第一讲 句子结构(修改)

1.2.2 Sentence analysis
Two ways: Predicate verb + object + complement +adverbial Operator + predication e.g. p 15

He doesn't know your address, neither / nor do I.

复合句(complex sentence)明显地不同于简 单句，因为它有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。从 表面上看，它与并列句相似。其实不然，并列句 的几个主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的； 而复合句中的主谓结构之间的关系不是并列的、 对等的，其中只有一个主谓结构是主要的，其他 的主谓结构都从属于那个主要的主谓结构。那个 主要的主谓结构称作句子的主句（Main Clause）；其他的主谓结构称作句子的从句或 子句（Subordinate Clause）。
lowest

1.1.1 Morphemes
free morpheme
bound morpheme
Definition: The morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech. Classification:

Morpheme
BHale Waihona Puke und morpheme Affix (preffixe / suffix)
Inflectional / derivational affix Derivative word / compound word


二、英汉构词对比word-formation
英语构词法
派生 derivation 逆序造词 backformation 拼缀法 blending 合成 Compounding 汉语构词法 转化 Conversion 缩减 shortening
1.1.2 Words

1.2 Sentence Structure
1.2.1 Subject and predicate Compound subject Compound predicate Double predicate e.g. Everyone stood listening intently. The doctor sat reading a newspaper in the shade. He left home a mere child and returned quite a different man.
noun
形容词 代词 动词 副词 数词
量词 介词
adjective pronoun verb adverb numeral
… preposition conjunction interjection … article
词
虚 词
连词 叹词 助词 …
汉语的词首先根据是否能作句子成分，分为实词 和虚词两大类。 实词能够单独充当句子成分，意义比较实在，表 示事物、动作、行为、变化、性质、状态、时间、 处所等。 实词包括名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、副 词、代词等八类。 虚词只表示语法意义，不能单独充当句子成分。 虚词包括介词、连词、助词、语气词等四类。
Classification word-formation grammatical function
simple words derivatives compounds
closed-class words open-classed words

汉 语
名词 实
英 语

•
表示转折意思 : but , yet , however , nevertheless
He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English .

Classification:
noun phrase (NP) verb phrase (VP) adjective phrase (AP) adverb phrase (AP) prepositional phrase (PP)


1.1.3 Phrases
Definition: the phrase is composed of one or more than one word. Generally, the phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head. The word class of the head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized.

Closed-class words (function word): preposition, pronoun,determiner,conjunction, auxiliary Open-class words (content word): noun, adjective, adverb, main verb. Cardinal numeral, ordinal numeral, interjection.
1.2.3 Basic clause types
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. SVC SV SVO SVoO SVOC SVA SVOA

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1.1.4 Clauses
Classifications: Independent and dependent clauses Simple and complex clauses Main and subordinate clauses Finite and non-finite clauses Verbless clauses
B.表示因果关系: or , so , therefore , hence
The town was built on the side of a hill, hence it's named Hillside .
C.表示并列关系 and , or , either…or , neither / nor , not only…but (also), both…and , as well as

Because they talk at home while the television is on , many people think they can talk at moviesas well . 状语从句 Whether he comes or not doesn‘t 主语从句 make any differenceto me . China is not what it used to be . 表语从句 Is there any proof that the food of 同位语从句 plant differs from that of animals ? Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government . There is disagreement among 定语从句 economists about what money is and how money is measured. 宾语从句
并列句（Compound Sentence） 有两个或 两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系 是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲，所谓"并列"、 "对等"是指任何一个主谓结构都能独立地表达意 思，谁也不从属于谁。尽管如此，这些主谓结构 在意思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系。否则， 它们就可能被分别写成简单句，而没有必要写在 一起构成并列句了。在并列句中，要使两个或几 个主谓结构连接在一起，就要用并列连词 (coordinating conjunction)。并列连词用 来连接平行对等（即互不从属）的分句。按其表 示的不同意思有下面几种：
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Lecture 1 Sentence Structure
主讲人： 王 敏
1.1 Grammatical Hierarchy
Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: sentence highest clause phrase five ranks word morpheme

1.1.5 Sentences
Full and minor sentences Simple sentences Compound sentences Complex sentences Compound-complex sentences