专业英语八级模拟试卷842(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级模拟试卷842(题后含答案及解析)
题型有： 1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. READING COMPREHENSION 3. LANGUAGE USAGE 4. TRANSLATION 5. WRITING
PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.
听力原文：Intercultural Learning Good morning, welcome to join our discussion. Today is the first of two lectures that deal with the topic of intercultural awareness and learning. There must have been points in most teachers’careers when we have stopped to wonder “ What am I actually doing?”(1)Sometimes, filling our students up with all the requisite grammar and vocabulary, polishing their pronunciation and sharpening their communicative skills don’t actually seem to be helping them to achieve the wider goal of being able to genuinely communicate with and understand the real world outside the classroom at all. For too long, we have been concentrating on structures, forms and producing materials that may help our students to have perfect diphthongs or a flawless command of the third conditional while leaving out anything approaching real, valid, meaningful content. Major ELT publishers have produced materials so carefully calculated not to offend anyone that they far too often end up being vacuous if not completely meaningless.(2)If our students are to have any hope of using their language skills to genuinely comprehend and communicate in the global village, intercultural awareness is crucial. (3)The concept of culture is quite expansive, nearly covering every aspect of the society under the sun.(4)It could be a way of life, a set of social practices, a system of beliefs, or a shared history or a set of experiences. A culture may be synonymous with a country, or a region, or a nationality or it may cross several countries or regions.(5)A culture may be synonymous with a religion, though followers of Christianity or Judaism or Islam may also come from different cultures. It is highly possible to belong to or identify oneself with more than one culture. What is intercultural learning? It’s the process of becoming more aware of and better understanding one’s own culture and other cultures around the world.(6)The aim of intercultural learning is to increase international and cross-cultural tolerance and understanding. This can take lots of forms—intercultural learning is by no means only a part of EFL, but has exponents in all fields of education. Intercultural awareness in language learning is often talked about as though it were a “fifth skill”—the ability to be aware of cultural relativity following reading, writing, listening and speaking. There is
something to be said for this as an initial attempt to understand or define something that may seem a difficult concept but, as Claire Kramsch points out, “ If language is seen as social practice,(7)culture becomes the very core of language teaching. Cultural awareness must then be viewed as enabling language proficiency. “Language itself is defined by a culture. We cannot be competent in a language if we do not also understand the culture that has shaped and informed it. We cannot learn a second language if we do not have an awareness of that culture, and how that culture relates to our own first language/first culture. It is not only therefore essential to have cultural awareness, but also intercultural awareness. (8)Following on from what Kramsch says above, intercultural awareness is not really therefore a skill, but a collection of skills and attitudes better thought of as a competence. Intercultural communicative competence is an attempt to raise students’ awareness of their own culture, and in so doing, help them to interpret and understand other cultures. It is not just a body of knowledge, but a set of practices requiring knowledge, skills and attitudes. What are these attitudes and skills that make up the competence? Among them are: —observing, identifying and recognizing —comparing and contrasting —(9)negotiating meaning —dealing with or tolerating ambiguity —effectively interpreting messages —limiting the possibility of(10)misinterpretation —defending one’s own point of view while acknowledging the legitimacy of others —accepting difference These are very similar to many of the skills we teach normally. So what makes intercultural learning different?(11)Raised awareness of what we do and of the vital importance of these skills already makes intercultural communicative competence a more attainable goal. Moreover—and despite the fact that the competence is more than just a body of knowledge—(12)intercultural awareness skills can be developed by designing materials which have cultural and intercultural themes as their content, a kind of loop input, if you like. How does intercultural learning affect the role of the teacher? You may start to wonder what teachers are, Activity managers? Language facilitation units? Babysitters?