表示将来时间的几种方法

表示将来时间的几种方法：
1.一般现在时表将来，主要用于确定的计划或不随主观意志而改变的，按时刻表或日程表安排将要进行的动作。

句中一般有明确的将来时间状语。

用于这种情况的动词有：be, begin, finish, end, start, learn
The professor starts his lecture next week.
The train leaves at six o'clock.
2. 现在进行时表将来，主要用于近期计划或表示一种即将发生的情形。

这种情形常常用于那些表示运动的动词：come, go, leave, arrive, fly等。

句中通常有明确的将来时间状语。

My uncle is coming right away. I'm meeting Mr. Drell this night.
3. “be going to do"表示事先考虑过的意图，计划或根据一些客观事实所作的预见。

I'm not going to lend him any of my books again.
Look at these clouds. It's going to rain.
4. "will do"表示对事态发展的预见或在一定条件下的意图或意志；这种情形可以用于行有条件从句或时间从句的句中。

I'll fo anything for you, if you like.
Unless you work hard from now on, or you'll fail the exam.
5. "be to do"用于表示近期的正式安排，传达命令指示或分配工作任务等。

She is to be married tomorrow.
No one is to enter the office without the permission of the manager.
6. " be about to do" 表示瞬时将来时间，以为“顷刻或马上就要……"
The are about to leave.
现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1. 这两种时态在与since 和for 引导的时间状语连用时有所不同
A. 在与since 和for 引导的时间状语连词时：
现在完成时---表示动作已经延续了一段时间现在完成进行时——表示动作将要延伸到将来
I have been here for three years. I have been living here for three years.
B. 现在完成时——表示动作已经完成。

现在完成进行时——表动作仍在进行中
He has cut up the meat. He has been cu
tting up the meat this last hour.
动词将来完成时态
will have done 表示在将来的某个时期或某一动作发生之前，另一个动作将要结束。

他强调“将来的将来”的动作。

他也可以用来表示在将来的时间内，两个动作一先一后。

先完成的动作要用“将来完成时”，后一个动作要用“一般现在时”。

When you finish your homework, I will have slept for three hours.
By the next weekend I will have studied German for just three years.
动词过去完成时态
1.在意since 引起的状语从句中，用一般过去时的时候较多。

I saw Li Y un last week. We had not seen each other since we parted in Sian.
2. no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when, barely...when 中主句动词用过去完成时态,从句中用过去时态.
No sooner had the game begun than it started raining.
The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining.
I had no sooner returned than he called.
3. intend, hope, plan, mean, want, think 等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一本打算做而没有做的事。

I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn't get away. 昨晚本想来看你的，但有人来找，脱不开身。

We had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but found it was gone.
某些特定句型中的时态要求
1）在“ This is the first time..."后用现在完成时
This is the first time they have traveled by air.
2). 在"It/ This is +adj.最高级+名词”后的从句中，用现在完成时。

This is the most interesting book that I have ever read this year.
3）在“ It is /has been a long time since..."后用过去时。

It has been twenty years since I left my hometown.
4）在“ It is (high) time ...”后用过去时。

It's time we went home.
非谓语动词
1.不定式作宾语补足语，通常跟在宾语后面，补充说明前面的主谓宾结构尚不完善的地方。

Computers enable us to solve math problems very quickly.
I warned her not to be so late again.
2. 有些及物动词的宾语后常跟不定式作宾语补足语，构成复活宾语：
ask, tell, invite, force, get, allow, wish, want, like, hate, help, leave, expect, prefer, encourage, advise, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, mean, cause, command, compel, determine, enable, inform, mean, oblige, request, require, urge, compete, instruct, prefer, press, can't bear等
Would you like us to go with you?
They didn't allow her to park the car in this street.
We should prefer them to come next week.
3. 不定式在以下动词后作宾补时，应该省略小品词“to":
感官动词：see, watch, observe, notice, fell, hear, behold, perceive
使动动词：let, have, make
某些词组：look at, listen to, would/had rather...than, would you please, would/had better, rather than, may just as well, prefer... rather than.
eg. Mrs. Brown made me stay in New Y ork for two more weeks.
Did you notice him leave the house?
I'll have her work for your company.
I prefer go by bus rather than walk.
I'd rather play tennis than swim.
注意：当以上动词被用于被动语态时，必须加上小品词“to”。

