初中英语语法之 词和词组辨异

Unit 14词和词组辨异
辨异的目的是既知其然,又知其所以然,将适当的词语放在恰当的位置。

本单元所列举的词和词组辨异,均为新课标所要求掌握的词汇,同时也是近年来中考中常见的考点之一。

lie与lay
lay(放是及物动词,lie(躺是不及物动词,lie(说谎可作及物动词和不及物动词。

如: lay laid laid laying放
lie lay lain lying躺
lie lied lied lying说谎
She lay down and soon fell asleep.她躺下来,不久就睡着了。

He opened the door and found a man lying on the ground.
他打开门,发现一个人正躺在地上。

He laid some flowers on the window.他把一些花放在窗台上。

hang与hang
hang(悬挂与hang(吊死,绞死同形,但hang作“悬挂”解释时,为不规则动词,作“吊死”时为规则动词。

如:
hang hung hung hanging(悬挂
hang hanged hanged hanging(绞死,吊死
She hung a map of China on the wall.她把一张中国地图挂在墙上。

He was hanged for murder.他因杀人而被绞死。

rise与raise
(1 rise(起立,升起是不及物动词,而且是不规则动词(rise-rose-risen。

如:The east is red,the sun rises.东方红,太阳升。

The wind is rising.起风了。

(2 raise(举起,饲养是及物动词,规则变化。

如:
Grandpa Wang raised a lot of sheep.王大爷饲养了许多羊。

He raised his voice so that I could hear him.他提高声音,以便我能听见。

let与leave
(1 let表示“让”和“允许”,后跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。

如:
She wants to go swimming but her father won't let her go.
她想去游泳,但她父亲不允许她去。

(2 leave表示“遗忘”和“留下”,是不规则动词(leave—left—left。

如:
I left my notebook in the library.我把笔记本忘在图书馆了。

used to与be used to
(1 used to表示“过去常常”,used to do something指“过去常常做某事”。

used to后面接不定式,而且只用于过去式。

如:
Did you use to play football?你过去常踢足球吗?
(2 be used to表示“习惯于做什么事情”,后接名词或者动词-ing形式。

这里“used”相当于形
容词。

当表示“不习惯变为习惯时”用become(get used to。

“be used to”可用于各种时态。

如:
How can I get used to such hard life?这么艰苦的生活让我如何适应?
sit与seat
(1 sit表示“坐”,是不及物动词,sit-sat-sat。

而sit down表示“坐下”。

如:They're sitting at a table.他们都坐在桌旁。

(2 seat表示“就座”,后面要跟反身代词seat oneself,或be seated。

seat-seated-seated。

如:
He seated himself at the back of the classroom.他坐在了教室的后面。

experience与experiment
(1 experience作“经验”讲时是不可数名词,作“经历”讲时是可数名词。

如:He is a man of much experience.他是一个经验丰富的人。

He had a pleasant experience.他有一段愉快的经历。

(2 experiment表示“实验”,是可数名词。

如:
When you have finished your experiment,please tidy the lab.做完实验后,请整理实验室。

advise与advertise
(1 advise表示“劝告,对某人提出忠告”,后跟复合宾语,advise sb.to do sth.。

如:What do you advise me to do?你看我该怎么办?
(2 advertise表示“登广告”,后面常接for。

如:
Why not advertise in a newspaper for your school?
为什么不在报上为你们学校做个广告?
choose与choice
(1 choose(choose-chose-chosen是动词,表示“挑选”。

如:
He chose three from these books.他从这些书中选择了3本。

(2 choice是名词,表示“选择”。

如:
I have no choice at all.我别无选择。

pass与past
(1 pass(pass—passed—passed是动词,表示“通过”。

如:
He passed the test with the help of his teacher.
在老师的帮助下,他通过了这次考试。

(2 past是形容词、副词或介词,表示“超过”。

如:
We ran past the house very quickly.我们很快跑过了那栋房子。

advice与advise
(1 advice是名词,表示“忠告”。

如:
He gave me a piece of advice.他给了我一条忠告。

Could you give me some advice on English?你能否在英语方面给我一些建议?
(2 advise是动词,表示“劝告、忠告”,后面常跟复合宾语,advise sb.to do sth.。

如:The teacher advised us not to be lazy.老师劝我们别偷懒。

ring与strike
(1 ring(ring—rang—rung是动词,表示“摇铃、按铃、响铃”,也可表示“打电话”。

如:Who is ringing at the door?谁在按门铃?
I'll ring you up tomorrow.我明天打电话给你。

(2 strike(strike—struck—struck是动词,表示“撞击、打击”,强调“使劲地敲”。

如:He struck at the ball.他击中了球。

take与bring
(1 take(take—took—taken表示“拿走”,指把东西从说话人所在的地方拿走、取走或带走。

如:
Who has taken my umbrella?谁把我的伞拿走了?
(2 bring(bring—brought—brought表示“带来”,指把东西朝说话人所在的地方拿来、带来。

