第四章文化的价值

二、Priorities of Culture Values

It’s most important to know that cultural values guide both perception and communication. An understanding of cultural value priorities helps us appreciate the behavior of other people. Cultural values are stable and change slowly. But they do change.
Praising Japanses in public workplaces
1、Kluckholn and Strodtbeck’s values orientations


(1)Human Nature (2)Relationship to Nature (3)Sense of Time (4)Activity (5)Social Relationships.
1、Kluckholn and Strodtbeck’s values orientations

（3）Sense of time
A、Past In past-orientated society, the cultural memory is rich and deep. People tend to look



back at the glorious past and believe tradition is important. They usually know their history and may quote respected philosophers and leaders from the past as a guide for action in the present. B、Present In present-oriented societies, the past and present often exist side by side. People find it easier to combine tradition and modern ideas. People enjoy whatever they have. In Chinese“及时行乐”。 C、Future Future-oriented societies often have a strong belief in progress and leaders feel less need to rewrite or reinterpret history. People intend to make plans for the future. In future-oriented societies time is linear. Linear means that it moves in only one direction, from the past to the future. In present and past-oriented societies people are more likely to experience time as cyclical, as repeating itself according to some patterns.
1、Kluckholn and Strodtbeck’s values orientations

（5）Social relationships
A、Hierarchy Each person has a position in a
hierarchy. People have clearly defined privileges and obligations according to their position in relation to others. Social and economic classes predetermine a person’s opportunities in life.
一、Concept of Values
1、Definition
of value Concise Oxford Dictionary defines values as “One’s principles or standards, one’s judgment of what is valuable or important in life.”

1、Why did the general manager have difficulties in getting a
Suzuki or Mini? 2、 Why did the management team say they could hardly come to work on bicycle?
二、Priorities of Culture Values
Values can be classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary Primary values are the most important: they specify what is worth the sacrifice of human’s life. Secondary values are also quite important. We care about such values, but we do not hold the same intense feeling toward them as we do with primary values. Tertiary values are at the bottom of our hierarchy.
groupharmony群体的和睦privacy隐私6openness开放直率equality平等8formality礼节risktaking冒险的10reputation声望11freedom自由12familysecurity家庭安全13relationship关系14selfreliance自立15time16groupconsensus群体的意见17authority18materialpossession19spirituality精神性20groupachievement群体成mostimportantculturalvaluesguidebothperceptionculturalvalueprioritieshelpsusappreciateotherpeople
二、Priorities of Culture Values
(1) group harmony（群体的和睦）、 (2) Competition（竞争） (3) seniority（资历） 、(4) cooperation (5) privacy（隐私）、(6) Openness（开放、直率） (7) Equality（平等）、(8) formality（礼节） (9) risk-taking（冒险的）、(10) reputation（声望） (11) Freedom（自由）、(12) family security（家庭安全） (13) Relationship（关系）、(14) self-reliance（自立） (15) Time、(16) group consensus（群体的意见） (17) Authority、(18) material possession (19) Spirituality（精神性）、(20) group achievement（群体成 就）
（3）Peculi of Individuals Within Cultures
Although each of us has a unique set of individual
values, there are values that permeate a culture.
1、Kluckholn and Strodtbeck’s values orientations

（5）Social relationships
B 、Group In cultures with group values, people
make decisions by consensus. Each people’s social identity comes from their group memberships. People feel dependent on the group, safe within it, proud, and competitive with other groups. Loyalty is important in cultures with group values.
Chapter 4 Cultural Values
outline
一、Concept of Values 二、Priorities of Culture Values 三、Study of Values

A British General Manager in Thailand
Upon arrival上任；Thailand泰国；predecessor前任； finance财政、金融；Mercedes梅塞德斯（奔驰）； Suzuki铃木；congested拥挤的；Bangkok曼谷； exclaim大声说、呼喊；run out用完、耗尽；bring up 提及、提出；predominantly 占主导地位地、占优势 地、显著地； Questions for discussion:
Mini-drama
Mini-drama
三、Study of Values


1、Kluckholn and Strodtbeck about basic values 2、Hofstede-bond value dimensions 3、Hall’s High-and Low—Context Orientation
1、Kluckholn and Strodtbeck’s values orientations

（5）Social relationships
C、Individual In cultures with individualistic
values each person is seen as autonomous and separate. Self is more important than group. They value self-reliance and independence. Every tub must stand on its own bottom。 Every herring must hang by its own gill。
一、Concept of Values
2、Types of Values （1）Universal Values

Universal values are values common to all people.

（2）Cultural-specific Values
They are values applied only to one particular culture.
一、Concept of Values


1、Definition of value
values deal with what is required or forbidden, what is judged to be good or bad, right or wrong, positive or negative.

二、Priorities of Culture Values

Discuss:
What do you value most? How do your priorities influence your day-to-day activities,
especially those relating to your business work? Begin answering these questions by choosing the top five values from the following 20 values.