How to write a Literature Review
怎么写英文版的literature review
怎么写英文版的literature reviewA literature review is a critical analysis of published literature on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing researchers to identify gaps in the existing literature and propose areas for further study.In conducting a literature review, researchers typically start by identifying relevant databases and conducting systematic searches using keywords and Boolean operators. Once relevant studies are identified, researchers carefully assess the quality and relevance of each study, extracting key findings and synthesizing information from multiple sources.The purpose of a literature review is to provide a synthesis of the current state of knowledge on a particular topic. It serves to contextualize the research question and provide a theoretical framework for the study. Furthermore, aliterature review allows researchers to identify debates, contradictions, and areas of agreement within the existing literature, helping to shape the direction of future research.When writing a literature review, it is important to organize the literature thematically or chronologically, highlighting the key findings and methodological approachesof each study. Additionally, a literature review should critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of existing research, offering insights into potential biases, gaps inthe literature, and opportunities for future research.In summary, a literature review is an essential component of the research process, providing a comprehensive overviewof existing knowledge and serving as a critical foundationfor advancing the field. By synthesizing, critiquing, and analyzing existing literature, researchers can makesignificant contributions to their respective fields anddrive further advancements in knowledge and understanding.。
How to write a literature review
How to write a literature review1. IntroductionNot to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.2. ComponentsSimilar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages: ∙Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are itscomponent issues?∙Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored ∙Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic∙Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literatureLiterature reviews should comprise the following elements:∙An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review∙Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative thesesentirely)∙Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others ∙Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to theunderstanding and development of their area of researchIn assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:∙Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies,narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?∙Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to provethe author's point?∙Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?∙Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of thesubject?3. Definition and Use/PurposeA literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:∙Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review∙Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration∙Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research∙Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies∙Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort∙Point the way forward for further research∙Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literatureThe literature review itself, however, does not present new primary scholarship.1. What is a literature review?Some definitionsA literature review is a description of the literature relevant to a particular field or topic. It gives an overview of what has been said, who the key writers are, what are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are being asked, and what methods and methodologies are appropriate and useful. As such, it is not in itself primary research, but rather it reports on other findings.Here is one definition of a literature review:"... a literature review uses as its database reports of primary ororiginal scholarship, and does not report new primary scholarship itself.The primary reports used in the literature may be verbal, but in thevast majority of cases reports are written documents. The types ofscholarship may be empirical, theoretical, critical/analytic, ormethodological in nature. Second a literature review seeks to describe,summarise, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primaryreports."Cooper, H. M. (1988), "The structure of knowledge synthesis",Knowledge in Society, Vol. 1, pp. 104-126A literature review may be purely descriptive, as in an annotated bibliography, or it may provide a critical assessment of the literature in a particular field, stating where the weaknesses and gaps are, contrasting the views of particular authors, or raising questions. Such a review will not just be a summary but will also evaluate and show relationships between different material, so that key themes emerge. Even a descriptive review however should not just list and paraphrase, but should add comment and bring out themes and trends.Some basic do's and don'tsA literature review should never be just a list, as in the example below:"Until recently many researchers have shown interest in the field ofcoastal erosion and the resulting beach profiles. They have carried outnumerous laboratory experiments and field observations to illuminatethe darkness of this field. Their findings and suggestions are reviewedhere.JACHOWSKI (1964) developed a model investigation conducted onthe interlocking precast concrete block seawall. After a result of asurvey of damages caused by the severe storm at the coast of USA, anew and especially shaped concrete block was developed for use inshore protection. This block was designed to be used in a revetmenttype seawall that would be both durable and economical as well asreduce wave run-up and overtopping, and scour at its base or toe. Itwas proved that effective shore protection could be designed utilizingthese units.HOM-MA and HORIKAWA (1964) studied waves forces acting on theseawall which was located inside the surf zone. On the basis of theexperimental results conducted to measure waves forces against avertical wall, the authors proposed an empirical formula of wavepressure distribution on a seawall. The computed results obtained byusing the above formula were compared well with the field data ofwave pressure on a vertical wall.SELEZOV and