agriculture or manufacturing jobs. As a result, it is sometimes argued, older people can remain in productive jobs now longer than in the past. In addition, some analysts point to declining numbers of young people entering the workforce, thus anticipating a labor shortage later in the 1990s. That development, if it occurred, might stimulate a need for older workers and a reversal of the trend toward early retirement.36. Opponents of the retirement policy say ____.A. it gives more leisure to old people than they know how to useB. it costs too much money in the form of retirement pensionsC. it is too rigid and flexibility should be integrated into itD. retirement should be p racticed only in the public sector37. Wh at happened in 1986?A. Retirement stopped being practiced.B. Age limitation in retirement was abolished.C. Age discrimination was legally abolished.D. Retired people were no longer entitled to pensions.38.Empirical studies indicate that old people ____.A. are less productive than younger peopleB. prefer working to retiringC. are reliable workersD. are less dependable39. I nd u s tri a l gerontology is concerned with ____.A. how to mange older workforceB. finding out how productive older workers can beC. how to meet the challenge of the futureD. finding out what kind of people can stay after the retirement age40. Which of the following might lead to work life extension?A. Retraining of old people in modem skills.B. The trend toward early retirement.9C. The expansion of agriculture and manufacturing industry.D. The declining younger labor force.Passage FiveOur culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic (语言上的) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (多语的)guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Theattitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives -usually the richer - who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But all that is past, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.41. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle-Easterners would most probably ____.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back42.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ____.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference towards foreign visitors10D. arrogance toward other cultures43. In countries other than their own most Americans ____.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants44. According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorancewill____.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves of f from the outside worldC. limit their role in world af f airsD. weaken the position of the US dollar45. The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize thatA. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other culturesIII. Translation 20%Directions:Translate the following passage into ChineseA few years ago, the rich world's worry about economic interaction with developing countries was that the poor could not profit from it. So unbalanced were the terms of exchange between the North's mighty industries and the South's weakling sweatshops that trade between the two could be nothing more than exploitation of the one by the other: far from helping the poor countries, global integration would actually deepen their poverty. This fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite - namely, that trade with the developing world will impoverish today's rich countries.This new fear is more dangerous than the old one. The earlier scare tacitly affirmed that the industrial countries would suffer if they cut their links with the third world. Starting from there, campaigning in the North to restrict trade with developing countries was going to be an uphill struggle. Those who oppose deeper economic integration now have a better platform. Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new competition. Unlike its predecessor, this idea may sell.The new fear, like the old one, expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another. This is a deeply rooted prejudice, and plainly wrong. Very nearly all of the world is more prosperous now than it was 30 years ago. Growth has been a story of mutual advance.Lending useful support to this first error is a second - the idea that there is only so much work to go round. If new technologies make some jobs obsolete, or if an increase in the supply of cheap imports makes other jobs uneconomic, the result must11be a permanent rise in unemployment. Again, on a moment's reflection, this is wrong. At the core of both errors is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.IV. Writing 20%Directions:Please read the follo w ing report and then w rite an essay in 250-300 words on the topic : My comment on the plan of future development of Chongming (崇明)island.Your composition should consist of three parts:1. The characteristics of the plan2. My comment on the plan3. Description of the relationship between human and nature (to support our comment) Chongming, the country's third largest and Shanghai's "last piece of pristine land", is working on a decade-long development plan. There are no large -scaleindustrialization plans for the island. Instead future development will focuson tourism, resorts and exhibition centres although there will be room forcertain pollution-free industries. —From "Shanghai Star"。
同济大学2009年考博英语真题及答案详解
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同济大学博士研究生入学考试翻译汇总
考博翻译汉译英(一)斯蒂芬•沃林有话对男人们说——多做家务，帮忙带孩子，多花点时间在家里。
1.“平等始于家庭，”沃林，这位芬兰的文化与体育部长在联合国妇女地位委员会年度集会的会场外接受采访时如是说。
沃林说他希望会有这么一天，没人会再问哪个职位——不管是在家庭还是在办公场合——适合男性还是女性来做。
“负担起更多的家务职责吧，”这是沃林传达给成家男人的信息。
这样做的好处远不止仅仅创造出平等的关系，让女性从母亲与家庭主妇的传统角色中解放出来。
2.“做父亲的承担的家务越多，离婚就越少，”他说，“二者有直接关系。
当然，这与互相尊重和尽量使彼此生活更加轻松也密不可分。
”政府和企业老板们也要保证，当有了孩子后，男人和女人应当有同样的机会待在家里。
3. 沃林正在芬兰推广一项计划，他自己称之为“六加六加六”：父母双方分别有六个月的产假，另外还有六个月的假期在两者之间分配。
该计划基于冰岛的一种模式：父母双方各有三个月的假，另外还有三个月的假供两者分配。
1. “平等始于家庭，”沃林，这位芬兰的文化与体育部长在联合国妇女地位委员会年度集会的会场外接受采访时如是说。
“Equality starts at home,”Wallin, Finland’s minister for culture and sports, said in an interview on the sidelines of an annual gathering of the U.N. Commission on the Status of Women.2. “做父亲的承担的家务越多，离婚就越少，”他说，“二者有直接关系。
当然，这与互相尊重和尽量使彼此生活更加轻松也密不可分。
”“The more the fathers take responsibility for things at home, the less divorces you have,” he said. “There’s a direct correlation. It is, of course, also about respecting each other and trying to make life easier for each other.”3.沃林正在芬兰推广一项计划，他自己称之为“六加六加六”：父母双方分别有六个月的产假，另外还有六个月的假期在两者之间分配。
英语专业博士点
应届研究生想考上博士，除非考自己导师的，要不就是自己实力超强，起码研究生阶段发个几篇核心期刊论文，然后对研究方向有相当深刻认识，否则......全国英语专业博士点(2009-03-05 17:09:39)标签：考研杂谈设有“英语语言文学”博士点的高校（共27所）北京大学、清华大学、北京师范大学、中国社会科学院研究生院、北京外国语大学中国人民解放军外国语学院、中国人民解放军通信指挥学院厦门大学、山东大学、四川大学、河南大学复旦大学、上海外国语大学、华东师范大学南京大学、苏州大学、南京师范大学东北师范大学、湖南师范大学南开大学、中山大学2006年新增英语博士点福建师范大学、华中师范大学北京语言大学、浙江大学中南大学、西南大学设有“外国语言学及应用语言学”博士点的高校（共9所）北京外国语大学复旦大学、上海交通大学、上海外国语大学南京大学广东外语外贸大学06年新增英语博士点同济大学、中山大学、南京师范大学同时设有1:“外国语言学及应用语言学”和2:“英语语言文学”博士点的高校（共6所）北京外国语大学复旦大学、上海外国语大学南京大学中山大学、南京师范大学英语专业考研考博全国重点院校推荐(2009-08-14 22:17:25)标签：教育北京大学英语语言文学为国家重点学科、与外国语言学及应用语言学均为一级博士点1919年北京大学建立英语系，胡适任系主任。
至今已有83年的历史。
北大英语系是我国第一批硕士点和博士点之一，也是外国语言文学专业的博士后流动站和国家第一批重点学科点。
研究门类齐全、研究实力雄厚。
英语系研究生共设有英语文学、英语语言学、美国研究、翻译研究、和英语教育等五个专业方向，学制为3年。
现任院长程朝翔教授。
教授23名。
具有博士学位的22名。
英语系出版了大量学术专著、骨干教材和优秀译作。
攻读博士学位继续深造、在国家部委、外事部门、各级政府、新闻出版等外事部门任职北京外国语大学语语言文学为国家重点学科、与外国语言学及应用语言学均为一级学科博士点英语学院成立于2001年，现任院长为孙有中教授。
同济大学博士生公共英语(一外)教学安排及考试规定
同济大学博士生公共英语（一外）教学安排及考试规定2007年12月修订下述规定为第一外国语为英语的博士生制定。
（1）博士生英语（一外）总述博士生英语（一外）学习时间为一学期，教学组织安排为选修课考查与综合性水平考试相结合。
为提高博士研究生的英语应用能力，特别是英语研究能力，英语系开设具有较高要求的各类应用型课程---《英语论文写作与发表》、《国际会议交流英语》、《外教口语》、《综合英语》、《高级口语》、《高级写作》、《英语修辞》、《高级阅读》、《英文文献翻译与阅读》等，并在每学期期末组织一次英语综合性水平考试。
凡考试考查通过者，获2学分。
考试不通过者须重考，课程考查不通过者须重修。
（2）教学安排博士生英语（一外）采用课堂教学与网上辅导、课堂面授与个人指导相结合，学业能力考查与综合水平考试相结合的方式组织教学。
博士生英语（一外）课堂课程教学每周4学时，学生必须选修两门应用型课程的学习。
每门课程每周两学时。
每位博士生在学期期末通过博士生英语（一外）综合水平考试后，并且完成两门考查课程的学习，方可取得学分。
博士生英语一外课程设置如下《英语论文写作与发表》《国际会议交流英语》《外教口语》课程结构《综合英语》选修考查《高级口语》（两门）《高级写作》《英语修辞》《高级阅读》《英文文献翻译与阅读》进入博士生阶段的学习者不得复选在硕士学习期间已修过的应用型课程，须另选其它选修课。
复选者一经查实，学习作无效处理。
（3）免修免考规定符合下列条件之一的博士研究生可免修免考博士生英语课程：1）获得全日制英语专业硕士学位；2）在英语国家学习一年以上，并获得硕士学位；3）TOEFL纸考成绩620分或网考105分、机考260分（3年内有效）；4）IELTS成绩7.0分（3年内有效）；5）WSK（PETS 5）考试合格（3年内有效）；6）同济大学博士生英语入学考试成绩85分。
符合上述条件的博士生，由本人提出申请，经英语系同意，研究生院培养处审核备案，可免修免考全部英语课程。
同济研究生博士英语免修要求
同济研究生博士英语免修要求
一、免修对象：
1.国内外具备英语语言水平的研究生（或博士生）；
2.具备母语为英语的研究生（或博士生）；
3.已取得相关英语水平证书的研究生（或博士生）。
二、免修要求：
1.通过免修面试：根据免修规定，研究生（或博士生）需参加由学校或学院组织的英语免修面试。
面试内容包括英语听力、口语、阅读和写作等方面的题目。
根据面试成绩，确定是否满足免修要求。
2.通过相关英语水平证书：同济研究生（或博士生）如具备以下英语水平证书之一，可直接免修：托福、雅思、GRE等。
具体要求根据学校和学院的规定而定。
一般要求学术英语水平需达到一定标准，如托福总分90分以上、雅思总分7.0以上、GRE Verbal分数160分以上等。
3.通过大学英语免修考试：同济研究生（或博士生）如已在本科期间通过大学英语免修考试，且考试成绩达到一定标准，可免修英语课程。
三、免修课程：
四、其他：
同济大学研究生院和相关学院对于免修规定有可能进行更新和调整，请研究生（或博士生）密切关注相关通知和规定。
2012同济大学考博英语模拟题1(考卷附答案)