(13)Intercultural learning gives the teacher a role not only as one or more of these, but also as an educator. This makes many teachers feel uncomfortable, above all with the idea that we may be influencing our students in some way. Are we responsible for transmitting some kind of ideology to our students? No, we are helping them to become more aware of the world around them, and to better interact with that world. These are the crucial roles of the teacher. Moreover,(14)EFL teachers tend to have a wide variety of different backgrounds in different disciplines. They have different experiences, and in many cases may have travelled extensively and got to know several different cultures. They may have undergone the experience of living in, adjusting to and understanding a different culture. There is a lot that they can bring to the job. They are unique mediators of cultural relativity. Anyway, in the practical way when shall we introduce intercultural learning? Previously, “cultural awareness” has often only been seen as something for advanced learners, an extension exercise that can be “tacked on”to an ordinary lesson. This is partly due to the all-too-frequent error of assuming that students with a low level of English also have a low intellect generally, or that it is impossible to explain intellectual concepts in level
of English.(15)Intercultural awareness, as a fundamental feature of language and an integral part of language learning, is important at all levels. So much about today, I hope this lecture could help you realize the importance of intercultural learning. The next lecture would offer some practical suggestions for the classroom. Thank you for listening.
Intercultural Learning Many teachers may wonder “What am I actually doing?”sometimes. It doesn’t seemenough to teach grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and【T1】______with unreal and【T1】______meaningless content. I . Introduction—gap between language teaching in class and in the real world—【T2】______of intercultural awareness: 【T2】______crucial to comprehend and communicate in the global village II. Definition of intercultural learningA. The【T3】______of culture【T3】______—including lifestyles,【T4】______, beliefs, history or experiences, etc.【T4】______—existing in one place or many places—existing in a religion with followers from different【T5】______【T5】______B. Interpretation of intercultural learning—a process of getting better understanding of cultures around the world —objective: to increase mutual【T6】______and understanding【T6】______—forms: not only a part of EFL, but applied in all fields of education III. Intercultural awareness—the【T7】______of language teaching rather than a “fifth skill”: to understand【T7】______the relation between a second language/culture with the first one —a(n)【T8】______made up of a collection of skills and attitudes: 【T8】______1)observing, identifying and recognizing2)comparing and contrasting3)【T9】______【T9】______4)dealing with or tolerating ambiguity5)effectively interpreting messages6)limiting the possibility of【T10】______【T10】______7)defending one’s own point of view while acknowledging the legitimacy of others8)accepting difference—methods of developing intercultural awareness skills: —realizing the 【T11】______of these skills【T11】______—using【T12】______themes as materials in teaching【T12】______IV. Teacher’s role-【T13】______: 【T13】______—to influence students in some way—to raise more awareness of the world—to help students to interact better with the world —mediator of cultural relativity with various【T14】______【T14】______V. When should it be introduced?—accessible to 【T15】______【T15】______
1．【T1】
正确答案：communicative skills
2．【T2】
正确答案：importance
3．【T3】
正确答案：concept
4．【T4】
正确答案：social practices
5．【T5】
正确答案：countries/backgrounds/cultures 6．【T6】
正确答案：tolerance
7．【T7】
正确答案：core/basis/cornerstone 8．【T8】
正确答案：competence
9．【T9】
正确答案：negotiating meaning 10．【T10】
正确答案：misinterpretation
11．【T11】
正确答案：vital importance
12．【T12】
正确答案：cultural and intercultural 13．【T13】
正确答案：educator
14．【T14】
正确答案：cultural perception
15．【T15】
正确答案：all-level students
SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear ONE interview. The interview will be divided into TWO parts. At the end of each part, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the interview and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of [A] , [B] , [C] and [D] , and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions.
听力原文：M: This morning, we are gonna pump you up.(1)You know, working out is obviously good for your body, but this week’s Newsweek Magazine reports there is new evidence showing it can boost your brainpower and fight disease as well.(2)Miriam Nelson is an associate professor at the Friedman School of Nutrition at Tufts University. Miriam, nice to see you, how are you doing?W: Very well. Thanks for having me.M: So, we are talking about rigorous, aerobic exercise, clearly good for your body. Explain to me in layman’s terms if you can now, about this new research that says it can also help your brain grow new nerve cells.W: That’s right. What we’ve known for years is that(3)individuals who are physically active have reduced risk of getting Alzheimer’s disease. We’ve also known that people with mild cognitive impairment also have improved function with exercise. There’s some very new research that is very exciting.(4)And what is seen is it’s taken 11 individuals, puts them on an about 3 or 4 months’ course of aerobic exercise, 4 days a week, an hour a day. And what they’ve seen is actually people through MRI Scan, they see that they’re actually growing new nerve cells.M: And, and more new nerve cells mean what to me, someone in my age group?W: Yeah, what you’re, what, my age group, too.M: OK, our age group too, right.W: (5)What we are seeing is that the new nerve cells are growing. They’re increasing a web and they’re weaved and they’re connecting. It’s all the interconnections of the nerve cells. When you get those connections, your brain functions better, primarily this is in the executive functioning part of the brain in the hippocampus. We are looking at multitasking, memory, problem solving, name recognition, lots of things that start to decline as we get older.This is the end of Part One of the interview. Questions 1 to 5 are based on what you have just heard.1. What is the topic of this interview?2. What is the woman’s profession?3. According to the interview, which of the following is INCORRECT?4. Which of the following statements about the new research is INCORRECT?5. According to the interview, what does more new nerve cells mean?
