高中英语真题：2017高考英语阅读理解一轮基础训练(三)

2017高考英语阅读理解一轮基础训练（三）
【2016高考训练题】阅读理解—主旨大意题、标题概括题。

Among all the fast growing science and technology, the resea rch of human genes, or biological engineering as people call it , is drawing more and more attention now. sometimes it is a h ot topic discussed by people.
The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure seri ous diseases that doctors at present can almost do nothing wi th, such as cancer and heart disease. Every year, millions of people are murdered by these two killers. And to date, doctor s have not found an effective way to cure them. But if the gen e technology is applied, not only these two diseases can be c ured completely, bringing happiness and more living days to t he patients, but also the great amount of money people spend on curing their diseases can be saved, therefore it benefits th e economy as well. In addition, human life span(寿
命)can be prolonged.
Gene technology can help to give birth to healthy and clever c hildren. Some families, with the English imperial family being a good example, have hereditary(遗传
的)diseases. This means their children will for sure have the f
amily disease, which is a great trouble for these families. In th e past, doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases. B ut gene technology can solve this problem perfectly. The scie ntist just need to find the wrong gene and correct it , and a he althy child will be born.
Some people are worrying that the gene research can be use d to manufacture human beings in large quantities. In the past few years, scientists have succeeded in cloning a sheep. The refore these people predict that human babies would soon be cloned. But I believe cloned babies will not come out in large quantities, for most couples in the world can have babies in v ery normal way. Of course, the government must take care to control gene technology.
What does “these two killers” in the second paragraph refer to ?
Gene technology and another treatment of the two diseases. The two murderers who killed the cloned baby.
The two diseases of cancer and heart disease.
Hereditary diseases and cancer
What's the main idea of the third paragraph?
How gene technology can be applied in the field of treating he reditary diseases.
Gene technology can be used to clone human babies.
Gene technology can help people to give birth to a baby. Gene technology can help the English imperial family out
In what way gene technology can help to treat hereditary dise ases?
Using gene technology, people with hereditary diseases can h ave more living days.
Using gene technology, the scientist finds the wrong gene an d corrects it.
Using gene technology, human babies can be cloned. Doctors can cure cancer and heart disease with the help of ge ne technology.
What is the main purpose of writing this passage? Expressing the writer's idea that gene technology will benefit people.
Telling people the disadvantages of gene technology.
Telling the readers that gene technology will not benefit peopl e.
Explaining that gene technology will also do harm to the huma nity.
语篇解读
这篇文章比较容易读懂，主要告诉我们有关基因工程方面的问题。

