M7 Unit 1 Grammar不定式to do

M7 Unit1 Grammar-- to do动词不定式2013/04/27
动词不定式的功能Functions of Infinitive 非谓语主语宾语宾语补足语定语表语状语
下列句子中的不定式短语作什么成分
1. It is good to survive a disaster.
2. It is my hope to make as much money as I can.
3. My ambition is to be an astronaut when I grow up.
4. I have no time to sit around chatting and doing nothing.
5. He is always the last student in my class to leave the school.
6. His company has planned to raise money.
7. My classmates have decided to give me as much help as possible.
8. Everyone has to work hard (in order) to live a comfortable life.
9. The children are too young to look after themselves. 10. Have your parents allowed you to come out so late at night?
1. 作主语
To finish this report took him a week. It takes (us) hours to do our homework everyday.
To see is to believe. It’s necessary (for us) to have a good knowledge of English.
It’s clever of you to work out the mat hs problem. It’s my hope to give her as much help as I can.
★想一想! 1. 当谓语动词是描述事情或活动的词语(如：take, cost, need, require)时。

2. 当表语是不定式时。

3. 当主句谓语是描述事情或活动的系表结构时。

注意：当表语形容词(如: easy, hard /difficult, safe, dangerous, possible, interesting, important, necessary)或名词(如: duty, a mistake, an honour)只能描述事情或活动时用不定式短语作主语，且复合结构前的介词不能用of。

★不定式和动名词作主语的区别：
1. 动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；不定式作主语表示具体动作；
2. 动名词短语作主语时，通常表示一件已知的事或经验，不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的；
3. 不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。

e. g. Smoking is prohibited here. (抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much. (具体)
2)不定式作主语句子的谓语可以是:
A. be + 形容词:
a. It is kind (bad, brave, careless, clever, cruel , foolish , good (好心的), honest, horrible, kind, lazy, modest, naughty, nice (有教养的), polite, rude, silly, stupid, wise, wrong (错误的)) ( of s
b. ) to do sth.
b. It is necessary (important, necessary, natural, easy, safe, common, normal, hard, difficult, dangerous, unusual, rare, impossible, pleasant)( for sb. ) to do sth.
B. be + 名词:It is a good idea (one’s turn等名词) to do sth. e. g. It’s o ur turn to host the meeting.
C. be + 介词短语:e. g. It is against the law to do that. It’s like him to leave the work to others.
It isn’t like him to have said anything like that.It is up to parents to teach their children manners.
D. 其它类型的谓语:
e. g. It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall. It gives me great pleasure to see the movie.
2. 作表语To see is to believe. My job is to help the poor person.What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
All you have to do is (to) finish the job quickly. Gao Qiang’s ambition is to become an actor.
当主语也是用不定式短语时。

当主语是表示具体事情或活动的名词或名词从句等时。

当主语部分的从句中含有do及其变体时，作表语的不定式可省略to。

当主语是以aim, ambition, duty, hope, happiness, idea, intention, job, mistake, problem, plan, purpose, suggestion, wish 和dream等为中心的名词词组(尤其是那些作动词用时只能接不定式作单宾语的词)时，表语不用动名词，只能用不定式。

当主语是what引导的从句而表语说明主语的具体内容时。

3. 作宾语主要取决于谓语动词的需求I want to go shopping. The workers demanded to get better pay.
常用不定式直接作单宾语的动词有：afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, prefer, plan, promise, refuse, threaten, want, wish
Sb. + think, believe, make, find, consider, feel + it + adj. / n. + to do sth.
e. g. I found it impossible to persuade him.We feel it our duty to clean our classroom every day.
I found it very interesting to study English. We make it a rule to take turns to cook.
I consider it an honor for him to speak here.
介词后一般不接不定式，但在有否定意义的介词but, except, besides后可以, 且如果介词前有行为动词do的各种形式, 介词后的不定式不带to, 反之则带to：
(1) She could do nothing but cry. (2) I have no choice but to go .(3) I hardly remember what I did besides read.
(4) What do you like besides to watch TV?(5) Did you do anything else except read?
(6) He seldom comes except to see his parents.
★辨析：remember, forget, regret 接-ing时表示发生过的行为, 接不定式时表示还未发生的行为。

e. g. I remember meeting him in the street. 我记得在街上见过他。

I remember to write a letter to my parents. 我想起来要给我父母亲写信。

mean to do 打算做……mean doing 意味着……
e. g. I meant to catch up with the early bus.This means wasting a lot of money.
try to do 设法尽力做某事try doing 试着做某事
e. g. You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way.
有的动词后既能接动名词又能接不定式作宾语，且意义上有的有区别，有的没区别。

