Unit 7 Space and Communication
跨文化交际(UNIT 7)[优质ppt]
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2) Time is cyclical. Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides.
Chronemics
➢ Monochronic and Polychronic Time (p256-257) 1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is
Chronemics
2. What is the philosophy underlying each of the time system?
1) P-time stresses involvement of people and completion of transactions rather than adherence to present schedules. Appointments are not taken as seriously and, as a consequence, are frequently broken. P-time is treated as less tangible than M-time.
北师大版英语九年级Unit4SpaceCommunicationWorkshop说课稿
北师大版英语九年级Unit 4 Space Communication Workshop 说课稿一. 教材分析北师大版英语九年级Unit 4 Space Communication Workshop的主题是关于太空通信。
本节课的主要内容是让学生了解太空通信的基本原理和应用，以及我国在太空通信领域的发展。
教材通过丰富的图片、图表、文字资料和实践活动，激发学生对太空通信的兴趣，培养学生的探究能力和团队合作精神。
二. 学情分析九年级的学生已经具备了一定的英语基础，对于太空这一主题，他们充满好奇，希望通过学习本节课，能够进一步了解太空通信的相关知识。
在教学过程中，教师应关注学生的个体差异，充分调动学生的积极性，引导他们主动参与课堂活动。
三. 说教学目标1.知识目标：让学生掌握太空通信的基本原理和应用，了解我国在太空通信领域的发展。
2.能力目标：培养学生运用英语进行听说读写的能力，提高他们的信息获取和处理能力。
3.情感目标：激发学生对太空通信的兴趣，培养他们的探究精神和团队合作意识。
四. 说教学重难点1.重点：太空通信的基本原理和应用，我国在太空通信领域的发展。
2.难点：如何用英语准确表达太空通信的相关概念和信息。
五. 说教学方法与手段1.教学方法：采用任务型教学法，让学生在完成任务的过程中，掌握太空通信的相关知识。
2.教学手段：利用多媒体课件、网络资源、图片图表等，丰富教学内容，激发学生的学习兴趣。
六. 说教学过程1.导入：以我国太空通信的发展为切入点，引导学生进入本节课的主题。
2.呈现：通过展示太空通信的相关图片和图表，让学生了解太空通信的基本原理和应用。
3.讲解：简要介绍我国在太空通信领域的发展，引导学生用英语进行讨论。
4.实践：让学生分组进行实践活动，运用英语编写关于太空通信的短文。
5.展示：各组学生展示自己的作品，进行交流和评价。
6.总结：对本节课的内容进行总结，布置课后作业。
七. 说板书设计板书设计应突出本节课的主题，清晰地展示太空通信的基本原理和我国在太空通信领域的发展。
【免费】新编英语教程7课文讲解(综合英语7)
A New English Course (Level 7)Unit OneText IEnglish and American Concepts of SpaceI. About the Author --- Edward Twitchell Hall (1914 ---), U.S. anthropologist, author, and teacher, received his Ph.D. degree in anthropology from Columbia University. He has taught at various institutions, such as Harvard Business School, the Illinois Institute of Technology, and Northwestern University. His works include: The Silent Language (1959), a study of nonverbal communication, and The Hidden Dimension (1966), a study of “social and personal space and man’s perception of it.” The present text, a selection from The Hidden Dimension, gives a contrast between English and American concepts of personal space.About the author:Down the drainEdward T.Hall’s The Hidden Dimension, perhaps the scariest book (even scarier than 1984) I ever read. Scary, because it isn’t fiction, but a rather elaborate essay on anthropology and proxemic behavior. If Hall’s right, things as disregard for other cultures, mindless urban development and demographic growth have generated a behavioral sink in which stress, crime, intolerance and physical and psychic disease grow everyday, and to make things worse, our governments take measures that only accelerate the process. We are all going down the drain.Put Ed Hall’s Insights to Work in Your WorldEd Hall is one of the preeminent cultural anthropologists of all times. His works, studies, and insights into the rich modern anthropology reflect a life long passion he developed as a teenager in the 1930’s Southwest U.S. assigned to work on white-managed WPA crews alongside Navajo workers whose cultural bearings and world views were vastly different than his own people’s views.Hidden Dimensions examines the cultural contexts of space, how people define their personal and community spaces as part of their cultural norms.How far apart or close do people of a similar culture feel comfortable standing or sitting next to one another and in what circumstances? When do you feel someone is “in your space”? This personal comfort zone differs culture to culture. Yours may be different than mine. Hall develops these “proxemics”(proximity) in this book by observing and visiting with peoples from around the globe, and shares the wisdom gained with you so that you might expand your own world views and spatial orientations when mixing with foreign cultures to your own.Well worth the sheckles to add this great work to your life’s library. Collect all of Hall’s works.Best of the BestA fabulous writing on how human beings react to and make use of special distance from a physical and psychological viewpoint, i.e. the study of proxemics. The type of book that should be reissued without fail by the publisher, though it is old, since it is a classic in its field. Actual numerical distances and their effect / use / experience by humans are explained as well as much about eyesight and its abilities. Hall also explains how different Euro cultures (German, French, and others) plus how Americans use space differently. I’m seldom this positive about any book but must give this one a highest rating.II. Organization and DevelopmentLike most writings of an academic nature, this article is neatly-structured. Its thesis is clearly stated in the first paragraph and is developed in the rest of the article by contrast. Can you identify the sentence in the first paragraph that states the thesis?The sentence in the 1st paragraph that states the thesis:If there ever were two cultures in which differences of the proxemic details are marked it is in the educated English and the middle-class Americans.The contrasts Hall has made are frequently marked by words or phrases generally known as sentence adverbials or connectives. Locate such items throughout the writing and try to tell what contrast they introduce.Words or phrases used to indicate contrasts:Paragraph 1“whereas” --- contrasting space for Americans with the social system for theEnglish as a factor determining a person’s social status “however”--- contrasting the importance of one’s address in the UnitedStates with that of the position in the social system intowhich a person is born in BritainParagraph 3“on the other hand” --- contrasting what is said in the 2nd paragraph withwhat is said in the 3rd, i.e. the American’s sense of space thatcan be called his own with the Englishman’s sense of sharedspaceParagraph 5“on the other hand” --- contrasting the different ways in which Americansand the English behave when seeking seclusion The contrast Hall has made serves to explain the apparent clash between the English and Americans, i.e. why they behave differently when they have the same need to satisfy.III. Notes1.In what sense does Hall use the word “separated” in the first sentence?Made culturally different.2.What, according to the author, has really separated the English and theAmericans?Not the different ways in which the English language is used as assumed by most people, but the different ways of handling time, space and materials.munications on other levels --- Broadly speaking, communication is of twokinds: verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication consists of word language and the variations in meaning which a person puts into words through the way they are said. Thus different intonation may impart different meanings. Nonverbal communication consists of non-word language such as gestures and bodily action, visual aids like graphs and photos, certain activities, and time, space, and materials as mentioned by the author. What the author means here is that words do not account as much for the differences of the two peoples as the other levels of communication.4. ego --- 1) self, especially as contrasted with another self or the world;2) one’s opinion of oneself; self-esteem, e.g.: He has an enormous ego. (= thinks he is a very fine person).3) tech. (in Freudian psychology) the one of the three parts of the mind that connects a person to the outside world, because it can think and act; conscious self 5. rephrase the sentence:The differences for which language gets blamed may not be due so much to words as to communications on other levels beginning with English intonation (which sounds affected to many Americans) and continuing to ego-linked ways of handling time, space, and materials.Some people complain about the English language for its being so different in the two countries. These differences, however, may have resulted not from the words people use, but rather from individual linguistic habits, which are displayed in the adoption of a particular intonation (English intonation sounds unnatural to Americans), and extend down to the way people look at the world.6. Proxemics is the study of the communicative value of space and distance in various cultures. It includes the study of the physical distance between people when they are talking to each other, as well as their postures and whether or not there is physical contact during their conversation. These factors can be looked at in relation to the sex, age, and social and cultural background of the people involved, and also their attitudes to each other and their state of mind. Of interest are such features as the physical distance considered proper or comfortable between two people engaged in conversation or standing near each other in public places. Theseand other nonverbal behavioral features, which vary from culture to culture, have been called “silent language” by Edward T. Hall.