C 细节理解题。

文章第二段第一、二句即为答案出处。

A 段落大意题。

第三段可以从首句获得启示，其他选项不是主旨，而是一些细节的反映。

B 细节理解题。

从第三段最后一句可以获得线索。

A 写作意图题。

对比四个选项，显然B、C、D表达的都是相同的意思，只有A选项不同，逆向思维故为答案。

阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

At the age of ten I could not figure out what this Elvis Presley guy had that the rest of us boys did not have. I mean, he had a head, two arms and two legs, just like the rest of us. About nine o’clock on Saturday morning I decided to ask Eugene Co rrethers, one of the older boys, what it was that made this Elvi s guy so special. He told me that it was Elvis’ wavy hair and th e way he moved his body.
About half an hour later all the boys in the orphanage（孤儿院）were called to the main dining-
room and told we were all going to downtown Jacksonville, Fl
orida to get a new pair of Buster Brown shoes and a hair cut.T hat is when I got this big idea, which hit me like a ton of bricks .If the Elvis hair cut was the big secret, then that’s what I was going to get.
All the way to town I told everybody, including the matro n（女管家）
from the orphanage who was taking us to town, that I was goi ng to look just like Elvis Presley and that I would learn to mov e around just like he did and that I would be rich and famous one day, just like him.
When I got my new Buster Brown shoes, I could hardly wait for my new hair cut and now that I had my new Buster Br own shoes I would be very happy to go back to the orphanag e and practice being like Elvis.
We finally arrived at the big barber shop, where they cut our hair for free because we were orphans（孤
儿). I looked at the barber and said, “I want an Elvis hair cut. Can you make my hair like Elvis?” I asked him, with a big smil e on my face. “Let’s just see what we can do for you, little ma n,” he said. I was so happy when he started to cut my hair. Ju st as he started to cut my hair, the matron signed for him to co me over to where she was standing. She whispered somethin g into his ear and then he shook his head, like he was telling
her “No”. Then he told me they were not allowed to give us El vis hair cuts. Then I saw my hair falling onto the floor.
1.In the author’s eyes, Elvis Presley was _________.
A. disgusting
B. admirable
C. ambitious
D. dynamic
2. From the passage, we can know that _________.
A. Buster Brown was more appealing than Elvis Presley
B. An Elvis hair cut cost the orphans a lot of money
C. The author was fascinated with the stars Buster and Elvis
D. The barber was unwilling to give the boy an Elvis hair cut
3. We can learn from the underlined sentence that the boy wa s _________.
A. excited to have an Elvis hair cut
B. worried to think about th e secret
C. anxious to remove the ton of bricks
D. careful to seize the chance
4. How would the boy probably feel when he walked out of the barber shop?
A. Delighted.
B. Guilty.
C. Self-
satisfied. D. Depressed.
【参考答案】1—4、BCAD
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

【2013界广东省增城市调研试题】
The best and worst part about being a twenty-
something is that every decision you make can change the re st of your life. Once you're in your 30's or 40's, it gets harder a nd harder to reinvent yourself. So I made an interview with Dr. Meg Jay, the clinical psychologist. He explains why the twenti es matter, and how to make the most of them.
In Dr. Meg Jay's opinion, our 20s are the defining decade of a dulthood. 80% of life's most important moments take place by about age 35. And 2/3 of lifetime wage growth happens durin g the first ten years of a career. More than half of Americans a re married or are dating or living with their future partner by ag e 30. Personality can change more during our 20s than at any other decade in life. Female fertility(生育能
力) peaks at 28. The brain caps off (结
束) its last major growth. When it comes to adult development
, 30 is not the new 20. Even if you do nothing, not making cho ices is a choice all the same. Don't be defined by what you di dn't know or didn't do.
On the other hand, I also ask him how the 20s track their prog ress toward their future goals and whether milestones like 21 and 30 are really important. Dr. Meg Jay think it absolutely im portant. Milestones--
21, 25, 30, New Year's, birthdays, reunions--
are important because they cause self-
reflection. What he mentioned are as follows: Am I where I wa nted to be by this age? Did I do what I said I would do this yea r? If not, why not. And if not now, when? A 20-year-
old girl who interviewed me recently told me about a question she was advised to ask herself as she moved through adultho od: "If you keep living your life exactly as it is, where will you b e in 3 years?" If you don't like the answer, now is the time to c hange course.
Surely the 20s are for experimenting, but not just with philoso phies(人生观) and vacations and substances(物
质). The 20s are your best chance to experiment with jobs an d relationships. Then each move can be more intentional and more informed than the last.
31. Once you make a decision in your 20's, it will __________.
A. be the best part
B. be the worst part
C. change your whole life
D. affect your future life
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。

根据第一段第一句
every decision you make can change the rest of your life.你20多岁做出的决定影响你的未来生活，故选D。

32. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Decisive
B. Describing
C. Explaining
D. changeable
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。

根据从后句 most important moments 推出Decisive决定性的，故选A。

33. What is the most changeable during the 20s according to t he passage?
A. Career
B. Marriage
C. Character
D. Philosophies
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。

从第二段第五句：
Personality can change more during our 20s than at any other decade in life可知答案。

在20多岁的时的性格比人生中的任何时候都容易改变，故选C。

34. According to Paragraph 3, one reason why Dr. Meg Jay st resses the importance of 20s is that ______.
A. it is a milestone
B. it tracks their progress
C. it leads to self-reflection
D. it achieves their future goals
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。

