孕妇禁服的药物（Drugsforpregnantwomen）

孕妇禁服的药物（Drugs for pregnant women）
There are many taboos in pregnant women medication. Because some drugs are more harmful to the fetus, and even lead to fetal malformations. There are many kinds of teratogenic agents, usually with the following drugs:
1. Antibiotics. Such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin and so on. Tetracycline, oxytetracycline may cause fetal short limb malformations, congenital cataract, fontanelle bulge, late pregnancy taking can cause childhood enamel hypoplasia; streptomycin, gentamicin drugs can damage the fetus eighth of the brain, resulting in congenital deafness, also can damage the kidney function; neomycin can make fetal bone dysplasia, parallel to kidney, pulmonary artery stenosis, congenital cataract, intellectual disability.
2. Antimalarial drugs. Such as quinine, chloroquine, pyrimidine, can cause multiple malformations of the fetus. Such as deafness, limb defect, hydrocephalus and so on.
3, the treatment of diabetes drugs. Such as chlorine sulfur C, McCann, urine sugar, equal, can cause limb malformation, cleft lip, stillbirth etc..
4. Barbiturates and other sedative hypnotic drugs. Such as phenytoin, primidone, stability, limb, facial deformity and can cause brain development.
5. Anticancer drugs. Such as actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, 5 - fluorine Wo pyrimidine, thiotepa, can cause anencephaly,
hydrocephalus, cleft palate, cleft lip, kidney and ureter defect, deformity of limbs and eyes.
6. Hormone drugs. Such as diethylstilbestrol, progesterone, androgen, cortisone. Oral contraceptives cause malformations of fetal genital organs. Such as female fetal masculine, Yang pedicle hypertrophy, labia fusion, male fetal urethral following abnormalities.
7. Anticoagulant drugs. Such as heparin, coumarin, aspirin, salicylic acid, etc. can also teratogenic, and can induce hemorrhagic diseases. In short, pregnancy should pay attention to avoid drug abuse, but in case of emergency situations endanger the safety of pregnant women, to medication, should be to save the life of the pregnant woman, when emergency situations in the past, should prompt a reduction or withdrawal. The idea that the fetus was refused medication was wrong. If the pregnant woman had a dangerous life, the fetus would talk about He Anquan. Therefore, in pregnant women medication problems, should distinguish between the primary and secondary contradictions, comprehensive consideration.
1. penicillin: safer, including broad-spectrum penicillins, such as piperacillin. Oral, intramuscular, intravenous drip can be used for pregnant women. Warning: according to the recommended dosage, can not be excessive.
2.: the same medicine and bacteria to erythromycin and roxithromycin, yarn, high molecular weight, is not easy to reach the fetus through the placenta, penicillin allergy can use the drug of choice for chlamydia and Mycoplasma infection.
3. cephalosporin: there is no teratogenic effect at present.
Tips: dangerous antibiotics Report
Some antibiotics can not be used by pregnant women because of their different side effects:
Tetracycline: can cause yellow brown pigmentation of teeth, or storage in the fetal skeleton, but also can cause acute fatty liver and renal insufficiency in pregnant women.
Gentamicin: kanamycin, and so on can cause damage to the fetal auditory nerve and kidney.
Chloramphenicol: cause grey baby syndrome.
Conclusion compound sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethoxazole tablets can cause neonatal jaundice, and can also antagonize folic acid.
Furan gall bites: women suffering from urinary tract infection often choose, because it can cause hemolysis, should be used with caution.
There is no report on the vancomycin: Although fetal risk, but renal toxicity to pregnant women, ototoxicity.
The ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, irreversible arthritis occurred in the dog experiment.
The anti tuberculosis drug use: when considering the pros and cons according to their size please ask the doctor.
9 antifungal drugs: clotrimazole, nystatin, griseofulvin, pregnant women are not the best.
The antiviral: do not advocate for pregnant women.
4. metronidazole: insecticide, the treatment of Trichomonas infection, advocated early pregnancy does not use.
5.: the treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infection, no adverse effects on the fetus.
6. anthelmintic: animals have teratogenic effect, should be used with caution.
7. digoxin: cardiac drug,
It is easy to pass through the placenta and has no obvious adverse effect on the fetus, and the pregnant women with heart failure can be used.