“The proxemic details”(1.6) refers to facts or pieces of information related to proxemics, e.g., how closely two people should stand or sit apart when talking to each other, whether one should have his office door open or closed, etc.7. A public school in Britain is a private secondary boarding school with a pre-university curriculum. Admission is by entrance examination. The term “public school” emerged in the eighteenth century when the reputation of certain grammar schools spread beyond their immediate environs. They began taking pupils whose parents could afford residential fees and thus became known as “public schools”, in contrast to “local schools”. A public school is different from a comprehensive school, where children of all abilities and social backgrounds are taught together. A public school generally prepares students academically for higher education. Therefore, students who go to public schools are supposed to be better educated than those who go to comprehensive schools.8. Middle-class Americans are a heterogeneous socioeconomic grouping composed principally of business and professional people such as managers, doctors, lawyers, teachers, government officials, some farmers and skilled workers. They are characterized by a comfortable material standard of living, and respect for property. Since World War II, the middle class has been the largest social class in the United States. In the U.S.A., most people identify themselves as “middle-class.”9. disparity --- (C,U) (between, in, of) fml (an example of) being completely different or unequal; a noticeable differencee.g. There is (a) considerable disparity in the rates of pay for men and women.10. What does the “social system” in England refer to?The traditional way of stratify societying into classes, which remains important / influential even today.11. Rephrase the sentence:One of the basic reasons for this wide disparity is that in the United States we use space as a way of classifying people and activities, whereas in England it is the social system that determines who you are.One of the important factors that has contributed to such a big difference is that the place where one lives, to Americans, can present a symbol of one’s status or activity, while in England, the class one belongs to identifies one’s position in society.12. Why do you think one’s spatial location means almost as much to the Americans as one’s social location does to the English?Think of the different history of the two countries. Britain has a long history offeudal social hierarchy, which had been firmly rooted and survived the bourgeois revolution in the 17th century. This system has not been completely overcome and the country is still a kingdom today. Aristocratic titles have been hereditary and are still regarded as a mark of a person’s social status. On the other hand, the United States has a short history of about 200 years, which began with a vast expanse of land that provided abundant space for people to fully exercise their imagination and develop their talent. A person’s background is far less important than what space he can find for himself and what he can achieve in that space.13. prestigious --- having prestige, i.e. general respect or admiration felt for someone or something, because they have high quality, social influence, success, etc.14. fishmonger --- a person who owns or works in a shop (fishmonger’s) which sells fish: I bought a nice piece of cod from the fishmonger / at the fishmonger’s.15. stall --- a table or small open-fronted shop in a public place: a market stall16. allot --- give as a share or set apart for a purposee.g. Most of the money has already been allotted.They allotted us three weeks to finish the job.We were unable to finish it in the allotted time.17. What conclusion has the author reached by the end of the first paragraph?Spatial allocation does not have the same implication for the English and for Americans.18. How is the first paragraph related to the second one?The last sentence of the first paragraph introduces the next two paragraphs, which illustrate differences between the English and the Americans in the allotment of space.19. den --- infml. a small quiet comfortable room in a house, where a person, usually a man, can be alone (小书斋; 小巧而舒适的私室) e.g. Father’s in his den.--- the home of a usu. Large fierce wild animal, such as a lion--- a center of secret, esp. illegal, activity, e.g. a den of thieves20. “the shop” --- a place where things made or repaired “工场”21. What does the author try to contrast in the second and the third paragraph?How differently space is allotted in Britain and the United States, the former having a strong sense of “shared space” and the latter of “one’s own space.”22. vacate --- give up the occupancy of; stop using; leaving (a room or place) so that it is available for someone else to use23. inconsequential --- unimportant; insignificant24. be entitled to --- possess the right to have or to do something25. Rephrase the sentence:As a consequence, the English are puzzled by the American need for a secure place in which to work, an office.As a result, it is hard for the English to figure out why Americans invariably feel it is necessary to find themselves a space, such as an office, where they may work without being disturbed.26. implication --- something that is suggested or implied by a particular situation, event, or statement27. typify --- v. 1) (not in progressive forms) be a typical example of; show all the most usual characteristics of something, e.g. The shoe-shine boy who becomes a millionaire typifies the American Dream.2) (not in progressive forms) to be a typical mark or sign of 成为…的标记: the high quality that typifies all this work3) fml. to represent in a typical manner, e.g. by an image, model, or likeness,e.g. In this book we have tried to typify the main classes of verbs. 