从第三句 cause self-reflection与之同义。

引起自我反思，故选C。

35. What is the passage mainly about?
A. The 20s are of importance, and how to make use of them.
B. The 20s can change the rest of your life.
C. The 20s are milestones to reach their future goals.
D. The 20s are the best chance to experiment.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。

答案重点在第一段可找到，但各段都按这个中心展开。

20多岁是非常重要的，应如何充分利用它，故选A。

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

【2013界广东省增城市调研试题】
Nowadays, there is a heated debate on whether pollutants sh ould be cleaned in the air. Cleaning up the air, while good for our lungs, could make global warming worse. And the polluta nts still go up around the air, along with carbon dioxide. These pollutants are called aerosols (气溶
粒) and they include soot as well as mixtures of nitrogen(氮) a nd sulfur(硫) and other stuff into the air. Natalie Mahowald, a climate researcher at Cornell University, says so far, scientist s have mostly tried to understand what those aerosols do whil e they're actually in the air.
"There are so many different kinds of aerosols," she says. "So me warm and some cool. But in fact, humans are giving out a lot of extra aerosols, and they tend to cool for the most part." The aerosols reflect sunlight back into space, or keep us cool. But it turns out that's not all they do. These aerosols also infl uence how much carbon dioxide gets drawn out of the air by plants on land and in the sea.
"They can add nutrients, for example, to the oceans or to the l and," Mahowald says. "But also while they're in the atmosphe re they can change the climate, and thus that also can influen ce the amount of carbon, the land or the ocean can take up. S o there are quite a few different ways that aerosols can act on
each other."
Mahowald's results suggest that reducing those pollutants co uld be an even bigger problem than realized, when you consi der that aerosols help remove carbon dioxide from the air by encouraging plant growth. Hard numbers on this effect are hig hly uncertain at the moment, but this could turn out to be quite significant.
And studying it is not easy because the effects aren't well und erstood. For example, nitrogen can be a fertilizer (肥
料), but it can stop plant growing when nitrogen comes out of t he air in acid form.
Right now it seems like we're much more likely to clean up ae rosol pollution, while increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. So scientists, unfortunately, may have a chance to s ee whether this experiment on our planet should continue or n ot.
36. From Paragraph 2, we know that .
A. scientists have been aware of how aerosols work
B. Natalie Mahowald is an expert in climate
C. cleaning up the air is so popular
D. pollutants are under control so far
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。

由第二段第二句Natalie Mahowald的同位语a climate researcher at Cornell University可知
Natalie Mahowald是一个气候专家，故选B。

37. What is Natalie Mahowald's opinion on those aerosols?
A. Aerosols can influence each other in various ways.
B. All the aerosols will cool the earth.
C. Aerosols can add nutrients to human beings.
D. Any kind of aerosols will warm the earth.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。

由第三段Some warm and some cool 得知，BD选项错误, 与Some不符。

从第五段的
to the oceans，得知C也不对。

由第五段最后一句
aerosols can act on each other气溶粒可以以不同的方式相互影响，故选A。

38. Why is it important for scientists to get accurate numbers according to the passage?
A. Scientists have a chance to research them.
B. They can bring scientists much more benefit.
C. Scientists can protect the earth from being polluted
D. They can help scientists understand the effects better. 【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。

从第六段最后一句和第七段开头句可推出D正确。

其他选项与题目没有直接的因果关系。

它们能帮科学家更好地理解影响，故选D。

39. What does the last sentence of the passage imply?
A. Scientists will be in a dilemma.
B. The experiment will be successful.
C. Scientists will carry out the experiment.
D. Scientists have difficulty in the experiment.
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。

从第七段开头句和第八段最后一句should continue or not应不应该进行。

说明研究的左右为难。

故A最合适。

而D选项属于事实题，不是暗示推理题。

科学家左右为难，故选A。

40. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage ?
A. Pollutants in the Air.
B. The Experiment on the Planet
C. The Reason for Global Warming
D. The Influence of A erosols
【答案】D
【解析】标题归纳题。