如:
Spring brings beautiful flowers.春天来了,百花盛开。

pay与reward
(1 pay(pay—paid—paid指偿付劳动报酬。

如:
He paid$10 for the watch.他花10美元买了这块表。

(2 reward(reward—rewarded—rewarded指为别人做了好事,别人为表示感谢而付的酬谢金。

reward sb.for sth.因某事而酬谢某人。

如:
The old man rewarded the boy for his help.老人因为孩子的帮助而奖赏了孩子。

ride与drive
(1 ride(ride—rode—ridden表示“骑”或“乘”。

ride a horse骑马,ride a bicycle骑车,ride in a bus乘车。

如:
I ride a bike to school every day.我每天骑车去上学。

(2 drive(drive—drove—driven表示“驾驶”。

drive a car(taxi,bus开小车(出租,公共汽车。

如:
Is it difficult to drive a train?开火车很难吗?
drop与fall
(1 drop(drop—dropped—dropped是及物动词,表示“落下”。

如:
She dropped the teapot.她把茶壶掉地上了。

The runner dropped his stick when he was passing it on to the next one.
当那个跑步运动员正把棒传递给下一个队员时,掉了棒。

(2 fall(fall—fell—fallen是不及物动词,表示“跌倒,落下”。

如:
Lucy fell off her bike.露西从自行车上摔了下来。

say,speak与talk
(1 say(say—said—said指用语言表达,强调说话的内容或这一行为,不表示说话的性质。

如:
Please say“hello”to your teacher when you se e him.当你见着老师时,请向他问好。

(2 speak(speak—spoke—spoken指说话的能力或讲某种语言。

如:
Can he speak Chinese?他会讲汉语吗?
(3 talk(talk—talked—talked指两个人或许多人在一起谈论。

如:
I don't understand what you are talking about.我不懂你们在谈什么。

arrive与reach
(1 arrive是不及物动词,指“抵达”或“到达”。

arrive in,arrive at。

如:
The train arrived at the station.火车到站了。

(2 reach是及物动词。

如:
When did they reach Shanghai?他们何时到上海的?
look,seem与appear
(1 look着重表达由视觉得出的印象。

如:
Does he look like his dad or his mum?他看起来像他的爸爸还是妈妈?
(2 seem指依照一定的根据所作的判断,这种判断往往接近事实。

如:They seemed not to know the result.他们似乎不知道结果。

(3 appear指外表给人的印象,有时结果并非如此。

如:
Why does she appear so sad?她为何显得如此悲伤?
remember,remind与recall
(1 remember表示记起以前的事。

如:
Remember to turn off the lights when you leave.离开时记着关灯。

(2 remind指提醒某人做某事。

remind sb.of sth.,remind sb.to do sth.。

如:Please remind me to buy some meat.请提醒我买肉。

He reminds me of my son's birthday.他使我想起儿子的生日。

(3 recall指记起或想起。

强调有意识地去回忆。

如:
I can't recall having met her before.我记不起以前曾见到过她。

excuse,pardon与forgive
(1 excuse语气较客气,表示“原谅”或“借口”,常用于口语。

如:
Excuse me for being late.对不起,我迟到了。

(2 pardon表示歉意,或请求对方重复没听清的话。

如:
Pardon,I didn't understand what you said.对不起,我没有听懂你刚才说的话。

(3 forgive表示饶恕,要求免于惩罚。

如:
Please forgive my not coming.请宽恕我未能赴约。

lend,borrow与loan
(1 lend(lend—lent—lent表示借出某物,是指别人从你这儿把东西借走。

如:Can you lend me your bike?
你能借给我你的自行车吗?
(2 borrow表示借入某物,是指从别人那里把东西借来。

如:
May I borrow your pen?我能借用你的钢笔吗?
(3 loan常用作名词,表示“借出物”或“贷款”。

如:
May I have the loan of your dictionary?
我可以借你的字典用一下吗?
14—2词组的辨异
(1 turn
turn on旋开,发动turn down拒绝,调小
turn off关掉turn up调大,出现
turn white变白turn left向左转
I remembered turning the light off when I left the room.
我记得离开房间时把灯关掉了。

The trees turn green and flowers come out.树变绿了,花开了。

Walk down this road and then turn right at the second crossing.
一直往前走,到第二个十字路口向右拐。

