(完整)语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版)1.docx

语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)
Chapter I Introduction
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.
4. In the study of linguistics,hypotheses formed should be based on language
facts and checked against the observed facts.
5.General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.
6.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas,
studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods
applicable in any linguistic study. 7.
7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the
combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.
9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words
is called morphology.
10. Syntax i s different from morphology in that the former not only studies the
morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words
into sentences.
11.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.
12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.
13.Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning
not in isolation, but in context.
14.Social changes can often bring about language changes.
15.Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.
16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
17.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.
18.A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point
in time.
19.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written
language.
20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.de Saussure.
II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the
letter given:
21. Chomsky defines“ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules
of his language.
ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members
of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and
application of the rules.
23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the
pheno 广告网址 n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless
individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
nguage is a system of a_________ vocal symbolsused for human communication.
25.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.
26.Human capacity for language has a g____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
27.P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
28.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems.The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.
nguage is p___________in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.In other words,they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
30.Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.
III.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can
best complete the statement.
31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it
is said to be ______________.
A. prescriptive
B.analytic
C. descriptive
D. linguistic
32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement
C. Duality
D. Meaningfulness
33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
A. primary
B. correct
C. secondary
D. stable
34.In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because
___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information
conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires
his mother tongue
D. All of the above
35.A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. comparative
36.Saussure took a (n)__________view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.
A. sociological⋯psychological
B. psychological⋯sociological
C. applied⋯pragmatic
D.semantic and linguistic
37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole
B. performance
C. langue
D. Language
nguage is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between
_________ and meanings.
A. sense
B. sounds
C. objects
D. ideas
nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,
A. displacement
B. duality
C. flexibility
D. cultural transmission
40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.
A. learning
B. teaching
C. books
D. both A and B
IV. Define the following terms:
41.Linguistics42.Phonology43.Syntax44.Pragmatics45. nguage 47.Phonetics48. Morphology49.Semantics50.Sociolinguistics51.Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness53 Productivity54.Displacement55.Duality56.Design Features 57. Competence58 Performance59. Langue60 Parole
V.Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Give examples for illustration if necessary:
nguage is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.
62.What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.
63.How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary,
not the written?
66.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?
67.How do you understand competence and performance ?
68. Saussure’ s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?
69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T8.F 9.T 10.F 11.T12.T 13.T 14.T15.
T 16.F17.T 18.F 19.F20.F
II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the le tter given:21.knowledge22.abstract23.Duality24.arbitrary25.syntax2 6.genetic27.Parole28.applied 29.productive30.scientific(or systemati c)
III. There are best complete four
the
choices following
statement. 3l.C
each
32.D
statement.
33.C 34.D
Mark the
35.B
choice
36.A
that
37.C
can
38.
B 39.A 40.D
IV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined
as the scientific study of language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds
are put together and used in communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called
syntax.44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called
pragmatics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to
the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is
called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes
are arranged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics:
The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.
51.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application
of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the
teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the
application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as
the recovery of speech ability.52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design
features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between
meanings and sounds53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in
that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its
users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used
to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the
past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used
to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker
55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which
consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of
meanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 57. Competence:
Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance is
the actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.
ngue:Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community;Langue is the set of conventions and rule s which language users all have to follow;Langue is relatively stable,it does not change frequently60.Parole:Parole refers to the realization of lang ue in actual use;parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the appli cation of the rules;parole varies from person to person,and from situation t o situation.
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Give exam ples for illustration if necessary:
nguage is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols use
d for human communication.Explain it in detail.First of all,languag
e is a sys tem,because elements o
f language are combined accordin
g to rules.Secondl y, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning,or between the sign and what it stands for.Different language s have different words for the same object in the world.This fact is a good i llustration of the arbitrary nature of language.This also explains the symbolic nature of language:words are just symbols;they are associated wit
h object s, actions,ideas,etc.by convention .Thirdly,language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages,no matter how well-developed t heir writing systems are.The term"human"in the definition indicates that l anguage is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the c ommunication systems of other living creatures.The term"communication"m eans that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and f
ulfill their communicative needs.