在本书中, 我们力图以明显的方式把动词分成几大类.28. strain --- a state of tension within or among people; e.g. the current strain in relations between the two countries29. How do you interpret “experiencing strain in his relationships with Americans” in paragraph 4?Having trouble getting along with Americans30. Rephrase the sentence:It took some time but finally we were able to identify most of the contrasting features of the American and British problems that were in conflict in this case.It was not until some time later that we managed to discover the major differences that had frustrated both sides in the above story.31. How differently would the English and the Americans behave when they want to be alone?The Americans would go to their own rooms and shut the door, whereas the English, instead of finding architectural screens to shut themselves off, would provide subtle clues to others present that they do not wish to be disturbed.32. How would the English and the Americans feel if they are not talked to by peoplepresent in the same room?Americans would feel that they are being rejected. The English would feel happy that others have recognized the unseen barrier they have erected to keep off intrusion.33. Rephrase the sentence:They have in effect internalized a set of barriers, which they erect and which others are supposed to recognize.They have virtually built up, for themselves, a wall, which may keep them safe from disturbance when necessary and which, they assume, others should be able to perceive and respect.34. The article is written not by a lay person based on casual observations but by a professor of anthropology based on his research findings. Some words the author uses has added to the academic flavor of the writing. Can you identify some of them and explain what they mean?Proxemic (l.6) --- adj. of proxemics, a branch of sociology that studies spatial relations, people’s sense of space and their need of space in different situations, etc.Subject (l.20) --- a person that undergoes scientific experimentation or investigationEgo (l.4) --- the self of a personCondition (l.35) --- determine, accustomSeminar (l.47) --- regular meeting of a group of students under the guidance of a tutor or a professorUnit TwoTEXT ITouristsI. About the author--- Nancy Mitford (1904---1973), English writer of novels, biographies, and essays, is noted for her witty novels of upper-class life. Her workers include: Pursuit of Love (1945), Vlotaire in Love (1957), and The Sun King (1966), about Louis XIV. One of her most widely read books was Noblesse Oblige: An Inquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy (1956). The text is from an essay called “The Tourist,” part of a collection published under the title of The Water Beetle (1962).II. Organization and DevelopmentAlthough part of a collection, the selection is quite complete in itself as far as structure is concerned. The author seems to have followed a well-worked-out outline. Now try to restore that outline, indicating the main parts and the major subdivisions under each of them.Outline for reference:1.The island and the touristsThe island: location, natural features, the cathedral and its bellsThe tourists: number, transport, lack of taste, ill-mannered behavior,American-Englishmen-Germans2.Behavior of the islandersThe author’s general attitudeComparison of the island to a stageYoung men from Burano (Little Eric)Old women selling lacesThe priestThe tourists’ response3.Torcello back to its life routineYoung menOld womenFather of the clover babiesThe brief description of the small island creates the impression that it might be a nice, quiet retreat for writers like the author herself, but it might not be a good tourist resort. This helps to strengthen the point the author wants to make, i.e. the tourists who swamp the place are aimless in their touring.III. Notes1. Based on the author’s description, try to think of just a few words and phrases that bring out the most important features of the island Torcello.Small, ancient, abundant in wild flowers, crisscrossed by waterways2. Rephrase the sentence:The most intensive study I ever made of tourists was at Torcello, where it is impossible to avoid them.Since tourists can be seen almost everywhere at Torcello, I decided to observe them closely.3. minute: very small4. lagoon: an area of calm sea water partly or completely separated from the sea by banks of sand, rock, coral, etc.5. a great cathedral --- referring to SantaMaria Assunta Cathedral, which was founded in about 639, and rebuilt in the ninth and the eleventh century. It is a Byzantine cathedral, decorated with fine Veneto-Byzantine mosaics.6. What does the word “chorus” in line 8 refer to?bells ringing out7. Explain the sentence:Bells from the campanile ring out reproaches three times a day …joined by a chorus from the surrounding islands. --- From the campanile, or the high bell tower, can be heard the reproaches, or sets of verses representing reproaches of Jesus Christ to his people, three times a day. Such reproaches ring out from the nearby islands too.“cloches, cloches, divins reproches” = (French) “bells, bells, divine reproaches”8. lonely as a cloud --- This is an echo of William Wordsworth’s poem “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1804). The first verse of the poem is as follows:I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.9. Rephrase the sentence:Torcello which used to be lonely as a cloud has recently become an outing from Venice.Torcello was at one time an island scarcely visited by people, but today it hasgrown to be a magnet for tourists from Venice.10. chartered --- hired for use by a particular group or person11. yacht --- a large boat, often motor-driven, used for pleasure; a light sailing boat12. towpath --- a path (as along the bank of a canal or river) traveled by men or animals towing / pulling boats13. Possibly there is a double meaning in the phrase much restored in line 13.The early mosaics are made to look new again; the scenes from hell are brought back to life.14. a great, sad, austere Madonna --- the image of Mary, mother of Jesus Christ, inmosaics, who appears sorrowful and stern15. Byzantine art --- the symbolical system of art which was developed by the early Greek or Byzantine artists out of the Christian symbolism. Its chief features are the circle, dome, and round arch; and its chief symbols the lily, cross, vesica, and nimbus.16. Explain the sentence in line 14 “Byzantine art is an acquired taste.”One needs to cultivate a certain taste to be able to appreciate Byzantine art.17. Rephrase the sentence:Byzantine art is an acquired taste and probably not one in ten of the visitors has acquired it.Byzantine art is a highly refined heritage, but few of the tourists here have arrived at that sophistry as to be able to appreciate it. / To appreciate Byzantine art, one needs to cultivate a particular sense of beauty, but few of the tourists to Torcello have been so equipped.18. the village green --- a small stretch of grass in the village19. Attila --- king of the Huns, a nomadic people from central Asia, from 434 A.D. to 453 A.D., and one of the greatest of the barbarian rulers who attacked the Roman Empire. In 452 he invaded northern Italy and sacked several cities there.20. leave the devil of a mess behind them --- leave behind them all kinds of litter / a terrible mess. Devil is often used to give force to various expressions, especially of displeasure, e.g. We had a devil of a job trying to persuade her.Why the devil did he come?What the devil is she doing now?21. marching as to war --- This is an echo of a Christian hymn written by Sabine Baring-Gould (1834-1924). The first stanza goes thus:Onward, Christian soldiers,Marching as to war,With the Cross of JesusGoing on before! (1864)22. a Leader --- apparently referring to the tourist guide23. a standing order --- a permanent request (for something by a customer)24. From what Mitford has said of the tourists in the first paragraph, can you imagine what, in her opinion, a good tourist should be like?He should have a clear purpose when going sightseeing, be appreciative of what there is supposed to be seen; he should not litter, or do anything harmful to the environment.25. What different images has Mitford created of the Americans, the Englishmen, and the Germans with her brief description of them?Americans --- well-to-do but having no taste at allEnglishmen --- mean, not attentive to public hygieneGermans --- well-organized and well-disciplined but not appreciative26. extract --- obtain by much effort27. Rephrase the sentence:As they are obliged, whether they like it or not, to live in public during the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some financial benefit from this state of affairs.They have no choice but to come into contact with the tourists throughout the summer, and it is not hard to imagine why they should not try to earn some money out of this opportunity.28. What does the word Italian in line 31 refer to?The Italian nation as a whole29. gondolier --- the boatman who propels a gondola, a long narrow flat-bottomed boat with a high prow and stern used on the canals of Venice30. sandolos --- small boats used on the Venetian canals31. Buona fortuna --- (Italian) Good luck32. trinket --- a small ornament (as a jewel or ring) of little value33. point de Venise lace --- lace that is made with a needle or needle point. Burano is known for its Venetian point lace industry.34. four-leafed clovers --- or four-leafed clovers, four-leaf clovers. A four-leafed clover is a clover plant that has a set of four leaves instead of the usual three, and is believed to bring good luck to a person who finds it.Clover –is a small usu. three-leafed plant with pink, purple, or white flowers, often grown as food for cattle.35. holy processions --- religious parades36. Rephrase the sentence:The priest organizes holy processions to coincide with the arrival of the steamer.The priest arranges for the religious pageant to begin the moment the ship arrives.37. flapping --- swaying loosely, and making a noise, especially when moved by wind38. Daily Mail --- name of a newspaper39. Where in paragraph 2 does Mitford reveal her attitude towards the way the islanders behave?She is somewhat sympathetic to them. Refer to lines 29-31, “As they are obliged, whether they like it or not … from this state of affairs.”40. A metaphor runs through paragraphs 2 and 3. What is it? Which sentence sets up the comparison? Pick out words that continue the metaphor.The island is compared to a stage, and the activities to a play.Line 31, “The Italian is a born actor …”dress up, sweet-faced old women, apparently, organizes holy procession to coincide, the curtain, shed their jackets, let the smiles fade41. How do you understand the last sentence “Tocello is itself again”?The play is over; ordinary life on the island is restored, and the islanders are their normal selves again.Unit ThreeText IThe SubwayTom WolfeI. About the AuthorThe Author --- Tom Wolfe (Thomas K. Wolfe, Jr., 1931-), U.S. author, is one of the new journalists, who write, like journalists, about the people, the places, and the events of the contemporary world, but who write with the imagination, the personalvision, and the rhetorical flair which is usually associated with the creative writer. Wolfe’s writings appear in magazines such as Confidential and Harper’s Bazaar. Wolfe, like any good reporter, observes closely from a particular angle of vision --- often satiric --- and he projects what he feels and thinks into his description by the details he selects to show us and the words he chooses to describe them. His works include: The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby (1965), New Journalism (1973), and In Our Time (1980).II Organization and DevelopmentThe topic sentence of paragraph 2 extends, at least in part, to paragraph 3.For paragraph 5, the following words from paragraph 4 with some modifications may serve the purpose of a topic sentence: “However, some men do fall to the state of being a bum. For example, on the East Side IRT subway line…”In paragraph 3, apart from sticking to using “he” as the subject in a series of sentences to describe the actions of the two black boys in the car, the conjunction “then” is used twice to show the chronological progression of the actions.The last four sentences of paragraph 4 all keep to “he” as the subject.III. Notes1. the living symbol of all that adds up to lack of status in New York --- the very indication that those who take the subway have a low social position2. disorientation --- confusion, loss of one’s bearings3. express stop --- a major rapid transit stop where “express trains” stop, as contrasted to a “local stop” where all trains stop4. Rephrase the following.In a way, of course, the subway is the living symbol… every express stop.In New York’s underground transportation system, one finds many examples of what is low-class behavior in New York. The subway is disorganized and people move about wildly at each express stop.5. vistas --- sweeping views6. eerie --- frightening because of strangeness or gloominess7. How is the statement “The whole place is a gross assault on the senses” supported by details in the first paragraph?assault on the sense of hearing --- noise of the trains, high-pitched harshness, metallic tones from recordsassault on the sense of touch --- pushing and being pushed in crowdsassault on the sense of smell --- unbearable odorsassault on the sense of sight --- The sight of customers with bread flakes caked on their mouths and flatulent cheeks at lunch counters is far from pleasant.8. qualm --- feelings of uneasiness or uncertainty as to whether something is right9. What does the word “qualms”in line 7 mean? What does the whole sentence containing the word imply?unease, a pang or sudden feeling of doubt, esp. concerning moral conduct Pushing others in a crowded public place is considered rude, but in the N.Y. subway the passengers, when in a crowd, seem to have forgotten this basic moral norm.10. tactile --- relating to the sense of touch11. crucifying --- torment, torture12. Rephrase the sentenceYour tactile sense takes a crucifying you never dreamed possible.You are being bumped, shoved and prodded amidst the crowd more than you ever have been before / more than you ever expected.13. 45 r.p.m. records --- The abbreviation “r.p.m.” stands for “revolutions per minute.”It is a measure of the speed of a record. A 45 r.p.m. record goes round in a circle 45 times in a minute.14. hot dog --- a long bread roll which is cut along the middle and has a cooked sausage in it15. tensile --- elastic。
Computer English Unit 7 Computer Communications(计算机英语 第七单元 计算机通信)
UNIT 7 Computer Communications===第七单元：计算机通信Section A Telecommunications and Computers===课文A：电信与计算机Telecommunications allows people around the world to contact one another, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas.===电信使世界各地的人们得以互相联系，即刻获取信息，并从边远地区实施通信。
Telecommunications usually involves a sender of information and one or more recipients linked by a technology, such as a telephone system, that transmits information from one place to another.===电信通常涉及一个信息发送者和一个或多个接收者，他们通过电话系统等把信息从一地发送到另一地的技术相联系。
Telecommunications devices convert different types of information, such as sound and video, into electronic signals.===电信设备将不同类型的信息，如声音和图像，转换成电子信号。
The signals can then be transmitted by means of media such as telephone wires or radio waves.===然后，这些信号就可以通过电话线或无线电波等媒介进行发送。
When a signal reaches its destination, the device on the receiving end converts the electronic signal back into an understandable message, such as sound over a telephone, moving images on a television, or words and pictures on a computer screen.===信号到达目的地后，接收端的设备将电子信号转换回可以理解的信息，如电话中的声音、电视上的活动图像或计算机屏幕上的文字和图片。
unit7_硕士英语综合教程_课文翻译
Unit 7Exploration is an important survival strategy in evolution.探索是进化过程中一个重要的生存策略。
The migration of expansive species depends on exploring their immediate or distant surroundings for new food sources or safe habitats; it can also come as a result of population pressures or environmental changes.数量不断扩张的物种的迁移有赖于对临近或遥远的新的食物来源或安全的栖息地进行探索，这是人口压力或是环境变化的结果。
The human species has added another reason for exploration, namely curiosity. This intellectual urge to explore the unknown led the great European explorers to the Americas, Australia and Antarctica between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries.而人类还增加了另外一个探索的原因，即好奇心。
这种对未知事物进行探索的思想冲动引领着伟大的欧洲探险家们在15世纪到17世纪之间来到了美洲，澳大利亚和南极洲。
Inquisitiveness about nature is also the driving force behind humans exploring the polar caps, climbing mountain peaks and diving into the abysses of the oceans.对大自然的好奇心同样也是人类探索极地冰冠，攀登山峰和潜入海底背后的驱动力。
跨文化交际UNIT-7
Reading I
Read the article “The Heartbeat of Culture” (p229232).
1. What does the author want to tell us from his experience in Brazil and the questionnaire between students in Niteroi and those in Fresno?
➢ Monochronic and Polychronic Time (p256-257) 1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is
the dominating time system in our culture?
▪ Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time – events scheduled as separate items.
第十页，编辑于星期三：十五点 五十三分。
Reading I
Read the article “The Heartbeat of Culture” (p229-232).
2. There aren’t unanimous perceptions of time among culturally different people. Even within one country, ideas of time and punctuality vary considerably from place to place. Different regions and even cities have their own distinct rhythms and rules.
七单元知识点总结英文
七单元知识点总结英文1. Introduction to Knowledge PointsUnit 7 of our course covers a wide range of knowledge points, including language, literature, and cultural aspects of the English-speaking world. In this summary, we will highlight key points from each section and provide a comprehensive overview of the unit.2. LanguageIn the language section, we have studied various aspects of English grammar and vocabulary. This includes understanding the difference between active and passive voice, the proper use of modal verbs, and the correct use of conjunctions and prepositions. It is important to master these language points in order to improve our overall English proficiency.2.1 Active and Passive VoiceUnderstanding the difference between active and passive voice is crucial for effective communication in English. In active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action, while in passive voice, the subject is acted upon. For example, "The chef prepared the meal" is in active voice, while "The meal was prepared by the chef" is in passive voice. Mastering this concept is essential for clear and concise writing and speaking.2.2 Modal VerbsModal verbs are another important aspect of English grammar. These verbs, such as can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would, are used to indicate necessity, possibility, ability, or obligation. Understanding their usage in different contexts is essential for expressing ideas and opinions effectively.2.3 Conjunctions and PrepositionsConjunctions and prepositions are crucial for connecting ideas and expressing relationships between different elements in a sentence. Understanding the correct usage of these words is essential for constructing coherent and meaningful sentences. Some common conjunctions include and, but, or, while, and yet, while prepositions include at, in, on, by, and with.3. LiteratureIn this section, we have explored various literary genres and analyzed works from well-known authors. Understanding the different forms of literature and their unique characteristics is important for appreciating and interpreting literary works.3.1 Literary GenresLiterary genres refer to different categories of literature, such as poetry, drama, fiction, and non-fiction. Each genre has its own distinct features and conventions, and understanding these can help us appreciate and analyze literary works more effectively.3.2 Analysis of Literary WorksWe have analyzed works from renowned authors, such as William Shakespeare, George Orwell, and Emily Dickinson. By examining their writing styles, themes, and symbolism, we have gained a deeper understanding of the literary techniques and devices used in their works. This has allowed us to develop critical thinking and analysis skills, which are essential for interpreting and evaluating literature.4. Cultural AspectsThe cultural aspects section of Unit 7 has provided us with insights into the customs, traditions, and social norms of English-speaking countries. Understanding these cultural aspects is important for effective communication and interaction with native English speakers.4.1 Customs and TraditionsWe have learned about various customs and traditions observed in English-speaking countries, including cultural festivals, social etiquettes, and traditional practices. Being aware of these customs and traditions can help us navigate social interactions and avoid cultural misunderstandings.4.2 Social NormsUnderstanding the social norms of English-speaking countries is crucial for effective communication and integration into their society. This includes understanding concepts such as personal space, politeness, and social hierarchy. By being aware of these norms, we can adapt our behavior and communication style to suit the cultural context.5. ConclusionUnit 7 has provided us with a comprehensive overview of language, literature, and cultural aspects of the English-speaking world. By mastering the knowledge points covered in this unit, we can improve our English proficiency, appreciate literary works, and navigate cultural interactions more effectively. It is important to continue practicing and applying these knowledge points in real-life situations to enhance our language skills and cultural competence.。
外研社应用英语教程综合英语3教案Unit_7
Text Analysis
I. Background information 1. About the author
The text is written by Deborah Cameron (born 10 November 1958). She is a feminist linguist who currently holds the Rupert Murdoch Professorship in Language and Communication at Worcester College, Oxford University. Cameron is mainly interested in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. A large part of her academic research is focused on the relationship of language to gender and sexuality. 2. About the text
a dogma, treated not as a hypothesis to be investigated or as a claim to be adjudicated, but as an unquestioned article of faith. dogma: n. (often disapproving) a belief or set of beliefs held by a group or organization, which others are expected to accept without argument e.g. political/religious/party dogma Their political dogma has blinded them to the real needs of the country. dogmatic: adj. (disapproving) being certain that your beliefs are right and that others should accept them, without paying attention to evidence or other opinions e.g. There is a danger of becoming too dogmatic about teaching methods dogmatically: adv. in a narrow-minded dogmatic manner
综合英语 课程标准
《综合英语》课程标准课程英文名称：Comprehensive English课程代码： 07023001-4 课程负责人：制定（修订）单位：综合语种教研室制定（修订）人或执笔人：审核人：制定（修订）时间： 2011年6月《综合英语》课程标准课程名称：《综合英语》课程属性：专业核心课课程性质：专业必修课适用专业：应用英语专业（外贸方向）、商务英语开课学时： 212学时1、课程性质和任务《综合英语》课程是应用英语专业（外贸方向）的专业核心课,为该专业主干课程，是一门培养学生听、说、读、写、译等综合技能的课程。
本课程的教学对象是应用英语专业（外贸方向）大一、大二学生,开设时间为第一至第四学期。
本门课程为本专业课程的先行课程和基础课程。
本课程着力培养学生包括语言能力、社会文化能力、策略能力在内的跨文化交往能力，以语境层为教学基本层开展听、说、读、写、译在内的语言技能教学与语音、词汇、语法的语言形式教学；与语言教学同步进行文化教学，提高学生的综合文化修养，同时增强自主学习能力，为将来实际外贸工作中卓有成效地开展国际贸易活动奠定坚实的语言文化等素质基础，积极适应中国国际贸易快速发展的需求。
2、课程目标《综合英语》是为高等学校英语专业专科生基础阶段开设的专业必修课，为期2年，即四个学期。
累计212学时，9.5学分；分四个学期开设，第一学期《综合英语I》48个学时，2个学分；第二学期《综合英语II》56个学时，2. 5个学分；第三学期《综合英语III》56个学时，2.5个学分；第四学期《综合英语IV》52个学时，2.5个学分。
本课程传授系统的语音、语法、词汇、篇章结构、语言功能、意念等基础语言知识。
训练听、说、读、写、译等基本的语言技能，培养学生初步运用英语进行交际的能力,指导正确的学习方法, 丰富学生的社会文化知识。
1、语言知识目标：能够熟练地独立完成英语听说读写译任务。
2、语言技能目标：1. 听力理解能力：能听懂内容稍长的对话、短文等，并在其结构较为复杂、观点较为隐含时也能理解要点。
Interpersonal Space in Communication
Factors
that affect personal space
Mood: With the changes of personal feelings, personal space changes, such as anxiety, people need more than the average person's personal space.
used for public speaking • Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m) • Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more.
Intimate distance
for embracing, touching or whispering • Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm) • Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)
Interpersonal Space in Communication
Based on the findings:
The first person in the face-to-face two-emptying front of the seat, usually choose the window and the car moves in the same direction position 4 The second person to select the first person angle, which is furthest from his seat. this is to keep a safe distance from the principle, that is, not the opposite principle The third person select with the first two opposite and same direction as the location of the car moves, it can be more comfortable, legs stretched, but also to avoid face-to-face to produce the 1 1 sense of confrontation The fourth person not so lucky, he usually can only choose to sit with the relative 4 6 2 position of the first person; The remaining two locations outside of the car moves direction 6 will usually was chosen to go The last one can only sit in the middle of another side. 1 3 5
通信专业英语7
Unit Seven Satellite communication
Part One In telecommunication, the use of artificial satellites provides communication links between various points on Earth. Communications satellites relay voice, video, and data signals between widely separated fixed locations (e.g., between the switching offices of two different national telephone networks), between a fixed location and numerous small fixed or mobile receivers in a designated area (e.g., direct satellite broadcasting of television programming), and between individual mobile users (e.g., aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, and personal handheld units).① The technique involves transmitting signals from an Earth station to a satellite. Equipment onboard the satellite receives the signals, amplifies them, and retransmits them to a region of Earth.② Receiving stations within this region pick up the signals, thus completing the link. Hence the satellite must have a receiver and a receive antenna, a transmitter and a transmit antenna, some method for connecting the uplink to the downlink for retransmission, and prime electrical power to run all of the electronics. The exact nature of these components will differ, depending on the orbit and the system architecture, but every communications satell
unit 7 communication and promotion
Promotional Mix --- Publicity and public relations(公关活动和公共关系)
Publicity and public relations --- The activities undertaken by the organization to build and maintain good relations with its public. Traditionally, it has been viewed as simply issuing press releases and seeking good publicity, but it has become more sophisticated and uses a variety of tools, such as annual reports, seminars and speeches, cause-related marketing, inhouse magazines and press releases, to create a positive image about the company.
Promotional Mix --- Sales promotion (销售促进)
Sales promotion techniques can be classified into one of two main types. The other main type of sales promotion is known as 'value adding' or 'packaged up' sales promotion. This form of promotion leaves the price and core product/service offering untouched and offers the customer something extra in the form of a free gift or a competition.
国际商务交际 Unit 7
Learning about communication
Schedule a meeting carefully Although meetings can be scheduled at any time during the day, certain times are preferable. Early in the
When scheduling a meeting, consider the travel needs of the participants. An 8:00 a.m. meeting that forces people to get up at 5:30 a.m. may be counterproductive. Even if participants arrive on time, they may be too tired to accomplish anything during the meeting. Nevertheless, early morning scheduling is not unusual.
If you need to hold a series of meetings, schedule a time for the next meeting at the end of the current one. To schedule the initial meeting, write a memo or send an e-mail message instead of using the telephone. Scheduling a meeting by telephone can take 2 or 3 days as you call and recall participants with conf licting schedules. Select an appropriate meeting site
8-space & culture
Personal space
• • • • Intimate distance: 18 inches/20.32 cm. Personal distance: Close phase: 1.5-2.5 feet/0.4-0.7 m. husband and wife Far phase: 2.5-4 feet: for personal interest, about personal affairs
10
Seating
• For the Japanese, seating arrangements at any formal or semiformal function are also based on hierarchy. The most important person sits at one end of the rectangular table, with those nearest in rank at the right and left of this senior position. • Chinese seating arrangement at dinner table • The Round table of King Are
• We usually decide who may enter our personal space and who may not. • When our space is invaded, we react in a variety of ways (back up and retreat, stand our ground as our hands moist from nervousness, or sometimes even react violently). • Our react manifests not only our personality, but also our cultural background. • To be continued
广东开放大学10150跨文化商务沟通
—send strong messages. 选择一项： A. True B. False
本句参考译文：我们的所有非言语行为——身体姿势、坐姿、与对方的目光接触、语速和音量以及我们站立的距离——这些都在交际中传送大 量的信息。【知识点来源：Unit 2】
陈述与事实不符。实际上人们更愿意相信非言语信息，因为人们的很多非言语行为是在潜意识中表现出来的，更能真实地反映人的内心想法。 While you are saying “You must do it”, you hit the table with your fist.
This means that nonverbal behaviors can be used to repeat verbal messages.
选择一项： A. True B. False 本句参考译文：在所有文化中人们都用点头表示同意。【知识点来源：Unit 2】
陈述与事实不符。例如：印度人用点头表示不同意。
正确答案是：False Silence may be interpreted differently in different cultures.
verbal message more because it happens at a more conscious level.
