认知语言学课件
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2 .2Judgment (判断) / Comparison (对比) The construal operations of judgment / comparison have to do with judging something by comparing it to something else.判断/对比识解操作 与把一物比作另一物的判断相关.它是人类基本的认 识能力,也是人类经验的基础.
For example: the structure of an apple, an individual’ s perceptual sphere, an individual’ s social sphere, with family and friends at the core and others at the outside.
其 特 征 体 现 在 以 下 四 个 方 面 ( Croft and cruse) ： 1 上位范畴没有基本层次范畴好，尽管它的成员可以区别于邻 近的范畴，但是范畴内的相似性相对比较低。 2 上位范畴比基本层次范畴的定义特征是少。 3 基本层次范畴的中间层次上位范畴之间有单一的修饰关系。 4 从语言学的角度说，上位范畴的名词大多是物质名词，而基 本层次范畴的名词是可数名词。
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3 .3Subordinate level附属层次范畴 At this level we perceive the differences between the members of the basic level categories. Often the names for SUBORDINATE LEVEL categories are morphologically complex. They are typically composite forms. One such example is that of compound nouns.
另一个认知语言学的识解操作就是视角。我们通过所 处的位置来观察一个情景。视点取决于两个方面：一 方面，它取决于观察者的位置与观察情境的关系。另 一方面，它取决于情景的安排与观察者的位置关系。 Ex . My bike is in front of the car .ehind the car .我的自行车在汽
Cognitive Linguistics 认知语言学
1
What is cognitive linguistics?
1 . Definition of Cognitive Linguistics 2 . Construal ( 识 解 ) and Construal
Operations (识解操作) 3.Categorization (范畴化) 4.Image Schemas (意象图式) 5.Metaphor (隐喻) 6.Metonymy (换喻/转喻) 7.Blending theory (整合理论)
Mark Johnson (1987) defines an image schemas a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. 约翰逊把意象图式定义为通过感知的相互作用和运动 程序获得的对事物经验给以连贯和结构的循环出现的 动态模式。
5
2.1 Attention (注意力) / Salience (突显) The operation grouped under SALIENCE have to do with our direction of attention towards something that is salient to us. Ex. 1 . a He cleaned the window. b He opened the window. 第一个例子将注意力放在窗户的玻璃上。第二个例 子更强调窗子的框架。 Ex.2.a I have broken the window. b A stone has broken the window. 第个例子突显了我在事件中的角色，第二个例子突 显的是石头的角色.
车的后面。 这些识解以我们实际上站在不同的角度去观察自行车 和汽车为前提。
10
3 .Categorization (范畴化)
Categorization is the process of classifying our
experiences into different categories based oc范on畴mm化o是na基lit于ies人a类nd经d验if的fe异re同nc将es我. 们的经验划分成 不同的类型。 •There are three levels in categories: the basic level, the super-ordinate level, and the subordinate level.
其特征体现在以下四个方面(克劳褔特和克鲁兹)： 1 由行为相互作用产生典型范式的最具包容性的层次。 2 构成清晰图像的最具包容性的层次。 3 代表部分-整体信息的最具包容性的层次。 4 为日常参考所提供的层次。
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3.2 Superordinate level 上位层次范畴
Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.
7
The figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration. It also applies to our perception of moving objects. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving, it is typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constituent the ground. 图形-背景关系似乎可以运用于空间研究，背景充当
17
There are nine types of schemas:
1 . A center - periphery schemas( 中 心 - 边 缘 图 示 ) It involves a physical or metaphorical core and edge, and degrees of distance from the core.
Cognitive Linguistics is based on human experience of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world .认知语言学 是基于人类对世界的经验以及他们感知和概念化世 界的方式
11
3 . 1 Basic level 基 本 层 次 范 畴
The categories at the basic level are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best. This is the level where we perceive the most differences between “objects” in the world.
4
Construal operations are conceptualizing processes used in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions. 识解操作是人类在语言处理过程中概念化的 过程。或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方 式所使用的基本心理过程和心理来源。
其特征体现在以下三个方面(克劳褔特和克鲁兹)： 1 附属范畴比基本范畴层次尽管它们的低，尽管它们的成
员之间有很高的相似性，但于临近的范畴成员的区别性却很低。 2 它们的信息性相对比它们的中间层次上位范畴少。 3 它们是多词素性的，而最普遍的格式是修饰－中心语结构。
14
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4 .Image schemas 意象图式
了介词宾语和表征空间关系的介词。它同样也适用于我们感 知运动的物体。因为运动的物体是最具凸显性的。因为它是 运动的，就构成了图形，而剩余的刺激构成了背景。
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Langacker 用射体(trajector)表示运动的图 形,用路标(landmark)表示在运动的背景.
Ex . The book (图形) is on the table (背景)
3
2.Construal (识解) & Construal Operations (识解操作)
Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc.识解，一种在特异性，心理扫描， 定向性，优势地位以及图形与背景的分离等多种不 同的方式下理解和描绘相同的情景的能力。
16
Image schematic structures have two characteristics:
1 ) they are pre- conceptual schematic structures emerging from our bodily experience;
2) they are constantly operating in our perceptual interaction, bodily movement through space, and physical manipulation of objects.
2
1. The definition of cognitive linguistics
Cognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language. ----Ruiz de Mendoza 1997)
Batman( 图 形 ) was standing on the roof( 背 景 ) We ( 射 体 ) went across the field( 路 标 ) He ( 射 体 ) is going to London( 路 标 )
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2 .3Perspective(视角)/situatedness (方位)
2 .2Judgment (判断) / Comparison (对比) The construal operations of judgment / comparison have to do with judging something by comparing it to something else.判断/对比识解操作 与把一物比作另一物的判断相关.它是人类基本的认 识能力,也是人类经验的基础.