62.What are the design features of human language?Illustrate them with ex amples.1)Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier,the arbitrary property of langu age means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance,there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes.In addition,different sounds are used to refer t o the same object in different languages,and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing.However,language is not entirelyarbitrary.There are words which are created in the imitation of sound s by sounds,such as crash,bang in English.Besides,some compound word s are also not entirely arbitrary.But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited
in number.The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2)Productivity Language is prod uctive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation
of new signals by its users.This is why they can produce and understand a n infinitely large number of sentences,including sentences that they have ne ver said or heard before.They can send messages which no one else has ev
er sent before.Productivity is unique to human language.Most animal comm unication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number
of different signals that their users can send and receive.3)Duality The du ality nature of language means that language is a system,which consists of two sets of structure,or two levels,one of sounds and the other of meaning s.At the lower or the basic level,there is the structure of sounds,which are meaningless,discrete,individual sounds.But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words,which,at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences.This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk abou t anything within their knowledge.No animal communication system has duali ty or even comes near to possessing it.4) Displacement Displacement mea ns that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not pre
sent,real or imagined matters in the past, present,or future,or in far-away p laces.In other words,language can be used to refer to contexts removed fro m the immediate situations of the speaker.Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5)Cultural transmission Huma n beings were born with the ability to acquire language,but the details of an y language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct.They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmi tted.
63.How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditiona
l gram-mar is prescriptive;it is based on"high"(religious,literary)writte n language.It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users.But Modern linguistics is descriptive;It collects authentic,and mai nly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in a n objective and scientific way.
64.How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and
a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time
is a Synchronic study;the description of a language as it changes throu gh time is a diachronic study.A synchronic study of language describes
a language as it is at some particular point in time,while a diachronic st
udy of language is the study of the historical development of language o ver a period of time.
65.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as pri
mary,not the written?First,the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten for m and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of langua ge.Second,the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purp oses Finally,the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire o ur mother tongue.
66.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distincti
on between langue,and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinan
d d
e Saussure early this ngue refers to the abstract linguistic
system shared by all the members of a speech community,and parole ref ers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conve ntions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is t he concrete use of the conventions and the application of the ng ue is abstract;it is not the language people actually use,but parole is c oncrete;it refers to the naturally occurring language ngue is rel atively stable;it does not change frequently;while parole varies from per son to person,and from situation to situation.
67.How do you understand competence and performance?American lingui
st N. Chomsky in the late1950 ’s proposed the distinction between comp etence and performance.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user ’s knowledge of the rules of his language.This internalized set of rules e nables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large n umber of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization o
f this knowledge in linguistic communication.Although the speaker’s kno
wledge of his mother tongue is perfect,his performances may have mista kes because of social and psychological factors such as stress,embarras sment,etc..Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the co mpetence,which is systematic,not the performance,which is too haphaz ard.
68. Saussure ’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chom
sky ’ s distinction between competence and performance.What do you thi nk are their major differences?Although Saussure’s distinction and Cho msky ’ s are very similar,they differ at least in that Saussure took a soci ological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social c onventions,and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point o
f vies and to him,competence is a property of the mind of each individu
al.
69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary?Why?Language is
arbitrary in nature,it is not entirely arbitrary,because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can b
e logically explained to a certain extent,for example,the onomatopoeia,
words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds s uch as bang,crash,etc..Take compounds for another example.The two el ements“photo ” and“ copy” in“ photocopy” are non-motivated,but t he compound is not arbitrary.
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第二章 )
Chapter 2 ： Phonology
I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both C
hinese and English.
2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments a
nd they distinguish meaning,they are said to be in complementary di
stribution.
3.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.
5.In linguistic evolution,speech is prior to writing.
6.In everyday communication,speech plays a greater role than writing i
n terms of the amount of information conveyed.
7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the
stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine
called spectrograph.
8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three i
mportant areas:the throat,the mouth and the chest.
9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds cal
led voicing.
10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation
and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
11.According to the manner of articulation,some of the types into which
the consonants can be classified are stops,fricatives,bilabial and alv eolar.
12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors:the positi
on of tongue in the mouth,the openness of the mouth,the shape of the lips,and the length of the vowels.
13.According to the shape of the lips,vowels can be classified into clos
e vowels,semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.
14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into di
fferent categories.
17.A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if su
bstituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.
18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one so
und segment which occurs in the same place in the strings,the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
19.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specifi
c.
20.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a
sequence of two or more phonemic segments.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with t he letter given:
puff of air stream in the production of spee 21. A ____refers to a
strong
ch sounds.
22.A____phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produ
ce the speech sounds and how they differ.
23.The four sounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/have one feature in common,i.e,th
ey are all b_______sounds.
24.Of all the speech organs,the t____is the most flexible,and is respo
nsible for varieties of articulation than any other.
25.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulatio
n or in terms of p____of articulation.
26.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or comple
te,the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released a nd the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]>
27.S_________features are the phonemic features that occur above the l
evel of the segments.They include stress,tone,intonation,etc.
28.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular langu
age are called s ____rules.
29.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called
broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________transcription.
30.When pitch,stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather t
han the word in isolation,they are collectively known as i_________. 31.P______is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a parti
cular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units t o effect linguistic communication.
32.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three im
portant cavities:the pharyngeal cavity,the o_______cavity and the na sal cavity.
33.T____are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of
vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just li ke phonemes.<![endif]>
34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered,there are two
kinds of stress: word stress and s_________stress
below.Mark t III. There are four choices following each of the
statements
he choice that can best complete the statement.
35.Of all the speech organs,the_______is/are the most flexible. A. mo
uth B.lips C.tongue D.vocal cords
36.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are____ soun
ds. A. voiceless B.voiced C. vowel D.consonantal
37.__________is a voiced alveolar stop.
A./z/
B./d/
C./k/
D./b/
38.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “ copying ”
a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones____
________. A.identical B.same C. exactly alike D.similar
39.Since/p/and/b/are phonetically similar,occur in the same environm
ents and they can distinguish meaning,they are said to be_________ __.
A.in phonemic contrast
B.in complementary distribution
C.the allophones
D.minimal pair
40.The sound/f/is_________________. A.voiced palatal affricate
B.voiced alveolar stop
C.voiceless velar fricative
D.voiceless labiodental fricative
41.A____vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongu
e maintaining the highest position. A. back B.central C.fron
t D.middle
42.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or
more phonemic segments.The phonemic features that occur above th
e level o
f the segments are called____________. A. phonetic compone
nts B.immediate constituents C.suprasegmental features D.se mantic features
43.A(n)___________is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract
unit,a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A.phone B.so und C. allophone D.phoneme
44.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phon
etic environments are called the____of that phoneme. A. phone
s B.sounds C. phonemes D. allophones<![endif]>
IV. Define the terms below:
45. phonology46.phoneme47.allophone48.international phonet
ic alphabet49.intonation50.phonetics51.auditory phonetics
52.acoustic phonetics53.phone54. phonemic contrast55. ton
e56.minimal pair
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:
57.Of the two media of language,why do you think speech is more bas
ic than writing?
58.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
59.What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
60.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect mea
ning.
61.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or no
t?
I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal
se:
l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F8.F9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T13.F 14.
F15.F16.F17. T 18. F 19.T 20.T
II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begin s with the letter given:
21.Aspiration 22.Articulatory23.b ilabial24. tongue25. place26.st op27.Suprasegmental 28.sequential29.narrow 30.intonation31.P honology32. oral33.Tone34. sentence
III.There are four choices following each of the statements below.
Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D44.D
IV.Define the terms below:
45.phonology: Phonology guage; it aims to discover ns and how these sounds munication.studies the system of sounds of a particular lan how speech sounds in a language form patter are used to convey meaning in linguistic com
46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit
of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phonem
e is not a sound; it is a collection o
f distinctive phonetic features.
47. allophone:The different phones which can represent a phoneme in dif
ferent phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phonem e.
48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally
accepted system of phonetic transcription.
49. intonation:When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sente
nce rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as i ntonation.
50.
51.phonetics:Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium o
f language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worl
d's languages
52.auditory phonetics:It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's p
oint of view.It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er. 53.acoustic phonetics:It studies the speech sounds by looking at the s
ound waves.It studies the physical means by which speech sounds a re transmitted through the air from one person to another.
54.phone: Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use
when speaking a language.A phone is a phonetic unit or segment.It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.
55. phonemic contrast:Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between t
wo phonemes.If two phonemes can occur in the same environment a nd distinguish meaning,they are in phonemic contrast.
56. tone:Tones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rat
es of vibration of the vocal cords.
57. minimal pair:When two different forms are identical in every way exc
ept for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stri ngs,the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible.Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:
58. Of the two media of language,why do you think speech is more basi
c than writing?1)In linguistic evolution,speech is prior to writing.
2)In everyday communication,speech plays a greater role than writin
g in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3)Speech is alway
s the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.
59. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?。