12．同济大学模拟试题Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneThe study of social science is more than the study of the individual social sciences. Although it is true that to be a good social scientist you must know each of those components, you must also know how they interrelate. By specializing too early, many social scientists can lose sight of the interrelationships that are so essential to understanding modern problems. That's why it is necessary to have a course covering all the social sciences. In fact, it would not surprise me if one day a news story such as the one above should appear.The preceding passage placed you in the future. To understand how and when social science broke up, you must go into the past. Imagine for a moment that you're a student in 1062, in the Italian city of Bologna, site of one of the first major universities in the western world. The university has no buildings. It consists merely of a few professors and students. There is no tuition fee. At the end of a professor's lecture, if you like it, you pay. And if you don't like it, the professor finds himself without students and without money. If we go back still earlier, say to Greece in the sixth century B. C., we can see the philosopher Socrates walking around the streets of Athens, arguing with his companions. He asks them questions, and then other questions, leading these people to reason the way he wants them to reason (this became known as the Socratic method).Times have changed since then; universities sprang up throughout the world and created colleges within the universities. Oxford, one of the first universities, now has thirty colleges associated with it, and the development and formalization of educational institutions has changed the roles of both students and faculty. As knowledge accumulated, it became more and more difficult for one person to learn, let alone retain it all. In the sixteenth century one could still aspire to know all there was to know, and the definition of the Renaissance man (people were even more sexist then than they are now) was of one who was expected to know about everything.Unfortunately, at least for someone who wants to know everything, the amount of information continues to grow exponentially while the size of the brain has grown only slightly. The way to deal with the problem is not to try to know everything about everything. Today we must specialize. That is why social science separated from the natural sciences and why it, in turn, has been broken down into various subfields, such as anthropology and sociology.1. What is the main idea of this text?A. Social science is unified.B. Social science is a newborn science.C. What is social science.D. Specialization in social science is not good.2. What can we learn from the second paragraph?A. Socrates can be regarded as the first social scientist in the western world.B. The universities in Italy have no buildings.C. Socrates created the "Socratic method".D. Greece is not as civilized as Italy.3. Why does the author say "people were even more sexist then than they are now"?A. Because they are so covetous that they want to know all there was to know.B. Because it is the Renaissance "Man", not Renaissance "Woman" or "human".C. Because no woman was formally educated at that time.D. Because all Renaissance men were men.4. What does the underlined word "exponentially" mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?A. Promisingly.B. Continuously.C. Drastically.D. Rapidly.5. We can infer from the text that______.A. social science is a united science, and cannot be divided into subfieldsB. social science may be further divided into smaller parts as the amount of knowledge and information expandingC. there may be a Renaissance Man in the futureD. the best way to deal with the expansion of information is to know everythingPassage TwoTo what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to society to work, and how far has the State an obligation to ensure that they have work to do?It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control, and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the rest of the community. But concern with unemployment and the unemployed varies sharply. The issues of duty and responsibility were reopened and revitalized by the unemployment scare of 1971-1972. Rising unemployment and increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies which had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the Depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round, so there were arguments about how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out, and who was responsible for unemployment and the unemployed.In 1972 there were critics who said that the State's action in allowing unemployment to rise was a faithless act, a breaking of the social contract between society and the worker. Yet in the main any contribution by employers to unemployment such as lying off workers in order to introduce technological changes and maximize profits tended to be ignored. And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honor the social contract, by not fulfilling their duty to society to work. In spite of general concern at the scale to the unemployment statistics, when the unemployed were considered as individuals, they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their value as members of society became suspect. Of all the myths of the Welfare State, stories of the work shy and borrowers have been the least well founded on evidence, yet they have proved the most persistent. The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about the State's obligation either to provide them with the security of work or to support them through Social Security.Underlying the arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as a service, not only performed by the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the State, and supported if necessary? And apart from cash are there social pressures andsatisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work, so that the workless need work rather than just cash?6. It is the author's belief that______.A. unemployment must lead to inevitable depression of national economyB. the unemployed are the victims of economical and social developmentC. unemployment should be kept under the control of industrial forcesD. the unemployed are not entitled to share the benefits from technological progress7. What the author proposes to examine is______.A. how far the unemployed are to blame for their failure in working and how far it is the State's faultB. to what extent the State should insist on the unemployed working if they fail to do soC. whether being at work is a social duty which the State should ensure everybody carries outD. whether work should be obligatory, and if so, whether the State or the individual is responsible for enforced obligation8. The effect of the 1971-1972 unemployment scare was to______.A. make people think for the first time about the problem of the availability of workB. make concern for unemployment and the unemployed varyC. make the subject of unemployment controversial againD. show that there would in future be too little work to go round9. According to the author, in the 1971-1972 crisis______.A. the State and the employers were equally to blame for allowing unemployment to riseB. the unemployed did not fulfill their social duty to find jobsC. the role played by the employers in creating unemployment was not recognizedD. the state was guilty of breaking the social contract by letting unemployment increase10. The basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society rests on the problem of whether or not______.A. the unemployed ought to be supported by society as a wholeB. the state should recognize that people work for more than just moneyC. it is a service to provide people with work rather than cashD. the state's duty to provide work is as great as the individual's duty to workPassage ThreeSuccessful business tends to continue implementing the ideas that made them successful. But in a rapidly changing world, ideas often become obsolete overnight. What worked in the past won't necessarily work in the future. In order to thrive in the future, you must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business. In fact, you must continually generate new ideas just to keep your head above water. Businesses that aren't creative about their future may not survive.Although Bill Gates is the richest, most successful man on the planet, he did not anticipate the Internet. Now he's scrambling to catch up. If Bill Gates can miss a major aspect of his industry, it can happen to you in your industry. Your business needs to continually innovate and create its future. Gates is now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft. Here's what he said in a recent interview in U.S. News World Report: "Will we be replaced tomorrow? No. In a very short time frame, Microsoft is an incredibly strong company. But when you look to the two to three-year time frame, I don't think anyone can say with a straight face that any technology company has a guaranteed position. Not Intel, not Microsoft, not Compaq, not Dell, take any of your favorites.And that's totally honest."You may remember that in 1985 the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls were the best-selling toy on the market. But after Coleco Industries introduced their sensational line of dolls they became complacent and didn't create any new toys worth mentioning. As a result, Coleco went bankrupt in 1988.The most successful businesses survive in the long term because they constantly reassess their situations and reinvest themselves accordingly. The 3M Company has a 15% rule: Employees are encouraged to spend 15% of their time developing new ideas on any project they desire. It's no surprise, then, that 3M has been around since 1902.Most businesses are not willing to tear apart last year's model of success and build a new one. Here's a familiar analogy to explain why they are lulled into complacency; imagine that your business is like a pot of lobsters. To cook lobsters, you put them into a pot of warm water and gradually turn up the heat. The lobsters don't realize they're being cooked because the process is so gradual. As a result, they become complacent and die without a struggle. However, if you throw a lobster into the pot when the water is boiling, it will desperately try to escape. This lobster is not lulled by a slowly changing environment. It realizes instantly that it's in a bad environment and takes immediate action to change its status.11. Judging from the context, "to keep your head above water" (Para. 1) probably means______.A. to be drownB. to keep out of financial difficultyC. to keep away from dangerD. to protect you from water12. Why is Gates now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft?A. Because he is the richest, most successful man on the planet.B. Because his company will be replaced tomorrow.C. Because in a very short time frame, Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.D. Because he doesn't think that any technology company has a guaranteed position.13. Coleco Industries' case suggests that______.A. the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls were the best selling toy on the marketB. the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls are sensational line of dollsC. complacency and lack of creation will ultimately ruin a businessD. the most successful businesses survive in the long term14. According to this passage, the 3M Company's success lies in itsA. constant reassessment of their situationsB. reinventionC. 