He was seen to go out two hours ago.
不定式在except, but 后面作宾补时，也要省略“to”
I could do nothing but stay in the village for the night.
He will do anything except lend you money.
4.有些动词后面常接“宾语+to be 有些动词后面常接“宾语+to be _+ 形容词”结构，且to be 常常可以省略，这些词有：believe, think, know, prove, consider等
I believe him (to be) innocent.
He was considered (to be) generous.
5.不定式常在enough, so...as, so as, in order 等词组后，作目的，结果，程度等状语
He is not old enough to drive a car.
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
Mary wouldn't be so careless as to forget her key.
She decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.
6. 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语：
want, like wish, hope, manage, offer, promise, pretend, tend, desire, care, expect, refuse, fail, plan 等。

She can't decide what to do.
She hated to move form such a nice village.
7.不定式的时态和语态
分词
1. 分词作状语，表时间，原因，方式，结果，条件，让步和伴随情况等。

作状语的分词通常放在句首或句尾，有时也放在句子的主谓语之间。

分词作状语时，他的逻辑上的主语（它是隐含的，在句中并不表现出来）英语句子的主语一致。

Relying on our won efforts, we overcame all the difficulties.
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.
Given better attention, the trees could grow better.
2.为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时也可在分词前面加when, while, if 等连词。

When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Jane.
If translated word by word, the sentence will be meaningless.
3. 分词有时也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语（即与句子的主谓不一致），这种结构称为独立主格结构，在很多情况下表示时间、原因、条件或伴随的动作或情况。

The holidays being over, they began to get down to do their work again.
So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off.
Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday.
We went far into the forest, her father acting as guide.
有时，这种独立主格结构还可用介词“with"引导。

He stood there with his hands crossed before him.
With tears rolling down her cheeks, she carefully covered her mother's body with sand.
4. 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等动词后即可用现在分词也可用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。

区别在于：现在分词强调正在进行和发展之中，而不定式表示动作的全过程已经结束. She saw the man getting on the truck.
She saw the man get on the truck and drive off.
--Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
--Yes, I heard him knock three times.
5.分词的时态和语态
动名词
1.以下及物动词及短语动词常用动名词作宾语：
avoid, finish, suggest, stop, mind, enjoy, require, postpone, delay, practice, excuse, risk, consider, miss, imagine, deny, escape, admit, acknowledge, advise, anticipate, appreciate, complete, defer, detest, dread, encourage, fancy, facilitate, favor, imagine, include, mind, postpone, propose, recall, resist
大部分“动介型”短语动词，只能后接动名词作宾语:
think of, give up, succeed in, aim at, can't stand, put off, insist on, can't help, be good at, do well in, depend on, keep on, feel like, leave off, be tired (afraid, capable, fond) of:
以下为"to"型：be used to, object to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, confess to, submit to, look forward to, agree to, see to(照料),adapt to, apply to, accede to, get to, turn to, adjust to, be accustomed to, prefer...to,等。

eg. She suggested spending another day in the mountain area.
He always avoids giving us a direct answer.
I enjoy seeing you and talking about old times.
There's no way to escape doing the work.
By taking the back way she escaped being seen.
I prefer swimming to playing football.
Tom objected to being treated like a child.
require, need, worth后面的动名词具有被动意义
Does your car require servicing?
动名词的时态和语态
宾语从句：
1. 宾语从句可用that引导，这是that仅起连接作用，不充当从句中的成分。