ZHELEZNYAK (1965) conducted experiments onscour of sea bottom in front of harbor seawalls, basing on thetheoretical investigation of solitary wave interaction with a vertical wallusing Boussinesque type equation. It showed that the numericalresults were in reasonable agreement with laboratory experimentaldata."This example first appeared on the website of theLanguage Center, Asian Institute of Technology.All this extract does is to write a potted summary of the views of three sets of authors; there is no attempt to look at the relationships between the views, or draw out themes.By contrast, the following extract from a paper quoted in full (see Further information and examples section) does just that:"In developed countries, a large part of the literature concerned withincome-related aspects of disability has tended to focus on thequantitative impact of disability on educational achievement, earningsand income, and on the adequacy and equity of income maintenanceschemes and other programmes. The costs and benefits ofrehabilitation and vocational employment schemes and employmentdiscrimination have also been recurrent themes. Much of the currentpopular literature has been to do with removing barriers of all kinds inorder to increase the participation of disabled people in theemployment market."What is a literature review as an Emerald article category?It is a paper the main purpose of which is to annotate and/or critique the literature in a particular subject area. It can either be:∙ a selective bibliography providing advice on information sources;∙comprehensive, covering the main contributors to the field with an exploration of their views.On what other occasion is a literature review relevant?A literature review will generally be part of a thesis or dissertation, forming an early context-setting chapter. It may also form a useful background where you are outlining a piece of research, or putting forward a hypothesis.2. The stages of a literature reviewDefine the problemIt is important to define the problem or area which you wish to address. Having a purpose for your literature review will narrow the scope of what you need to look out for when you read.Carry out a search for relevant materialsRelevant materials will probably comprise a range of media:∙books (monographs, text books, reference books);∙articles from journals, whether print or electronic (but make sure electronic journals have been subject to the peer review process);∙newspaper articles;∙historical records;∙commercial reports and statistical information;∙government reports and statistical information;∙theses and dissertations;∙other types of information which may be relevant to your particular discipline.Much the best place to start the search is your own university library if you are attached to a university. If you are not, find the nearest academic library with a good collection in your subject area. Most academic libraries have well qualified and helpful staff who will be more than happy to help you. Start by looking at their OPAC (online public access catalogue) which is a database of their resources.You could also refer to other relevant library catalogues, such as the British Library catalogue, the National Union Catalogue (Library of Congress), and, through their URLs, other large academic libraries.Most libraries will also have indexes of periodicals, e.g. Business Periodicals Index, and abstracting services, e.g. Dissertation Abstracts.Keywords are a good search strategy, and here it is better to use specific rather than general keywords and phrases.The Internet – via search engines, metasearch engines, subject gateways and directories – has become a hugely popular place to search, but there are also huge pitfalls. The following websites provide useful advice on searching the Internet:∙Resource Discovery Network (a series of free tutorials)∙University of Berkeley LibraryIf you are fairly new to research, you could do well to acquaint yourself with the pitfalls of evaluating material on the Internet. The following web resources are particularly helpful:∙University of Berkeley Library∙Deakin University LibraryThe last site has good advice on how to do library research; obviously a lot is geared to their own collection but much is also fairly general, particularly that which relates to searching on the Internet.Evaluate the materialsHere are some points to consider when evaluating material (please note that this is not an exhaustive list).Initial appraisal from raw bibliographical data:∙What are the author's credentials, are they an expert in the field? Are they affiliated to a reputable organization?∙What is the date of publication, is it sufficiently current or will knowledge have moved on?∙If a book, is it the latest edition?∙Is the publisher a reputable, scholarly publisher?∙If it is a journal, is it a scholarly journal which has been peer reviewed? Appraisal based on content analysis:∙Is the writer addressing a scholarly audience?∙Does the author review the relevant literature?∙Does the author write from an objective viewpoint, and are their views based on facts rather than opinions?∙If the author uses research, is the design sound?∙Is it primary or secondary material?∙Does the author have a particular theoretical viewpoint, e.g. feminist?∙What is the relationship of this work to other material you have read on the same topic, does it substantiate it or add a different perspective?∙Is the author's argument logically organized and clear to follow?∙If the author is writing from a practice-based perspective, what are theimplications for practice?The following website provides good pointers as to how to evaluate material: ∙Cornell University Library(including distinguishing scholarly and non-scholarly publications).Analyse the findingsWhat themes emerge and what conclusions can be drawn? What are the major similarities and differences between the various writers? Are there any significant questions which emerge and which could form a basis for further investigation?You are now at the stage when you can write up your literature review.3. How to organize a literature reviewThere are a number of ways of organizing a literature review. Here is one suggestion: ∙Introduction: define the topic, together with your reason for selecting the topic.You could also point out overall trends, gaps, particular themes that emerge, etc., as in the previous Cooper (1988) quote.