15% ruleD. being around since 190215. By using the analogy of "throwing a lobster into a pot", the author tries to imply that______.A. some managers are really foolish peopleB. it's cruel to cook lobstersC. people are tend to become complacentD. bad environment calls for immediate actionPassage FourThe study of philosophies should make our own ideas flexible. We are all of us apt to take certain general ideas for granted, and call them common sense. We should learn that other people have held quite different ideas, and that our own have started as very original guesses of philosophers.A scientist is apt to think that all the problems of philosophy will ultimately be solved by science. I think this is true for a great many of the questions on which philosophers still argue. For example, Plato thought that when we saw something, one ray of light came to it from the sun, and another from our eyes and that seeing was something like feeling with a stick. We now know that the light comes from the sun, and is reflected into our eyes. We don't know in much detail how the changes in our eyes give rise to sensation. But there is every reason to think that as we learn more about the physiology of the brain, we shall do so, and that the great philosophical problems about knowledge are going to be pretty fully cleared up.But if our descendants know the answers to these questions and others that perplex us today, there will still be one field of which they do not know, namely the future. However exact our science; we cannot know it as we know the past. Philosophy may be described as argument about things of which we are ignorant. And where science gives us a hope of knowledge it is often reasonable to suspend judgment. That is one reason why Marx and Engels quite rightly wrote to many philosophical problems that interested their contemporaries.But we have got to prepare for the future, and we cannot do so rationally without some philosophy. Some people say we have only got to do the duties revealed in the past and laid down by religion, and god will look after the future. Others say that the world is a machine and the course of future events is certain, whatever efforts we may make. Marxists say that the future depends on ourselves, even though we are part of the historical process. This philosophical view certainly does inspire people to very great achievements. Whether it is true or not, it is powerful guide to action.We need a philosophy, then, to help us to tackle the future. Agnosticism easily becomes an excuse for laziness and conservatism. Whether we adopt Marxism or any other philosophy, we cannot understand it without knowing something of how it developed. That is why knowledge of the history of philosophy is important to Marxists, even during the present critical days.16. What is the main idea of this passage?A. The argument whether philosophy will ultimately be solved by science or not.B. The importance of learning philosophies, especially the history of philosophy.C. The difference between philosophy and science.D. A discuss about how to set a proper attitude towards future.17. The example of what Plato thought in the passage shows that______.A. the development of science really can solve a great many of the problems on which philosophers still argue.B. Plato knew nothing about physics.C. the scientists have achieved a lot in terms of light theory.D. different people have different ways of perception.18. What field can our descendants know?A. The origin of human beings.B. Some questions that perplex us today.C. Many philosophical problems which Marx and Engels wrote rather little.D. The future.19. How many kinds of ideas are there about the future?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.20. What are the functions of studying philosophies mentioned in the passage?A. The study of philosophies would make our own idea flexible.B. The study of philosophies would help prepare us for the future and guide our actions.C. The study of philosophies would enable us to understand how things develop as to better tackle the future.D. All of the above.Part ⅢTranslation from English into ChineseAnother test was done with slightly older infants at bedtime. In some groups the room was silent; in others recorded lullabies were played. In others a ticking metronome was operating at the heart-beat speed of 72 beats per minute. In still others the heart-beat recording itself was played. It was then checked to see which groups fell asleep more quickly. The heart-beat group dropped off in half the time it took for any of the other groups. This not only clinches the idea that the sound of the heart beating is a powerfully calming stimulus, but it also shows that the response is a highly specific one. The metronome imitation will not do—at least, not for young infants. So it seems fairly certain that this is the explanation of the mother's left-side approach to baby-holding. It is interesting that when 466 Madonna and child paintings (dating back over several hundred years) were analyzed for this feature, 373 of them showed the baby on the left breast. Here again the figure was at the 80 per cent level. This contrasts with observations of females carrying parcels, where it was found that 50 per cent carried them on the left and 50 per cent on the right.What other possible results could this heart-beat imprinting have? It may, for example, explain why we insist on locating feelings of love in the heart rather than the head. As the song says: "You gotta have a heart!" It may also explain why mothers rock their babies to lull them to sleep. The rocking motion is carried on at about the same speed as the heart-beat, and once again it probably 'reminds' the infants of the rhythmic sensations they became so familiar with inside the womb, as the great heart of the mother pumped and thumped away above them.Part ⅣWritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic The Advantages of Owning a Business. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET.参考答案与解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage One1．[答案] A文章第1句即为题旨所在：“The study of social science is more than the study of the individual social sciences.”2．[答案] CSocratic method以苏格拉底的名字命名，并且为他所第一个使用。
同济大学考博英语模拟题2
同济大学博士研究生入学考试模拟试题一Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformity. office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab gray suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can: anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all that is important in life?These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hash't been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today, the situation might he reversed, The old--if they are prepared to admit it--could earn a thing or two from their children. one of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not "sinful". Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions, It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the continual threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?1. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. Enjoyment will be the only Pursuit in our Life.B. The Older Generation is Constantly Under Fire.C. Violence Cannot Apply to All Aspects of Life.D. The Younger Generation Knows Not the Less.2. What does the author intend to demonstrate with "office hours" adopted by the old (Paragraph 2) ?A. A type of enforced systems.B. A symbol for human initiatives.C. A sort of freedom deprivation.D. A token for the old' obsoleteness.3. It is evident that the author illustrates his point mainly by______A. exemplifying the misdeeds of the old.B. refuting general assumptions.C. quoting famous sayings and proverbs.D. resorting to statistical evidence.4. When mentioning "the rat-race" (Paragraph 2), the author is pouring scorn on the old for their______A. undignified competition for social status.B. failure to solve human conflicts by violence.C. guilty for not learning the art of enjoymentD. adherence only to their challenged values.Passage 2Euthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party involved is barbaric. No one can justly kill another human being. Just as it is wrongfor a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be.Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral. They oppose killing patients in any circumstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patients to die by withholding treatment The American Medical Association's policy statement on mercy killing supports this traditional view. In my paper "Active and Passive Euthanasia" I argue, against the traditional view, that there is in fact no normal difference between killing and letting die --if one is permissible, then so is the other.Professor Sullivan does not dispute my argument; instead he dismisses it as irrelevant The traditional doctrine, he says, does not appeal to or depend on the distinction between killing and letting die. Therefore, arguments against that distinction "leave the traditional position untouched".Is my argument really irrelevant? I don' t see how it can be. As Sullivan himself points out, nearly everyone holds that it is sometimes meaningless to prolong the process of dying and that in those cases it is morally permissible to let a patient die even though a few more hours or days could be saved by procedures that would also increase the agonies of the dying. But if' it is impossible to defend a general distinction between letting people die and acting to terminate their lives directly, then it would seem that active euthanasia also may be morally permissible.But traditionalists like professor Sullivan hold that active euthanasia--the direct killing of patients--is not morally permissible; so, if thy argument is sound, their view must ,be mistaken. I can not agree, then, that my argument "leave the traditional position untouched".However, I shall not press this point. Instead I shall present some further arguments against the traditional position, concentrating on those elements of the position which professor Sullivan himself thinks most important. According to him, what is important is, first, that we should never intentionally terminate the life of a patient, either by action or omission, and second, that we may cease or omit treatment of a patient, knowing that this will result in death, only if the means of treatment involved are extraordinary.5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is______A. to air his opinions on Sullivan's fallacies.B. to attack the traditional view on euthanasia.C. to explain why his argument is relevant.D. to draw a line between killing and letting die.6. According to the author, the views held by traditional orthodox Catholics on euthanasia is______A. rather confusing.B. partially true.C. quite convincing.D. totally groundless.7. Which of the following best defines the word "omission" (Paragraph 6) ?A. InvolvementB. Sympathy.C. Suspension.D. Appraisal.8. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. orthodox Catholics accept some kinds of killing in some circumstances.B. Sullivan contends that there is difference between killing and letting die.C. Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.D. The author doesn't agree that he left the traditional position untouched.Passage 3Science writer Tom Standage draws apt parallels between the telegraph and the gem of late 20th-century technology, the Internet. Both systems grew out of the cutting edge science of their time. The telegraph's land lines, underwater cables, and clicking gadgets reflected the 19th century's research in electromagnetism. The Internet's computers and high-speed connections reflect 20th-century computer science, information theory, and materials technology.But, while gizmos make a global network possible, it takes human cooperation to make it happen. Standage's insight in this regard adds depth to his technological history. It underscores the relevance to our own time of the struggles of Samuel Morse in America, William Cooke in England, and other telegraph pioneers. They made thetechnology work efficiently, sold it to a skeptical public, and overcame national and international bureaucratic obstacles. The solutions they found smooth the Internet's way today.Consider a couple of technical parallels. Telegrams were sent from one station to the next, where they were received and retransmitted until they reached their destination. Stations along the way were owned by different entities, including national governments. Internet data is sent from one server computer to another that receives and retransmits it until it reaches its destination. Again the computers have a variety of owners.Then there is the social impact. The Internet is changing the way we do business and communicate. It makes possible virtual communities for individuals scattered around the planet who share mutual interests. Yet important as this may turn out to be, it is affecting a world that was already well connected by radio, television, and other telecommunications. The Associated Press, Reuters, and other news services would have spread the Start report quickly without the Internet. In this respect, the global telegraph network was truly revolutionary. The unprecedented availability of global news in real time gave birth to the Associated Press and Reuters news services. It gave a global perspective to newspapers that had focused on local affairs. A provincialism that geographical isolation had forced on people for millennia was gone forever.Some prophets naively hailed this as a force for world peace. They predicted that tensions over cultural and ethnic differences would relax as people interacted in real time. Visionaries say the same about the Internet. While communications can smooth this process, they don't automatically make it happen. As the experience of the past century and a half has shown, peace takes the will to make it work and sustained effort by all parties.9. In the opening paragraph, Tom Standage takes advantage of the strategy of______A. making a comparison.B. posing a contrast.C. drawing an analogy.D. enumerating details.10. The word "gizmos" (Paragraph 2) most probably means______A. scientists.B. devices.C. pioneers.D. institutions.11. Why is it that the global telegraph network truly revolutionary?A. It renders virtual communities worldwide feasible.B. It facilitated the breakup of pervasive provincialism.C. It makes real time global news service possible.D. It accelerated the liberalization of world trade.12. As used in the context, the denotation of "provincialism" (Paragraph 4) is closely associated with______A. rigidity in thinking.B. interests in global affairs.C. limitedness in outlook.D. residence in the provinces.13. It can be concluded front the text that the contribution of technological progresses to world peace will ultimately depend upon______A. smooth applications.B. universal access.C. global news services.D. human factors.Passage 4In an effort to alleviate America's increasing dependence on foreign oil and mitigate the worst effects of the current power crisis, Sens Frank Murkowski and John Breaux recently introduced the National Security Energy Act of 2001.While the bill contains a wide array of provisions, including everything from $ 1 billion for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program to the promotion of alternative fuel vehicles, the most controversial measure calls for opening a small portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for oil and gas exploration.Liberals have already gone to war over the measure, charging that the potential resources in ANWR are negligible, that drilling in ANWR will have calamitous effects on the environment, and that any oil and gas that does come out of the area will arrive too late to solve any of the energy challenges consumers currently face.Yet such arguments simply don' t stand up to the evidence. In the first place, no one actually knows howmuch oil is available. A 1998 survey by the U. S. Geological Survey estimated that there are between 4. 3 and 11.8 billion barrels of oil within the area that could be recovered. Even using the low estimate, this would still be enough to supply all of the energy needs of the United States for nearly two-thirds of a year, more than enough to merit further exploration into the ANWR environment.Moreover, there is little evidence that the environment will be harmed by such activity. The New York Times Science Section recently pointed out that innovations in technology and technique have greatly reduced the environmental "footprint" left by oil exploration in general, and Mr. Murkowski estimates that the development resulting from even a large ANWR oil field would cover only about three square miles. Since drilling began in the Prudhoe Bay oil field, the herds of nearby caribou have greatly increased in size. Populations of nesting migratory birds have also gotten larger, "Over the past 20 years, the population of polar bears has remained exceedingly healthy," according to Mr. Murkowski.Helping the public is the primary reason for such drilling, even if the oil won't reach the market for months after the first well is capped. In the long-term, oil from ANWR will help lower energy prices, alleviate long-term energy shortages and reduce America's dependence on foreign oil.Currently, about 55 percent of America's dally oil consumption of almost 20 million barrels comes from foreign sources--700, 000 from Iraq. According to the Department of Energy, this dependence could grow to 64 percent by 2020. By then, the Center for Strategic and International Studies suggests, "fully 50 percent of estimated total global oil demand will be met from countries that pose a high risk of internal instability."America needs long-term solutions to its domestic energy needs and a smart start would be by exploring the resources at ANWR.14. According to the text, drilling in ANWR should be started______A. in the wake of a power crisis.B. despite its harmful effects.C. in the interests of the publicD. in the light of solid evidence.15. The word "mitigate" (Paragraph 1) most probably means______A. lessen.B. augment.C. migrate.D. modify.16. Which of the following is NOT true according to the text?A. It is no easy job to solve the problem of energy shortages in the US.B. Oppositions to the resources exploitations at ANSR are far-fetched.C. Drilling at ANWR will alleviate US dependence on foreign oil supplies.D. Evidence shows up that the ANSR program will harm the environment.Passage 5Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan laid forth the intellectual basis for the likely continued aggressive easing in monetary policy in the weeks ahead in his semi-annual monetary policy report to Congress.The broader point in his prepared testimony is that the improved information and production controls evident in the new economyinduce companies to respond more quickly and in tandem to changes in their business. Mistakes are still made as is evidenced by the unwanted buildup of inventories at the end of last year, but any mistakes are more aggressively addressed than in the past, as is evidenced by manufacturers' recent slashing of production. Moreover, the increasingly dramatic shifts in economic activity are particularly hard on confidence. Consumers and businesses literally freeze up due to the heightened uncertainty, and run from any perceived risks and curtail their spending and investment. If confidence deflates by enough, then a recession will ensue.Confidence has also been under extraordinary pressure in recent months due to surging energy prices and weaker stock prices. Higher energy bills have acted much like a tax increase, save the checks are largely being written to foreign energy producers. The lower stock prices are having a magnified impact due to the dramatic increase in stock wealth since the mid-1990s.The conduct of monetary policy must adjust to all of this, and thus respond more quickly and aggressivelythan in the past in an effort to shore up confidence. This explains the dramatic and unprecedented action (at least by a Greenspan-led Federal Reserve) to cut the federal funds rate target by 100 basis points in January: This also suggests that substantially more easing is on the way in the weeks ahead. Just when and by how much will depend on whether confidence continues to fall.The chairman made a point to note that policymakers have significant latitude to ease policy aggressively since inflation remains low and tame. Despite surging energy prices, inflation and inflation expectations remain contained.The Federal Reserve's economic projections for this year provided as part of the testimony support this non-recessionary view. Real GDP is expected to grow by between 2% and 2. 