stop to do (停止手中事, 去做另一件事)stop doing (停止正在做的事)
有区别的有：remember / forget / regret to do (指动作当时尚未发)remember / forget / regret doing (指动作已经发生)
go on to do (接着做另外一件事)go on doing (接着做同一件事)
try to do (设法, 努力去做, 尽力)try doing (试试去做, 看有何结果)
mean to do (打算做, 企图做)mean doing (意思是, 意味着)
can’t help to do (不能帮忙做) can’t help doing (忍不住要做)
4. 作定语(常常表示将来的动作)She was very busy and had no time to visit her friends.
I have something important to tell you.The weather will keep warm in the days to come.
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. (2011湖南卷, 21)
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.
The best way to make sure that we feel and look fine is to develop healthy eating habits.
●被修饰的名词是time, place, way, opportunity后面时常用不定式作定语。

●作定语的非谓语动词(短语)表示还未发生或将来的情况时。

●被修饰的名词是由原本接不定式的形容词或动词(ability, anxiety, willingness, attempt, chance, decision, desire, hope, intention, need, plan , promise, wish)派生或转化而成时。

●被修饰的名词是或含有序数词或最高级或the last, the only, the next时。

Family Village 给有残疾的普通年轻人一个讲述他们自己的经历的机会。

Family Village gives ordinary young people with a disability a chance to tell their personal stories.
●作定语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语大多是被饰词，但不定式作定语时，逻辑主语要依据句意来判断——有时是句中主语，有时是被饰词，有时相当于省略掉的for sb.，有时是句中的宾语或其他成分。

e. g. Do you have time to go shopping? The weather will keep warm in the days to come.
Is there any need (for you) to hurry?
●表“后于谓语”常用在have…to do和there be句型中：
There is no one to take care of her. I have no jewelry to wear.
Please pass me some paper to write____. She has a nice pen to write _____. He bought a flat for the family to live ____.
作定语时不定式与被饰词之间常构成主谓关系、动宾关系或动状关系——被饰词或者是不定式的逻辑主语，或者为不定式的逻辑宾语，或者是不定式的状语。

当被饰词为不定式的宾语时，不定式要么本身是及物动词，要么为“不及物动词+介词”。

辨析Do you have a letter to send? Do you have a letter to be sent?
A你有信要我寄吗？B你有信要寄吗？
作定语的不定式也有体的变化——表示已经发生或先于谓语发生的情况时必须用不定式的完成体。

e. g. Harrison Ford is thought to be one of the few movie stars to have worked as a carpenter before. (2011上海春招, 40)
我们没有什么要担心的。

作为一家之主，他要照料一家人。

▲That is the only way we can imagine _________ the overuse of water in students' bathrooms. (2010上海40)
A. reducing
B. to reduce
C. reduced
D. reduce
▲I have a lot of readings ________ before the end of this term. (2010山东23)
A. completing
B. to complete
C. completed
D. being completed
▲His first book ______ next month is based on a true story. ( 2010陕西)
A. published
B. to be published
C. to publish
D. being published
▲After she completes the project, she’ll have ____________________ (没什么要担心的). (worry) ( 2010湖北75)
▲Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _________ first is the library. (2010重庆34)
A. repaired
B. being repaired
C. repairing
D. to be repaired
▲The play _________ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture. (2009安徽28)
A. produced
B. being produced
C. to be produced
D. having been produced
▲We are invited to a party _________ in our club next Friday.(2009山东22)
A. to be held
B. held
C. being held
D. holding
▲With the world changing fast, we have something new _________ with all by ourselves every day. (2009重庆29)
A. deal
B. dealt
C. to deal
D. dealing
▲—The last one _________ pays the meal. (2007全国Ⅰ25)
—Agreed! A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving
5. 作状语1.) 表示谓语动作的目的: (可加in order to / so as to)
e. g. He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.(目的一定后于谓语发生，)
2.) 表示某种心理或举止产生的原因——多用在表语形容词(sorry, surprised, happy, glad, eager, angry, foolish, right, wrong, slow, quick, rude, cruel, disappointed)或不及物动词(weep, laugh, etc.)后
e. g. They laughed to see such fun.We were surprised to hear the news.
She is proud to have taken part in competitions and to have broken a record.
找到了我能做的许多事我很开心I am happy to have found many things I can do.
3.) 结果状语: (很少用完成式)so + adj. / adv. + as to do…
such + ad j. + n. + as to do…adj. / adv.+ enough + to do too + adv. / adj. + to do
We hurried to the station (only) to find the train had left.
He was so foolish as to believe it. = He was such a fool as to believe it. = He was foolish enough to believe it.
I’m too tired to walk any further tonight.
作状语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语大多是句子主语，但不定式作状语时，逻辑主语有时要依据句意来
判断——有时是句中主语，有时是句中的宾语或其他成分。