You'd better turn down the radio,the baby is sleeping.
你最好把收音机音量调小点,孩子正在睡觉。

Turn the radio up a little.请把收音机的音量开大一点。

He turned on the TV as soon as he came in.他一进来就打开电视机。

(2 take
take after相像,仿效take care of照看,照料
take off脱掉,起飞take out取出
take away拿走,减去take the medicine吃药
take a bus乘车
Jim takes after his father.吉姆与他父亲长得很像。

Who will take care of you when you are ill?你生病时谁照料你?
The plane will take off at 4:30 p.m..飞机将在下午4:30起飞。

He took out a pen and began to write.他取出钢笔开始写。

Don't take the books away from the library.别把书从图书馆拿走。

Have you taken this medicine already?你已服过药了吗?
You'd better take a bus to go there.你最好乘车去那儿。

(3 stand
stand for代表,主张stand by旁观,支持
HK stands for Hong Kong.HK代表香港。

Don't just stand by.Can't you give a hand?
别站在一边旁观,你不能帮一下忙吗?
We'll stand by you when you're in trouble.你有困难时,我们会帮助你的。

(4 run
run away逃走,溜掉run into遇到run over撞倒
Who did you run into in the park last Sunday?上周日在公园里你碰到谁了?She was run over yesterday when she was crossing the street.
昨天她横穿街道时被车撞倒了。

(5 put
put up举起,抬起put on穿上put away收藏好You'd better put on your coat,it is cold outside.
你最好穿上大衣,外面很冷。

My father put away the new books in the bookshelf.
我父亲把那些新书都收到书柜里去了。

Please put up your head and face me.请抬起头来看着我。

(6 look
look for寻找look about环顾look after照料
look out当心look up查找look like看起来像
look at看look over检查
I have been looking for my bike for several days.
我已经找了好几天我的自行车了。

He looked about and asked me what had happened.
他环顾四周,问我发生了什么事情。

As I grow older,I can look after myself.我长大了,可以照料自己了。

Look out!The train is coming.当心!火车开过来了。

If you don't understand a word,you may look it up in a dictionary.
如果你不懂某个单词,你可以查字典。

She looks like her mother.她长得像她妈妈。

Please look at here.请往这里看。

The doctor looked over the patient carefully.医生仔细检查了那个病人。

(7 make
be made from由……制造(质变be made of由……制造(形变be made in在……制造(产地be made up of由……组成
Paper is made from wood.纸是由木材做的。

The flower is made of paper.这花是用纸做的。

This bike is made in Shanghai.这自行车是上海制造的。

Our class is made up of 50 students.我们班由50个同学组成。

(8 go
go on继续go back回去go home回家
go away走开go to school上学go to bed睡觉
go boating去划船
Go away!I'm so busy.走开!我很忙。

—Where is Li Ming?—李明在哪儿?
—He has gone to the library.—他已经去图书馆了。

They went back to their hometown.他们返回了家乡。

The boy didn't go to bed until he finished his homework.
小男孩直到完成作业才上床睡觉了。

What about going boating tomorrow?明天去划船好吗?
(9 get
get up起床get well痊愈
get dressed穿衣get in收集,收割
get back返回get to到达
get out of出去,离开get into进入
get off下车get on上车
get ready for为……做准备get on with与……相处
Does your mother often get up early?你妈妈常早起吗?
Have a good rest and you will get well soon.好好休息,你很快就会好的。

He is only five,he can't get dressed.他只有5岁,不会穿衣服。

Mr and Mrs Green were getting ready for their holiday.格林夫妇正在为度假做准备。

How are you getting on with your classmates?你和你的同学相处得如何?Please give me a call as soon as you get to England.
请你一到英国就给我打电话。

The teacher got into the office with a book under his arm.
老师夹着一本书走进了办公室。

The students got the dog out of the classroom.学生们把那只狗赶出了教室。

You must be careful when you get off.下车时一定要小心。

(10 come
come back回来,折回come from来自
come down下来come on快点
come over过来,来访come in进来
come out出去
Come on,or we'll be late for the train.赶快,要不我们就赶不上火车了。

My parents will come back in one or two days.我父母过一两天就回来。

Where does she come from?她来自于哪儿?
Jim can't come down from the tree.吉姆不能从树上下来。

Would you like to come over to my house for dinner?
你愿意顺便到我家来吃晚饭吗?
(11 keep
keep on继续keep up with赶上
keep from忍住keep away阻止,戒
Although it rained,the farmers kept on working in the fields.
尽管天下雨了,农民们仍继续在田里劳动。