5% between the fourth quarter of 2000 and the fourth quarter of this year. Since this is below the economy's potential growth, the jobless rate will rise to approximately 4. 5% by year's end. Inflation will moderate somewhat in response.Recession risks are rising and as high as they have been since the last downturn almost a decade ago. The key buffer between a soft economy and a recessionary one is confidence, and today's testimony by the Federal Reserve chairman clearly indicates that policymakers will be as aggressive as they need to be to ensure that confidence erodes no further. With just a bit of luck they will succeed.17. The best title for this passage may be______A. Greenspan's Testimony.B. A New Economy.C. New Monetary Policy.D. A Confidence Builder.18. Which of the following can best be applied to the Fed Reserve's conduct of monetary policy?A. Boldness.B. Confidence.C. Caution.D. Moderateness.19. According to the passage, the new economy is characterized by______A. aggressive investment in stock markets.B. swift response of the chairman to recessions.C. wider latitude to ease monetary policy.D. better information and production controls.20. All of the following may contribute to the deflation of confidence EXCEPT______A. Lower stock markets.B. Less production controls.C. Surging energy prices.D. More risk perceptions.Part ⅢTranslation from English into ChineseA few years ago, the rich world's worry about economic interaction with developing countries was that the poor could not profit from it. So unbalanced were the terms of exchange between the North's mighty industries and the South's weakling sweatshops that trade between the two could be nothing more than exploitation of the one by the other; far from helping the poor countries, global integration would actually deepen their poverty. This fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite--namely, that trade with the developing world will impoverish today's rich countries.This new fear is more dangerous than-the old one. The earlier scare tacitly affirmed that the, industrial countries would suffer if they cut heir links with the third world. Starting from there, campaigning in the North to restrict trade with developing countries was going to be an uphill struggle. Those who oppose deeper economic integration now have a better platform. Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new competition. Unlike its predecessor, this idea may sell.The new fear, like the old one, expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another. This is a deeply rooted prejudice, and plainly wrong. Very nearly all of the world is more prosperous now than it was 30 years ago. Growth has been a story of mutual advance.Lending useful support to this first error is a second--the idea that there is only so much work to go round. If new technologies make some jobs obsolete, or if an increase in the supply of cheap imports makes other jobs uneconomic ,the result must be a permanent rise in unemployment. Again, on a moment's reflection, this is wrong.At the core of both errors is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.Part ⅣWritingDirections: According to some Western media, with the rise of Chinese population, Chinese government will not produce sufficient food to feed its people. Write an essay of about 250-300 words to criticize their ideas.Your essay must be based on the instructions as follows:1. Criticize their views2. Justify your point of view参考答案与解析1．D [解析] 题干问：“下面哪项是这篇文章的最佳标题?”正确选项为D“其实年轻人知道的并不少”，这个思想贯穿于文章的段落之间，而“know”是文章重复最多的概念。
2006年同济大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2006年同济大学考博英语真题及详解Ⅰ. Vocabulary 10%Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that bestcompletes the sentence. Then put a ‘√’ in the corresponding place onthe Answer Sheet.1. How can personal income tax be levied to ______ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suffer too much?A. interestB. benefitC. profitD. concern【答案】B【解析】句意：怎样才能使个人所得税的征收使尽可能多的人受惠而同时又能确保国家的财政不会因此损失很多呢？benefit对……有好处，使得利益。
interest使有利害关系，使感兴趣。
profit有益于，有利于。
concern关系到，使担心。
2. To fund the ______ even and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing DevelopmentDepartment (MDD).A. beneficentB. expensiveC. costlyD. luxurious【答案】C【解析】句意：为了为这项花费巨大的全国运动会提供基金并同时提升其市场价值，组织委员会创建了市场开发部。
2006年同济大学考博英语真题试卷
2006骞村悓娴庡ぇ瀛﹁€冨崥鑻辫鐪熼璇曞嵎(鎬诲垎锛?4.00锛屽仛棰樻椂闂达細90鍒嗛挓)涓€銆?Structure and Vocabulary(鎬婚鏁帮細20锛屽垎鏁帮細40.00)1.How can personal income tax be levied to______ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suffer too much?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.interestB.benefitC.profitD.concern2.To fund the______ event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.beneficentB.expensiveC.costlyD.luxurious3.Japanese workers still put in an impressive 42 hours each week but they are______ by the South Koreans and Singaporeans who spend an average 46 hours at the grindstone.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.outdoneB.outweighedC.outrunD.outrivaled4.This is an alarming realization as natural resources and the environment are being degraded and______at a record pace.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.wastedB.reconstructedC.destructedD.reversed5.The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the______of the Russian winter.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.severityB.consequenceC.influenceD.threat6.The company, EDS, is smart enough to______90,000-person workforce into independent microteams that work directly with individual clients on creative business solutions.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.break outB.break offC.break away fromD.break down7.Most environmental______from climate changes to freshwater and forest habitat loss have become markedly worse.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.symptomsB.highlightsC.indicatorsD.symbols8.What we call nature is, ______, the sum of the changes made by all the various creatures and natural forces in their intricate actions and influences upon each other and upon their places.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.in common senseB.from a senseC.by the senseD.in a sense9.Although the "on line" life style has dominated the majority of city youth, most people in the remote countryside still think internet or something is______to their life.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.unconcernedB.irrelevantC.inseparableD.inaccessible10.______near-perfect English language skills, the students were keen to explore every aspect of Australian culture, from Aussie eating customs to family and student life, popular culture, the natural landscape and the ever-popular Australian native animals.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.PossessingB.AcquiringC.ApprehendingD.Interpreting11.Telephones save the feet and endless amounts of time. This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, ______the postal service is less efficient.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.whereB.sinceC.thatD.whereas12.The board of directors have already discussed the subject______ in the previous meetings and they will handle it in all its aspects.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.in placeB.at lengthC.on endD.off and on13.Reflecting on our exploration, we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the information marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, ______they may be.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.whatsoeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.which14.The World Bank is taking steps to______ its lending to reducing poverty in the Third World Countries.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.orientB.tailorC.adaptD.adjust15.Total investments for this year reached $ 56 million, and to put this into______ investments this year will double those made in 199锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.sightB.visionC.perspectiveD.horizon16.The year of 776 BC is considered to be the founding date of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The Games lasted more than 11 centuries ______ they were banned in 393 A D.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.whenB.afterC.asD.until17.As did his______ Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and Henry Ford, Thomas Edison profoundly transformed the Western World.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.contemporariesB.part-ownerspanionsD.accomplices18.In a world where information is a flood鈥擾_____to everyone, and where nothing is secret or proprietary鈥攖he only organizations and managers who will thrive are those who can quickly wade into the water, harness what they need, and then add value to it through speedy, innovative business decisions.