e. g. He was running to catch the pickpocket. They sent a man to repair the fridge.
He took his shoes to be mended. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier to break into small
下列结构中的too …to …不表示“否定”，不是结果状语：I shall only be too pleased to help you.
It’s too kind of you to have told me that.You are too ready to find fault with others.
不定式表示条件的较少，仅供参考：To listen to him, you would think he owned the whole world.
▲The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable _____. (2011福建卷, 27) A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold
▲Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _________ into small pieces. (2011安徽卷, 30)
A. break
B. breaking
C. broken
D. to break
▲If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city _______ by their enthusiastic supporters. (2011浙江卷, 19)A. being cheered B. be cheered C. to be cheered D. were cheered
▲Simon made a big bamboo box _________ the little sick bird till it could fly. ( 2011四川卷, 11)
A. keep
B. kept
C. keeping
D. to keep
▲More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced ______ people’s concern over food safety. (2011重庆卷, 29)A. to raise B. raising C.to have raised D. having raised
▲There were many talented actors out there just waiting _________. (10江西32)
A. to discover
B. to be discovered
C. discovered
D. being discovered
▲With Father’s Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _________ presents fo r my dad. (10全国Ⅰ34)A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought
▲We were astonished _________ the temple still in its original condition. (10辽宁25)
A. finding
B. to find
C. find
D. to be found
▲All of them try to use the power of the workstation _________ information in a more effective way. (09北京28)
A. presenting
B. presented
C. being presented
D. to present
▲Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it _________. (09湖南29)
A. reusing
B. reused
C. reuses
D. to be reused
▲The children all turned _________ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. (09海南30)
A. looked at
B. to look at
C. to looking at
D. look at
▲_________ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends. (09天津4)
A. Competing
B. Having completed
C. To have completed
D. To complete
▲Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, _________ reduce unemployment pressures. (09江苏26)
A. help
B. to have helped
C. to help
D. having helped
▲—Did the book give the information you needed?
—Yes. But _________ it, I had to read the entire book. (08北京31)
A. to find
B. find
C. to be finding
D. finding
▲I feel greatly honored _________ into their society. (08北京32)
A. to welcome
B. welcoming
C. to be welcomed
D. welcomed
▲_________ the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day. (08湖南30)
A. Completing
B. Complete
C. Completed
D. To complete
▲There is nothing more I can try _________ you to stay, so I wish you good luck. (07上海35)
A. being persuaded
B. persuading
C. to be persuaded
D. to persuade
▲When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _________ for a space flight. (07江西24)
A. training
B. being trained
C. to have trained
D. to be trained
▲The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _________. (07浙江9)
A. to be heard
B. to have heard
C. hearing
D. being heard
6. 作宾补I didn’t ask you to pay for the meal.They have warned us to be careful of rats.
advise, cause, allow, ask, beg, drive (驱使), encourage, expect, forbid (禁止), force (迫使), get, intend (意图), invite, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn后面常用不定式作宾补。

不定式在下列动词后作宾语补足语时，要省略to；但当这些动词用被动时要带to。

“感觉”feel “听”hear, listen to“使役动词”have, make, let“看”see, look at, observe, watch, notice find
They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.
Mother made John wash the car for a week .John was made to wash the car for a week.
▲Passengers are permitted _____ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. (2011天津卷, 7)
A. to carry
B. carrying
C. to be carried
D. being carried
当“据说/据报道”等的主语不是it而是具体的人或物时，后接不定式也是作主补。