16．
A．How to fight disease.
B．How to do aerobic exercise.
C．The benefit of doing exercise.
D．The benefit of growing new nerve cells.
正确答案：C
17．
A．A reporter.
B．A brainpower expert.
C．A doctor.
D．An associate professor.
正确答案：D
18．
A．Active people are likely to get Alzheimer’s disease.
B．Exercise can improve people’s body function.
C．Exercise can help new nerve cells grow.
D．Exercise can help people fight disease.
正确答案：A
19．
A．The participants attend a course of aerobic exercise.
B．The participants are required to do exercise every day.
C．The final result cannot be observed directly through people’s eyes.
D．The research finding proves the effect of aerobic exercise.
正确答案：B
20．
A．The brain is growing.
B．They are less connecting.
C．They are less weaved.
D．People’s brain will function better.
正确答案：D
听力原文：Now, listen to Part Two of the interview.M: I am sure a lot of people are watching this right now, Miriam Nelson, can I make up for lost time? I don’t have a history of exercising throughout my life. Now I’m 45 years old, if I start exercising now, do I make a difference?W: Well, certainly,(6)the data shows us that exercising in your 40s and 50s, hopefully we wanna start a little bit early, but in your 30s, 40s and 50s will make a difference for reducing the risk of getting Alzheimer as you get older. And there’s even newer research with children that is also very exciting.M: (7-1)Let me switch gears now and turn into the subject of the connection between rigorous
exercise and preventing breast cancer. And, specifically I am talking about estrogen negative breast cancers. A study showed that there was a drop between 26 and 40 percent even if you take the lower end of that spectrum. That is significant.W: It’s a very large, uh, decrease. So, one of the first studies with the Nurse’s Health Study to follow 3,000 people for 14 years and they saw between a 26 to 40 percent decrease in death and recurrence in individuals who already had breast cancer. This newest study, the California Teacher Study, followed 110,000 women from the earlier mid-90s up until 2002 and they saw that(7-2/8)the women that were exercising the most had the greatest reduction in breast cancer, as you said, about 31 percent, about 5 hours a week.M: What about the impact of exercise on estrogen positive cancers?W: (9)Well, the studies before have not really differentiated between the two and the school’s latest study. We’ve always thought that it was through estrogen because when you exercise, you have lower levels of estrogen, so we thought that was a reason that you get the decrease. This California Teacher Study was in the estrogen negative, um, type of cancer, so it seems, at the moment, that’s just one study, so, at the moment, it’s really looking like it’s all types of breast cancer.M: So to wrap things up, for a woman who gets a diagnosis of breast cancer is difficult, does it make sound the first thing you would tell that woman to do, go out and start exercising?W: (10)Well, see your doctor and get a very good medical team and then make sure that exercise is an adjunct to that, and the research mat we are doing at the Friedman School is showing that we can get a lot of people exercising, so, um, it’s really important for your brain as well as your reducing your risk of breast cancer. And as a woman with a history of Alzheimer in my family, I am certainly gonna keep exercising.M: A lot of people are gonna pay attention to it. Miriam Nelson, professor, thanks, good to have you here.W: Oh, my pleasure.This is the end of Part Two of the interview. Questions 6 to 10 are based on what you have just heard.6. According to the interview, which of the following is INCORRECT?7. Which of the following statements is CORRECT about the connection between exercise and breast cancer?8. According to the California Teacher Study, what percentage of decrease in breast cancer does the women that exercised the most have?9. Which of the following is INCORRECT about the impact of exercise on cancer?10. What is the first thing a woman who gets a diagnosis of breast cancer should do?
21．
A．Exercising in your 30s will make a difference.
B．Starting exercising earlier will be better.
C．Exercising can also benefit children.
D．Exercising in your 50s will not make a difference.
正确答案：D
22．
A．Only hard effort on exercise can help prevent breast cancer.
B．There is no connection between exercise and preventing breast cancer.
C．Doing exercise can only help those who already have breast cancer.
D．Doing rigorous exercise can effectively reduce the chance of getting breast cancer.
正确答案：D
23．
A．26%.