∙Body: this is where you discuss your sources. Here are some ways in which you could organize your discussion:o chronologically: for example, if writers' views have tended to changeover time. There is little point in doing the review by order of publicationunless this shows a clear trend;o thematically: take particular themes in the literature, for example in theliterature review of poverty and disability cited in the next section, theauthor takes the themes of the prevalence and structure of disability,education, employment, income and poverty, causes of disability, the pathfrom poverty to disability and vice versa, and finally, policies for disabledpeople;o methodologically: here, the focus is on the methods of the researcher,for example, qualitative versus quantitative approaches.∙Conclusion: summarize the major contributions, evaluating the current position, and pointing out flaws in methodology, gaps in the research, contradictions, and areas for further study.The following websites provide some useful ideas about organization and structure:∙University of Wisconsin-Madison∙University of North Carolina1.04 How to write a literature review What is a literature review?The aim of a literature review is to show your reader (your tutor) that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field. This work may be in any format, including online sources. It may be a separate assignment, or one of the introductory sections of a report, dissertation or thesis. In the latter cases in particular, the review will be guided by your research objective or by the issue or thesis you are arguing and will provide the framework for your further work.It is very important to note that your review should not be simply a description of what others have published in the form of a set of summaries, but should take the form of a critical discussion, showing insight and an awareness of differing arguments, theories and approaches. It should be a synthesis and analysis of the relevant published work, linked at all times to your own purpose and rationale.According to Caulley (1992) of La Trobe University, the literature review should:• compare and contrast different authors' views on an issue• group authors who draw similar conclusions• criticise aspects of methodology• note areas in which authors are in disagreement• highlight exemplary studies• highlight gaps in research• show how your study relates to previous studies• show how your study relates to the literature in general• conclude by summarising what the literature saysThe purposes of the review are:• to define and limit the problem you are working on• to place your study in an historical perspective• to avoid unnecessary duplication• to evaluate promising research methods• to relate your findings to previous knowledge and suggest further research A good literature review, therefore, is critical of what has been written, identifies areas of controversy, raises questions and identifies areas which need further research.Structure of the literature reviewThe overall structure of your review will depend largely on your own thesis or research area. What you will need to do is to group together and compare and contrast the varying opinions of different writers on certain topics. What you must not do is just describe what one writer says, and then go on to give a general overview of another writer, and then another, and so on. Your structure should be dictated instead by topic areas, controversial issues or by questions to which there are varying approaches and theories. Within each of these sections, you would then discuss what the different literature argues, remembering to link this to your own purpose.Linking words are important. If you are grouping together writers with similar opinions, you would use words or phrases such as:similarly, in addition, also, againMore importantly, if there is disagreement, you need to indicate clearly that you are aware of this by the use of linkers such as:however, on the other hand, conversely, neverthelessAt the end of the review you should include a summary of what the literature implies, which again links to your hypothesis or main question.Writing the reviewYou first need to decide what you need to read. In many cases you will be given a booklist or directed towards areas of useful published work. Make sure you use this help. With dissertations, and particularly theses, it will be more down to you to decide. It is important, therefore, to try and decide on the parameters of your research. What exactly are your objectives and what do you need to find out? In your review, are you looking at issues of theory, methodology, policy, quantitive research, or what? Before you start reading it may be useful to compile a list of the main areas and questions involved, and then read with the purpose of finding out about or answering these. Unless something comes up which is particularly important, stick to this list, as it is very easy to get sidetracked, particularly on the internet.A good literature review needs a clear line of argument. You therefore need to use the critical notes and comments you made whilst doing your reading to express an academic opinion. Make sure that:• you include a clear, short introduction which gives an outline of the review, including the main topics covered and the order of the arguments, with a brief rationale for this.• there is always a clear link between your own arguments and the evidence uncovered in your reading. Include a short summary at the end of each section.Use quotations if appropriate.• you always acknowledge opinions which do not agree with your thesis. If you ignore opposing viewpoints, your argument will in fact be weaker.Your review must be written in a formal, academic style. Keep your writing clear and concise, avoiding colloquialisms and personal language. You should always aim to be objective and respectful of others' opinions; this is not the place for emotive language or strong personal opinions. If you thought something was rubbish, use words such as "inconsistent", "lacking in certain areas" or "based on false assumptions"! (See Guide 1.21)When introducing someone's opinion, don't use "says", but instead an appropriate verb which more accurately reflects this viewpoint, such as "argues", "claims" or "states". Use the present tense for general opinions and theories, or the past when referring to specific research or experiments: Although Trescothick (2001) argues that attack is the best form of defence,Boycott (1969) claims that ...In a field study carried out amongst the homeless of Sydney, Warne (1999) found that ...And remember at all times to avoid plagiarising your sources. Always separate your source opinions from your own hypothesis. making sure you consistently reference the literature you are