For example: the structure of an apple, an individual’ s perceptual sphere, an individual’ s social sphere, with family and friends at the core and others at the outside.
其 特 征 体 现 在 以 下 四 个 方 面 ( Croft and cruse) ： 1 上位范畴没有基本层次范畴好，尽管它的成员可以区别于邻 近的范畴，但是范畴内的相似性相对比较低。 2 上位范畴比基本层次范畴的定义特征是少。 3 基本层次范畴的中间层次上位范畴之间有单一的修饰关系。 4 从语言学的角度说，上位范畴的名词大多是物质名词，而基 本层次范畴的名词是可数名词。
13
3 .3Subordinate level附属层次范畴 At this level we perceive the differences between the members of the basic level categories. Often the names for SUBORDINATE LEVEL categories are morphologically complex. They are typically composite forms. One such example is that of compound nouns.
另一个认知语言学的识解操作就是视角。我们通过所 处的位置来观察一个情景。视点取决于两个方面：一 方面，它取决于观察者的位置与观察情境的关系。另 一方面，它取决于情景的安排与观察者的位置关系。 Ex . My bike is in front of the car .ehind the car .我的自行车在汽
Cognitive Linguistics 认知语言学
1
What is cognitive linguistics?
1 . Definition of Cognitive Linguistics 2 . Construal ( 识 解 ) and Construal
Operations (识解操作) 3.Categorization (范畴化) 4.Image Schemas (意象图式) 5.Metaphor (隐喻) 6.Metonymy (换喻/转喻) 7.Blending theory (整合理论)
Mark Johnson (1987) defines an image schemas a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. 约翰逊把意象图式定义为通过感知的相互作用和运动 程序获得的对事物经验给以连贯和结构的循环出现的 动态模式。
5
2.1 Attention (注意力) / Salience (突显) The operation grouped under SALIENCE have to do with our direction of attention towards something that is salient to us. Ex. 1 . a He cleaned the window. b He opened the window. 第一个例子将注意力放在窗户的玻璃上。第二个例 子更强调窗子的框架。 Ex.2.a I have broken the window. b A stone has broken the window. 第个例子突显了我在事件中的角色，第二个例子突 显的是石头的角色.
车的后面。 这些识解以我们实际上站在不同的角度去观察自行车 和汽车为前提。
10
3 .Categorization (范畴化)
Categorization is the process of classifying our
experiences into different categories based oc范on畴mm化o是na基lit于ies人a类nd经d验if的fe异re同nc将es我. 们的经验划分成 不同的类型。 •There are three levels in categories: the basic level, the super-ordinate level, and the subordinate level.
其特征体现在以下四个方面(克劳褔特和克鲁兹)： 1 由行为相互作用产生典型范式的最具包容性的层次。 2 构成清晰图像的最具包容性的层次。 3 代表部分-整体信息的最具包容性的层次。 4 为日常参考所提供的层次。
12
3.2 Superordinate level 上位层次范畴
Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.
7
The figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration. It also applies to our perception of moving objects. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving, it is typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constituent the ground. 图形-背景关系似乎可以运用于空间研究，背景充当
17
There are nine types of schemas:
1 . A center - periphery schemas( 中 心 - 边 缘 图 示 ) It involves a physical or metaphorical core and edge, and degrees of distance from the core.
Cognitive Linguistics is based on human experience of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world .认知语言学 是基于人类对世界的经验以及他们感知和概念化世 界的方式
11
3 . 1 Basic level 基 本 层 次 范 畴
The categories at the basic level are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best. This is the level where we perceive the most differences between “objects” in the world.
4
Construal operations are conceptualizing processes used in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions. 识解操作是人类在语言处理过程中概念化的 过程。或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方 式所使用的基本心理过程和心理来源。
其特征体现在以下三个方面(克劳褔特和克鲁兹)： 1 附属范畴比基本范畴层次尽管它们的低，尽管它们的成
员之间有很高的相似性，但于临近的范畴成员的区别性却很低。 2 它们的信息性相对比它们的中间层次上位范畴少。 3 它们是多词素性的，而最普遍的格式是修饰－中心语结构。
14
15
4 .Image schemas 意象图式
了介词宾语和表征空间关系的介词。它同样也适用于我们感 知运动的物体。因为运动的物体是最具凸显性的。因为它是 运动的，就构成了图形，而剩余的刺激构成了背景。
8
Langacker 用射体(trajector)表示运动的图 形,用路标(landmark)表示在运动的背景.
Ex . The book (图形) is on the table (背景)
3
2.Construal (识解) & Construal Operations (识解操作)
Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc.识解，一种在特异性，心理扫描， 定向性，优势地位以及图形与背景的分离等多种不 同的方式下理解和描绘相同的情景的能力。
16
Image schematic structures have two characteristics:
1 ) they are pre- conceptual schematic structures emerging from our bodily experience;
2) they are constantly operating in our perceptual interaction, bodily movement through space, and physical manipulation of objects.
2
1. The definition of cognitive linguistics
Cognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language. ----Ruiz de Mendoza 1997)
Batman( 图 形 ) was standing on the roof( 背 景 ) We ( 射 体 ) went across the field( 路 标 ) He ( 射 体 ) is going to London( 路 标 )
9
2 .3Perspective(视角)/situatedness (方位)