B．31%.
C．35%.
D．40%.
正确答案：B
24．
A．Exercise can bring better chance of decreasing breast cancer.
B．The California Teacher Study proves the effect of exercise on estrogen negative cancer.
C．Current studies show that exercise may work for all types of breast cancer.
D．According to California Teacher Study, the findings of the studies in the past were wrong.
正确答案：D
25．
A．Go out and start exercising.
B．See her doctor.
C．Get a medical team.
D．Make a research.
正确答案：B
PART II READING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.
Judging by the wildly cheering audience at the orgy of consumerism that was Oprah Winfrey’s Ultimate Favourite Things show, American women have lost none of their enthusiasm for the finest stuff money can buy.(The handful of men in the audience seemed to share the feeling.)The show, screened in two parts just before Thanksgiving, the traditional start of the holiday shopping season, ended with each audience member going home with products ranging from a set of Oprah-branded Le
Creuset pots to an iPad, some sparkling Ugg boots and a new car. Retailers must hope that the public will be as enthusiastic about such products when they have to pay for them as the audience was when getting them free. They are certainly competing harder than ever to lure shoppers into their stores. Many are opening before sunrise on Black Friday, as the day after Thanksgiving is known(supposedly because it is the point in the financial year when retailers edge into the black). Wal-Mart was due to open most of its stores at the stroke of midnight. Sears decided to open on Thanksgiving Day itself for the first time, though still holding back its best bargains for Black Friday. In the hope that this will be a merrier festive season than last year, retailers have been hiring lots of temporary staff: in October those in areas other than the car trade added around 20, 000 posts. David Resler of Nomura, a stockbroker, says October’s hiring figures are usually a good predictor of how sales in the holiday season will turn out. In recent months sales have been picking up. Consumer spending rose in each of the five months to October, with even discretionary items like sports goods showing improved sales. However, sales of durable goods(washing machines and so forth)were unexpectedly weak in October, a sign of residual caution among households. Retailers are making more use of social-networking sites such as Facebook to promote deals and build communities of like-minded shoppers. Sears, for example, has been getting customers to share their shopping tales through a “Be the Santa you want to be” competition. This has been the breakthrough year for Groupon, which uses social networking to let consumers earn discounts by recruiting their friends(the more people who sign up for an offer, the bigger the discount). But the Internet is not always a retailer’s best friend. A plethora of new shopping-information websites, such as leakedblackfridaydeals. com, is forcing prices down and making it harder for store chains to differentiate their offerings. Wal-Mart, the biggest retailer, is adding to the pressures on its rivals by offering to match any Black Friday deal they offer. Shares in Sears are still trading well below where they were last November. Overall, retailers’shares have been unusually volatile in the past year or so as consumer confidence has fluctuated, refusing to form any sort of trend. How this holiday season turns out will certainly move the market—as well as determine whether shareholders approve the $3 billion sale announced on November 23rd of J. Crew, a clothing chain, to a group of private-equity firms. The vote will take place on January 15th: until then, J. Crew will continue to seek other buyers. Private-equity firms have become keen on retailers with strong brands because the recession has forced weaker ones out of business, leaving more space for the survivors. Productivity in retailing has also improved, in part through the better use of technology. So there is the prospect of strong profit growth and when the recovery gets into full swing. Stores that cater to well-off women have perhaps the best prospects this season. Such shoppers are “ready to declare the recession over” , says Michael Silverstein, the author of “Women Want More”, a book charting their growing spending-power. “ They have worn through their unused inventory of apparel, fashion accessories and jewellery and are actively expanding their purchases,” he says, predicting that retailers who serve them could enjoy a sales boost of as much as 10% compared with last year’s holiday season. Things may be very different for the
bottom 40% of households, still committed to recession inspired prudence. Mr. Silverstein says that in many such families the woman has hung on to her job but is now the sole breadwinner. Such households “are going to hunt for bargains, recognise the holiday, but continue their frugal ways,” he predicts. Retailers will be hoping that Oprah and all her glitzy goodies will tempt them to change their minds. But for a large proportion of Americans, window-shopping may be the nearest they get to such desirable items.
26．According to the passage, Ultimate Favourite Things show______.
A．is a program for women
B．reflects the economic crisis
C．sends out gifts to the audience
D．is to celebrate Thanksgiving
正确答案：C
解析：事实细节题。