全文以Aerosols为中心，说明它的影响。

故D正确。

其他选项要么范围太大要么太小，不够全面。

气溶粒的影响，故选D。

2017高考英语阅读理解一轮基础训练（三）
【2016高考训练题】阅读理解—主旨大意题、标题概括题。

Among all the fast growing science and technology, the research of human genes, or biologic al engineering as people call it, is drawing more and more attention now. sometimes it is a ho t topic discussed by people.
The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure serious diseases that doctors at pr esent can almost do nothing with, such as cancer and heart disease. Every year, millions of people are murdered by these two killers. And to date, doctors have not found an effective w ay to cure them. But if the gene technology is applied, not only these two diseases can be cu red completely, bringing happiness and more living days to the patients, but also the great a mount of money people spend on curing their diseases can be saved, therefore it benefits th e economy as well. In addition, human life span(寿命)can be prolonged.
Gene technology can help to give birth to healthy and clever children. Some families, with the English imperial family being a good example, have hereditary(遗传
的)diseases. This means their children will for sure have the family disease, which is a great t rouble for these families. In the past, doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases. But gene technology can solve this problem perfectly. The scientist just need to find the wrong g ene and correct it , and a healthy child will be born.
Some people are worrying that the gene research can be used to manufacture human beings in large quantities. In the past few years, scientists have succeeded in cloning a sheep. Ther efore these people predict that human babies would soon be cloned. But I believe cloned ba bies will not come out in large quantities, for most couples in the world can have babies in ve ry normal way. Of course, the government must take care to control gene technology.
What does “these two killers” in the second paragraph refer to?
Gene technology and another treatment of the two diseases.
The two murderers who killed the cloned baby.
The two diseases of cancer and heart disease.
Hereditary diseases and cancer
What's the main idea of the third paragraph?
How gene technology can be applied in the field of treating hereditary diseases.
Gene technology can be used to clone human babies.
Gene technology can help people to give birth to a baby.
Gene technology can help the English imperial family out
In what way gene technology can help to treat hereditary diseases?
Using gene technology, people with hereditary diseases can have more living days.
Using gene technology, the scientist finds the wrong gene and corrects it.
Using gene technology, human babies can be cloned.
Doctors can cure cancer and heart disease with the help of gene technology.
What is the main purpose of writing this passage?
Expressing the writer's idea that gene technology will benefit people.
Telling people the disadvantages of gene technology.
Telling the readers that gene technology will not benefit people.
Explaining that gene technology will also do harm to the humanity.
语篇解读
这篇文章比较容易读懂，主要告诉我们有关基因工程方面的问题。