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.acceptableB.availableC.accessibleD.attainable19.The car pollutes, but advances in fuel quality and efficiency, and in micropro-cessed engine technology, have radically cut______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.releasesB.emissionsC.poisonsD.contamination20.If humans use up too much soil鈥攚hich they have often done and are doing鈥攖hen they will starve down to the carrying capacity of their habitat. This is nature's "indifferent" 锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.flexibilityB.justiceC.plasticityD.sensibility浜屻€?Reading Comprehension(鎬婚鏁帮細5锛屽垎鏁帮細50.00)Throughout the history of life, species of living creatures have made use of chemical energy by the slow combination of certain chemicals with oxygen within their cells. The process is analogous to combustion, but is slower and much more delicately controlled. Sometimes use is made of energy available in the bodies of stronger species as when a remora hitches a ride on a shark or a human being hitches an ox to a plough. Inanimate sources of energy are sometimes used when species allow themselves to be carried or moved by wind or by water currents. In those cases, though, the inanimate source of energy must be accepted at the place and time that it happens to be and in the amount that happens to exist. The human use of fire involved an inanimate source of energy that was portable and could be used wherever desired. It could be ignited or extinguished at will and could be used when desired. It could be kept small of feed till it was large, and could be used in the quantities desired. The use of fire made it possible for human beings, evolutionarily equipped for mild weather only, to penetrate the temperate zones. It made it possible for them to survive cold nights and long winters, to achieve security against fire-avoiding predators, and to roast meat and grain, thus broadening their diet and limiting the danger of bacterial and parasiticinfestation. Human beings multiplied in number and that meant there were more brains to plan future advances. With fire, life was not quite so hand-to-mouth; and there was more time to put those brains to work on something other than immediate emergencies. In short, the use of fire put into motion an accelerating series of technological advances. About 10,000 years ago, in the Middle East, a series of crucial advances were made. These included the development of agriculture, herding, cities, pottery, metallurgy, and writing. The final step that of writing, took place in the Middle East about 5,000 years ago. This complex of changes stretching over a period of 5,000 years introduced what we call civilization, the name we give to a settled life, to a complex society in which human beings are specialized for various tasks. To be sure other animals can build complex societies and can be composed of different types of individuals specialized for different tasks. This is most marked in such social insects as bees, ants, and termites where individuals are in some cases physiologically specialized to the point where they cannot eat, but must be fed by others. Some species of ants practice agriculture and grow small mushroom gardens, while others herd aphids; still others war on and enslave smaller species of ants. And, of course, the beehive and the ant or termite colony have many points of analogy with the human city. The most complex nonhuman societies', those of the insects, are, however, the re-suit of instinctive behaviour, the guidelines of which are built into the genes and nervous systems of the individuals at birth. Nor does as any nonhuman society make use of fire. With insignificant exceptions, insect societies are run by the energy produced by the insect body. It is fair, then, to consider human societies as basically different from other societies and to attribute what we call civilization to human societies only.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).Which of the following is NOT stated in the passage?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.The process of species making chemical energy is similar to the process of combustion.B.The process of species making chemical energy is less complicated than the process of combustion.C.Fire is a portable, inanimate source of energy.D.Man sometimes makes use of energy available in the bodies of stronger species.(2).From the passage we know______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.fire made human beings free from bacterial and parasitic infestationB.fire enabled human beings to deal with immediate emergencies more efficientlyC.fire made some animals frightenedD.fire helped human beings change their eating habits completely(3).Judging from the context, the phrase "hand-to-mouth" (Line 2, Para. 5) most probably means______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.adventurousB.unhappyC.wanderingD.unstable(4).The point of similarity between a complex human society and a complex bee societyis______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.the division of laborB.the use of fireC.the development of industryD.the development of a written language(5).According to the passage, insect societies______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.are governed by the instincts of insectsB.are not fundamentally different from human societiesC.are composed of individuals of the same typeD.are as not warlike as human beingsModern technology may not have improved the world all that much but it certainly has made life noisier. Unmuffled motorcycles, blaring car alarms, and roving boom boxes come first, second, and third on my list of most obnoxious noise offenders, but everyone could come up with his own version of aural hell鈥攊f he could just find a quiet spot to ponder the matter. Yet what technology has done, other technology is now starting to undo, using computer power, to zap those ear-splitting noises into silence. Previously silence-seekers had little recourse except to stay inside, close the windows, and plug their ears. Remedies like these are quaintly termed "passive" systems, because they place physical barriers against the unwanted sound. Now computer technology is producing a far more effective "active" system, which doesn't just contain, deflect, or mask the noise, but annihilates it electronically. The system works by countering the offending noise with "anti-noise", a somewhat sinister-sounding term that calls to mind antimatter, black holes, and other Popular Science mindbenders but that actually refers to something quite simple. Just as a wave on a pond is flattened when it merges with a trough that is its exact opposite (or mirror image) , so can a sound wave be negated by meeting its opposite. This general theory of sound cancellation has been around since the 1930s. In the fifties and sixties it madefor a kind of magic trick among laboratory acousticians playing around with the first clunky mainframe computers. The advent of low-cost high-power microprocessors has made activenoise-cancellation systems a commercial possibility, and a handful of small electronics firms in the United States and abroad are bringing the first ones onto the silence market. Silence buffs might be hoping that the noise-canceling apparatus will take the shape of the 44 Magnum wielded by Dirty Harry, but in fact active sound control is not quite that active. The system might more properly be described as reactive, in that it responds to sound wavesalready headed toward human ears. In the configuration that is usual for such systems microphones detect the noise signal and send it to the system's microprocessor, which almost instantly models it and creates its inverse for loudspeakers to fire at the original. Because the two sounds occupy the same range of frequencies and tones, the inverse sounds exactly like the noise it is to eliminate: the anti-noise cancelling Beethoven's Fifth Symphony is heard as Beethoven's Fifth. The only difference is that every positive pressure produced on the air by the orchestra is matched by a negative pressure produced by the computer, and every negative pressure is matched by a positive, thereby silencing the sound. The system is most effective as a kind of muffler, in which microphones, microprocessor, and loudspeaker are all in a unit encasing the device that produces the sound, stifling it atits source. But it can work as a headset, too, negating the sound at the last moment before it disturbs one's peace of mind.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).The writer holds that______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.modern technology has disturbed the quiet life of the peopleB.modern technology has made people indifferent to noise pollutionC.modern technology has made the present world quieter than beforeD.modern technology has failed to solve the problem of noise pollution(2).According to the passage, an active noise-cancellation system______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.contains noise rather than negates itB.eliminates noise rather than muffles itC.deflects noise rather than baffles itD.holds noise back rather than stifles it(3).In paragraph 5 the word "buffs" means______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.settlersB.enthusiastsC.buyersD.manufacturers(4).Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.In the past, people sometimes plugged their ears to fight against the offending noise.B.An active noise-cancellation system follows the principle of a wave being flattened by meeting its exact opposite.C.The first active noise-cancellation system was made in the 1930s.D.Active noise-cancellation systems are now available on the market.(5).Active noise-cancellation systems require______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.microphonesB.microprocessorsC.loudspeakersD.all of the aboveIn the early years of the twentieth century, astrophysicists turned their attention to a special category of stars, known as Cepheid (閫犵埗鍙樻槦) variables. A variable star is one whose apparent brightness changes from time to time. Among some variables, the change in brightness occurs so slowly as to be almost imperceptible; among others, it occurs in sudden, brief, violent bursts of energy. Cepheid variables have special characteristics that make them a useful astronomical tool. It was Henrietta Leavitt, an astronomer at the Harvard Observatory, who first examined the Cepheid variables in detail. She found that these stars vary regularly in apparent brightness over a relatively short period of time鈥攆rom one to three days to a month or more. This variation in brightness could be recorded and preciselymeasured with the help of the camera, then still a new tool in astronomy. Leavitt also noticed that the periodicity of each cepheid variable鈥攖hat is the period of time it took for the star to vary from its brightest point to its dimmest, and back to its brightest again鈥攃orresponded to the intrinsic or absolute brightness of the star. That is, the greater the star's absolute brightness, the slower its cycle of variation. Why is this so? The variation in brightness is caused by the interaction between the star's gravity and the outward pressure exerted by the flow of light energy from the star. Gravity pulls the outer portions of the star inward, while light pressure pushes them outward. The result is a pulsating in-and-out movement that produces increasing and decreasing brightness. The stronger the light pressure, the slower this pulsation. Therefore, the periodicity of the Cepheid variable is a good indication of its absolute brightness. Furthermore, it is obvious that the more apparent brightness of any source of light decrease the further we are from the light. Physicists had long known that this relationship could be described by a simple mathematical formula. If we know the absolute brightness of any object鈥攕ay a star鈥攁s well as our distance from that object, it is possible to use the inverse square law to determine exactly how bright that object will appear to be. This laid the background for Leavitt's most crucial insight. As she had discovered, the absolute brightness of a Cepheid variable could be determined by measuring its periodicity. And, of course, the apparent brightness of the star when observed from the earth could be determined by simple measurement. Leavitt saw that with these two facts and the help of the inverse square law,it would be possible to determine the distance from earth of any Cepheid variable. If we know the absolute brightness of the star and how bright it appears from the earth, we can tell how far it must be. Thus, if a Cepheid variable can be found irt any galaxy, it is possible to measure the distance of that galaxy from earth. Thanks to Leavitt's discovery, astronomical distances that could not previously be measured became measurable for the first time.