referring to. When you are doing your reading and making notes, it might be an idea to use different colours to distinguish between your ideas and those of others. (See Guide 1.13).T op of pageFinal checklistHere is a final checklist, courtesy of the University of Melbourne:Selection of SourcesHave you indicated the purpose of the review?Are the parameters of the review reasonable?Why did you include some of the literature and exclude others?Which years did you exclude?Have you emphasised recent developments?Have you focussed on primary sources with only selective use of secondary sources?Is the literature you have selected relevant?Is your bibliographic data complete?Critical Evaluation of the LiteratureHave you organised your material according to issues?Is there a logic to the way you organised the material?Does the amount of detail included on an issue relate to its importance? Have you been sufficiently critical of design and methodological issues? Have you indicated when results were conflicting or inconclusive and discussed possible reasons?Have you indicated the relevance of each reference to your research? InterpretationHas your summary of the current literature contributed to the reader's understanding of the problems?Does the design of your research reflect the methodological implications of the literature review?NoteThe literature review will be judged in the context of your completed research.The review needs to further the reader's understanding of the problem and whether it provides a rationale for your research.。
(完整版)How to Write the Literature Review
Two skills
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Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas:
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information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.
Four tasks
A literature review must do these things:
1. be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing 2. synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known 3. identify areas of controversy in the literature 4. formulate questions that need further research
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Four stages
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2.
How to write literature review.ppt
How to manage literature materials?
➢ 下载电子版文献时，把文章题目粘贴为文件名。 ➢ 不同主题存入不同文件夹。文件夹的题目要简短 ➢ 看过的文献归入子文件夹，最起码要把有用的和
没用的分开 ➢ 重要文献根据重要程度在文件名前加001，002，
003编号，然后按名称排列图标，最重要文献就 排在最前了 ➢ 复印或打印的文献，分类装订和保存。
Author, time,
Different ways of literature search
1. Library 中文数据库: • 中国期刊网镜像*、清华学术期刊网、维普、万方*等。 • 最常用的是中国期刊网，清华学术期刊网。期刊总体质量
较高，但追溯时间不太长。 • 维普、万方鱼龙混杂，但有时可以找到较早一些的文献。 外文数据库 ➢ EBSCO*：可追溯至1932年，经管类的文献比较全，多为
Approach it with the following questions
– What do we already know in the area concerned?
– What are the key concepts? – What are the existing theories? – What are the inconsistencies? – What evidence is lacking, inconclusive,
权威期刊，且大多能查到全文。目前图书馆最好的经管类 数据库。 ➢ Proquest系列（尤其是ABI/Inform和ARL）：非常好的数据 库。特点是比较全面，期刊追溯时间长，但有时只有题录， 没有原文。
Different ways of literature search
文献综述如何写(英文)
How to Write a Good Literature Review1. IntroductionNot to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.2. ComponentsSimilar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:▪Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?▪Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored▪Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic▪Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literatureLiterature reviews should comprise the following elements:▪An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review▪Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely) ▪Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others▪Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of researchIn assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:▪Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?▪Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?▪Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?▪Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?3. Definition and Use/PurposeA literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:▪Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review▪Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration▪Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research▪Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies▪Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort▪Point the way forward for further research▪Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literatureHere are some of the questions your literature review should answer:1.What do we already know in the immediate area concerned?2. What are the characteristics of the key concepts or the main factors or variables?2.What are the relationships between these key concepts, factors or variables?3.What are the existing theories?4.Where are the inconsistencies or other shortcomings in our knowledge andunderstanding?5.What views need to be (further) tested?6.What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too limited?7.Why study (further) the research problem?8.What contribution can the present study be expected to make?9. What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?HOW CAN I WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW?Remember the purpose: it should answer the questions we looked at above. Look at how published writers review the literature. You'll see that you should use the literature to explain your research - after all, you are not writing a literature review just to tell your reader what other researchers have done. You aim should be to show why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out, etc.Read with a purpose:you need to summarize the work you read but you must also decide which ideas or information are important to your research (so you can emphasize them), and which are less important and can be covered briefly or left out of your review. You should also look for the major concepts, conclusions, theories, arguments etc. that underlie the work, and look for similarities and differences with closely related work. This is difficult when you first start reading, but should become easier the more you read in your area.Write with a purpose: your aim should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y's theory more convincing than Researcher X's? DidResearcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own. In order to do this effectively you should carefully plan how you are going to organize your work.A lot of people like to organize their work chronologically (using time as their organizing system). Unless developments