C 细节理解题。

文章第二段第一、二句即为答案出处。

A 段落大意题。

第三段可以从首句获得启示，其他选项不是主旨，而是一些细节的反映。

B 细节理解题。

从第三段最后一句可以获得线索。

A 写作意图题。

对比四个选项，显然B、C、D表达的都是相同的意思，只有A选项不同，逆向思维故为答案。

阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

At the age of ten I could not figure out what this Elvis Presley guy had that the rest of us boys did not have. I mean, he had a head, two arms and two legs, just like the rest of us. About ni ne o’clock on Saturday morning I decided to ask Eugene Correthers, one of the older boys, w hat it was that made this Elvis guy so special. He told me that it was El vis’ wavy hair and the way he moved his body.
About half an hour later all the boys in the orphanage（孤儿院）
were called to the main dining-
room and told we were all going to downtown Jacksonville, Florida to get a new pair of Buste r Brown shoes and a hair cut.That is when I got this big idea, which hit me like a ton of bricks. If the Elvis hair cut was the big secret, then that’s what I was going to get.
All the way to town I told everybody, including the matron（女管家）
from the orphanage who was taking us to town, that I was going to look just like Elvis Presley and that I would learn to move around just like he did and that I would be rich and famous on e day, just like him.
When I got my new Buster Brown shoes, I could hardly wait for my new hair cut and no w that I had my new Buster Brown shoes I would be very happy to go back to the orphanage and practice being like Elvis.
We finally arrived at the big barber shop, where they cut our hair for free because we w ere orphans（孤
儿). I looked at the barber and said, “I want an Elvis hair cut. Can you make my hair like Elvis ?” I asked him, with a big smile on my face. “Let’s just see what we can do for you, little man,” he said. I was so happy when he started to cut my hair. Just as he started to cut my hair, th e matron signed for him to come over to where she was standing. She whispered something into his ear and then he shook his head, like he was telling her “No”. Then he told me they w ere not allowed to give us Elvis hair cuts. Then I saw my hair falling onto the floor.
1.In the author’s eyes, Elvis Presley was _________.
A. disgusting
B. admirable
C. ambitious
D. dynamic
2. From the passage, we can know that _________.
A. Buster Brown was more appealing than Elvis Presley
B. An Elvis hair cut cost the orphans a lot of money
C. The author was fascinated with the stars Buster and Elvis
D. The barber was unwilling to give the boy an Elvis hair cut
3. We can learn from the underlined sentence that the boy was _________.
A. excited to have an Elvis hair cut
B. worried to think about the secret
C. anxious to remove the ton of bricks
D. careful to seize the chance
4. How would the boy probably feel when he walked out of the barber shop?
A. Delighted.
B. Guilty.
C. Self-satisfied.
D. Depressed.
【参考答案】1—4、BCAD
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

【2013界广东省增城市调研试题】
The best and worst part about being a twenty-
something is that every decision you make can change the rest of your life. Once you're in yo ur 30's or 40's, it gets harder and harder to reinvent yourself. So I made an interview with Dr. Meg Jay, the clinical psychologist. He explains why the twenties matter, and how to make the most of them.
In Dr. Meg Jay's opinion, our 20s are the defining decade of adulthood. 80% of life's most im portant moments take place by about age 35. And 2/3 of lifetime wage growth happens durin g the first ten years of a career. More than half of Americans are married or are dating or livin g with their future partner by age 30. Personality can change more during our 20s than at any other decade in life. Female fertility(生育能力) peaks at 28. The brain caps off (结
束) its last major growth. When it comes to adult development, 30 is not the new 20. Even if y ou do nothing, not making choices is a choice all the same. Don't be defined by what you did n't know or didn't do.
On the other hand, I also ask him how the 20s track their progress toward their future goals a nd whether milestones like 21 and 30 are really important. Dr. Meg Jay think it absolutely imp ortant. Milestones--21, 25, 30, New Year's, birthdays, reunions--
are important because they cause self-
reflection. What he mentioned are as follows: Am I where I wanted to be by this age? Did I d o what I said I would do this year? If not, why not. And if not now, when? A 20-year-
old girl who interviewed me recently told me about a question she was advised to ask herself as she moved through adulthood: "If you keep living your life exactly as it is, where will you b e in 3 years?" If you don't like the answer, now is the time to change course.
Surely the 20s are for experimenting, but not just with philosophies(人生
观) and vacations and substances(物
质). The 20s are your best chance to experiment with jobs and relationships. Then each mov
e can be more intentional and more informed than the last.
31. Once you make a decision in your 20's, it will __________.
A. be the best part
B. be the worst part
C. change your whole life
D. affect your future life
【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。

根据第一段第一句
every decision you make can change the rest of your life.你20多岁做出的决定影响你的未来生活，故选D。

32. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 2 mean?
A. Decisive
B. Describing
C. Explaining
D. changeable
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。

根据从后句 most important moments推出Decisive决定性的，故选A。

33. What is the most changeable during the 20s according to the passage?
A. Career
B. Marriage
C. Character
D. Philosophies
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。

从第二段第五句：
Personality can change more during our 20s than at any other decade in life可知答案。

在20多岁的时的性格比人生中的任何时候都容易改变，故选C。

34. According to Paragraph 3, one reason why Dr. Meg Jay stresses the importance of 20s is that ______.
A. it is a milestone
B. it tracks their progress
C. it leads to self-reflection
D. it achieves their future goals
【答案】C
【解析】细节理解题。