如果连接词要在从句中起语法作用（如充当宾语，主语，表语），就要使用连接代词what等引导从句。

W e must do well what the Party assigns us to do.
W e know that the parrot can't really speak.
2.宾语从句也可以用how, when, which, why, who, where 等词来引出；注意此时即使主句是一个疑问句，宾语从句也必须保持陈述句的语序，宾语从句也必须保持陈述句的语序.
I would like to ask you when you began learning English.
Can you tell me where he lives?
3.介词宾语从句
跟在介词后面的宾语从句一般不能有that来引出，在英语中只有在except, in, but, besides, save等五个介词后允许用that引导的宾语从句，其他跟介词后面不能跟有that引出的宾语从句，而只能跟由what, how, whether 等引出的宾语从句；当然，可跟由that引出的宾语从句的那五个介词，后面也可跟其他词引出的宾语从句。

We all agreed with him on what he said.
That is an instance of how computers are used in our daily life
4.有些adj.的后面也可以跟宾语从句；这样的形容词有：sure, glad, certain, sorry, afraid, worried, aware 等
I have not found my book ye; in fact, I am not sure where I could have done with it.
I am aware that you have been exceptionally kind to me.
表语从句
表语从句通常由that引出；但是how, when, where, why, what等也可以引出表语从句.常见的表语从具有:
1). "the reason ... that" 表示“理由是……”
The reason he has been such a success is that he never gives up.
（千万不要把这个句型误用成： the reason... because
2). it (this, that) is because ... 表示“这是因为……”
It is because a conductor carrying a electric current is surrounded by a magnetic field.
This is because iron contains more carbon than steel.
同位语从句
1. 同位语从句起进一步解释说明先行词的作用。

先行词通常是一些抽象名词：fact, news, order, idea, truth, plan, theory, belief, proof, appeal, possibility, doubt, evidence, hope, likelihood, message, promise, reply, rumour, proposal, suggestion 等等
The news that the Chinese football team has beaten Japanese football team is very inspiring.
关系代词引导的定语从句
1. 能够在从句中可以作主语，状语，定语和补足语；作宾语时，关系代词常常可以省略：
The movie (that/which) we saw last night was very interesting.
2. 关系代词whose再从句中作定语时，可以用"the +n. + of + which (whom)"替代。

The children whose parents (= the parents of whom) were killed in the earthquake are taken care of by the government.
They have already found a new alloy whose production (the production of which) is easy.
关系代词that和which的语法区别:
只能用that的情况：
1）当定语从句所修饰的先行词的前面有all, any, no, only, little, much等修饰时，或这些先行词本身就是all, one, any, little, much, anything, nothing 等不定代词式。

All that glitters is not gold.
I am interested in all that you have told me.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
2)当先行词前面有"the + only (first, last, next, same, very)" 等修饰词时：
She was the only girl in the class that knew where he was.
This is the very film that I want to see.
3)当先行词的前面有形容词的最高级修饰时：
Rice is the most important food that we eat.
只能用which 的情况：
1）.作介词的宾语时
This is the garden in which the children often plays with each other.
2).与代词，数词，或名词词组连接引导非限定性定语从句时：
I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box at my door.
W e had a meeting, the purpose of which was completely unclear.
3).指代整个句子，引导非限定性定语从句时
Some of the roads were flooded, which made our journey very difficult.
关系副词引导的定语从句
1.能够引导定语从句的关系副词有：
when: 表时间，用来修饰表时间的名词：day, year, the time, 等
where: 表地点，用来修饰表地点的名词：place, area, house 等
why: 表原因，用来修饰表原因的名词：reason 等
how: 表方法，用来修饰表方法的名词：way 等
Gone are the days when Shanghai was a paradise for the imperialist adventurers.
The reason why T om didn't turn up was not made clear.
2.关系副词when, where, why 再从句中作定语时，可用“介词+which"替换；
The river was very rough the day when（= on which) we crossed the river.
The reason why (= for which) the temperature is so high hasn't been known yet.
as引出的定语从句：
as 常在such...as 和same...as 的结构中作关系代词，引出定于从句。

Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.
My stand on this problem is just the same as it was four years ago.
关系代词的省略
1. 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词有时可省略；但是在非限定性定语从句中，不能省。

2.当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，或者关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语，而该介词又位于句尾时，关系代词可省略：
The book I need is not in the library.
The few points the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.
Here is the man you've been looking for.
1.连接词so that 与so (such)...that的区别
so that 可以表示“目的”和“结果”，它引导的状语从句，相当于in order that 引导的目的状语从句；so...that 只能引导结果状语从句。

Y ou must practice daily so that you will win the race (目的）
Speak to him slowly so that he may understand you better (结果）
Charles was so angry that he could not speak. (结果）
2.连接词so...that 与such...that表结果的区别
so...that: 表示如此...以至于之意，用于以下句型：
“so+adj./adv.+that 从句" 和"so+adj.+ n.(a/an+单数可数n.,复数名词,不可数名词+that从句）
such...that:表示这样…(一个)…以至于之意, 用于以下句型：
“such+adj.+复数名词或不可数名词+that从句” 和“such+(a/an)+adj.+单数可数名词+that从句
He was so clumsy that he ruined everything.
My car is in such a bad condition that I can't drive it.
It was such hot weather that everyone went to the beach.
It was so large a room that a hundred people looked lost in it.== It was such a large room that....
3.条件状语从句：
通常由下列连词引导：if, unless, suppose (supposing), provided (that); providing (that):on condition that; as (so) long as; in case
Suppose (Supposing) we can't get the necessary data, what shall we do?
We'll let you use the room provided (providing) you keep it clean and tidy.
Send me a message in case you have any difficulty.
I'll lend you my computer on condition (that) you keep it in good shape
虚拟语气
I.I wish + that 从句表示一种不可能实现的愿望，从句的位于要用虚拟语气，即去式表示现在，过去完成式表示过去。

I wish I could afford to buy this TV set.
I whish I had not made such a serious mistake.
II. should (ought to) + 完成式表式过去的虚拟，应当而实际并没有做到。

Mike was caught in the heavy rain this morning. He should have brought an umbrella before leaving home.
III. 表示命令，愿望，建议，要求等动词之后that 从句的位于动词要求用虚拟语气，即用动词原形或用should + v.这类动词有:
command, order, ask, request, demand, suggest, propose, insist
desire, require, urge, maintain
deserve, recommend, intend, prefer, advise, decide
We commanded that he (should) come early.
The lawyer asked that the case (should) be postponed for one month.
The teacher insist that all the students (should) be on time.
IV. It is + 下列adj. +that 从句，要求主语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，即用should +v.
一般形容词：good, better, essential, important, necessary, vital, natural, urgent, imperative, advisable, 表示惊讶，厌恶，不解等形容词：用来强调“惊讶”
pity, interesting, strange, odd, amazing, astonishing, surprising, annoying, ridiculous, absurd, sorry, shocked, astonished, incredible 等
某些动词的过去分词：ordered, proposed, desired, requested, arranged, recommended, demanded...
It is important that the experiment (should )be done.
It is desired that we (should) get everything ready before Friday.
It was arranged that they leave the following week.
V.用以表示愿望或祈祷的虚拟语气，不论其人称的单复数如何，动词都用原形。

Heaven help us. God bless you.
VI.在if only 引出的句子中
if only 表示“但愿”，“要是……就好了”if only 引出的句子中，过去式动词表示一种意愿或假设，“would +v.” 表示一种一时很难实现的愿望，动词过去完成时表示希望和过去的事实相反的情况出现。

If only I had more time to think about it. If only he would not eat so much sugar.
If only he had taken my advice years ago.
VII.在would rather, would sooner 后的that从句中
would rather和would sooner 的意思是“宁愿”，其后的that从句中用过去式动词表示尚未发生的动作，用过去完成时动词表示对已发生的动作的某种愿望。