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to explain______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.the background and career of the astronomer Henrietta LeavittB.how and why various categories of stars vary in brightnessC.important uses of the camera as an astronomical toolD.how a particular method of measuring astronomical distances was created(2).According to the passage, the absolute brightness of a Cepheid variable______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.depends upon its measurable distance from an observer on earthB.may be determined from the length of its cycle of variationC.changes from time to time according to a regular and predictable patternD.indicates the strength of the gravitation force exerted by the star(3).Which of the following did Leavitt's work provide astronomers with the means of determining?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.The absolute brightness of any observable Cepheid variable.B.The apparent brightness of any object at a given distance from an observer.C.The distance from earth of any galaxy containing an observable Cepheid variable.D.Both A and C(4).Cepheid variable of great absolute brightness would probably exhibit______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.a relatively rapid variation in brightnessB.a correspondingly weak gravitational forceC.slow and almost invisible changes in brightnessD.a strong outward flow of light pressure(5).The passage implies that Leavitt's work on Cepheid variables would not have been possible without the availability of______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.the camera as a scientific toolB.techniques for determining the distances between starsC.a method of measuring a star's gravitational forceD.an understanding of the chemical properties of starsThe American economy, whether in government or private industry, has found retirement a convenient practice for managing the labor force. On the positive side, widespread retirement has meant an expansion of leisure and opportunities for self-fulfillment in later life. On the negative side, the practice of retirement entails large costs, both in funding required for pension systems and in the loss of the accumulated skills and talents of older people. Critics of retirement as it exists today have pointed to the rigidity of retirement practices: for example, the fact that retirement is typically an all-or-nothing proposition. Would it not be better to have some form of flexible or phased retirement, in which employees gradually reduce their work hours or take longer vacations? Such an approach might enable older workers to adjust better to retirement, while permitting employers to make gradual changes instead of coping with the abrupt departure of an employee. Retirement could be radically redefined in the future. Earlier criticism of mandatory retirement at a fixed age led to legal abolition of the practice, for the most part, in 1986. The same kind of criticism has been leveled at the practice of age discrimination in employment. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act forbids older workers from being limited or treated in any way that would harm their employment possibilities. Still, most observers admit that age discrimination in the workplace remains widespread. The negative stereotypes of older workers have caused employers to be reluctant to hire or train older people. Sometimes such discrimination against older workers is based on mistaken ideas, such as the false belief that older workers are less productive. In fact, empirical studies have not shown older workers to be less dependable in their job performance, nor are their absenteeism rate higher. Interest in the potential productivity of older workers has stimulated the growth of industrial gerontology, a field concerned with recruitment, performance appraisal, retraining, and redesign of jobs to permit older workers to be more productive. Managing an older workforce will clearly be a challenge for the future. There is also much support for the idea of work life extension; that is adaptations of retirement roles or employment practices to enable older people to become more productive. In favor of this idea is thefact that three-quarters of employed people over 65 are in white-collar occupations in service industries, which are less physically demanding than agriculture or manufacturing jobs. As a result, it is sometimes argued, older people can remain in productive jobs now longer than in the past. In addition, some analysts point to declining numbers of young people entering the workforce, thus anticipating a labor shortage later in the 1990s. That development, if it occurred, might stimulate a need for older workers and a reversal of the trend toward early retirement.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).Opponents of the retirement policy say______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.it gives more leisure to old people than they know how to useB.it costs too much money in the form of retirement pensionsC.it is too rigid and flexibility should be integrated into itD.retirement should be practiced only in the public sector(2).What happened in 1986?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.Retirement stopped being practiced.B.Age limitation in retirement was abolished.C.Age discrimination was legally abolished.D.Retired people were no longer entitled to pensions.(3).Empirical studies indicate that old people______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.are less productive than younger peopleB.prefer working to retiringC.are reliable workersD.are less dependable(4).Industrial gerontology is concerned with______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.how to mange older workforceB.finding out how productive older workers can beC.how to meet the challenge of the futureD.finding out what kind of people can stay after the retirement age(5).Which of the following might lead to work life extension?锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.Retraining of old people in modern skills.B.The trend toward early retirement.C.The expansion of agriculture and manufacturing industry.D.The declining younger labor force.Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell. Those private citizens who sent packages, to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable. Our linguistic (璇█涓婄殑) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (澶氳瑷€鐨? guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them. When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives 鈥攗sually the richer鈥攚ho speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods. But all that is past, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>(1).It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle-Easterners would most probably______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.stand stillB.jump asideC.step forwardD.draw back(2).The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.cultural self-centerednessB.casual mannersC.indifference towards foreign visitorsD.arrogance toward other cultures(3).In countries other than their own most Americans______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.are isolated by the local peopleB.are not well informed due to the language barrierC.tend to get along well with the nativesD.need interpreters in hotels and restaurants(4).According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorancewill______.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.affect their image in the new eraB.cut themselves off from the outside worldC.limit their role in world affairsD.weaken the position of the US dollar(5).The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>A.it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB.it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC.it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD.it is time to get acquainted with other cultures涓夈€?English-Chinese Translation(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細2.00)21.A few years ago, the rich world's worry about economic interaction with developing countries was that the poor could not profit from it. So unbalanced were the terms of exchange between the North's mighty industries and the South's weakling sweatshops that trade between the two could be nothing more than exploitation of the one by the other; far from helping the poor countries, global integration would actually deepen their poverty. This fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite鈥攏amely, that trade with the developing world will impoverish today's rich countries. This new fear is more dangerous than the old one. The earlier scare tacitly affirmed that the industrial countries would suffer if they cut their links with the third world. Starting from there, campaigning in the North to restrict trade with developing countries was going to be an uphill struggle. Those who oppose deeper economic integration now have a better platform. Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new competition. Unlike its predecessor, this idea may sell. The new fear, like the old one, expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another. This is a deeply rooted prejudice, and plainly wrong. Very nearly all of the world is more prosperous now than it was 30 years ago. Growth has been a story of mutual advance. Lending useful support to this first error is a second鈥攖he idea that there is only so much work to go round. If new technologies make some jobs obsolete, or if an increase in the supply of cheap imports makes other jobs uneconomic, the result must be a permanent rise in unemployment. Again, on a moment's reflection, this is wrong. At the core of both errors is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________ 鍥涖€?Writing(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細2.00)。