8. beta blockers: a report of fetal retardation.
9. antihypertensive drugs: definite teratogenic effects of pregnant women is angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, such as Kato Pury, angiotensin II receptor antagonists such as losartan, other types of drugs such as calcium antagonists (on behalf of the heart medicine education, cause uterine blood flow can be reduced, diuretic administration can reduce the
near term should be used with caution, the cause of neonatal platelet work experiment acetazolamide limb deformity, pregnant women do not use.
10. drugs for the treatment of asthma: such as tea, epinephrine, sodium citrate, prednisone, no teratogenic effect.
11. anticonvulsant drugs: the incidence of fetal congenital malformations was 2-3 times higher than that of women who took anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy. Commonly used phenytoin sodium, C Masi Bing, trimethyl ketone, valproic acid and so on.
12. antipsychotic drugs have teratogenic effects.
13.: sedative drugs such as diazepam, estazolam, individual teratogenic effect.
14. analgesic: acetaminophen can produce hepatotoxicity. Aspirin may be accompanied by oligohydramnios and premature closure of fetal ductus arteriosus. Bloven, Nai Pusheng, indomethacin can cause fetal arterial contraction leads to pulmonary hypertension and oligohydramnios, after 34 weeks of pregnancy should not use indomethacin, can cause fetal intraventricular hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and adverse effects of necrotizing enterocolitis.
15. antiemetic drugs: no deformity and increasing the service road.
16. antitumor drugs: a clear teratogenic effect.
17.: immunosuppressant azathioprine, cyclosporine has obvious toxicity on mother and infant.
18. vitamin A: a large number of use can cause birth defects, the smallest human teratogenic quantity is 25000-50000iuld.
19. vitamin A isomer: the treatment of skin diseases, retinoic acid in the embryonic phase of medication can produce a variety of malformations.
20. acitretin (aromatic retinoic acid): for the treatment of psoriasis, half-life is very long, withdrawal of drugs in >2 years, there are still drug testing, so at least 2 years of drug withdrawal can be conceived.
The 21. hormone class: albendazole, diethylstilbestrol, should not be used for pregnant women, oral contraceptive sand dune degree has a positive teratogenic effect.
The standard of risk for pregnancy was issued by the American drug and Food Administration (FDA) during pregnancy:
Type A: control studies showed no harm. It has been proved that this kind of medicine has no adverse effects on human fetus, and is the safest.
Class B: no evidence of harm to human beings. Animal experiments are harmful to fetal animals, but have not been proven to be harmful to the fetus or animal experiments are harmless to the fetus, but there is no adequate study in humans.
Class C: non exception hazards. Animal experiments may be harmful or lack of research on fetal animals, but lack of relevant studies in humans, but the benefits for pregnant women are greater than the harm to the fetus.
Class D: harm to the fetus. Market research or research confirms that it is harmful to the fetus, but the benefits for pregnant women outweigh the risks to the fetus.
Class X: forbidden during pregnancy. In human or animal studies, or market research shows that the harm to the fetus more than the benefit of pregnant women, pregnancy prohibited drugs.
Grade standard of commonly used drugs:
Antihistamines:
Chlorpheniramine (B), Simiti Martin (B), diphenhydramine (B) and promethazine (C)
Two. Anti infective drugs:
1. anthelmintic: gentian violet (C)
2. antimalarial drug: chloroquine (D)
3. Trichomonas agents: metronidazole (B)
4. antibiotics: amikacin (C), gentamicin (C), kanamycin (D), neomycin (D),
Cephalosporins (B), streptomycin (D), penicillins (B), tetracycline (D) and oxytetracycline (D),
Chlortetracycline (D) and Bacillus peptide (C), chloramphenicol (C), erythromycin (B), Lincomycin (B) and sticky
Actinomycin B (B) and vancomycin (C)
5. other antibiotics: SMZ-TMP (B/C) and trimethoprim (C), furazolidone, nitrofurantoin (C)
Cause (B)
6. anti tuberculosis drugs: ethambutol (B), isoniazid (C), Li Fuping (C), and salicylic acid (C)
7. antifungal agents: clotrimazole (C), miconazole (C), nystatin (B)
8. antiviral agents: amantadine (C), adenosine arabinoside (C), ribavirin (X), C, and none
Cyclic guanosine (C)
Three. Antineoplastic agents:
Bleomycin (D), cyclophosphamide (D), D, cisplatin (D), cytarabine (D), and more
Lincomycin (D), thiotepa (D) and daunorubicin (D), adriamycin
(D) and 5-fluorouracil (D), nitrogen
Mustard (D), Ma Falan (D), methotrexate (D), vincristine (D)
Four. Autonomic nervous system drugs:
1. cholinergic drugs: acetylcholine (C) and neostigmine (C)
2. anticholinergic drugs: atropine, belladonna (C) (C), Proulx Bernd Sin (C)
3. adrenergic drugs: epinephrine (C), norepinephrine (D), ephedrine (C), and isoproterenol
C, D, Dobaamine (C), dobutamine (C), B, and hydroxy
Ephedrine (B)
Five. Central nervous system drugs:
1. central stimulant: caffeine (B)
2. antipyretic analgesics: acetylsalicylic acid (C/D), Fi Bernard Shiden (B), sodium salicylate (C/D)
3. non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: indomethacin (B/D)
4.: analgesic codeine, morphine (B/D) (B/D), opioid (B/D) and pethidine (B/D), narlo
Ketone (C)
5. sedative, hypnotic: amobarbital (C), Babito (C), Bernd Bobby Toy (B), chloral hydrate (
C), ethanol (D/X), diazepam (D) and nitro (C)
6. diazepam: droperidol (C) and chlorpromazine (C)
7. antidepressants: doxepin (C)
Six. Cardiovascular drugs:
1.: digitalis cardiac glycosides (B) (B), digoxin, digitoxin
(B), quinidine (C)
2. antihypertensive drugs: clonidine (C), Ca Guido Ba (C), B,
D and prazosin
(C)
3. vasodilator drugs: C, Pan Shengding (C), two isosorbide dinitrate (C),
Result (C)
Seven. Diuretics
Hydrochlorothiazide (D) and ethacrynic acid (D) and furosemide (C), Gan Luchun (C), triamterene (D)
Eight. Digestive system drugs:
Compound Camphor Tincture (B/D)
Nine. Hormones:
1. adrenal cortex hormone: cortisone (D), Batamison (C), dexamethasone (C), hydrocortisone (prednisone)
B)
2. estrogen: diethylstilbestrol (X), estradiol (D), oral contraceptive pill (D)
3. progesterone: progesterone (D)
4. hypoglycemic drugs: insulin (B), sulfonylurea (D), methyl sulfonyl Ding Niao (D)
5.: antithyroid drug propylthiouracil (D) and methimazole (D)
This paper is reproduced from QQ space
Penicillin: can destroy fetal red blood cell, cause serious jaundice, cause fetal death. Yangzhou First People's Hospital gynecology Yulin
Streptomycin: congenital deafness, skeletal deformity.
Tetracycline induced amelogenesis imperfecta, skeletal and heart malformations, congenital cataract, short limb or defect (e.g. four fingers), neonatal jaundice, the most serious person
can appear kernicterus and even death.
Oxytetracycline and doxycycline: make fetal short limb deformity.
Chloramphenicol induced blood circulation disorders, respiratory insufficiency, cyanosis, neonatal abdominal distension (i.e. "gray baby syndrome"). If used in the end of pregnancy, it can cause neonatal thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia or fetal death.
Cara: deafness.
Erythromycin: congenital cataract, limb deformities and so on.
Gentamicin: fetal ear damage, and even lead to congenital gastric vascular malformation and polycystic kidney.
Sulfa drugs (mainly based on long-acting sulfonamides and antibacterial synergist): hyperbilirubinemia, brain nuclear jaundice, deformity.
Heroin: respiratory depression and death in the fetus.
Pethidine: caused by neonatal asphyxia.
Morphine: the inhibition of neonatal respiration and the withdrawal of the newborn like withdrawal, such as taking a week before delivery, can cause neonatal spasms, excitement and shrill cry.
Aspirin: cause fetal small, malformation, cause neonatal prothrombin reduction group and bleeding and liver detoxification dysfunction.
Finasteride and paracetamol: neonatal hypercholesterolemia.
Indomethacin: cause jaundice and aplastic anemia.
Barbiturate induced fetal heart: congenital malformation, facial and hand retardation, cleft lip and cleft palate.
Primidone: fetal finger and toe deformities, late pregnancy can cause fetal asphyxia, taking hemorrhage and brain injury.
Sleeping pills: malformations.
Valium, tranquility, insomnia, and sleep induction can cause fetal abnormalities and become pregnant women.
Activin induced cleft palate.
Insulin: causes miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, and other congenital malformations.
Progesterone: masculine female fetus.
Cortisone and prednisone: fetal cleft lip and cleft palate. Cortisone can also cause fetal absence, premature delivery, premature death.
Progesterone and testosterone: abnormalities of fetal external
genital organs.
Vitamin D: large doses, can cause fetal hypercalcemia and mental retardation.
Vitamin K: a large number of taking, can cause hyperbilirubinemia, nuclear jaundice.
Vitamin B6: a large number of taking, can cause neonatal vitamin B6 dependence, convulsions. Vitamin B6 derivatives naofuxin, caused by cleft lip in animal experiments, should be used with caution.
Vitamins: if taken during pregnancy in the first three months of the risk of neurological deficiency in infants go through thick and thin together up to 60%.
Promethazine hydrochloride: fetal limb deformities.
Antimalarial drugs quinine, chloride, and pyrimidine: can cause hydrocephalus, bulging, cleft palate, renal arrest, development or malformation, retinal damage.
Chlorpheniramine, Meclozine, An Qimin, and other anti allergy medicine diphenhydramine Dramamine: in addition to potentially induced cleft palate, cleft lip, short limb function, can also cause liver poisoning and brain injury, neonatal respiratory inhibition.
Fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, can cause fetal limb, nose, palate, urinary tract deformity and death.
Methotrexate: no fetal brain, hydrocephalus, encephalocele, cleft lip, cleft palate, or limb deformities.
Hydroxyurea and busulfan induced multiple malformations.
Bai Ning: caused by the injury of central nervous system and brain.
6- purine, testosterone propionate and L- L-asparaginase: fetal malformations.
It can cause kidney and ureter defect.
Fetal death caused by pethidine, 5-, fluorouracil, mitomycin C and colchicine. It is safer to use these antineoplastic agents after sixteenth weeks of pregnancy.
Coumarin drugs: can cause fetal skin bleeding spots, brain disorders, placental abruption, bone and facial deformity, mental retardation or fetal death.
Warfarin: nasal dysplasia, malformations.
D860, a kind of sulfonylurea, can induce abortion and premature delivery, and has the effect of promoting distortion.
MTU, propylthiouracil, methimazole, jiakangping, potassium iodide: induced hypothyroidism, cretinism, delayed ossification and hypospadias.
Hydrochlorothiazide or cyclopenthiazide: can cause neonatal thrombocytopenia.
Reserpine: cause neonatal poisoning, nasal congestion, respiratory obstruction, and even death due to lack of oxygen.
Caffeine causes cleft lip and palate.
Ether: a large number of continuous use, can cause fetal death.
All arsenic containing drugs: all cause fetal death.
Polymyxin E, B and vancomycin: taking too much time, so that pregnant women suffered from acute renal failure, the children are susceptible to neuromuscular blockade, ataxia, vertigo, seizures and mouth week after birth 3 years paresthesia. Vancomycin can also cause temporary or permanent hearing loss in infants.
Rifampicin: fetal malformation.
Anti fungal drugs griseofulvin, amphotericin B, nystatin, clotrimazole: serious adverse reactions of pregnant women's nervous system, hematopoietic system, liver and kidney function. Griseofulvin also led to abortion and teratism.
Triamterene (three methotrexate): liver damage, change of maternal blood.
Hydrochlorothiazide: adverse effects on the fetus.
Furosemide: nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, drug rash, itching, blurred vision, postural hypotension and even water and electrolyte disorders in pregnant women and parturient.
Diuretics: can cause transient hearing loss and sometimes develop permanent hearing loss.
Other: alcoholism pregnant women newborns showed withdrawal like inhibitory state; multiple abnormalities can cause fetal alcohol. The contraceptive pill should be pregnant after six months of complete withdrawal of the drug, so as to avoid the birth of malformation or dementia caused by improper medication。