over time are crucial to explain the context of your research problem, using a chronological system will not be an effective way to organize your work. Some people choose to organize their work alphabetically by author name: this system will not allow you to show the relationships between the work of different researchers, and your work, and should be avoided!When you read for your literature review, you are actually doing two things at the same time (which makes things more difficult for you!):1. you are trying to define your research problem: finding a gap, asking a question,continuing previous research, counter-claiming;2. you are trying to read every source relevant to your research problem.Naturally, until you have defined your problem, you will find that there are hundreds of sources that seem relevant. However, you cannot define your problem until you read around your research area. This seems a vicious circle, but what should happen is that as you read you define your problem, and as you define your problem you will more easily be able to decide what to read and what to ignore.TRAPSSome traps to avoid:Trying to read everything! As you might already have discovered, if you try to be comprehensive you will never be able to finish the reading! The idea of the literature review is not to provide a summary of all the published work that relates to your research, but a survey of the most relevant and significant work.Reading but not writing! It's easier to read than to write: given the choice, most of us would rather sit down with a cup of coffee and read yet another article instead of putting ourselves in front of the computer to write about what we have already read! Writing takes much more effort, doesn't it? However, writing can help you to understand and find relationships between the work you've read, so don't put writing off until you've "finished" reading - after all, you will probably still be doing some reading all the way through to the end of your research project. Also, don't think of what you first write as being the final ornear-final version. Writing is a way of thinking, so allow yourself to write as many drafts as you need, changing your ideas and information as you learn more about the context of your research problem.Not keeping bibliographic information!The moment will come when you have to write your references page . . . and then you realize you have forgotten to keep the information you need, and that you never got around to putting references into your work. The only solution is to spend a lot of time in the library tracking down all those sources that you read, and going through your writing to find which information came from which source. If you're lucky, maybe you can actually do this before your defence - more likely, you will unable to find all your sources, a big headache for you and your committee. To avoid this nightmare, always keep this information in your notes. Always put references into your writing. Notice how on this course we have referenced the works that we have referred to - you should do the same.LITERATURE REVIEW: AN EXAMPLEHere is an example of using the literature to explain and define a problem. This example is taken from an introduction because most thesis literature reviews tend to be too long for us to easily look at. Although your literature review will probably be much longer than the one below, it is useful to look at the principles the writers have used.On the optimal container size in automated warehousesY. Roll, M.J. Rosenblatt and D. Kadosh, Proceedings of the NinthICPRAutomated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) are being introduced intothe industry and warehousing at an increasing rate. Forecasts indicate thatthis trend will continue for the foreseeable future (see [1]). Research in thearea of AS/RS has followed several avenues. Early work by Hausman,Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] was concerned with storage assignment andinterleaving policies, based on turnover rates of the various items. Elsayed [3]and Elsayed and Stern [4] compared algorithms for handling orders inAR/RS. Additional work by Karasawa et al. [9], Azadivar [2] and Parry et al.[11] deals with the design of an AS/RS and the determination of itsthroughput by simulation and optimization techniques.Several researchers addressed the problem of the optimal handling unit(pallet or container) size, to be used in material handling and warehousingsystems. Steudell [13], Tanchoco and Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] andGrasso and Tanchoco [5] studied various aspects of this subject. The last tworeferences incorporate the size of the pallet, or unit load, in evaluation of theoptimal lot sizes for multi-inventory systems with limited storage space. In areport on a specific case, Normandin [10] has demonstrated that using the'best-size' container can result in considerable savings. A simulation modelcombining container size and warehouse capacity considerations, in anAS/RS environment, was developed by Kadosh [8]. The general results,reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to thosereported by Rosenblatt and Roll [12]. Nevertheless, container size was foundto affect strongly overall warehousing costs.In this paper, we present an analytical framework for approximating theoptimal size of a warehouse container. The approximation is based on seriesof generalizations and specific assumptions. However, these are valid for awide range of real life situations. The underlying assumptions of the modelare presented in the following section.Notice how the writers have:grouped similar information: "Steudell [13], Tanchoco and Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] and Grasso and Tanchoco [5] studied various aspects of this subject."shown the relationship between the work of different researchers, showingsimilarities/differences: "The general results, reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to those reported by Rosenblatt and Roll [12]."indicated the position of the work in the research area history: "Early work by Hausman, Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] . . . "moved from a general discussion of the research in AS/RS to the more specific area (optimal container size) that they themselves are researching i.e. they relate previous work to their own to define it, justify it and explain it.。
How to write a literature__ review
You can gain and demonstrate skills in two areas
Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets : information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.
In a research study, how good are the basic components of the study design (e.g., population, intervention, outcome)? How accurate and valid are the measurements? Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question? Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis? In material written for a popular readership, does the author use appeals to emotion, one-sided examples, or rhetorically-charged language and tone? Is there an objective basis to the reasoning, or is the author merely "proving" what he or she already believes? How does the author structure the argument? Can you "deconstruct" the flow of the argument to see whether or where it breaks down logically (e.g., in establishing cause-effect relationships)? In what ways does this book or article contribute to our understanding of the problem under study, and in what ways is it useful for practice? What are the strengths and limitations? How does this book or article relate to the specific thesis or question I am developing?
how to write a literature review
1. IntroductionNot to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.2. ComponentsSimilar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:∙Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are itscomponent issues?∙Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored∙Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic∙Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literatureLiterature reviews should comprise the following elements:∙An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review∙Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely) ∙Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others∙Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to theunderstanding and development of their area of researchIn assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:∙Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives,statistics, recent scientific findings)?∙Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author'spoint?∙Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?∙Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?3. Definition and Use/PurposeA literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:∙Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review∙Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration∙Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research ∙Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies∙Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort∙Point the way forward for further research∙Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literatureThe literature review itself, however, does not present new primary scholarship.。
how to write a literature review
Example: Humanities: survey of the history of X
Questions to consider: Has the author clearly defined the problem/issue? Could the problem have been approached more effectively from a different perspective? Does the author show bias? What is the author’s theoretical approach? How good is the study design? How valid are the results? Are there flaws in the logic of the discussion? How does the work contribute to the discipline’s understanding of the problem? What problems has the author avoided or ignored? Adapted from University of Houston-Clear Lake PowerPoint
articles, books, and journals relevant to your narrow topic. provides a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each scholarly work. provides an overview of the significant literature published on your topic
How to write a literary review
How to write a literary reviewCole cole 的文献搜集工作差不多完成了，拟题也刚过了第一关。
接下来就要着手写literary review了——这个部分将在论文中占取70—80%的分量！一定要好好写，还有要记得uncle sherwin说的“赶早不赶晚！！”写中文的话，大概不需要为LR这部分操心，但是写英语类的，很多人都搞不清楚LR到底怎么写=.=同学也老是问“该写多长？写什么？”所幸当年connie上论文写作的时候，我一次性把她的那些方法给学到手了，现在不需要再去问我导师LR怎么写——否则一定会被Dennis鄙视的~记得我那时候的LR是一次通过，满分~~呵呵，招人羡慕啊*^_^*在电脑里挖出一个LR写作的指导步骤，感觉它讲得很清楚——适合无师自通写LR~嘿嘿，好东西，齐分享咯~1.In general, a book review provides enough information to help the reader decide whether he/she wants to read the book.2.To write a good book review, the writer must first know the book thoroughly, which requires a careful, attentive reading. The reviewer must know the genre of the book (whether it is a historical novel, a romance, science fiction, mystery, etc), but he/she must also know the characteristics that make up good literature of this type.3.As you read, determine the author's purpose; consider what the title and subtitle might mean; take notes; jot down favorite quotes or parts you think are weak; and summarize each chapter.4.Do some background research. Read about the author; read related material; consider what main themes for the book may be; and think about a plan of action (how you think the book could best be critiqued).5.After you have done much of the legwork, you can think about jotting out the first draft of your review.6.Try one (or a combination) of these beginnings: summarize the book briefly in the first paragraph; use a passage from the book and follow it with a comment that explains why this quotation is typical (or not typical); mention what you think the author's purpose is in writing the book and how well he achieves this purpose; discuss the theme or major problem in the book; and/or present information about the author, along with background material, qualifications, or philosophy.7.Depending on how you start the review, the rest of the piece will be affected by your choice. But the general direction and focus of the piece follows from there.8.State each of your ideas about your opening statement with generalizations.9.Explain how each of your examples prove your point.10.Be careful to provide transitions between paragraphs.11.Tie your review together with ideas related to your theme.12.End your review with a paragraph (or two) that brings your theme into final focus for your reader. You might come to a conclusion about the theme, the author's purpose, or about the overall effectiveness of the book.13.After letting the review sit for a few days, read it out loud, listening for awkward phrases.14.Check your quotations for accuracy and appropriateness. Also, make sure you haven't overloaded your review with quotations.Tips: 1.Do not attempt to write the review unless you have read the book carefully and completely.2.Do not make general statements about the book without supporting them with specific examples or quotations.3.Ask a friend to read the review. A fresh eye can often catch problems with the review that you might have missed.。
How to write a literature review-学术英语写作
(2) Four tasks
A literature review must do these things: 1. be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing 2. synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known 3. identify areas of controversy in the literature 4. formulate questions that need further research
• According to the Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work.