从第三句 cause self-reflection与之同义。

引起自我反思，故选C。

35. What is the passage mainly about?
A. The 20s are of importance, and how to make use of them.
B. The 20s can change the rest of your life.
C. The 20s are milestones to reach their future goals.
D. The 20s are the best chance to experiment.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。

答案重点在第一段可找到，但各段都按这个中心展开。

20多岁是非常重要的，应如何充分利用它，故选A。

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

【2013界广东省增城市调研试题】
Nowadays, there is a heated debate on whether pollutants should be cleaned in the air. Clea ning up the air, while good for our lungs, could make global warming worse. And the pollutant s still go up around the air, along with carbon dioxide.
These pollutants are called aerosols (气溶
粒) and they include soot as well as mixtures of nitrogen(氮) and sulfur(硫) and other stuff int o the air. Natalie Mahowald, a climate researcher at Cornell University, says so far, scientists have mostly tried to understand what those aerosols do while they're actually in the air. "There are so many different kinds of aerosols," she says. "Some warm and some cool. But i n fact, humans are giving out a lot of extra aerosols, and they tend to cool for the most part." The aerosols reflect sunlight back into space, or keep us cool. But it turns out that's not all th ey do. These aerosols also influence how much carbon dioxide gets drawn out of the air by p lants on land and in the sea.
"They can add nutrients, for example, to the oceans or to the land," Mahowald says. "But als o while they're in the atmosphere they can change the climate, and thus that also can influen ce the amount of carbon, the land or the ocean can take up. So there are quite a few differen t ways that aerosols can act on each other."
Mahowald's results suggest that reducing those pollutants could be an even bigger problem t han realized, when you consider that aerosols help remove carbon dioxide from the air by en couraging plant growth. Hard numbers on this effect are highly uncertain at the moment, but t his could turn out to be quite significant.
And studying it is not easy because the effects aren't well understood. For example, nitrogen can be a fertilizer (肥
料), but it can stop plant growing when nitrogen comes out of the air in acid form.
Right now it seems like we're much more likely to clean up aerosol pollution, while increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. So scientists, unfortunately, may have a chance to s ee whether this experiment on our planet should continue or not.
36. From Paragraph 2, we know that .
A. scientists have been aware of how aerosols work
B. Natalie Mahowald is an expert in climate
C. cleaning up the air is so popular
D. pollutants are under control so far
【答案】B
【解析】细节理解题。

由第二段第二句Natalie Mahowald的同位语
a climate researcher at Cornell University可知Natalie Mahowald是一个气候专家，故选B。

37. What is Natalie Mahowald's opinion on those aerosols?
A. Aerosols can influence each other in various ways.
B. All the aerosols will cool the earth.
C. Aerosols can add nutrients to human beings.
D. Any kind of aerosols will warm the earth.
【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。

由第三段Some warm and some cool得知，BD选项错误, 与Some不符。

从第五段的to the oceans，得知C也不对。

由第五段最后一句
aerosols can act on each other气溶粒可以以不同的方式相互影响，故选A。

38. Why is it important for scientists to get accurate numbers according to the passage?
A. Scientists have a chance to research them.
B. They can bring scientists much more benefit.
C. Scientists can protect the earth from being polluted
D. They can help scientists understand the effects better.
【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。

从第六段最后一句和第七段开头句可推出D正确。

其他选项与题目没有直接的因果关系。

它们能帮科学家更好地理解影响，故选D。

39. What does the last sentence of the passage imply?
A. Scientists will be in a dilemma.
B. The experiment will be successful.
C. Scientists will carry out the experiment.
D. Scientists have difficulty in the experiment.
【答案】A
【解析】词义猜测题。

从第七段开头句和第八段最后一句should continue or not应不应该进行。

说明研究的左右为难。

故A最合适。

而D选项属于事实题，不是暗示推理题。

科学家左右为难，故选A。

40. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?
A. Pollutants in the Air.
B. The Experiment on the Planet
C. The Reason for Global Warming
D. The Influence of Aerosols
【答案】D
【解析】标题归纳题。

全文以Aerosols为中心，说明它的影响。

故D正确。

其他选项要么范围太大要么太小，不够全面。

气溶粒的影响，故选D。