▲e. g. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) ____ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. (07重庆28) A. is said to be buying B. is said to have bought C. had said to buy D. has said to have bought
▲The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ______ the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race. (07辽宁29)A. breaking B. having broken C. to have broken D. to break
I’d love yo u to meet me at my office tomorrow. I’d prefer him not to do that.
I don’t want there to be any more trouble.Would you like me to give you a hand?
We consider him to be a promising student. They had proved the boy to be dishonest.
Do you think her to be a thoughtful girl? I believe / judge him to be reliable.
We consider him to have been brave.
believe, consider, declare, discover, feel, find, imagine, judge, know, prove, suppose, think, understand等表心理状态的动词后面的不定式常用to be。

consider, declare, find, prove, think后的宾补中的to be如果不是完成体则可省略。

Sb 'd love, 'd like, 'd hate, 'd prefer, want等后面接不定式作宾补。

I’ll arrange for them to meet you next week.They’re waiting for that to be done.
We can’t always rely on others to help us.We wish for some measures to be taken right now.
arrange for, long for, prepare for, provide for, wait for, wish for, call (up)on, count on, depend (up)on, rely on等动词短语后面接不定式作宾补。

★动词不定式的体和语态一般体完成体进行体完成进行体
to do to have done to be doing to have been doing to be done to have been done
1. I asked him to attend the meeting.
2. He seems to be reading English poems.
3. He is said to have translated the book into English last year.
★主动表示被动意义的形式
The question is very easy to answer. The problem is difficult to deal with.
1. 主语＋be + adj. + to do 用于此句型的形容词有：difficult, easy, comfortable, fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome (使人疲劳的), interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous, light, important, etc.
The box is light enough to carry.The river water is warm enough to swim in.
2. 主语+ be + adj. + enough + to do The books seemed too heavy to carry. The ice is too thin to skate on.
3. 主语+ be + too + adj. + to do
★疑问词who, which, when, how, where, what, whether等+不定式表示句中主语执行的后于谓语发生的行为或者将来发生的行为。

He didn’t know what to say.他不知道说什么。

I’ve worked with children before, so I know what to expect in my new job.
He told us whether to have a picnic was still under discussion. (2009 四川）
How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题很重要。

My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。

“连接词+ 不定式”作宾语时，逻辑主语多是句子主语，但是当该结构用作直接宾语时，逻辑主语是间接宾语(promise 后除外)：e. g. I’ll tell him what to do next.Will you advise me which to buy?
★不定式的被动式当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。

It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here. She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.
She didn’t like to be praised like that.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers’ office?
She was too young to be assigned such work.
★不定式的完成被动式
It is a good thing for him to have been criticized. She preferred to have been given heavier work to do.
He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party.
The book is said to have been translated into many languages. She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post.
★不定式的主动形式表示被动
There is a lot of homework to do. (也可用to be done) There is no time to lose (to be lost).
He is hard to convince. He is an impossible person to work with．
The problem is too difficult to work out (to be worked out)．The house is big enough to live in.
With nothing to do, he lay in bed．With so much work to do, I can’t go to the cinema．
I have a letter to type today. (前面有其执行者时) Do you have anything to say? (前面有其执行者时)
This is the best book to read ( 隐含有执行者时)．
The house is to let / rent / hire．I felt l was to blame. There is a lot of homework to do There is no time to lose ★系表结构后的不定式
1 We were sorry not to be there.
2 She was surprised to see how angry I was.
3 Were you worried not to find your lost money?
4 How fortunate you were to escape being injured.
5 They were anxious to see their parents.
6 Are you willing to marry the middle-aged man?
7 He is sure to achieve something if he works hard. 8 John was careless not to find the mistake.
9 You are clever to think so. 10 Not all children are easy to teach.
11 This question is difficult to answer. 12 Mary is pleasant to talk to. 13 The aged are slow to react.
1 系表结构后的不定式都用主动语态
2 句子主语是不定式的逻辑主语(不定式的执行者或承受者)
3形容词有的描述人的喜怒哀乐、运气、心态、态度或性格特征、行为特征，有的表示事情的可能性，有的描述事或物★解题步骤：1找出主句的主语2分析所给动词与主句主语的语态关系
3分析所给动词与主句谓语的动作先后关系4确定非谓语动词的正确形式
1. Last summer I took a course on____.
A. how to make dresses
B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses
D. how dresses to be made
2. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what _____ in my new job.
A. expected
B. to expect
C. to be expecting
D. expects
3. There are five pairs____, but I am at a loss which to buy.
A to be chosen
B to choose from
C to choose
D for choosing
4. I find these problems are easy___. A. to be worked out B. to work them out C. to work out D. to be worked them out
5. ____late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D . Having slept
6. I would love ___to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go
B. having gone
C. going
D. to have gone
7. John was made ____the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing
8. Tom kept quiet about the accident＿＿lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to
9. The patient was warned ___oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating。