Cohesion and Coherence 衔接和连贯.ppt
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Some of linguistic connectors: and, moreover, or, otherwise, but, so, if, as, before…etc
Four types of Conjunction
additive adversative causal temporal
Cohesion is achieved by cohesive ties. Some may call them cohesive devices. Cohesive ties are the forces that keep the text together in the original order and what we manipulate when we try to regain a text’s meaning after a recording of its sentences.
e.g.
To be able to see Nobody! And at that distance, too!
(additive)
All the figures were correct; they’d been checked. Yet the total
came out wrong.Leabharlann (adversative)
1)A: Have you any knives? I need a sharp one. B: I can get you several very sharp ones, but this is the best (one) I have.
(nominal substitution)
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do).
Reference
anaphoric relations: look back in the text for their
interpretation.
cataphoric relations: look forward for interpretation.
e.g. Peter, Peter, pumpkin eater, Had a wife and couldn’t keep her. He put her in a pumpkin shell. And there he kept her very well.
❖ Coherence may also be taken as predicted not of a sentence, but of pairs, triples…of sentences or of fragments or the whole of a discourse.
❖ Coherence may also be predicted of a sentence relative to the whole.
The first man landed on the moon. At the same moment, a
young boy died in Alabama.
(temporal)
Collocation
There are other instances of lexical cohesion which do not depend on any general semantic relationship of the types just discussed, but rather on particular association between the items in question—a tendency to co-occur. This co-occurrence tendency is know as collocation.
‘Are you married?’ he asked from the bed. I was standing against the wall by the window. ‘Not yet.’ ‘Are you in love?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘With the English girl?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘Poor baby. Is she good to you?’ ‘Of course.’
(2) is semantically incoherent, she has no referent.
The notion of Coherence
❖ We should first realize what coherence intuitively means for language users. (normal, understandable)
(anaphoric relations)
Substitution
Another kind of formal link between sentences is the substitution. Here a word in the second sentence refers not to exactly the same entity as does the related word in the first, but to some other entity to which the same term would be applicable.
(Halliday and Hasan,1976)
Some (Coulthart) think that text only refers to written language, not including spoken. Leech employs the term discourse to refer to communicative language.
E. Hemingway, A Farewell To Arms
Conjunction
Conjunction is a cohesive relation which obtain between clauses as well as sentences of a text which are indicated connectors.
(Verbal Substitution)
3) A: ‘Bruce is a good actor.’ B: ‘I don’t think so.’
(clausal substitution)
Ellipsis
Omitting part of sentences on the assumption that an earlier sentence or the context will make the meaning clear is known as ellipsis.
We may not be able to set up permanent decisions. Therefore, it seems to me that we must take, so far as we can, so far as we can, a picture of the world into our minds. (casual)
e.g. A: ‘Why didn’t you lead a spade?’ B: ‘I hadn’t got any.’
Three types of Ellipsis nominal ellipsis verbal ellipsis clausal ellipsis
Examples of Ellipsis
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Cohesion and Coherence
Presenter: Tory
Concepts of Coherence
❖ Text vs. Discourse ❖ Texture ❖ The notion of Coherence
Text vs. Discourse
He had to admit that Sarah’s drawings were as good as his own.
Nigel finished the exam at the same time as George.
Advantages of Ellipsis
In fact, ellipsis is a very important cohesive device in dialogue, a guarantee that speakers are concentrating together on a single topic and on the background knowledge relevant to the topic and on the background knowledge relevant to the topic. In fictional dialogue, ellipsis suggests intimacy and intensity.
Three types of Substitution
Nominal: one, ones, same Verbal: do (inflectional forms: does, did) Clausal: so, not.
Examples of three types of Substitution
The term text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does from a unified whole. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all-day discussion on a committee.
Texture
A semantically coherent text must have texture. Texture distinguishes text and non-text.
(1)A: How old is your son? B: He is seven.
(2) A: How old is your son? B: She is playing in the garden.
e.g.
a. Claire and Kent climbed Mt. McKinley last summer.
b. She photographed the peak, and he surveyed it.
Cohesion
Cohesion is a semantic concept, it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text.
Five types of the general phenomenon of Cohesion
❖ Reference ❖ Substitution ❖ Ellipsis ❖ Conjunction ❖ Collocation
Reference
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.
Text vs. Discourse
We can say that the terms do not refer to different domains (speech and writing) but reflect a different in focus. Discourse is the umbrella term for either spoken or written communication beyond the sentences.
Four types of Conjunction
additive adversative causal temporal
Cohesion is achieved by cohesive ties. Some may call them cohesive devices. Cohesive ties are the forces that keep the text together in the original order and what we manipulate when we try to regain a text’s meaning after a recording of its sentences.
e.g.
To be able to see Nobody! And at that distance, too!
(additive)
All the figures were correct; they’d been checked. Yet the total
came out wrong.Leabharlann (adversative)
1)A: Have you any knives? I need a sharp one. B: I can get you several very sharp ones, but this is the best (one) I have.
(nominal substitution)
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do).
Reference
anaphoric relations: look back in the text for their
interpretation.
cataphoric relations: look forward for interpretation.
e.g. Peter, Peter, pumpkin eater, Had a wife and couldn’t keep her. He put her in a pumpkin shell. And there he kept her very well.
❖ Coherence may also be taken as predicted not of a sentence, but of pairs, triples…of sentences or of fragments or the whole of a discourse.
❖ Coherence may also be predicted of a sentence relative to the whole.
The first man landed on the moon. At the same moment, a
young boy died in Alabama.
(temporal)
Collocation
There are other instances of lexical cohesion which do not depend on any general semantic relationship of the types just discussed, but rather on particular association between the items in question—a tendency to co-occur. This co-occurrence tendency is know as collocation.
‘Are you married?’ he asked from the bed. I was standing against the wall by the window. ‘Not yet.’ ‘Are you in love?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘With the English girl?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘Poor baby. Is she good to you?’ ‘Of course.’
(2) is semantically incoherent, she has no referent.
The notion of Coherence
❖ We should first realize what coherence intuitively means for language users. (normal, understandable)
(anaphoric relations)
Substitution
Another kind of formal link between sentences is the substitution. Here a word in the second sentence refers not to exactly the same entity as does the related word in the first, but to some other entity to which the same term would be applicable.
(Halliday and Hasan,1976)
Some (Coulthart) think that text only refers to written language, not including spoken. Leech employs the term discourse to refer to communicative language.
E. Hemingway, A Farewell To Arms
Conjunction
Conjunction is a cohesive relation which obtain between clauses as well as sentences of a text which are indicated connectors.
(Verbal Substitution)
3) A: ‘Bruce is a good actor.’ B: ‘I don’t think so.’
(clausal substitution)
Ellipsis
Omitting part of sentences on the assumption that an earlier sentence or the context will make the meaning clear is known as ellipsis.
We may not be able to set up permanent decisions. Therefore, it seems to me that we must take, so far as we can, so far as we can, a picture of the world into our minds. (casual)
e.g. A: ‘Why didn’t you lead a spade?’ B: ‘I hadn’t got any.’
Three types of Ellipsis nominal ellipsis verbal ellipsis clausal ellipsis
Examples of Ellipsis
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Cohesion and Coherence
Presenter: Tory
Concepts of Coherence
❖ Text vs. Discourse ❖ Texture ❖ The notion of Coherence
Text vs. Discourse
He had to admit that Sarah’s drawings were as good as his own.
Nigel finished the exam at the same time as George.
Advantages of Ellipsis
In fact, ellipsis is a very important cohesive device in dialogue, a guarantee that speakers are concentrating together on a single topic and on the background knowledge relevant to the topic and on the background knowledge relevant to the topic. In fictional dialogue, ellipsis suggests intimacy and intensity.
Three types of Substitution
Nominal: one, ones, same Verbal: do (inflectional forms: does, did) Clausal: so, not.
Examples of three types of Substitution
The term text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does from a unified whole. It may be anything from a single proverb to a whole play, from a momentary cry for help to an all-day discussion on a committee.
Texture
A semantically coherent text must have texture. Texture distinguishes text and non-text.
(1)A: How old is your son? B: He is seven.
(2) A: How old is your son? B: She is playing in the garden.
e.g.
a. Claire and Kent climbed Mt. McKinley last summer.
b. She photographed the peak, and he surveyed it.
Cohesion
Cohesion is a semantic concept, it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text.
Five types of the general phenomenon of Cohesion
❖ Reference ❖ Substitution ❖ Ellipsis ❖ Conjunction ❖ Collocation
Reference
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.
Text vs. Discourse
We can say that the terms do not refer to different domains (speech and writing) but reflect a different in focus. Discourse is the umbrella term for either spoken or written communication beyond the sentences.