2006年同济大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2006年同济大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．How can personal income tax be levied to______ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suffer too much?A．interestB．benefitC．profitD．concern正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是interest“使感兴趣”；benefit“使受益”；profit “获利”；concern“影响，涉及”。
句意是：征收个人所得税，怎样能够在惠及更多人的同时，还能保证国家财政不受太大的影响呢?所以正确答案是B选项，如The plants benefited from the rain(植物得益于这场雨)。
2．To fund the______ event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).A．beneficentB．expensiveC．costlyD．luxurious正确答案：A解析：四个选项的意思分别是beneficent“行善的，慈善的”；expensive“昂贵的”；costly“昂贵的”；luxurious“奢华的”。
句意是：为了向公益事业提供资金，同时也为了提升全国运动会的市场价值，组委会成立了市场开发部(MDD)。
同济大学博士生综合英语考试
The Two CulturesThe separation between the literary and scientific has been getting deeper; there is now precious little communication between the two cultures, but only different kinds of incomprehension and dislike between them.The traditional culture literary is rapidly declining-standing on its precarious dignity, because the traditional culture is conservative and intolerant, whereas the scientific culture which is not restrictive and confident is expansive.There are a good many scientists indistinguishable from literary persons, and vice versa. Nevertheless, as a first approximation, the scientific culture is real enough, and so is its difference from the traditional culture.The scientists are on the up and up, they have the strength of a social force behind them, both the young scientist and old scientists work in dignity in their universities, concentrating on their research.There is a touch of the frontier qualities about the whole scientific culture, and the climate of personal relations is singularly bracing. Although both the scientists and the cultures are egotisms, the difference between them is that unlike the cultures, the scientists’ egotisms are driven by a common purpose.It is hard to describe the how much the traditional culture gets through literary culture. Although a good many scientists have the tastes of literary persons, the literary culture infiltration is much less.Compared with other forms of arts, such as graphic, poetry and novels, music may be the only one art which is cultivated among scientist.The prestige of the traditional culture is high enough for some of them to make a gallant shot at the younger rank-and-file of scientists for they do not read at all. The novelist’ name to the traditional culture is a token of esotery literary excellence, but most technicians do not think so.The different attitudes toward novelist is a measure of the incommunicability of the two cultures, the tradition culture think the scientists are losing a great deal, but the some of that loss is inevitable.The scientists believe that one can’t comprehend the world unless you know the structure of science; probably it is true, because without any scientific understandingmay miss a whole body of experience.so the intellectual of science is penetrating deeper.The greatest enrichment the scientific culture gives us is a moral one. The scientific culture is almost totally immune from the particular temptation made up of moral vanity, self-indulgence and material benefits. But because the two cultures scarcely touch, the tradition culture lack of those moral.On Self-RespectFrom retrospection that the writer once held an opinion that innocence ends when one is stripped of the delusion that one likes oneself, the writer introspects misplaced self-respect.When the writer was a nineteen-year-old girl, she failed to be elected to Phi Beta Kappa, which she had already predicted, but she still couldn’t stand it when the result came.The writer defines the essence of self-respect, she deems that self-respect has nothing to do with approval of others and reputation, because the people with courage can be self-respect without approval of others and reputation.Doing things without self-respect is just like an unwilling audience to an interminable documentary that details his failings over and over again; while the self-respect one has the courage of their mistakes.Happiness or not depends on whether one respect themselves.It is improper for some people deem that one leads a cozy life must own self-respect, the self-respect has nothing to do with superstition which can offer guard to against danger. Self-respect concerns a separate peace, a private reconciliation.People with self-respect have the courage of their mistakes, they known the price of things, they don’t complain unduly of the unfairness, and they exhibit certain toughness, a kind of moral nerve. So self-respect stems from the willingness to accept responsibility for one’s own life.When our grandparents were young, they had instilled the sense that one lives by doing things one does not particularly want to do, they had to put fears and doubts to one side, and had to weigh immediate interests and long-term interests. Thus, whether or not they had self-respect, they knew all about what is self-respect.Self-respect person can recognize that anything worth having its price. They are always willing to accept the risk and willing to invest something of themselves, they may not play at all, but when they do play, they know the odd.Self-respect can be equalized to a discipline, a habit of mind which can be developed, trained and coaxed forth, but can never be faked out.Self-respect is a kind of ritual, helping us to remember who and what we are. So in order to remember who and what we are, we must have known what self-respect is.People will possess everything such as the ability of discriminating, loving, and to remain indifference if they are armed of the intrinsic worth which constitutes self-respect.If we are alienation from ourselves, we will easily despise others and remain blind to our fatal weaknesses, also, we are peculiarly in thrall to everyone we see. So self-respect frees us from the expectations of others, give us back to ourselves, and enrich our interior abundance.On Self-RespectEvery one of us maybe misunderstand the essence of self-respect, especially in vigorous youth or earlier days. It is normal that feeling of less confident occurred often when the young man suffered light or serious setback. There was about the persevering young man at times a certain strain of tenderness, evoked by experiences, disappointments, and hardships in his own life. We will never be mature and happy if we care much about what people thought in our times.The dismal fact is that self-respect has nothing wo do with both the approvals of others and reputation. Just only we respect ourselves can we no longer lies down the notoriously uncomfortable bed the one we make ourselves. Self-respect has nothing to do with the face of things, but concerns instead a separate peace, a private reconciliation. People with self-respect have the courage of their mistakes. Parents with self-respect can set up a good example for their children especially when they are childish.The kind of self-respect is a discipline, a habit of mind that can never be faked but can be developed, trained, coaxed forth. But, those small disciplines are valuable only insofar as they represent longer ones. To have the sense of one`s intrinsic worthwhich constitutes self-respect is potentially to have everything: the ability to discriminate, and to remain indifferent. To lack self-respect is to be looked within oneself., paradoxically incapable of either love or indifference.Only the man who has self-respect can be freed from the expectations of others and give them to themselves. It is just the power of self-respect.作文模版现象解释型Nowadays, there are more and more…….in……, especially the…….it is estimated that…….why have there so many……?may be the reasons can be listed as follows:The first one is…….besides,…..the third one is…..to sum up, the main cause of …..is due to…….It is high time that something were done upon it. for one thing,…..on the other hand,…..all these measures will certainly reduce the number of…..不同观点列举型There is a widespread concern over the issue that …….but it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一____. On the other hand, __原因二___. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______. As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more利弊型的议论文Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects asfollows.Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______. To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.答题性议论文Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____. Above all, to solve the problem of _作文题目, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say,方法谚语警句性议论文It is well known to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____. With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.图表作文的框架As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in thetable(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadilyrising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________. There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded。