法律英语unit-3翻译

1 The principal legal systems that exist in various forms throughout the world are the Romano-Germanic[1 Romano-Germanic: “Romano” is the combining form (构词成分) of “Roman”, which takes this form when it is part of a word, eg Romano-British. “Germanic” is th e adjective form of “German”. ]1 (civil law), common law, socialist law, and Islamic law. The Romano-Germanic systems predominate in Europe, in most of the former colonies of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Belgium, and in countries that have westernized their legal systems in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Common-law systems are predominant in English-speaking countries. Islamic systems are found in the Middle East and some other parts of the world to which Islamic religion has spread. Socialist legal systems prevail in the People’s Republic of China, Vietnam, Cuba, and North Korea. Remnants of socialist systems are still found in the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries.
1的主要法律制度中存在的各种形式在世界各地是Romano-Germanic[1 Romano-Ger manic:“罗马”是组合形式(构词成分)的“罗马”,以这种形式时,它是一个词的一部分,比如罗马时期。

“日耳曼”是形容词形式的“德国”。

)1(民法)、普通法、社会主义法律,和伊斯兰法律。

Romano-Germanic系统在欧洲占主导地位,在大多数的法国前殖民地,德国,意大利,西班牙,葡萄牙,比利时,西化的国家他们在十九世纪和二十世纪的法律体系。

普通法系统主要在讲英语的国家。

伊斯兰系统被发现在中东和世界其他一些地区的伊斯兰宗教传播。

社会主义法律体系在中华人民共和国、越南、古巴和朝鲜。

社会主义制度的残余仍在前苏联和东欧国家。

Romano-Germanic System
Romano-Germanic系统
2 The Romano-Germanic, or civil, law refers to legal science that has developed on the basis of Roman civil law. The foundation of this system is the compilation of rules made in the sixth century A.D. under the Roman emperor Justinian[2 Roman emperor Justinian: Justinian I (483-565), called The Great, Byzantine emperor (527-65), who extended Byzantine rule (Byzantine: 拜占庭帝国的，即东罗马帝国的) in the West, beautified Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), and completed the codification of Roman law. His full name was Flavius Petrus Sabgatius Justinianus. The nephew of Emperor Justin I, Justinian was born in Illyria and educated in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 518 he became the administrator for Justin, who named Justinian as his successor. He married Theodora, a former actress, in 523. On the death of his uncle in 527, Justinian was elected emperor.]2. They are contained in the Code of Justinian[
3 Code of Justinian: （查士丁尼法典）In order to rule the empire under a uniform set of laws, Justinian collected Roman laws under one code. Called the Justinian Code, it formed the basis for modern law in many European countries. ]3 and have evolved essentially as private law, as means of regulating private relationships between individuals. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Code of Justinain competed with the customary law of the Germanic tribes that had invaded Europe. The code was reintroduced in law school curricula between A.D. 1100 and 1200 in northern Europe, then spread to other parts of the continent. Roman law thus coexisted with the local systems throughout Europe up to the seventeenth century. In the nineteenth century, the Napoleonic codes[
4 Napoleonic codes: （拿破仑法典）French civil code enacted in 1804 and still extant, with revisions; it has been the main influence in the 19th-century civil codes of most countries of continental Europe and Latin America. ]4, and subsequently, the code of the new German Empire[
5 Code of the new German Empire: the body of codified private law that went into effect in the German empire in 1900. ]5 of 1900 and the Swiss code[
6 Swiss code: （瑞士法
典）body of private law codified by the jurist Eugen Huber at the end of the 19th century; it was adopted in 1907 and went into effect in 1912, and it remains in force, with modifications, in present-day Switzerland. ]6 of 1907, are examples of the institutionalization of this legal system.
2 Romano-Germanic或公民,法律是指法律科学的基础上,开发了罗马民法。

这个系统的编译规则的基础下在公元六世纪罗马皇帝查士丁尼[2罗马皇帝查士丁尼:东罗马帝国皇帝(48
3 - 565),称为伟大,拜占庭皇帝(527 - 65),他延长了拜占庭统治(拜占庭:拜占庭帝国的,即东罗马帝国的)在西方,美化君士坦丁堡(现在的伊斯坦布尔),并完成了罗马法的编纂。

他的全名是Flavius曾经Petrus Sabgatius Justinianus。

查士丁尼皇帝的侄子贾斯汀,我出生在伊利里亚,在君士坦丁堡(现在的伊斯坦布尔,土耳其)接受教育。

518年,他成为了贾斯汀的管理员,他叫查士丁尼作为他的继任者。

他娶了狄奥多拉,前女演员,523年。

527年他的叔叔去世了,皇帝查士丁尼当选。

)2。

他们的代码包含在查士丁尼[3查士丁尼的代码:(查士丁尼法典)为了统治帝国一套统一的法律,查士丁尼收集罗马法在一个代码。

称为查士丁尼代码,形成现代法律在许多欧洲国家的基础。

)3和进化本质上作为私法,作为调节手段私人个体之间的关系。

罗马帝国后,代码Justinain竞争的习惯法的日耳曼部落入侵欧洲。

代码在法学院课程重新公元1100年和1100年之间在北欧,然后蔓延到非洲大陆的其他地区。

罗马法因此共存与本地系统在欧洲17世纪。

在19世纪,拿破仑编码[4拿破仑代码:(拿破仑法典)法国民法典制定于1804年,仍现存,修订;它的主要影响19世纪欧洲大陆多数国家的民法典和拉丁美洲。

4,随后,新德意志帝国的代码(5新德意志帝国的代码:私人法律编纂的身体,德意志帝国于1900年生效。

]5 1900和瑞士代码[瑞士代码:6(瑞士法典)身体私法编纂的法学家尤金胡贝尔在19世纪末,它是采用1907年和1912年生效,它仍然有效,与修改,在今天的瑞士。

)1907年6,这个法律体系的制度化的例子。

3 Codified systems are basic laws that are set out in codes. A code is simply a body of laws. These are statutes enacted by national parliaments that arrange whole fields of law in an orderly, comprehensive, and logical way. Today, most European countries have national codes based on blend of customary and Roman law that makes the resulting systems members of the Romano-Germanic legal tradition.
3编纂系统是在编码的基本规律。

代码是一个简单的法律。

这些国家议会制定的法律安排在有序的整个领域的法律,全面,和逻辑方法。

今天,大多数欧洲国家有国家代码基于惯例和罗马法的混合,使产生的系统的成员Romano-Germanic法律传统。

Common-Law System
普通法体系
4 Common law is characteristic of the English system, which developed after the Norman Conquest[7 Norman Conquest: （诺曼征服）the military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings (Oct. 14, 1066), and resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles. ]7 in 1066. The law of England, as well as those laws modeled on English law (such as the laws of the United States, Canada, Ireland, and India), resisted codification. Thus, it is “judge-made” law, as distinguished from legislation or “enacted” (statutory) law. The doctrine of “precedent” is strictly a common-law practice. The divisions of the common law, its concepts, substance, structure, legal culture, vocabulary, and the methods of the common-law lawyers and judges are very different from those of the Roman-Germanic, or civil, law systems.
4普通法是英文系统的特点,开发后,诺曼征服(7诺曼征服:(诺曼征服)的军事征服英格兰的威廉,诺曼底公爵主要影响他的决定性的胜利在黑斯廷斯战役(1066年10月14日),并最终导致深远的政治、行政、不列颠群岛和社会变化。

1066年]7。

英国法律,这些法律仿照英国法律(如
美国的法律,加拿大,爱尔兰,和印度),抵制编纂。

因此,“法官制定的法律,有别于立法或“制定”(法定)法律。

“先例”的原则是严格习惯法的做法。

普通法的班次,其概念、物质结构、法律文化,词汇,和普通法律师和法官的方法非常不同于那些Roman-Germanic,或民事法律系统。

Socialist Legal System
社会主义法制
5 Although there are multiple versions of it, the origins of the socialist legal system can be traced back to the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution[8 Bolshevik Revolution: the revolution that occurred in Russia in November of 1917, and so called because it placed the Bolsheviks in power. ]8, which gave birth to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The objectives of classical socialist law are threefold, First, law must provide for national security. Ideally, the power of the state must be consolidated and increased to prevent attacks on the socialist state and to assure peaceful coexistence among nations. Second, law has the economic task of developing production and distribution of goods on the basis of socialist principles so that everyone will be provided for according to his needs. The third goal is that of education: to overcome selfish and antisocial tendencies that were brought about by a heritage of centuries of poor economic organization.
5虽然有多个版本,社会主义法律体系的起源可以追溯到1917年布尔什维克革命(8布尔什维克革命:革命发生在1917年11月,在俄罗斯和所谓的,因为它把布尔什维克掌权。

8,生了苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟。

经典社会主义法律的目标是三倍,首先,法律必须提供国家安全。

在理想的情况下,国家的力量必须巩固和增加防止攻击社会主义国家,保证国家间和平共处。

第二,法律发展商品生产和分配的经济任务的基础上社会主义原则,这样每个人都将提供根据他的需求。

教育的第三个目标是:克服自私和反社会倾向带来了几个世纪的遗产的可怜的经济组织。

6 The source of socialist law is legislation. Socialist law rejects the idea of separation of powers. The central notion of socialist law is the notion of ownership. Socialist law is unique with respect to “socialist” ownership, of which there are two versions: collective and state. A typical example of collective ownership is the collective farm, which is based on nationalized land. State ownership prevails in the industrial sector in the form of installations, equipment, buildings, raw materials, and products. Versions of this type of legal system still exist in China, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam.
6社会主义法律立法的来源。

社会主义法律反对分权。

社会主义法律的核心概念是所有权的概念。

社会主义法律对“社会主义”是独特的所有权,其中有两个版本:集体和国家。

集体所有制的一个典型的例子是集体农场,基于国有土地。

国有工业部门中盛行的形式安装,设备、建筑物、原材料和产品。

版本的这种类型的法律制度仍然存在在中国,古巴,朝鲜,越南。

Islamic Legal System
伊斯兰法律体系
7 Islamic law, unlike the previously discussed systems, is not an independent branch of knowledge. Law is integral to Islamic religion. Islam mea ns “submission” or “surrender” and implies that individuals should submit to the will of God. Islamic religion states what Muslims must believe, and includes the Shari’a[9 Shari’a: （伊斯兰教教法）or Shari’ah, the fundamental religious concept of Islam, namely its law, systematized during the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Muslim era (8th-9th century AD). ]9 (“the way to follow”), which specifies the rules for believers based on divine command and revelation. Unlike other systems of law based on judicial decisions, precedents, and legislation, Islamic law is derived from four principal sources. They include the Koran[10 Koran: （古兰经）also spelled Qur'an (Arabic: "Recitation"), the sacred scripture of
Islam, regarded by Muslims as the infallible Word of God, a perfect transcription of an eternal tablet preserved in Heaven and revealed to the Prophet Muhammad over a period of 20 years. ]10, the word of God as given to the Prophet. This is the principal source of Islamic law. The second source is the Sunna[11 Sunna: （逊奈）also spelled SUNNAH (Arabic: "habitual practice"), the body of traditional social and legal custom and practice of the Muslim community. ]11, which are the sayings, acts, and allowances of the Prophet as recorded by reliable sources in the Tradition (Hadith[12 Hadith: （圣训）also spelled Hadit (Arabic: "news," or "story"), the spoken traditions attributed to the Prophet Muhammad, which are revered and received in Islam as a major source of religious law and moral guidance. The development of Hadith was a vital element during the first three centuries of Islamic history, and its study provides a broad index to the mind and ethos of Islam.
7伊斯兰法律,与前面讨论的系统不同,不是一个独立的分支的知识。

伊斯兰宗教法律是不可或缺的。

伊斯兰教的意思是“提交”或“投降”,意味着个人应该服从上帝的旨意。

伊斯兰教国家穆斯林必须相信什么,包括莎丽萨那[9莎丽萨那:(伊斯兰教教法)和莎丽'ah,伊斯兰教的宗教的基本观念,即法律、系统化的第二和第三世纪的穆斯林时期(公元8、9日世纪)。

)9(“跟随”),它指定的规则信徒基于神的命令和启示。

与其他系统基于司法判决的法律、判例和立法,伊斯兰法律来源于四个主要来源。

包括《古兰经》[10《古兰经》:(古兰经)也拼写古兰经(阿拉伯语:“背诵”),伊斯兰教的神圣的经文,被穆斯林视为可靠的神的话,一个完美的转录的一个永恒的平板电脑保存在天堂和透露给先知穆罕默德在一段20年。

)10,神的话语给了先知。

这是伊斯兰法律的主要来源。

第二个来源是伊斯兰教教规[11伊斯兰教教规:(逊奈)也拼写SUNNAH(阿拉伯语:“惯常”),传统的社会和法律的身体习惯和穆斯林社区的实践。

的语录】11日,行为,和津贴的先知所记录的可靠的来源的传统(穆罕默德言行录[12穆罕默德言行录:(圣训)也拼写习惯(阿拉伯语:“消息”,或“故事”),口语传统归因于先知穆罕默德,尊敬和接受伊斯兰教的宗教法律和道德指导的主要来源。

穆罕默德言行录的发展是一个至关重要的元素在前三世纪的伊斯兰历史,及其研究提供了一个广泛的指数伊斯兰教的思想和精神。