选择一项： A. True B. False 本句参考译文：当非言语行为和言语信息相抵触时，人们往往更相信言语信息，因为后者是人们有意识表达出来的。【知识点来源：Unit 2】
选择一项： A. True B. False 本句参考译文：不同文化对沉默的理解有所不同。【知识点来源：Unit 2】
英文作文缩写100题左右
英文作文缩写100题左右Abbreviations are a common way to shorten long words or phrases in everyday language. They are used in various fields, including business, science, technology, and social media. Abbreviations can help save time, space, and effort in communication. In this article, we will discuss 100 common abbreviations and their meanings.1. ASAP As Soon As Possible。
2. FYI For Your Information。
3. DIY Do It Yourself。
4. ETA Estimated Time of Arrival。
5. RSVP Répondez S'il Vous Plaît (French for "Please Respond")。
6. CEO Chief Executive Officer。
7. CFO Chief Financial Officer。
8. COO Chief Operating Officer。
9. CTO Chief Technology Officer。
10. HR Human Resources。
11. IT Information Technology。
12. FAQ Frequently Asked Questions。
13. GPS Global Positioning System。
14. HTML Hypertext Markup Language。
时空对话作文600字
时空对话作文600字英文回答：Time and space are two fascinating concepts that have intrigued humans for centuries. The idea of time travel and the exploration of different dimensions have been popular topics in science fiction literature and movies. But what if we could have a real conversation with someone from a different time and space? What would we talk about and how would we communicate?If I were to have a conversation with someone from a different time and space, I would be curious to learn about their way of life, their culture, and their understanding of the world. I would ask them about their daily routines, their beliefs, and their experiences. I would also be interested in sharing my own experiences and knowledge with them, to see how it compares to their own.中文回答：时空对话是一个非常有趣的概念，能够让我们和不同时间和空间的人进行交流，这是一种非常有趣的想象。
跨文化交际教学大纲
《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲课程名称：英语教学论课程类别：专业必修课考核类别：考试适用对象：本科适用专业：英语总学时、学分：36学时2学分一、课程教学目的该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。
在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。
近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。
二、课程教学要求该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。
三、先修课程跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。
因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。
四、课程教学重、难点该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。
教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。
中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。
东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。
五、课程教学方法（或手段）教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。
六、课程教学内容Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I Intercultural Communication: An Introduction（二）Discovering Problems: Slim Is Beautiful（三）Debate（四）Reading II The Challenge of Globalization（五）Writing二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：Identifying Difference: How We Address Each Other（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication2. Further Reading II Communication in the Global VillageUnit 2 Culture and Communication（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I What Is Culture.（二）Fill-in Task（三）Sharing Knowledge: More About Culture（四）Writing（五）Reading II Elements of Communication（六）Discovering Problems: Misreading Commercial Signs二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：Identifying Difference Communicating Effectively（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Understanding Culture2. Further Reading II Essentials of Human CommunicationUnit 3 Cultural Diverse（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I Different Lands, Different Friendships（二）Cultural n formation: American Friendship （三）Survey（四）Identifying Difference :Family Structure（五）Reading II Comparing and Contrasting Cultures （六）Interview（七）Sharing Knowledge: Confucian Cultural Patterns 二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1. Intercultural insight2. Translation（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Cultural Dimensions2. Further Reading II High-Context and Low-Context CulturesUnit 4 Language and Culture（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I How Is Language Related to Culture（二）Fill-in Task（三）Group Work（四）Identifying difference: Kinship Terms and Mores. （五）Reading II Language-and-Culture, Two Sides of the Same Coin（六）Survey二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：Problems: Translating Across Languages2. Translation3. Case Study: Cases 13-16（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis2. Further Reading II Language, Thought, and CultureUnit 5 Culture and Verbal Communication（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I Understanding the Culture ofConversation（二）Fill-in Task（三）Identifying Difference: Compliment Response （四）Interview（五）Reading II The Way People Speak（六）Group Work（七）Cultural Information: Making Telephone Calls 二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1. Intercultural insight2. Translation3. Case Study: Cases 17-20（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Cross-Cultural Verbal Communication Styles2. Further Reading II Preferences in the Organization of Verbal CodesUnit 6 Culture and Nonverbal Communication（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I An Overview of Nonverbal Communication（二）Matching Task（三）Observation Task（四）Sharing Knowledge: Factors That Influence Touch （五）Reading II Gender and Nonverbal Communication 二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1. Identifying Difference: Posture and Sitting Habits2. Cultural information: How the Japanese Communicate Nonverbally3. Translation4. Case Study: Cases 21-24（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Functions of Nonverbal Communication2. Further Reading II Sounds and SilencesUnit 7 Time and Space Across Cultures （4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I The Heartbeat of Culture（二）Identifying Difference: What's the Rush （三）Group Work（四）Intercultural insight（五）Reading II The Language of Space二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1. Cultural information: Home in Various Cultures2. Sharing Knowledge: Cultures Built Into the Landscape3. Translation4. Case Study: Cases 25-28（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Cultural Conceptions of Time2. Further Reading II German Use of SpaceUnit 8 Cross-Cultural Perception（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I French Leave and Dutch Courage （二）Fill-in Task（三）Cultural information: Who Is Gaijin（四）Survey（五）Reading II Ethnocentrism and Ethno relativism （六）Discovering Problems: Tile Image（七）Group Work二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1. Sharing Knowledge: Culture and Perception2. Translation3. Case Study: Cases 29-32（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Behaviors That Separate Us2. Further Reading |1Stereotype and PrejudiceUnit 9 Intercultural Adaptation（4学时）一、教学内容（一）Reading I Adapting to a New Culture（二）Discovering Problems: Chinese Students Abroad （三）Reading II Overcoming Ethnocentrism in Communication（四）Group Work二、重、难点提示（一）教学重点：1. Identifying Difference: Little Things Where They Differ2. Debate3. Translation4. Case Study: Cases 33-36（二）教学难点：1. Further Reading I Sojourner Adaptation2. Further Reading II Developing Mindfulness七、学时分配八、课程考核方式1.考核方式：考试2.成绩评定：笔试占70%，平时考核（出勤、作业，测验，课堂表现）占30% 。
初一下学期第七单元作文英语明信片
初一下学期第七单元作文英语明信片Dear friendI hope this postcard finds you well and enjoying your time wherever you are. I'm writing to you from my hometown, where the weather has been quite pleasant lately. The sun has been shining brightly, and a cool breeze has been blowing through the streets, making it the perfect time to explore the city.As you know, I'm currently in my first semester of seventh grade, and we just finished our seventh unit in English class. This unit was all about writing postcards and letters to friends and family members who live far away. Our teacher thought it would be a great way for us to practice our writing skills while also learning about different cultures and customs around the world.One of the first things we learned about was the basic structure of a postcard. Unlike a letter, which can be quite lengthy and formal, a postcard is meant to be concise and to the point. We need to include the recipient's address, a brief message, and of course, a picture orillustration that represents the place we're writing from.To help us get started, our teacher had us research different popular tourist destinations around the world. We looked at pictures, read about the history and culture of each place, and even watched some travel vlogs to get a better sense of what it would be like to actually visit these places.I have to say, I was really impressed by some of the beautiful and fascinating locations we learned about. For example, did you know that there's a small town in Italy called Positano, built into the cliffs overlooking the Amalfi Coast? The colorful houses and winding streets look like something straight out of a fairytale. And then there's Bali, in Indonesia, with its lush, tropical landscapes, stunning beaches, and rich spiritual traditions. I would love to visit both of these places someday.Of course, we didn't just learn about far-away destinations. We also spent some time discussing the importance of writing to loved ones who live in other cities or countries. Our teacher emphasized how postcards and letters can help us stay connected, even when we're physically apart.She shared some examples of postcards that her own family members had sent to each other over the years, and we got to seehow the messages and illustrations reflected the unique personalities and experiences of the senders. It was really touching to see how these simple pieces of paper could capture such meaningful moments and memories.As we started working on our own postcard writing assignments, I have to admit, I was a bit nervous at first. I've always enjoyed writing, but the idea of trying to convey my thoughts and feelings in such a concise format was a bit daunting. However, once I started brainstorming and drafting my postcards, I found that it was actually a really fun and rewarding process.For one of our assignments, we had to imagine that we were on a trip to a place of our choice, and then write a postcard to a friend or family member describing our experiences. I decided to write about a trip to London, since it's a city I've always been fascinated by. I described the towering Big Ben clock, the iconic red double-decker buses, and the bustling energy of the city streets. I also mentioned some of the amazing museums and historical landmarks I visited, and how I tried traditional British foods like fish and chips and afternoon tea.In another assignment, we had to write a postcard to a pen pal in another country, introducing ourselves and sharing a bit about our daily lives. This was a great opportunity for me to practice myconversational writing skills, and to learn more about the customs and traditions of other cultures.I really enjoyed learning about the different formats and conventions of postcard writing. For example, we discussed how the message on a postcard should be more casual and conversational than a formal letter, and how the illustrations or photos should complement the content of the message.We also talked about the importance of using clear and concise language, and how to effectively convey our thoughts and feelings in a limited amount of space. It was a great exercise in being selective and deliberate with our word choices.Overall, I found this unit on postcard writing to be really engaging and meaningful. Not only did it help me improve my English language skills, but it also gave me a greater appreciation for the art of personal communication and the power of the written word.In a world that is increasingly dominated by digital technologies and instant messaging, I think there's something really special about taking the time to craft a handwritten postcard or letter. It's a way to slow down, to reflect on our experiences, and to connect with others in a more thoughtful and meaningful way.I'm so grateful to have had the opportunity to explore this topic in my English class, and I'm excited to continue honing my postcard writing skills in the future. Who knows, maybe someday I'll be sending postcards from all the amazing places I hope to visit around the world!Thank you for taking the time to read my postcard. I hope you're having a wonderful day, and I look forward to hearing from you soon.Best wishes,[Your Name]。
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Crowded space III. "In some of the short-term crowding experiments conducted by others and ourselves, monkeys were literally packed together, without much room to avoid body contact, in a cramped space for periods of up to a few hours. No dramatic aggression increases were measured. In fact, in my last conversation with the late John Calhoun, he mentioned having created layers of rats on top of each other and having been surprised at how passively they reacted" (Waal 2000:10).
Office Space
Office space I. Office workers spend the day in an average 260 squarefoot (down from 1986's 275 squarefoot), usually rectangular space. Corporate downsizing and belttightening mean that many staffers now find themselves working in even smaller, modular, 80-square-foot cubicles.
Crowded Space of Human Being
When people are forced by a building, a room, or other constraints to stand at a distance closer than their culture would indicate is appropriate for conversation.
American Office
在美国,等级高的人的办公室一般都占据高 层比较好的位置,外边的景色比较好,周围比 较安静,离来访者比较远,而地位低的工作人 员的办公室一般在底层,距离来访者比较近, 外面的环境不那么好.
The U.K.’s Office
英国人习惯于在一种更宽敞,开放的环境中 工作,如英国议会的议员们就不像美国国会 的议员们那样有着自己独立的办公室,他们 常常是在下院的议会大厅处理各种公务.
Where are you usually choose to sit in a classroom? Why? If a person decided to change where he or she normally sits, do you think the person’s behavior would change?
Proxemics
The study of the cultural, behavioral, and sociological aspects of spatial distances between individuals.
Hediger’s study
How did certain animals space themselves?
In Latin American and the Middle East people keep closer space when talking
For Instance
A European American
cold remote pushy: The Hidden Dimension)
How physically close or distant two people stand when they talk tells a great deal about their relationship.
Space in Different Cultures
Page 147
Public Space
The way people arrange and use public space also reflects cultural attitude toward space and privacy.
Crowded Space
Crowded space I. "A persistent and popular view holds that high population density inevitably leads to violence. This myth, which is based on rat research, applies neither to us nor to other primates" (Waal et al. 2000:77).
Unit 7 Space and Communication
Discussion Proxemics Some Studies Body Space Public Space Office Space Space in Germany and Other European Countries
Discussion
Park
Germany: Everything must have its order. The grass is not trampled down. Parks tend to be clean and neat.
Subway
Rush hour on the subway in Tokyo Rush hour on the subway in Beijing
Hall’s Study
Photograph Game “right space”
Four Body Space Dimensions
intimate (0 to 18 inches) personal-casual (1.5 to 4 feet) social-consultive (4 to 12 feet) public (12 feet and beyond)
There are strong cultural differences in perception of the appropriate space between people involved in interpersonal communication.
For Instance
a U.S. male 18 ∣ 20 a man (he doesn’t know) a U.S. male 22 24 woman
Elevator space
avoid eye contact, remain silent and tense their bodies
Elevator space
A psychology professor at a southern university gave his students an assignment to test elevator proxemics. Students reported the usual U.S. behaviors of facing the front and watching the illuminated floor indicator, assuming the Fig Leaf Position (hands/purses/ briefcases hanging down in front of the body), and positioning themselves in corners or against elevator walls. Then the professor added another assignment: students were to break the rules and get on the elevator, stand at the front facing the other occupants and jump backward off the elevator just before the door closed. One of the elevator occupants was heard to whisper, “Call 911; we’ve got a real weirdo here” (Axtell, 1998).
Line up or not
The British voluntary queue at the bus stop, in stores and at theaters. Germans, in contrast, form throngs and push and shove without any order at all.
Japanese Office