3. How to write: (1)Four stages
1. Problem formulation —which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues? 2. Literature search —finding materials relevant to the subject being explored 3. Data evaluation —determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic 4. Analysis and interpretation —discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature
How to write literature review【精选】
• A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic.
Unit Five
How to Write Literature Review
Focuses
• What is a review of the literature? • Why do we write literature review? • How to write literature review ? • Cited sources in a literature review • Order of Citations • Verb Tense in Citation
(2) Four tasks
A literature review must do these things: 1. be organized around and related directly to
the thesis or research question you are developing 2. synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known 3. identify areas of controversy in the literature 4. formulate questions that need further research
英文文献综述的范文
英文文献综述的范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的范文”的资料，供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项英文文献主要部分细节提示：引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。
How to write a literature Review
小结： 小结：
如果我们把学科领域性文献综述比喻为一颗 “树木”，那么专题性文献综述就是这颗树上 分叉的“树枝”。对于本科生来说，应该先确
定这颗“树”，再确定“树枝”，最后才是 “开枝散叶”（也就是我们的论文）。
4.文献检索 文献检索
检索文献的途径 （1）图书馆数据库。 中文数据库： 中文数据库： 中国期刊网镜像*、清华学术期刊网、维普、万 方*等。最常用的是中国期刊网，清华学术期 刊网期刊总体质量较高，但追溯时间不太长。 后两者鱼龙混杂，但有时可以找到较早一些的 文献。
5、文献管理
下载电子版文献时，把文章题目粘贴为文件名。 不同主题存入不同文件夹。文件夹的题目要简短 看过的文献归入子文件夹，最起码要把有用的和没用 的分开 重要文献根据重要程度在文件名前加001，002，003 编号，然后按名称排列图标，最重要文献就排在最前 了 复印或打印的文献，分类装订和保存。
（4）在阅读外文文献时，强烈建议先看中文文 献。先掌握本领域中的一些关键术语、体系脉 络，在去阅读外文文献会有事半功倍的效果。 （5）文献阅读中一项被忽视的工作：“笔记”。 虽然边阅读文献边记笔记直觉上看来有些浪 费时间，然而若从长期的角度思考，这项工作 实际上可以大大提高我们的工作效率。
作笔记时有几点建议供大家参考： 作笔记时有几点建议供大家参考：
It is NOT just a summary of a series of research papers You must evaluate the research papers and show the relationships between different work
1.前言(Introducion)
What did you learn? Re-state your new knowledge
How to write literature review
Ask yourself questions
5. Have I critically analysed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions, comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them? Instead of just listing and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses?
Ask yourself questions
4. How good was my information seeking? seeking? Has my search been wide enough to ensure I've found all the relevant material? Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material? Is the number of sources I've used appropriate for the length of my paper?
Ask yourself questions
3. What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publications am I using (e.g., journals, books, government documents, popular media)? What discipline am I working in (e.g., nursing psychology, sociology, medicine)?
How-to-write-a-literature-review-学术英语写作PPT课件
How to write a literature review
Team members: Hua Shixian Ruan Chaohui，Huang Rizhen，Zuo Bo，Chen Ling
1
Focuses
• 1.What is a review of the literature? • 2.Why do we write literature review? • 3.How to write literature review ? • 4.Cited sources in a literature review • 5. Order of Citations • 6.Verb Tense in Citation
3
A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencபைடு நூலகம்ng style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic.