由题干中的Ultimate Favourite Things show定位至首段。

由首段最后一句话…each audience member going home with products ranging from a set of Oprah—branded Le Creusetpots to an iPad…及第二段首句中的…as the audience was when getting them free．可知，[C]符合文意，故为答案。

第一段首句提到的American women容易对考生产生误导，但其后括号里提到The handful of men in the audience seemed to share the feeling．说明节目现场有男观众，故排除[A]；虽然本文通篇不离经济危机这个话题，但是文章首段提到的这个电视节目并不是谈论经济危机的，从第一段首句的the orgy of consumerism可以看出，这个电视节目是关于购物的，另外从节目名字本身也能分辨出它并不是财经类节目，故排除[B]；第一段最后一句The show，screened in two parts just before Thanksgiving，the traditional start of the holidayshopping season，ended with…中提到，本期节目在感恩节前播出，并不是指这个节目本身是为了庆祝感恩节而制作的，故排除[D]。

27．What can we learn from the second and the third paragraphs?
A．Retailers are hiring about 20,000 staff in all this October.
B．Sears offers the greatest deals only on Thanksgiving Day.
C．Thanksgiving is a crucial chance to make money.
D．Retailers open longer to meet customers’ needs.
正确答案：C
解析：事实细节题。

本题可用排除法选出正确选项，首先由题干定位至第二、三段。

由第三段第一句中的…hiring lots of temporary staff…added around 20，000 posts．可知，零售商临时增加两万个左右的岗位，并不是指总共雇用了两万名员工，故排除[A]；由第二段最后一句Searsdecided tO open on Thanksgiving Day itself for the first time，though still holding back its bestbargains for Black Friday．可知，Sears在感恩节和黑色星期五均有大幅度的优惠活动，故排除[B]；由第二段和第三段第一句可知，顾客的购买欲望还只是商家一厢情愿的猜测和希望，故排除
[D]，故答案为[C]。

28．Michael Silverstein implies the following facts EXCEPT that______.
A．rich women will buy more despite the economic recession
B．retailers will suffer from the same poor sales as last year
C．a woman in difficulty will still celebrate holidays by buying
D．most Americans prefer to look rather than actually buy
正确答案：B
解析：推理判断题。

由题干中的Michael Silverstein定位至第八、九段。

第八段末句…retailers whoserve them could enjoy a sales boost of as much as 10％compared with last year’s holiday season．中的retailers who serve them指的是第八段开头的Stores that cater to well—off women，因此可推出为有钱人服务的商家还是有可能创造比去年同期增长10％的营业额的，而这与[B]中陈述的“与去年一样营业局面惨淡”互相矛盾，因此[B]符合要求，故为正确答案。

由第八段第一句可知，富裕的女性还是有很大购买力的，因此排除[A]；由第九段第三句…“are going tohunt for bargains，recognise the holiday，but continue their frugal ways，”…可知，家境不富裕的女性并不忽视节日，虽生活得比较节俭，但仍会淘便宜货，故排除[C]；根据第九段末句可知，大多数美国人只是在逛街时看看橱窗里他们想要的商品，[D]与之相吻合，故排除。

29．What is the main idea of this passage?
A．Economic recession and American economy.
B．Retailers’ tricks to encourage purchasing.
C．Luxurious products favored by rich women.
D．Holiday: retailers busy, not all shoppers happy.
正确答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。