The girl had to run to keep up with her brother.那女孩只有跑着才能跟上她哥哥。

Keep away from me!走开!
She couldn't keep from laughing.她忍不住笑了。

(12 give
give out分发give up放弃give back归还
give off放出give a talk作报告give a message捎口信The teacher is giving out the new textbooks.老师正在发新课本。

The bad eggs gave off a terrible smell.那些臭鸡蛋散发出难闻的气味。

Please give it back to me soon.请尽快还给我。

Would you mind giving him a message?请你带个口信给他好吗?
He had to give up drinking.他不得不戒酒了。

(13 bring
bring up养育bring about导致
He was brought up by his aunt.他是由姑姑带大的。

What brought about great changes?什么带来了巨大的变化?
14—3词和词组的释义
1.loud not quiet
2.lose fail to find
3.look up a word find a word in a dictionary
4.join become a member of
5.hear from get a letter from
receive a letter from
6.hurry be quick,move fast
7.hardly 8.glad 9.fill 10.different 11.expensive 12.dirty 13.dinner 14.difficult
15.arrive in（at）16.almost 17.across 18.century 19.centre 20.catch a cold 21.be able to 22.pay for 23.perhaps 24.seat（n.）25.save 26.right away 27.return 28.quiet 29.person 30.teach 31.at last 32.a little 33.take a look 34.have a drink 35.weak 36.travel 37.top 38.take one's time 39.a lot of/lots of 40.on time 41.be interested in 42.hold on 43.fast 44.fall behind get somewhere fast almost not pleased or happy make or become full not the same dear，not cheap cost a lot of money not clean the main meal of the day hard，not easy reach，get to nearly from one side to the other one hundred years a middle part or point have a cold can give money for sth.maybe a place for sitting make safe from danger at once come or go back to give or send back with little noise a man，a woman or a child give lessons to sb.in the end a bit look，have a look drink not strong enough go from place to place the highest part not hurry many，much at the right time like to know and learn about wait a moment（often on the phone）quick，quickly fail to catch up
45.beside 46.catch up with 47.among 48.beat 49.knowledge 50.stop 51.win 52.wide 53.take care of 54.Sunday 55.shout 56.several＋可数57.send for 58.begin to do
sth.59.ring sb.up 60.walk to school 61.have a good time 62.none 63.from then on 64.do some washing 65.uncle 66.less than 67.get out something 68.go by air 69.day and night 70.visit 71.low 72.parents 73.parent 74.right 75.be good at 76.baby 77.wash 78.March 79.Wednesday 80.autumn 81.spring 82.walk on 83.do some shopping 84.just now next to come up from behind in the middle of hit many times learning keep from moving be the best or first in a race（match，game etc.）large from side to side look after the day before Monday give a loud cry speak or say very loudly more than 2 but fewer than many ask sb.to come start to do sth.telephone sb.go to school on foot enjoy oneself not any，no
one after that wash clothes brother of one's father or mother not so much（many）as bring out something go by plane all the time go to see somebody or a place not high or tall father and mother father or mother not wrong do well in a very young child make clean with water the third month of the year the day after Tuesday the busiest season of the year the first season of the year go on walking buy something，go shopping a short time ago
85.empty having nothing inside 86.bright clever，sunny 87.give sb.a ring call
sb.88.get to sleep go to sleep 89.copy try to do the same as others 90.mountain a very high hill 91.forest a large place where many trees grow 92.What's wrong with...?What's the matter with...?93.in no time very soon，very quickly 94.each everyone 95.be heavy be not light 96.half a year six months 97.be in be at home 98.be out be away 99.be different from not the same as...100.books on art books about art 101.everywhere here and there 102.at first at the beginning 103.fly there go there by air 104.over more than 105.have time be free 106.I've no idea.I don't know.14—4单元练习选择最佳答案填空。

(1 I______half an hour on my homework yesterday.A.took B.cost ed D.spent(2 It is raining.______the raincoat with you.A.Bring B.Take C.Put D.Took(3 Don't______a book in bed.A.look B.read C.see D.watch(4 I______Hangzhou for a week.I had an important meeting there.A.have been in B.have been to C.have come in D.have come to(5 Lucy and Lily can speak good Chinese,because they______China for six years.A.have been in B.have been to C.have come to D.have gone to(6 We must______the truth of the matter.A.look out B.look for C.find out D.found(7 Have they______in Beijing?A.arrive
B.reached
C.got
D.arrived
(8 Please speak a little louder.We can't______you.A.listen B.listen to C.hear D.to hear(9 He______some books from the library yesterday.A.lend B.lent C.kept
D.borrowed(10 The foreign friends______us something about their country.A.said
B.spoke
C.told
D.talked【参考答案】(1 D(2 B(3 B(4 A(5 A(6 C(7 D(8 C(9 D(10 C。