Howtowritealiteraturereview（如何写好文献综述）
Howtowritealiteraturereview（如何写好文献综述）How to write a literature review怎样写文献综述What is a literature review?文献综述是什么？The aim of a literature review is to show your reader (your tutor) that you have read, and have a good grasp of, the main published work concerning a particular topic or question in your field. This work may be in any format, including online sources. It may be a separate assignment, or one of the introductory sections of a report, dissertation or thesis. In the latter cases in particular, the review will be guided by your research objective or by the issue or thesis you are arguing and will provide the framework for your further work.文献综述的目的是告诉读者（或导师），你已阅读并较好理解了一些公开发表的文献，这些文献与你所在领域的某个主题或问题有关。
这些文献可以是任何形式的，包括在线资源。
文献综述可能是单独的任务，也可能是报告、学位论文的引言部分。
对于后一种情况（论文引言），文献综述的进行由研究目标或你论证的问题或论文指导，并为进一步的工作提供框架。
How to write a literature review
How to write a literature review? (文献综述四步走)2009-11-23 21:09Step 1: Read a lot.第一步：大量的读。
Sounds simplistic, but the fact is that you do have to read a lot, and read with care and purpose. There are things that you can do within the process to make your life easier, and the purpose of this short document is to point some of them out. Hopefully, this will help. However, there is no substitute for good, thorough, and hard work.这个听起来简单，但事实上，你需要细心并带有目的的读大量的文献。
有些事情按一定的步骤进行可以让生活更简单，这个短文的目的是指出其中的几点。
希望会对大家有所帮助。
然而，这不能代替好的，全面的努力工作。
When you start your reading, start broadly. If you have an area you are interested in, such as computers in education, multi-media, distance education, web-based instruction, or some other specific concentration, start your reading in those areas. Course assigned reading will help, but you will have to branch outwards and inwards. Don’t be afraid to follow an area that seems not to be related to your area. You are trying to define your interests. Allow yourself the freedom to do that. Here are some tips on how you might branch out, and/or focus in:当你开始阅读的时候，要广泛的读。
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Why do we write literature reviews?
Literature reviews provide you with a handy guide to a particular topic. If you have limited time to conduct research, literature reviews can give you an overview or act as a stepping stone. For professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is current in the field. For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in his or her field. Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper's investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers.
What should I do before writing the literature review? Find models Look for other literature reviews in your area of interest or in the discipline and read them to get a sense of the types of themes you might want to look for in your own research or ways to organize your final review. You can simply put the word "review" in your search engine along with your other topic terms to find articles of this type on the Internet or in an electronic database. The bibliography or reference section of sources you've already read are also excellent entry points into your own research.
Senior (2000)
Research Paper
A research paper is a highly organized, documented essay which, as its name implies, requires extensive research and analysis. Quite often it is called a term paper or library paper.
A summary is a recapture of the important information of the source, but a synthesis is a reorganization, or a reshuffling, of that information. It might give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation, the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most relevant. In fact, many academic research papers will contain a literature review section. But it is the aspect of the study (the argument or the sources) that is emphasized that determines what type of document it is.
Narrow your topic There are hundreds or even thousands of articles and books on most areas of study. The narrower your topic, the easier it will be to limit the number of sources you need to read in order to get a good survey of the material. Your instructor will probably not expect you to read everything that's out there on the topic, but you'll make your job easier if you first limit your scope.
Construct a working thesis statement Then use the focus you've found to construct a thesis statement. Literature reviews have thesis statements as well! However, your thesis statement will not necessarily argue for a position or an opinion; rather it will argue for a particular perspective on the material. Some sample thesis statements for literature reviews are as follows:
A research paper is a highly organized, documented essay which, as its name implies, requires extensive research and analysis. Quite often it is called a term paper or library paper.
Strategies for writing the literature review
Find a focus A literature review, like a term paper, is usually organized around ideas, not the sources themselves as an annotated bibliography would be organized. This means that you will not just simply list your sources and go into detail about each one of them, one at a time. No. As you read widely but selectively in your topic area, consider instead what themes or issues connect your sources together. Do they present one or different solutions? Is there an aspect of the field that is missing? How well do they present the material and do they portray it according to an appropriate theory? Do they reveal a trend in the field? A raging debate? Pick one of these themes to focus the organization of your review.
How to Write a Literature Review
What is a literature review? A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. A literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis.
Find some academic articles published in the last five years on the topic.
By Chronological order If your review follows the chronological method, you could write about the materials above according to when they were published. For instance, first you would talk about the British biological studies of the 18th century, then about Moby Dick, published in 1851, then the book on sperm whales in other art (1968), and finally the biology articles (1980s) and the recent articles on American whaling of the 19th century. But there is relatively no continuity among subjects here. And notice that even though the sources on sperm whales in other art and on American whaling are written recently, they are about other subjects/objects that were created much earlier. Thus, the review loses its chronological focus.