纵观全文，作者分别从商家和消费者这两个角度来谈美国的消费，因此在总结文章主旨时要全面。

从这个角度来分析，[D]谈到商家和消费者两个方面，not all还阐明了不同层次的消费者的消费能力，故为正确答案。

[A]谈到的内容出现在文章的第一、二段，在整篇文章中只是作为背景来谈，并不能概括本文主旨，故排除；[B]和[C]分别从商家和消费者的角度来说，都不够全面，故均排除。

Bianca Sforza attracted few stares when introduced to the art world on January 30, 1998. She was just a pretty face in a frame to the crowd at a Christie’s auction in New York City. Nobody knew her name at the time, or the name of the artist who had made the portrait. The catalog listed the work—a colored chalk-and-ink drawing on vellum—as early 19th century and German, with borrowed Renaissance styling. A New York dealer, Kate Ganz, purchased the picture for $21, 850. The price hadn’t budged almost ten years later when a Canadian collector, Peter Silverman, saw Bianca’s profile in Ganz’s gallery and promptly bought it. The drawing might actually date from the Renaissance, he thought. Ganz herself had
mentioned Leonardo da Vinci, that magical name, as an influence on the artist. Silverman came to wonder, “ What if this is the work of the great Leonardo himself?”That someone could walk into a gallery and buy a drawing that turns out to be a previously unknown Leonardo masterpiece, worth perhaps $100 million, seems pure urban myth. Discovery of a Leonardo is truly rare. At the time of Silverman’s purchase, it had been more than 75 years since the last authentication of one of the master’s paintings. There was no record that the creator of the “Mona Lisa” ever made a major work on vellum, no known copies, no preparatory drawings. If this image was an authentic Leonardo, where had it been hiding for 500 years? Silverman emailed a digital image of Bianca to Martin Kemp. Emeritus professor of art history at Oxford University and a renowned Leonardo scholar, Kemp regularly receives images, sometimes two a week, from people he calls “Leonardo loonies” convinced they had discovered a New York. “My reflex is to say, No!” Kemp told me. But the “uncanny vitality” in the young woman’s face made him want a closer look. He flew to Zurich, where Silverman kept the drawing in a vault. “ When I saw it,” Kemp said, “ I experienced a kind of frisson, a feeling that this is not normal. “That initial shiver of excitement compelled Kemp to embark on his own investigation. He was aided by high-resolution multispectral scans by Pascal Cotte of Lumiere Technology in Paris, allowing Kemp to study the drawing’s layers, from first strokes to later restorations. The more Kemp looked with his connoisseur’s eye, the more he saw what he considered evidence of Leonardo’s hand—how the hair bunched beneath the strings holding it in place, the beautiful modulation of colors, the precise lines. The expression conveyed Leonardo’s maxim that a portrait should reveal “motion of the mind. “Kemp also needed proof that the portrait had been made during Leonardo’s lifetime(1452—1519)and that its historical particulars fit the artist’s biography. The vellum, probably calfskin, had been carbon-dated, its origin placed somewhere between 1440 and 1650. Costume research revealed that the sitter belonged specifically to the Milanese court of the 1490s, with its fashion for elaborately bound hair. Leonardo lived in Milan during this time, accepting commissions for court portraits. Kemp’s detective work led him to a name, Bianca Sforza. An illegitimate daughter of the Duke of Milan, she was married in 1496 to Galeazzo Sanseverino, commander of the Milanese troops and a patron of Leonardo’s. Bianca was 13 or 14 at the time of the portrait. Tragically, she died a few months later, likely from an ectopic pregnancy. Kemp named the drawing “La Bella Principessa”the beautiful princess. In 2010 Kemp and Cotte published their findings in a book. Several prominent Leonardo scholars agreed, others were skeptical. Carmen Bambach was quoted as saying that the portrait simply “does not look like a Leonardo. “ Doubt seemed to collect around the portrait’s sudden, almost miraculous appearance. Where had it come from? Kemp didn’t know. Then, almost like divine intervention, a message came from D. R. Edward Wright, emeritus professor of art history at the University of South Florida. Having followed the very public dispute, Wright suggested to Kemp, whom he had never met, that his answer might lie in the National Library of Poland in Warsaw, inside a book called the Sforziad. Funded by a National Geographic Society grant, Kemp and Cotte traveled to Warsaw. Cotte’s。