I would rather/sooner you came tomorrow.
I would rather/sooner you had gone there too.
VIII.在it is (high) time 后的that从句中
it is time that 表示“该是……的时候了”。

that从句中一般使用过去时动词
It's (high) time that we took firm measures to protect out environment.
It's high time that we did something to stop pollution.
IX. 在以lest,for fear that, in case 引出的从句中
lest和for fear that 都表示“唯恐，免得”。

in case 表示“以防万一”。

由他们引出的从句中一般使用“should +v. ”构成的谓语。

He took his umbrella with him lest it should rain.
He put his overcoat over him for fear that he should catch cold.
Take some moeny with you in case you should need it.
X.错综时间非正式条件句中的虚拟语气
有时候，条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生在不同的时间，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。

If we had set out earlier, we wouldn't be walking in the rain.
If we hadn't got everything ready by now, we should be having terrible time tomorrow.
XI.在带有but for引出的短语的句子中
but for 表示“假如某事没有发生或不存在，就……”，句子动词一般要用虚拟语气But for the storm we would have been in time.
We would have been in real trouble but for your help.
XII. but that从句的句子中。

but that 的意思是“假使不……”或“要不是……”。

but that 从句中用陈述语气，主句中用虚拟语气
But that you helped him, he would have failed.
But that she saw it with her own eyes, she could not have believed it.
XIII.在带有with或without短语的一些句子中
with 或without 引出的短语有时表示和事实相反，此时句中动词要用虚拟语气。

I would have succeeded with your help. 如果有你的帮助，我本会成功的。

We would never have got there without the guide. 如果没有向导，我们是决不可能到达那儿的。

情态动词
1. 表示猜测的不同深度
1). "may/might + have + V-ed" 表示对过去发生的行为的推测，含有“想必”，"也许"之意；"Might +have+V-ed" 还可以用于对本来可能发生而实际上未发生的动作表示感叹或遗憾。

Tom have known the fact since yesterday. The teacher may have told him about it.
Y ou might have told Tom the good news earlier.
2). "can/could +have+ V-ed"表示对过去发生的事情的怀疑和不肯定; 表示可能做某事或本可以做某事
We could have started a little earlier. (本应该做）
He couldn't have heard the news as it was released only a few minutes ago. （怀疑）
They can't have gone out becasue the light's on.
3). "must + have + V-ed" 结构，常常用于肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测，含有“一定”，“准是”的意思。

如果在否定句中表示一定没有发生之意，则要用“can't/couldn't +have+V-ed" 形式
He is playing football now, he must have finished his homework.
The judge can't/couldn't have sent him to jail for just for forgetting a parking ticket.
2. 表示对过去或现在一些事情的回顾和评论
1）. "should +have +V-ed"结构，表示过去该做而实际没有做的动作或行为，其否定式则表示发生了不该发生的行为。

其同义有几个“ought to have + V-ed", 表示过去“早该”，“本当”之意，语气更强。

They should have made a good job of it.
Now you are in poor health. Y ou ought not to have worked so hard.
2). "needn't + have + V-ed" 结构用于评论过去已发生事情本无需发生，含有“不必”之意。

Y ou needn't have come over yourself.
3). “情态动词+ be + V-ing" 结构表示推测或评论某动作是否正在进行。

He must be studying in the classroom.
He can be helping his mother for suppr.
4)“情态动词＋have been +V-ing"结构表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或已经在进行之中。

They shouldn't have been chatting them.
3. 可以看作情态动词的短语
1). "used to +V." 过去经常
He used to smoke a lot.
2). “had better + V. " 表示“最好是…”，“不如..."
Y ou'd better hurry up if you want to get home before dark.
3). "had rather + V ... than" 和"would rather + V.... than "表示"宁肯...不愿“不愿"
We would/had rather die than yield.
4) "cnanot help + V-ing"表示“禁不住..."
When I heard the story, I could not help laughing.
5). "cannot but + V" “不得不”
Marry can not but sing.
主谓一致
主谓一致三原则：
1. 语法一致：绝大多数谓语动词在人称和单复数上取决于主语的人称和单复数：
Many a student has been wrecked by those rocks.
Many students have been wrecked by those rocks.
2. 意义一致：有时谓语动词的单复数取决于主语的单复数意义而不是形式。

在集合名词中尤其如此
Sixty people means a huge party.
Sixty people were present.
3. 就近一致：当主语是由连词等连接的一个短语时，往往采取就近原则。

Either the shirts for the sweater was a good buy.
Either the sweater or the shirts were a good buy.
谓语动词用单数形式的情形
1. 不定式短语，动名词作主语时
To master English is not easy.
What he said is not true
Sleeping too long is not healthy to us.
2. 表时间、距离、重量、长度、价值等的名词，不论单复数，当他们作主语时谓语动词用单数
Five thousand dollars is not a small amount of money.
Two weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
3. 限定词each, every, one, either, neither, many a, more than one, not only one 等作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词一般是单数
Each of the teachers has a teaching plan.
Neither of the two boys was any good.
More than one person has protested against the proposal.
Many a students takes part in the party.
4. 短语"a portion (series, species, swarm, kind, etc) of +名词" 作主语时，以及短语"a deal （amount, quantity, proportion) +不可数名词" 作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

A portion of goods has been transported to the city.
A series of debates between the lecturers was scheduled for the next weekend.
A deal of fish has been sold at the market.
注意：quantities 后面的名词无论是可数名词的复数还是不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。

A large quantity of heat is generated by the steam engine.
Large quantities of steam are used by modern industry in the generation of power.
5. 有and连接的两个或两个以上的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式
He and I are good friends.
但在以下情形中, 谓语动词用单数
1). 用and连接的名词或代词前都有every, each, no, many 等修饰事：
Each boy and each girl is expected to contribute something to make this show successful.
Every hour and every minute is precious to me.
2). 由and 连接的两个名词或代词若表示单一概念，即指同一人或同一整体事物时，必须使用单数谓语，特别是当and前的名词或代词前有冠词the,而and后的名词或代词没有冠词the 时，必须用单数。

Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
Bread and butter is often preferred to cakes.
The Party secretary and dean is with us.
The wheel and axle is a rotating lever.
类似的名词短语有:
meat and potatoes law and order cause and effect the needle and thread
a cup and saucer a road and line iron and steel
谓语动词的复数形式
1. 短语“a number of (group) of..."用作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式
A number of people are in the great hall now.
"the number of..."作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

The number of audience in the hall is over 600.
2. and 连接两个形容词修饰一个单数名词，但指两种事物时，谓语动词用复数形式
The first and the last page are missing.
The food and textile industry depend mainly on agriculture for raw materials.
谓语动词根据主语意义及就近原则而定的情形
1. 短语“all (any, some, a lot, lots, half, the rest, the reminder, none, heaps, loads, 以及分数名词短语) of + 名词”若名词所指为复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式；否则用单数形式。

All the land is cultivated. Half of them are here.
One-third of the students have passed the exam.
Two-fifths of the water has evaporated into the air.
2. “the minority/majority of +名词”作主语时，谓语动词的复数形式取决于名词的单复数形式；当单独作主语时，即可单数也可复数，是上下文而定。

The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.
3. "plenty (part, half, rest, X percent )of + 名词"作主语时，谓语动词语of 后面的名词单复数一致
Half of the dinner guests were staying with their hosts overnight.
4. "the + 形容词/分词" 作主语时，若指抽象概念，谓语动词用单数，若指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。

The good in him overnights the bad.
The homeless in Britain are reported to be more than 300,000.
就近一致的原则确定谓语动词的单数形式
1. 并列连词or, either...or, neither...nor, not only... but (also)等连接的并列成分作主语事:
A nut or bolt is missing. Neither you nor I am wrong.
Either Mary or her sisters are going to the party.
2. 当主语后修饰语或“as well as + 名词”等结构时，谓语动词不受这些结构中名词的数的影响。

具有这样特点的词贺词组有：accompanied with, as much a, besides, except (that), including, in addition to, instead of, no less than, rather than, together with, along with, with, but, like, more than, no less than
The teacher, as well as a number of students, was asked to attend the party.。